Aerospace defense is a modern aspect. Aerospace defense forces of Russia Military units of aerospace defense

On October 4, Russia celebrates the Day of the Space Forces. The holiday is timed to coincide with the day of the launch of the first artificial earth satellite PS-1 (the simplest satellite-1). It was launched into orbit on October 4, 1957 by the R-7 launch vehicle from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later became known as the Baikonur cosmodrome. The spacecraft was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters, weighed 83.6 kilograms, and was equipped with four pin antennas 2.4 and 2.9 meters long. The successful launch of the world's first satellite was the discovery of the annals of astronautics, including military.

Emblem of the Aerospace Defense Forces. Photo: ommons.wikimedia.org

AiF.ru tells about what the space troops are doing, their composition and history of origin.

Tasks

Space Forces - a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Their main tasks are:

  • warning the top military-political leadership of the country about a missile attack;
  • missile defense of the city of Moscow;
  • control of outer space;
  • creation, deployment, maintenance of the national orbital constellation and control of military, dual, socio-economic and scientific spacecraft.

The composition of the space forces:

  • Command of the Space Forces;
  • Main Missile Warning Center;
  • The main center for reconnaissance of the space situation;
  • Directorate for the introduction of new systems and complexes of the Space Forces;
  • Missile defense formations;
  • Main test center named after German Titov;
  • State test cosmodrome Plesetsk.

The number of personnel of the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Russian Federation is 165,000 people.

Orbital constellation

The orbital satellite constellation of Russia for September, 2015 is the second in the world and consists of 149 devices. Together with the orbital groups of the CIS countries - 167 vehicles.

For comparison, the United States has the largest orbital constellation, which owns 446 artificial satellites. In third place is China with 120+ satellites. India maintains 40+ operational Earth imagery satellites in polar orbits.

Pilots during an exercise to check the combat readiness of the Aerospace Defense Forces, the 1st Air Force and Air Defense Command of the Western Military District at the Baltimore airfield in Voronezh. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Utkin

Names

  • Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) (1964-1970),
  • Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) (1970-1981),
  • Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (1981-1986),
  • Office of the Chief of Space Facilities (UNKS) of the USSR Ministry of Defense (1986-1992),
  • Military Space Forces (VKS) (1992-1997),
  • as part of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) (1997-2001),
  • Space Forces (KV) (2001-2011),
  • Aerospace Defense Troops (VVKO) (from December 1, 2011 - August 1, 2015),
  • Space Forces (KV) of the Aerospace Forces (since August 1, 2015).

Major General, Commander of the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) Alexander Golovko. Photo: RIA Novosti / Mikhail Klimentiev

Commanders

1964-1965 — K. A.-A. Kerimov
1965-1979 — A. G. Karas
1979-1989 — A. A. Maksimov
1989-1996 — V. L. Ivanov
2001-2004 — A. N. Perminov
2004-2008 — V. A. Popovkin
2008-2011 — O. N. Ostapenko
2012 — V. M. Ivanov- interim officer
from December 2012 — A. V. Golovko

Educational establishments

The training of officers for the space forces is carried out by:

  • Military Space Academy named after A. F. Mozhaisky,
  • Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov.

Story

The first space units were formed in 1955 as part of the artillery of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK), when a decision was made by the USSR Government to build a research site.

In 1964, in order to centralize work on the creation of new means, as well as to quickly resolve the issues of using space means, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) was created. In 1970, it was reorganized into the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces.

In 1986, GUKOS was transformed into the Office of the Chief of Space Facilities of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

Servicemen of the Aerospace Defense Forces greet Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu during the parade dedicated to the 68th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, on Red Square. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vladimir Ostapkovich

In 1992, the Office of the Chief of Space Facilities was transformed into a branch of forces of central subordination - the Military Space Forces (VKS).

In 1997, the Military Space Forces, in order to increase the efficiency of command and control of troops and save the defense budget, were included in the Strategic Missile Forces.

In connection with the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, by a Presidential Decree in 2001, an independent branch of forces, the Space Forces, was created on the basis of formations and launch units and RKOs allocated from the Strategic Missile Forces. At the same time, it was taken into account that the space forces and means, the forces and means of the RKO have a single sphere for solving problems - space, as well as close cooperation between industrial enterprises, which ensures the creation and development of weapons.


