What organs does the nervous system consist of? What is the human nervous system: the structure and functions of a complex structure. The structure of the nervous tissue

The nervous system is an integral morphological and functional set of various interconnected nervous structures, which, together with the humoral system, provides an interconnected regulation of the activity of all body systems and a reaction to changing conditions of the internal and external environment. The nervous system consists of neurons, or nerve cells, and neuroglial cells (neuroglia). Neurons are the main structural and functional elements in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons- These are excitable cells, that is, they are able to generate and transmit electrical impulses (action potentials). Neurons have different shapes and sizes, form processes of two types: axons and dendrites. A neuron usually has several short branched dendrites, along which impulses follow to the body of the neuron, and one long axon, along which impulses go from the body of the neuron to other cells (neurons, muscle or glandular cells). The transfer of excitation from one neuron to other cells occurs through specialized contacts - synapses. neuroglial cells are more numerous than neurons and make up at least half the volume of the central nervous system, but unlike neurons they cannot generate action potentials. Neuroglial cells are different in structure and origin, they perform auxiliary functions in the nervous system, providing support, trophic, secretory, delimiting and protective functions. According to their functional purpose, they distinguish 1) somatic or animal nervous system, 2) autonomic or autonomic nervous system.

In turn, in the autonomic nervous system, there are:

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Metasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (enteric nervous system).

Central nervous system (CNS) - the main part of the nervous system of animals and humans, consisting of an accumulation of nerve cells (neurons) and their processes; it is represented in invertebrates by a system of closely interconnected nerve nodes (ganglia), in vertebrates and humans - by the spinal cord and brain.

The main and specific function of the central nervous system is the implementation of simple and complex highly differentiated reflective reactions, called. In higher animals and humans, the lower and middle parts of the central nervous system - the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, midbrain, diencephalon and cerebellum - regulate the activity of individual organs and systems of a highly developed organism, communicate and interact between them, ensure the unity of the organism and the integrity of its activity. The highest department of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and the nearest subcortical formations - mainly regulates the connection and relationship of the body as a whole with the environment.

The central nervous system is connected with all organs and tissues through the peripheral nervous system, which in vertebrates includes cranial nerves extending from the brain, and spinal nerves - from the spinal cord, intervertebral nerve nodes, as well as the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system - nerve nodes, with him (preganglionic) and departing from them (postganglionic) nerve fibers. Sensitive, or afferent, nerve adductor fibers carry excitation to the central nervous system from peripheral receptors; along the efferent efferent (motor and autonomic) nerve fibers, excitation from the central nervous system is directed to the cells of the executive working apparatus (muscles, glands, blood vessels, etc.). In all parts of the CNS there are afferent neurons that perceive stimuli coming from the periphery, and efferent neurons that send nerve impulses to the periphery to various executive organs. Afferent and efferent cells, with their processes, can contact each other and form a two-neuron reflex arc that performs elementary reflexes (for example, tendon reflexes of the spinal cord). But, as a rule, interneurons, or interneurons, are located in the reflex arc between the afferent and efferent neurons. Communication between different parts of the CNS is also carried out with the help of many processes of afferent, efferent and intercalary neurons of these parts, forming intracentral short and long pathways. The CNS also includes neuroglia cells, which perform a supporting function in it, and also participate in the metabolism of nerve cells.

The autonomic nervous system is a part of the nervous system that has a two-neuron structure and innervates the internal organs, smooth muscles, heart, endocrine glands and skin;

Through the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system regulates the functions of internal organs, blood supply and trophism of all organs. The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The sympathetic nervous system is the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system, which ensures the mobilization of the body's existing ones to perform urgent work. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart, constricts blood vessels, and enhances the performance of skeletal muscles. The sympathetic nervous system is represented by:

gray matter of the lateral horns of the spinal cord;
two symmetrical sympathetic trunks with their ganglia;
internodal and connecting branches; as well as
branches and ganglia involved in the formation of nerve plexuses.

The parasympathetic nervous system is the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body. The parasympathetic nervous system consists of:

the cranial region, in which the preganglionic fibers leave the midbrain and rhomboid brain as part of several cranial nerves; and
sacral region, in which preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord as part of its ventral roots.

The parasympathetic nervous system slows down the work of the heart, dilates some blood vessels.