TROOPS OF AIR AND SPACE DEFENSE. NEWS 2015

FORCES AIR-SPACE DEFENSE. NEWS 2015

04.01.2015
Specialists of the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) in 2014 ensured the launch of 33 spacecraft from the Plesetsk and Baikonur cosmodromes. This was announced by Colonel Aleksey Zolotukhin, a spokesman for the press service and information department of the RF Ministry of Defense for the Aerospace Defense Troops.
“In 2014, the specialists of the Aerospace Defense Forces ensured launches from the Plesetsk and Baikonur cosmodromes of 33 spacecraft for various purposes, of which 19 spacecraft were taken over by the Main Test Space Center named after G.S. Titov of the Space Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces” Zolotukhin said.
According to him, the Aerospace Defense Troops are currently carrying out 20 development work as part of the creation of new types and samples of technical instruments for measuring and controlling space systems and complexes. Among them is the development of a unified command-and-measurement control system for spacecraft of a new generation, a promising system for receiving and processing telemetric information, and improving the ground-based control complex for the GLONASS system.
TASS

04.01.2015


The construction of new radio-technical complexes for monitoring outer space in the Moscow, Kaliningrad regions, Altai and Primorsky territories will begin in 2015.
In the coming years, it is planned to deploy 10 such complexes, Aleksey Zolotukhin, a spokesman for the press service and information department of the Russian Defense Ministry for the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO), told TASS.
“In 2015, one of the priority areas for the development of the Aerospace Defense Forces will be the improvement of the means of the outer space control system (SKKP) to increase the ability to process information about the state of the situation in near-Earth space to ensure the safety of the country's space activities,” said Zolotukhin.
“In the coming years, in a number of Russian regions it is planned to deploy more than 10 laser-optical and radio-technical complexes of a new generation, which will significantly increase the information capabilities of the Russian SKKP, expand the range of controlled orbits and reduce the minimum size of detectable space objects by 2-3 times,” Zolotukhin emphasized. .
TASS

11.01.2015


In 2015, one of the anti-aircraft missile regiments of the air defense and missile defense command of the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) near Moscow will receive a modern long-range anti-aircraft missile system (ZRS) S-400 "Triumph".
Thus, at present, four anti-aircraft missile regiments, equipped with the latest S-400 Triumph air defense systems and Pantsir-S air defense missile systems, will provide air defense of Moscow and the Central Industrial Region as part of the Aerospace Defense Forces.
As part of the development work, an interspecific medium-range anti-aircraft missile system Vityaz is being created to replace the obsolete and obsolete S-300P air defense system. In the future, the S-400 air defense system should form the basis of the anti-aircraft missile units of the Aerospace Defense Forces.
The main task of the anti-aircraft missile regiments of the Aerospace Defense Forces is the air defense of the city of Moscow and the Central Industrial Region of the country, covering the objects of the highest level of state and military administration, industry and energy, groupings of the Armed Forces and transport communications from enemy aerospace attacks.
Press Service and Information Department of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

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Aerospace Defense Troops

The Aerospace Defense Troops (VKO) are a fundamentally new branch of the military, which is designed to ensure Russia's security in the aerospace sphere.

Medium emblem of the Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:

Providing the highest levels of management with reliable information about the detection of ballistic missile launches and warning of a missile attack;

Defeat warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy attacking important government facilities;

Protection of command posts (CP) of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from attacks by enemy aerospace attack weapons (AAS) within the affected zones;

Observation of space objects and identification of threats to Russia in space and from space, and, if necessary, parrying such threats;

Implementation of launches of spacecraft into orbits, control of satellite systems for military and dual (military and civilian) purposes in flight and the use of some of them in the interests of providing the troops (forces) of the Russian Federation with the necessary information;

Maintenance in the established composition and readiness for the use of military and dual-use satellite systems, means of their launch and control, and a number of other tasks.

HISTORY OF CREATION

Aerospace Defense Troops

In accordance with the decision of the President of the Russian Federation, on December 1, 2011, a new branch of service was created in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Aerospace Defense Troops (VVKO).

The Aerospace Defense troops are formed on the basis of formations and military units of the Space Forces, as well as the troops of the operational strategic command of the aerospace defense of the Air Force.

The creation of the Aerospace Defense Forces was dictated by the objective need to unite the forces and means responsible for ensuring the security of Russia in and from space with the military formations responsible for the country's air defense (Air Defense) in order to create a unified aerospace defense system.

The first parts and institutions for launching and controlling spacecraft (SC) began to be created in our country in 1955 with the decision to build a test site in Kazakhstan for testing intercontinental ballistic missiles (now the Baikonur cosmodrome).

In connection with the preparations for the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957, the Command and Measurement Complex for Spacecraft Control was created. In the same year, in the Arkhangelsk region, construction began on a test site intended for launching R-7 intercontinental ballistic missiles (now the Plesetsk cosmodrome).

On October 4, 1957, the launch and control units of the spacecraft carried out the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite PS-1, and on April 12, 1961, the launch and flight control of the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok with cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. In the future, all domestic and international space programs were carried out with the participation of associations, formations and parts of the launch and control of the spacecraft.

To organize the management of space activities in 1960, the 3rd Directorate of the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons was formed in the USSR Ministry of Defense, which in 1964 was transformed into the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense, and in 1970 - into the Main Department of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In 1982, GUKOS and its subordinate units were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinated directly to the Minister of Defense of the USSR - the Directorate of the Head of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense was created.

In August 1992, the Military Space Forces of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation were created, which included the Baikonur, Plesetsk cosmodromes and, since 1994, the Svobodny cosmodrome, as well as the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Assets (GICIU KS), the Military Engineering Space academy and 50 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Since 1957, units and institutions of spacecraft launch and control have ensured the launch and flight control of more than 3,000 spacecraft, carry out tasks to ensure national security in the space sphere, and take part in the implementation of all joint international manned projects and deep space fundamental research projects. In close cooperation with a wide cooperation of scientific and industrial organizations, flight tests of more than 250 types of spacecraft for military, socio-economic and scientific purposes were carried out.

Manned flights, exploration of the Moon, Mars, Venus, the most complex experiments in outer space, the launch of the unmanned spacecraft of the Buran reusable orbital complex, the creation of an international space station - this is not a complete list of the achievements of domestic cosmonautics, to which military formations of space purposes made a significant contribution.

Launch vehicle "Soyuz-2" on the launch pad

At the same time, the combat path of "space in uniform" was not limited to launches and control of spacecraft. With the beginning of the era of space exploration, it became necessary to monitor the launches of missiles of a potential enemy, space objects, control their movement, assess the state, and warn of possible emergencies in space. There was a threat of the enemy using weapons from outer space. Therefore, in the early 1960s. the first samples of missile attack warning systems (PRN), space control (SCC), and anti-missile defense (ABM) systems began to be created.

Optoelectronic complex for monitoring outer space OEK "Okno"

The most productive period in the history of domestic military space activities was the period of the 1970s–1980s, when scientific, technical, and production reserves were laid in rocket and space technology for decades to come, which are still being implemented at the present time. Space systems for PRN, reconnaissance, communications, and navigation were created and put into service. The orbital grouping became permanent and began to be actively used in the interests of solving problems and ensuring the daily activities of the Armed Forces. The PRN and ABM systems were put on combat duty.

Radar station of high factory readiness "Voronezh-DM"

All these and many other domestic and international space programs have been carried out for more than 50 years with the direct participation of military units for launching and controlling spacecraft and military formations of rocket and space defense (RKO), on the basis of which the Space Forces were created in 2001. At the same time, it was taken into account that the space forces and means, the forces and means of the RKO have a single sphere for solving problems - space, as well as close cooperation between industrial enterprises, which ensures the creation and development of weapons.

Over the 10-year period of active activity, the Space Forces have carried out and ensured more than 230 launches of launch vehicles, which put more than 300 military, dual, socio-economic and scientific spacecraft into orbit. Among them are communications, navigation, cartography, Earth remote sensing, telecommunications, scientific devices, etc.