The main directions of research of the nervous system

The modern science of the nervous system unites many scientific disciplines: along with classical neuroanatomy, neurology and neurophysiology, molecular biology and genetics, chemistry, cybernetics and a number of other sciences make an important contribution to the study of the nervous system. This interdisciplinary approach to the study of the nervous system is reflected in the term neuroscience. In the Russian-language scientific literature, the term "neurobiology" is often used as a synonym. One of the main goals of neuroscience is to understand the processes occurring both at the level of individual neurons and neural networks, the result of which are various mental processes: thinking, emotions, consciousness.<В соответствие с этой задачей изучение нервной системы ведется на разных уровнях организация, начиная с молекулярного и заканчивая изучением сознания, творческих способностей и социального поведения.

The nervous system controls the activity of all systems and organs and ensures the connection of the body with the external environment.

The structure of the nervous system

The structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron - a nerve cell with processes. In general, the structure of the nervous system is a collection of neurons that are constantly in contact with each other using special mechanisms - synapses. The following types of neurons differ in function and structure:

Sensitive or receptor;
Effector - motor neurons that send an impulse to the executive organs (effectors);
Closing or plug-in (conductor).

Conventionally, the structure of the nervous system can be divided into two large sections - somatic (or animal) and vegetative (or autonomous). The somatic system is primarily responsible for the connection of the body with the external environment, providing movement, sensitivity and contraction of skeletal muscles. The vegetative system affects the growth processes (respiration, metabolism, excretion, etc.). Both systems have a very close relationship, only the autonomic nervous system is more independent and does not depend on the will of a person. That is why it is also called autonomous. The autonomous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic.

The entire nervous system consists of the central and peripheral. The central part includes the spinal cord and brain, and the peripheral system represents the outgoing nerve fibers from the brain and spinal cord. If you look at the brain in section, you can see that it consists of white and gray matter.

Gray matter is an accumulation of nerve cells (with the initial sections of processes extending from their bodies). Separate groups of gray matter are also called nuclei.

White matter consists of nerve fibers covered with myelin sheath (processes of nerve cells from which gray matter is formed). In the spinal cord and brain, nerve fibers form pathways.

Peripheral nerves are divided into motor, sensory and mixed, depending on what fibers they consist of (motor or sensory). The bodies of neurons, whose processes are made up of sensory nerves, are located in ganglions outside the brain. The bodies of motor neurons are located in the motor nuclei of the brain and the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

Functions of the nervous system

The nervous system has different effects on the organs. The three main functions of the nervous system are:

Starting, causing or stopping the function of an organ (secretion of the gland, muscle contraction, etc.);
Vasomotor, which allows you to change the width of the lumen of the vessels, thereby regulating the flow of blood to the organ;
Trophic, lowering or increasing metabolism, and, consequently, the consumption of oxygen and nutrients. This allows you to constantly coordinate the functional state of the body and its need for oxygen and nutrients. When impulses are sent along the motor fibers to the working skeletal muscle, causing its contraction, then impulses are simultaneously received that increase metabolism and dilate blood vessels, which makes it possible to provide energy for performing muscle work.

Diseases of the nervous system

Together with the endocrine glands, the nervous system plays a crucial role in the functioning of the body. It is responsible for the coordinated work of all systems and organs of the human body and unites the spinal cord, brain and peripheral system. Motor activity and sensitivity of the body is supported by nerve endings. And thanks to the autonomic system, the cardiovascular system and other organs are inverted.

Therefore, a violation of the functions of the nervous system affects the work of all systems and organs.

All diseases of the nervous system can be divided into infectious, hereditary, vascular, traumatic and chronically progressive.

Hereditary diseases are genomic and chromosomal. The most famous and common chromosomal disease is Down's disease. This disease is characterized by the following symptoms: a violation of the musculoskeletal system, the endocrine system, lack of mental abilities.

Traumatic lesions of the nervous system occur due to bruises and injuries, or when squeezing the brain or spinal cord. Such diseases are usually accompanied by vomiting, nausea, memory loss, disorders of consciousness, loss of sensitivity.

Vascular diseases mainly develop against the background of atherosclerosis or hypertension. This category includes chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, cerebrovascular accident. Characterized by the following symptoms: attacks of vomiting and nausea, headache, impaired motor activity, decreased sensitivity.