Over 900 dangerous encounters between space objects and the International Space Station have been warned by means of outer space control.

The duty forces of the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov conducted about 2.5 million sessions of spacecraft control.

Significantly increase the effectiveness of the use of both information and strike means capable of combating an aerospace enemy, made it possible to include in the Air Defense Forces the forces and means of air defense, dating back to the period of the First World War, when, to cover the most important centers of the country, air defense of the capital of Russia - Petrograd and its environs. Even then, it included anti-aircraft artillery batteries, air crews, and a network of air surveillance posts.

The organizational design of the air defense troops (since 1928 - air defense) developed with the development of military aviation. Since 1924, the formation of anti-aircraft artillery regiments began for air defense.

On May 10, 1932, the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army was created. Separate brigades, divisions, air defense corps were formed. On November 9, 1941, the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory acquired the status of an independent branch of the military. In January 1942, air defense aviation took shape organizationally within them. The branches of the air defense forces, in addition to fighter aircraft, were anti-aircraft artillery and air surveillance, warning and communications troops.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces had operational-strategic formations: air armies, fronts and air defense armies. During the war years, the Air Defense Forces destroyed more than 64 thousand enemy aircraft in air battles, anti-aircraft fire and at airfields.

At present, formations and military units of air defense are units of constant combat readiness. They include anti-aircraft missile and radio engineering units. They are designed to protect command posts of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from enemy aerospace attacks within the affected zones.

Radio engineering means and complexes of means of automation of radar complexes and stations of medium, high and low altitudes are intended for conducting radar reconnaissance of an air enemy and issuing radar information about the air situation within the radar field to higher command and control bodies and other types of the Armed Forces and combat arms, to combat control points means of aviation, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare in solving peacetime and wartime tasks.

Currently, the Air Defense Forces are armed with anti-aircraft missile systems and systems that make up the main fire force in the air defense (aerospace) defense system. Modern Russian anti-aircraft missile systems S-300, S-400, anti-aircraft missile and gun system "Pantsir-S1" are capable of destroying various air targets, including hitting ballistic missile warheads.


Aerospace Defense Troops perform tasks to protect the aerospace of Russia

The personnel of the air defense brigades are on combat duty around the clock to protect the airspace over the capital region and the Central Industrial Region of the country. About 140 objects of state administration, industry and energy, transport communications, nuclear power plants are under the protection of the forces and means of anti-aircraft missile and radio engineering units of the air defense forces.

The creation of the Aerospace Defense Forces was caused by the objective need to integrate under a single leadership all forces and means capable of fighting in the aerospace sphere, based on current world trends towards expanding the role of aerospace in ensuring the protection of vital state interests in the economic, military and social spheres.

On December 1, 2011, formations and military units of the Space Forces, together with military formations of the operational strategic command of the Aerospace Defense Region, became part of a new type of troops - the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Today, the Aerospace Defense Forces is a modern, dynamically developing, high-tech branch of the armed forces that ensures the tasks of defense and security of the state in aerospace.

The facilities of the Aerospace Defense Forces are located throughout Russia - from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka, as well as beyond its borders. In the countries of the near abroad - Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, objects of systems for warning of a missile attack and control of outer space are deployed.

On December 1, 2011, the Aerospace Defense Forces, in cooperation with the forces and means of air defense of the military districts, took up combat duty with the task of protecting the country's territory from air and space attacks.

The structure of the Aerospace Defense Forces:

Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces

Space Command (CC)

Main Test Space Center G.S. Titov

Main missile attack warning center

The main center for reconnaissance of the space situation

Air and Missile Defense Command (K Air Defense and Missile Defense)

- Air defense brigades

– Missile Defense Compound

Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome (GIK Plesetsk)

Separate scientific research station (test site "Kura")

Arsenal

Milestones

Military Space Defense Troops:

1955

The first space military units were formed in connection with preparations for the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite (NIIP No. 5 - now the Baikonur State Test Cosmodrome, established on June 2, 1955, the annual holiday is June 2).

1957

A center of command and measurement complexes (now the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov, GITsIU KS, the annual holiday is October 4) was established to provide testing of launched and control of the first experimental spacecraft and flights of cosmonauts.

On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial Earth satellite (PS-1) was launched.

On July 15, the first ICBM connection "Angara object" was created (now - the Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome, the annual holiday of the cosmodrome).

1960

To create favorable conditions for the implementation of a long-term military space program, the formation of the first administrative body - the third department of the GURVO within the framework of the Strategic Missile Forces. Kerimov Kerim Alievich was appointed the first head of the department.

Kerimov Kerim Alievich (born in 1919). In 1944, after graduating from the Artillery Academy. F.E. Dzerzhinsky served in the system of the Main Directorate of Armament of the Guards Mortar Units. After the war, he participated as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the collection and study of German rocket technology. After returning, he worked in the 4th department of the GAU: as a senior officer, head of department, deputy head of department. During this period, he made a great contribution to the organization of orders for the first serial rocket technology.

In March 1965, he was appointed head of the Main Directorate for Space Issues of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering. Subsequently, he was appointed chairman of the State Commission for flight tests of manned spacecraft and launches of cosmonauts. He was awarded the military rank of lieutenant general. For active work in the development of cosmonautics, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, was awarded a number of orders and medals of the USSR.

For reference: by the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, the organizational structure of the space units included a test department, separate engineering and test units and a range measurement complex at the Baikonur test site, the Command and Measurement Complex Center and 12 separate scientific and measurement points.

1961

On March 4, 1961, the V-1000 anti-missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead developed in an experimental design bureau under the guidance of Academician P.D. Grushin, for the first time in the world, the warhead of the domestic R-12 ballistic missile launched from the Kapustin Yar test site was destroyed in flight.

1964

To centralize the work on the creation of new means, as well as to promptly resolve the issues of using space means, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense (deployed in Moscow) was created. Major General K.A. Kerimov became its head.

1965

The Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense was headed by Major General A. G. Karas.

Karas Andrey Grigorievich (1918-1979). Colonel General, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1970), head of GUKOS (1970-1979).

In the Armed Forces since 1938. Graduated from the Odessa Artillery School. Member of the Great Patriotic War. After the war he graduated from the Academy. F.E. Dzerzhinsky. In missile units since May 1951: head of the department of headquarters, deputy chief, chief of staff of the Kapustin Yar test site, chief of staff of the Baikonur test site, scientific consultant of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, head of the command and measurement complex (1959). Since 1965 - head of TsUKOS (GUKOS).

1966

On March 17, the NIIP MO (now the Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome) carried out the first launch of the Vostok-2 space rocket (RKN) from the Cosmos-112 spacecraft.

1967

In 1967, in accordance with the directives of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces of January 31 and March 30, the Directorate of the Commander of the Anti-Missile (ABM) and Anti-Space Defense (PKO) troops was formed.

1968

In 1968, flight design tests of the PKO "IS" complex began, and on November 1, 1968, for the first time in the world, the task of intercepting and destroying the I-2M target spacecraft with a two-turn interception method was successfully completed.

1970

For the development of space facilities in the interests of all types of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the national economy and scientific research, TsUKOS was reorganized into the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense.

1979

GUKOS was headed by Major General A.A. Maksimov.

Maksimov Alexander Alexandrovich (1923-1990). Colonel General, Hero of Socialist Labor (1984), laureate of the Lenin (1979) and State Prize (1968) of the USSR, head of space facilities (1986-1990).

Member of the Great Patriotic War. After the war, in 1952 he graduated from the F.E. Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy. He served in the military representation at the design bureau of S.P. Korolev, then in the 4th department of the GAU. As work on space facilities expanded, A.A. Maksimov received new appointments: deputy chief, first deputy, chief of GUKOS (1979). In 1986 he was appointed head of the space facilities of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

1982

GUKOS and its subordinate units were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinated directly to the Minister of Defense of the USSR, since the volume of tasks to be solved increased significantly.

Branch 4 of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was transformed into the 50th Central Research Institute of the KS and is directly subordinate to the head of the GUKOS.

On October 1, the Directorate of the Missile and Space Defense Forces was reorganized into the command of the Rocket and Space Defense Forces (RKO).