Chronically progressive diseases, as a rule, develop as a result of metabolic disorders, exposure to infection, intoxication of the body, or due to abnormalities in the structure of the nervous system. Such diseases include sclerosis, myasthenia, etc. These diseases usually progress gradually, reducing the efficiency of some systems and organs.

Causes of diseases of the nervous system:

The placental route of transmission of diseases of the nervous system during pregnancy (cytomegalovirus, rubella), as well as through the peripheral system (poliomyelitis, rabies, herpes, meningoencephalitis) is also possible.

In addition, the nervous system is negatively affected by endocrine, heart, kidney diseases, malnutrition, chemicals and drugs, heavy metals.

The human nervous system is similar in structure to the nervous system of higher mammals, but differs in a significant development of the brain. The main function of the nervous system is to control the vital activity of the whole organism.

Neuron

All organs of the nervous system are built from nerve cells called neurons. A neuron is capable of receiving and transmitting information in the form of a nerve impulse.

Rice. 1. Structure of a neuron.

The body of a neuron has processes by which it communicates with other cells. The short processes are called dendrites, the long ones are called axons.

The structure of the human nervous system

The main organ of the nervous system is the brain. It is connected to the spinal cord, which looks like a cord about 45 cm long. Together, the spinal cord and brain make up the central nervous system (CNS).

Rice. 2. Scheme of the structure of the nervous system.

Nerves leaving the CNS make up the peripheral part of the nervous system. It consists of nerves and nerve nodes.

Reflex

This is the response of the body to irritation from the external or internal environment.

The main form of activity of the nervous system is a reflex (from the English reflection - reflection).

An example of a reflex is pulling the hand away from a hot object. The nerve ending perceives high temperature and transmits a signal about it to the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, a response impulse arises, going to the muscles of the hand.

Rice. 3. Scheme of the reflex arc.

Sequence: sensory nerve - CNS - motor nerve is called the reflex arc.

Brain

The brain is characterized by a strong development of the cerebral cortex, in which the centers of higher nervous activity are located.

The features of the human brain sharply separated it from the animal world and allowed it to create a rich material and spiritual culture.

What have we learned?

The structure and functions of the human nervous system are similar to those of mammals, but differ in the development of the cerebral cortex with the centers of consciousness, thinking, memory, and speech. The autonomic nervous system controls the body without the participation of consciousness. The somatic nervous system controls the movement of the body. The principle of activity of the nervous system is reflex.

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The human nervous system is a stimulator of the muscular system, which we talked about in. As we already know, muscles are needed to move parts of the body in space, and we even studied specifically which muscles are designed for which work. But what powers the muscles? What and how makes them work? This will be discussed in this article, from which you will draw the necessary theoretical minimum for mastering the topic indicated in the title of the article.

First of all, it is worth saying that the nervous system is designed to transmit information and commands to our body. The main functions of the human nervous system are the perception of changes within the body and the space surrounding it, the interpretation of these changes and the response to them in the form of a certain form (including muscle contraction).

Nervous system- many different, interacting nervous structures, which, along with the endocrine system, provide coordinated regulation of the work of most of the body's systems, as well as a response to changing conditions of the external and internal environment. This system combines sensitization, motor activity and the correct functioning of such systems as endocrine, immune and not only.

The structure of the nervous system

Excitability, irritability and conductivity are characterized as functions of time, that is, it is a process that occurs from irritation to the appearance of an organ response. The propagation of a nerve impulse in the nerve fiber occurs due to the transition of local foci of excitation to neighboring inactive areas of the nerve fiber. The human nervous system has the ability to transform and generate the energies of the external and internal environment and convert them into a nervous process.

The structure of the human nervous system: 1- brachial plexus; 2- musculocutaneous nerve; 3- radial nerve; 4- median nerve; 5- ilio-hypogastric nerve; 6- femoral-genital nerve; 7- locking nerve; 8- ulnar nerve; 9- common peroneal nerve; 10 - deep peroneal nerve; 11- superficial nerve; 12- brain; 13- cerebellum; 14- spinal cord; 15- intercostal nerves; 16 - hypochondrium nerve; 17- lumbar plexus; 18 - sacral plexus; 19- femoral nerve; 20 - sexual nerve; 21- sciatic nerve; 22 - muscular branches of the femoral nerves; 23 - saphenous nerve; 24- tibial nerve

The nervous system functions as a whole with the sense organs and is controlled by the brain. The largest part of the latter is called the cerebral hemispheres (in the occipital region of the skull there are two smaller hemispheres of the cerebellum). The brain is connected to the spinal cord. The right and left cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by a compact bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.

Spinal cord- the main nerve trunk of the body - passes through the canal formed by the openings of the vertebrae, and stretches from the brain to the sacral spine. From each side of the spinal cord, nerves depart symmetrically to different parts of the body. Touch in general terms is provided by certain nerve fibers, the innumerable endings of which are located in the skin.

Classification of the nervous system

The so-called types of the human nervous system can be represented as follows. The whole integral system is conditionally formed: the central nervous system - CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system - PNS, which includes numerous nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord. The skin, joints, ligaments, muscles, internal organs and sensory organs send input signals to the CNS via PNS neurons. At the same time, outgoing signals from the central NS, the peripheral NS sends to the muscles. As a visual material, below, in a logically structured way, the entire human nervous system (diagram) is presented.

central nervous system- the basis of the human nervous system, which consists of neurons and their processes. The main and characteristic function of the central nervous system is the implementation of reflective reactions of various degrees of complexity, which are called reflexes. The lower and middle sections of the central nervous system - the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, midbrain, diencephalon and cerebellum - control the activity of individual organs and systems of the body, implement communication and interaction between them, ensure the integrity of the body and its correct functioning. The highest department of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and the nearest subcortical formations - for the most part controls the communication and interaction of the body as an integral structure with the outside world.

Peripheral nervous system- is a conditionally allocated part of the nervous system, which is located outside the brain and spinal cord. Includes nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system, connecting the central nervous system with the organs of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by bones and can be subject to mechanical damage. In turn, the peripheral nervous system itself is divided into somatic and autonomic.

somatic nervous system- part of the human nervous system, which is a complex of sensory and motor nerve fibers responsible for the excitation of muscles, including skin and joints. She also manages the coordination of body movements, and the receipt and transmission of external stimuli. This system performs actions that a person controls consciously.
autonomic nervous system divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic nervous system governs the response to danger or stress and, among other things, can cause an increase in heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and excitation of the senses by increasing the level of adrenaline in the blood. The parasympathetic nervous system, in turn, controls the state of rest, and regulates pupillary contraction, slowing of the heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, and stimulation of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Above you can see a logically structured diagram, which shows the parts of the human nervous system, in the order corresponding to the above material.

The structure and functions of neurons

All movements and exercises are controlled by the nervous system. The main structural and functional unit of the nervous system (both central and peripheral) is the neuron. Neurons are excitable cells that are capable of generating and transmitting electrical impulses (action potentials).

The structure of the nerve cell: 1- cell body; 2- dendrites; 3- cell nucleus; 4- myelin sheath; 5- axon; 6 - the end of the axon; 7- synaptic thickening

The functional unit of the neuromuscular system is the motor unit, which consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it. Actually, the work of the human nervous system on the example of the process of muscle innervation occurs as follows.

The cell membrane of the nerve and muscle fiber is polarized, that is, there is a potential difference across it. Inside the cell contains a high concentration of potassium ions (K), and outside - sodium ions (Na). At rest, the potential difference between the inner and outer side of the cell membrane does not lead to the appearance of an electric charge. This defined value is the resting potential. Due to changes in the external environment of the cell, the potential on its membrane constantly fluctuates, and if it rises, and the cell reaches its electrical threshold of excitation, there is a sharp change in the electrical charge of the membrane, and it begins to conduct an action potential along the axon to the innervated muscle. By the way, in large muscle groups, one motor nerve can innervate up to 2-3 thousand muscle fibers.

In the diagram below, you can see an example of how a nerve impulse travels from the moment a stimulus occurs to receiving a response to it in each individual system.