August 1992

A logical step was the creation of the Military Space Forces (VKS) of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which included the Baikonur Cosmodrome, parts of the launch of the spacecraft from the Plesetsk test site, GITsIU KS. Colonel-General VL Ivanov was appointed the first Commander of the Aerospace Forces (the Office of the Commander of the Aerospace Forces was stationed in Moscow).

Ivanov Vladimir Leontyevich (born in 1936). Colonel General, Commander of the Military Space Forces (1992-1997), Doctor of Military Sciences (1992).

In 1958 he graduated from the Caspian Higher Naval School named after S.M. Kirov and was appointed to the missile unit (Plesetsk) as the head of the calculation. After successfully graduating from the command faculty of the F.E. Dzerzhinsky Military Engineering Academy in 1971, he was appointed commander of a missile regiment, then deputy commander and commander of a missile division, deputy head and head of the Plesetsk cosmodrome.

On March 1, 1996, the Svobodny State Testing Cosmodrome was established as part of the Aerospace Forces, the annual holiday of the cosmodrome.

1997

March 4 - the first launch of a space rocket (RKN "Start-1.2" from the spacecraft "Zeya") from the State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny".

The Aerospace Forces and the RKO troops became part of the Strategic Missile Forces to increase the effectiveness of military space activities. However, the goals of integration were not achieved. In addition, a number of serious problems have arisen due to the attempt, in a purely mechanical way, to unite in one branch of the Armed Forces a strike force of ground-based strategic nuclear forces and military space formations that provide the highest levels of government of the country and the Armed Forces with space information.

year 2001.

In connection with the negative results of integration and the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the country's top political leadership decided to create, on the basis of formations and units allocated from the Strategic Missile Forces, launch and control of spacecraft, as well as RKO troops of a new type of troops - Space troops (Office of the Commander of the Space Forces is stationed in Moscow)

By decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 28, Colonel-General Anatoly Nikolayevich Perminov was appointed Commander of the Space Forces.

On June 1, the Space Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were formed and began to carry out tasks for their intended purpose.

2002

On March 26, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation presented a personal standard to the Commander of the Space Forces.

On October 3, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1115 introduced the Day of the Space Forces, celebrated annually on October 4.

2003

On April 5, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin visited the headquarters of the Space Forces.

On April 12, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin got acquainted with the activities of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy (St. Petersburg), where in one of the laboratories of the main military educational institution of the Space Forces he held a communication session with the crew of the international stations.

2004

On the basis of the branch of the Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky, the Pushkin Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces named after Air Marshal E.Ya. Savitsky (Pushkin, Leningrad Region) was created.

On February 17, during the strategic command and staff training of the Russian Armed Forces, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived at the Plesetsk cosmodrome, where on February 18 he was present at the launch of the Molniya-M launch vehicle with a military spacecraft.

By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 337 dated March 10, Lieutenant General Popovkin Vladimir Aleksandrovich was appointed Commander of the Space Forces.

On March 15, the Okno optoelectronic complex, which is part of the outer space control system, was put on combat duty.

On April 3, the meeting of the Presidents of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and the French Republic J. Chirac took place at the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities (GICIU KS) named after G.S. Titov (Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Region). During his visit to the command post of the GICIU KS, the commander of the Space Forces, Lieutenant-General V.V. Popovkin, reported to the heads of both states on the composition of the Space Forces, the tasks they are solving and the control system for the orbital constellation of Russian spacecraft, as well as on the areas of international cooperation in the field of space in regarding France.

On April 30, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 125, the Flag of the Space Forces was approved.

On May 9, the consolidated battalion of the Moscow Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces for the first time represented the Space Forces as part of the parade crew on Red Square.


Flag of the Aerospace Defense Forces

The flag of the Aerospace Defense Forces is a rectangular double-sided blue panel. In the center of the panel there is a small emblem of the Aerospace Defense Forces (a stylized contour image of a silver launching space rocket against the background of a stylized globe. The rocket is depicted in the form of a vertical acute-angled triangle. The image of the globe is divided by four horizontal stripes: the first is dark blue on top, the second - white, the third - blue, the fourth - red. In the upper part of the ellipse - two symmetrical triangular segments. In the lower part of the image of the rocket - a red quadrangle with an inner lower corner).