Nerves are connected to each other through synapses, and to muscles through neuromuscular junctions. Synapse- this is the place of contact between two nerve cells, and - the process of transmitting an electrical impulse from a nerve to a muscle.

synaptic connection: 1- neural impulse; 2- receiving neuron; 3- axon branch; 4- synaptic plaque; 5- synaptic cleft; 6 - neurotransmitter molecules; 7- cell receptors; 8 - dendrite of the receiving neuron; 9- synaptic vesicles

Neuromuscular contact: 1- neuron; 2- nerve fiber; 3- neuromuscular contact; 4- motor neuron; 5- muscle; 6- myofibrils

Thus, as we have already said, the process of physical activity in general and muscle contraction in particular is completely controlled by the nervous system.

Conclusion

Today we learned about the purpose, structure and classification of the human nervous system, as well as how it is related to its motor activity and how it affects the work of the whole organism as a whole. Since the nervous system is involved in the regulation of the activity of all organs and systems of the human body, including, and possibly, first of all, the cardiovascular system, in the next article from the series on the systems of the human body, we will move on to its consideration.

Nerve endings are located throughout the human body. They carry the most important function and are an integral part of the entire system. The structure of the human nervous system is a complex branched structure that runs through the entire body.

The physiology of the nervous system is a complex composite structure.

The neuron is considered the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Its processes form fibers that are excited when exposed and transmit an impulse. The impulses reach the centers where they are analyzed. After analyzing the received signal, the brain transmits the necessary reaction to the stimulus to the appropriate organs or parts of the body. The human nervous system is briefly described by the following functions:

providing reflexes;
regulation of internal organs;
ensuring the interaction of the organism with the external environment, by adapting the body to changing external conditions and stimuli;
interaction of all organs.

The value of the nervous system is to ensure the vital activity of all parts of the body, as well as the interaction of a person with the outside world. The structure and functions of the nervous system are studied by neurology.

Structure of the CNS

Anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) is a collection of neuronal cells and neuronal processes of the spinal cord and brain. A neuron is a unit of the nervous system.

The function of the central nervous system is to provide reflex activity and process impulses coming from the PNS.

The anatomy of the central nervous system, the main node of which is the brain, is a complex structure of branched fibers.

The higher nerve centers are concentrated in the cerebral hemispheres. This is the consciousness of a person, his personality, his intellectual abilities and speech. The main function of the cerebellum is to ensure coordination of movements. The brain stem is inextricably linked to the hemispheres and the cerebellum. This section contains the main nodes of the motor and sensory pathways, which ensures such vital body functions as the regulation of blood circulation and breathing. The spinal cord is the distribution structure of the CNS, it provides branching of the fibers that form the PNS.

The spinal ganglion (ganglion) is the site of concentration of sensitive cells. With the help of the spinal ganglion, the activity of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system is carried out. Ganglia or nerve nodes in the human nervous system are classified as PNS, they perform the function of analyzers. The ganglia do not belong to the human central nervous system.

Structural features of the PNS

Thanks to the PNS, the activity of the entire human body is regulated. The PNS is made up of cranial and spinal neurons and fibers that form ganglia.

The structure and functions of the human peripheral nervous system are very complex, so any slightest damage, for example, damage to the vessels in the legs, can cause serious disruption of its work. Thanks to the PNS, control is exercised over all parts of the body and the vital activity of all organs is ensured. The importance of this nervous system for the body cannot be overestimated.

The PNS is divided into two divisions - the somatic and autonomic systems of the PNS.

The somatic nervous system performs a double job - collecting information from the sense organs, and further transmitting this data to the central nervous system, as well as ensuring the motor activity of the body, by transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles. Thus, it is the somatic nervous system that is the instrument of human interaction with the outside world, since it processes the signals received from the organs of vision, hearing and taste buds.

The autonomic nervous system ensures the performance of the functions of all organs. It controls the heartbeat, blood supply, and respiratory activity. It contains only motor nerves that regulate muscle contraction.

To ensure the heartbeat and blood supply, the efforts of the person himself are not required - it is the vegetative part of the PNS that controls this. The principles of the structure and function of the PNS are studied in neurology.

Departments of the PNS

The PNS also consists of an afferent nervous system and an efferent division.

The afferent section is a collection of sensory fibers that process information from receptors and transmit it to the brain. The work of this department begins when the receptor is irritated due to any impact.

The efferent system differs in that it processes impulses transmitted from the brain to effectors, that is, muscles and glands.