The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 2:3. The ratio of the width of the emblem to the length of the flag is 1:2.


Large emblem of the Aerospace Defense Forces

The elements of the emblem symbolize:

a stylized, outline image of a silver launching space rocket against the background of a stylized image of the globe - the achievements of the Russian Federation in the field of exploration and control of outer space in order to strengthen the country's defense capability and ensure the activities of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the interests of maintaining peace and maintaining universal security;

the colors of the small emblem are the areas of activity of the Aerospace Defense Forces: dark blue - the universe, white - space, blue - air, red - Earth;

two symmetrical triangular segments - a spacecraft control antenna and a space control antenna;

the red rectangle in the lower part of the image of the rocket is the flame of the launching rocket;

two "Perun" arrows, clamped in the right paw of an eagle, directed downwards - the implementation of anti-missile defense by the Aerospace Defense Forces;

a silver wand crowned with a stylized image of a rocket and an element of a spacecraft control antenna - launches of spacecraft and control of an orbital constellation;

the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - belonging of the Aerospace Defense Forces to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

the pattern in the form of a wreath is the courage and valor of the servicemen of the Aerospace Defense Forces.

At almost all times, violence has been the main way to resolve internecine problems. When a person first took a stick in his hands and realized that with the help of brute force it was possible to influence the actions of his own kind, he began to use violence everywhere. Thus, the art of war appeared in the world. Of course, wars were not always exclusively negative. Sometimes quite powerful states grew up after them, such as Ancient Rome, Sparta, Macedonia, etc. Nevertheless, in most cases, wars brought devastation and suffering to civilians in certain states. As for the art of warfare, it has developed since the advent of Homo sapiens. Initially, any conflicts were reduced to a chaotic "cutting" each other with sticks, while the battle was attended mainly by tribal communities. Later, with the advent of states, the process of waging wars began to change. Their evolution was influenced by various factors, one of which is the emergence of new threats from the enemy.

If we analyze the current level of combat capability of world countries, then it is largely due to the emergence of specific international legal relations and new sectors of the economy. For example, today the economy is of great importance. Security in this area has caused the emergence of various units that provide it. It is also necessary to note the growing interest of world powers in space. In addition to the large number of advantages that will appear as a result of its development, this process also carries a number of certain threats. Therefore, in the Russian Federation for several years now there have been space defense units, which will be discussed in the article.

Defense of the Russian Federation

In modern Russia, the defense capability of the state is a priority direction of the entire political course. The growing prestige of this area of ​​state activity is also determined by the constantly emerging local military conflicts in various parts of the planet. In some cases, such conflicts are contrary to the international interests of the Russian Federation, which requires its mandatory intervention. To organize an appropriate political course and ensure the defense and combat effectiveness of the Russian army, the Government of the Russian Federation has an appropriate executive body, namely the Ministry of Defense.

It should be noted that due to the emergence of new threats, research is constantly being carried out in the Ministry of Defense in order to constantly modernize the military sector of the Russian Federation. Thus, back in 2001, it was decided to create special space forces, which later became part of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

Aerospace Forces of Russia: concept

Such military formations are part of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. At its core, the air space defense forces are a kind of hybrid of the Russian Federation and the military space forces. They were created in 2015. These united various departments and services that are designed to protect the airspace of Russia, as well as outer space. When conducting combat operations, military formations of this type are capable of inflicting and repelling strikes both directly in the air and in space. Coordination of activities is carried out by the High Command of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main headquarters of the Aerospace Forces is located in the building of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

History of creation

The Aerospace Defense Forces have a rather long and interesting history of formation. As mentioned earlier, they were created on the basis of the merger of the two departments. It should be noted that the Russian space forces, in fact, have been reborn in this new military direction. Because in the period from 2001 to 2011 they existed, but were later disbanded. In 2015, the Space Forces became part of a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. There are several key features that led to the creation of the aerospace forces, namely the desire to:

1. Concentrate in a single sphere of activity different, but quite close in their tasks and functions, military formations.

2. To increase the efficiency and functionality of the air and space forces by actually "crossing" them.

3. Concentrate in a single framework the responsibility for the implementation and formation of military space policy, as well as the state defense capability in this area.

4. To ensure the further development and evolution of the air and space forces of Russia.

Tasks of the Russian Aerospace Forces

The aerospace forces have their own range of tasks, the solution of which they are constantly engaged in. It should be noted that due to the novelty of the military direction presented in the article, its tasks have corresponding features and are:

Ensuring the defense capability of the state in the aerospace sphere, as well as repelling any manifestations of aggression in it;

Defeat and destroy enemy combat forces using conventional means, as well as nuclear means;

Ensuring the activities of other branches of the armed forces through the effective use of aviation;

Reflection of strikes by ballistic missiles by hitting their head units;

Informing about possible missile attacks;

Observation and analysis of outer space in order to identify threats to Russia;

Such a structure ensures the effective use of all the forces and means of this military direction, as well as the appropriate level of the state's defense capability. It should also be noted that the unification of several essentially related military branches made it possible to ensure the simplicity of their regulation at the level of central executive authorities.

Russian Space Forces

The Space Defense Forces of the Russian Federation is a special branch of the military, which is designed to organize and ensure the security of the interests of the state in the space field of activity.

It should be noted that space defense is an innovative area of ​​military art. Analogues of such troops exist only in the most developed countries today. The main specifics of the units of this part of the army is, first of all, In other words, the very subject of the troops' activities determines a rather interesting range of tasks that are set before them. Thus, the space forces of Russia, parts of which are scattered throughout almost the entire Russian Federation, are innovative and at the same time specific units.

Evolution of the Space Force

Aerospace defense has always been a priority in the development of the army in the Russian Federation. However, the troops corresponding to this priority survived two stages of formation. In the period from 2001 to 2011, the Russian Space Forces were a separate and independent component of the Armed Forces. But, as mentioned earlier, on August 1, 2015, they became part of the Aerospace Forces.

Tasks of the Space Forces

Despite the fact that the Russian space forces are part of the aerospace forces, they have a range of their own special tasks. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the space sphere is the most developing area of ​​activity of the armed forces, since in the future scientists predict a central place for space forces due to the great potential of space as a theater of operations. However, today Russia is implementing the following tasks:

1. Observation of space and objects in it.

2. Identification of threats from space, as well as directly in it.

3. Reflection and elimination of threats from space.

4. Realization of launches into orbit of satellites of military and civil type.

5. The use of orbital satellites in the interests of the Russian armed forces.

6. Maintaining military and civil satellites in full combat readiness for their immediate use in emergency cases.

Taking into account the above priority development of space forces, the presented list of tasks can be replenished with new ones, since the military sphere of the Russian Federation is evolving almost daily.

Orbital constellation of the Russian Federation

The space defense forces simply would not be able to carry out the tasks assigned to them without artificial orbiting satellites, which are located near the planet Earth. A set of spacecraft of this type is called an orbital constellation. Today, Russia is in second place in terms of the number of launched satellites. The orbital constellation of the Russian Federation has 149 spacecraft.

In first place are the United States, which launched 446 space orbital satellites. The third place is occupied by China with its 120 satellites. Thus, outer space is almost completely covered by the most developed world powers, which emphasizes the high level of financial consumption of this sphere of development of the armed forces. This means that powers with insignificant economies cannot afford research in the space industry and the creation of corresponding branches of the military.

Training for space troops

Today, the issue of training highly qualified personnel for the Armed Forces is a serious issue in the Russian Federation. This means that there are appropriate educational institutions in all spheres of defense. The Russian Space Forces are no exception in this matter. There are two main educational institutions for the training of officers of the space forces:

Military Space Academy.

Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov.

Conclusion

So, in the article we told what the Russian space forces are, where they are located, in which educational institutions training of personnel is carried out. In conclusion, it should be noted that the development of this branch of the Armed Forces is simply necessary, taking into account current trends in the evolution of the military sector around the world. Perhaps in the near future conflicts will arise not only on earth, but also in space.



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