One of the important parts of the autonomic division of the PNS is the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is formed from fibers located in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract. The enteric nervous system controls the motility of the small and large intestines. This department also regulates the secretion secreted in the gastrointestinal tract and provides local blood supply.

The value of the nervous system is to ensure the work of internal organs, intellectual function, motor skills, sensitivity and reflex activity. The central nervous system of a child develops not only in the prenatal period, but also during the first year of life. The ontogenesis of the nervous system begins from the first week after conception.

The basis for the development of the brain is formed already in the third week after conception. The main functional nodes are indicated by the third month of pregnancy. By this time, the hemispheres, trunk and spinal cord have already been formed. By the sixth month, the higher parts of the brain are already better developed than the spinal region.

By the time the baby is born, the brain is the most developed. The size of the brain in a newborn is approximately one eighth of the weight of the child and fluctuates within 400 g.

The activity of the central nervous system and PNS is greatly reduced in the first few days after birth. This may be in the abundance of new irritating factors for the baby. This is how the plasticity of the nervous system is manifested, that is, the ability of this structure to rebuild. As a rule, the increase in excitability occurs gradually, starting from the first seven days of life. The plasticity of the nervous system deteriorates with age.

Types of CNS

In the centers located in the cerebral cortex, two processes simultaneously interact - inhibition and excitation. The rate at which these states change determines the types of the nervous system. While one section of the central nervous system is excited, the other is slowed down. This is the reason for the peculiarities of intellectual activity, such as attention, memory, concentration.

Types of the nervous system describe the differences between the speed of the processes of inhibition and excitation of the central nervous system in different people.

People may differ in character and temperament, depending on the characteristics of the processes in the central nervous system. Its features include the speed of switching neurons from the process of inhibition to the process of excitation, and vice versa.

Types of the nervous system are divided into four types.

The weak type, or melancholic, is considered the most prone to the occurrence of neurological and psycho-emotional disorders. It is characterized by slow processes of excitation and inhibition. A strong and unbalanced type is a choleric. This type is distinguished by the predominance of excitatory processes over inhibition processes.
Strong and mobile - this is the type of sanguine. All processes occurring in the cerebral cortex are strong and active. Strong, but inert, or phlegmatic type, characterized by a low rate of switching of nervous processes.

Types of the nervous system are interconnected with temperaments, but these concepts should be distinguished, because temperament characterizes a set of psycho-emotional qualities, and the type of the central nervous system describes the physiological features of the processes occurring in the central nervous system.

CNS protection

The anatomy of the nervous system is very complex. The CNS and PNS suffer from the effects of stress, overexertion, and malnutrition. Vitamins, amino acids and minerals are necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Amino acids take part in the work of the brain and are the building material for neurons. Having figured out why and what vitamins and amino acids are needed for, it becomes clear how important it is to provide the body with the necessary amount of these substances. Glutamic acid, glycine and tyrosine are especially important for humans. The scheme of taking vitamin-mineral complexes for the prevention of diseases of the central nervous system and PNS is selected individually by the attending physician.

Damage to bundles of nerve fibers, congenital pathologies and anomalies in the development of the brain, as well as the action of infections and viruses - all this leads to disruption of the central nervous system and PNS and the development of various pathological conditions. Such pathologies can cause a number of very dangerous diseases - immobilization, paresis, muscle atrophy, encephalitis and much more.

Malignant neoplasms in the brain or spinal cord lead to a number of neurological disorders. If you suspect an oncological disease of the central nervous system, an analysis is prescribed - the histology of the affected departments, that is, an examination of the composition of the tissue. A neuron, as part of a cell, can also mutate. Such mutations can be detected by histology. Histological analysis is carried out according to the testimony of a doctor and consists in collecting the affected tissue and its further study. With benign formations, histology is also performed.

There are many nerve endings in the human body, damage to which can cause a number of problems. Damage often leads to a violation of the mobility of a part of the body. For example, an injury to the hand can lead to pain in the fingers and impaired movement. Osteochondrosis of the spine provoke the occurrence of pain in the foot due to the fact that an irritated or transmitted nerve sends pain impulses to receptors. If the foot hurts, people often look for the cause in a long walk or injury, but the pain syndrome can be triggered by damage to the spine.

If you suspect damage to the PNS, as well as any related problems, you should be examined by a specialist.

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