Imperfect form of the verb in Russian. Types of verbs in Russian
The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function
Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).
In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - forms of mood and time), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon ... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).
Infinitive
The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).
The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)
The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) a -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [to]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).
Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).
Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.
Verb stems
The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive and basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.
To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.
To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.
To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.
There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.
Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive | Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense |
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a. | 1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing). |
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw. | 2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw). |
3. Real past participles: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew. | 3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing). |
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp. | 4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable). |
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing). |
Verb type
Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.
Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfective verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -well).
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying
to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).
Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.
Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:
1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;
2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;
3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:
1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);
2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.
Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, cut- slice.
Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: talk- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.
Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).
There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).
Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.
Verbs transitive and intransitive
Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.
transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.
Instead of the accusative case, the complement with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:
1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; waste time- do not waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.
When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) the neighboring ravine, the stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).
Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.
Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).
Reflexive verbs
To reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, delight- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.
Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.
Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.
Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.
Verb conjugations
Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)
Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish between two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowels in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent
I conjugation | II conjugation |
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If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.
But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).
Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled(“to vacillate, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs be based and be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).
All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.
It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).
There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish-I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.
Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).
eat eat | ladies give give give |
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eat eat eat | give dad-they will give |
Verb to be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. numbers of the present tense - there is and essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will be- we will- you will- will.
It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated to be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).
verb mood
Verbs change according to moods. The form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(future time).
Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).
AT conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.
Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -and- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).
Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ and etc.
Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).
Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. let's go + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he and tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).
The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).
verb tense
In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.
The form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, how in violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).
Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.
The form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).
Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.
Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.
Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.
The form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).
Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.
The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.
Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).
Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).
Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).
Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).
Person, number and gender of the verb
Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.
There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.
The form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.
The form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.
The form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.
The form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.
Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.
Category faces and numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers and childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.
Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.
In Russian there are so-called insufficient and redundant Verbs.
Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.
A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.
In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.
These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.
Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).
Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.
Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o and smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance and It gets dark early in winter.
Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.
Scheme of morphological parsing of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) | An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect appearance; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate. |
In Russian - its kind.
Imperfect verb
Most of the units of this have opposing forms. For example, create - create, sign - sign, etc. If we compare the members of these pairs, we can see that, despite the similarity of the lexical meaning, they have something different. This difference is the aspect of the verb. The first member of these pairs is imperfect. The second is in the form of a perfect variant.
The verb in the perfect version can answer such questions: what to do? What did you do? what will he do?
Perfective forms often have the meaning of the completeness of the action, they call limited processes, they indicate the result of the action that has already happened. For example: the boy recovered.
The imperfective verb names the action developing, lasting, not limited, and also indicates the repetition and duration of the process. For example: the boy is recovering.
The category of the species is in close relationship with the category of time. So, the imperfect form of the verb has the forms of all three tenses, and the perfect form has only forms in the future and the past. Since the present tense characterizes a process that lasts at the moment of speech, developing and continuing, and the perfect form represents an action limited in development.
Most often, the verbs of the Russian language form a pair according to the specific feature. That is, two forms have the same semantic meaning, but differ in grammatical form: teach - teach, curl - curl.
There are also single ones. Unpaired ones carry the meaning of an action limited in its development: to wake up, to run. The unpaired imperfect denote an action that is unlimited in its development: to sentence, to sympathize, to dwell. There are also two-species verbs that combine the meanings of the perfect and imperfect categories: to execute, examine, injure.
Imperfect participles
The verb form, which has the meaning of an additional action, which combines the features of a verb and an adverb, is a gerund. This part of speech is of two types: perfect and imperfect. In the second form, a process is almost always called, which occurs at the same time as the action of the verb-predicate. Rarely, such a participle denotes a preceding or subsequent action. For example: twice a year she visited the capital and, returning from there, spoke loudly about the miracle. And this part of speech of the perfect form usually means the previous action.
A unit of this part of speech of an imperfect form is formed using the suffix -а (-я) from the stem in the present tense. For example, follow - follow.
Not all groups of verbs have this form. Among them:
Verbs with a stem in the present tense, which consists of consonants (crumpled);
Verbs in -and (pour) with a monosyllabic stem;
Verbs with the suffix -nu (wither);
Verbs in -a (call) with a monosyllabic stem in the infinitive.
If the verb has the suffix -va-, then the participle is formed from the infinitive stem: create - create - creating.
Good afternoon, dear student! Today we will look at types of verbs. Very often my students wonder why there are so many different verbs in Russian, how to determine their tense and why some verbs are used with prefixes and some without. To understand all these issues, let's look at perfect and imperfective verbs.
You will find the form of imperfective verbs in the dictionary, the verb in this case denotes an action, and perfective verbs are formed from this form. It should be noted that there are a lot of these methods, here are some of them:
With help prefixes, compare:
| Imperfect species | Perfect view |
| To read | Read Has red |
| To write | Has written |
| Prepare | Has cooked |
| To buy | Buy |
Please note that we have an exception word that is formed in perfect form without a prefix - this is the verb "Buy". In its imperfect form, this verb is used with the prefix -po.
With the help of different suffixes:
So, if we want to say that the action happens regularly, we need an imperfective verb. If the action happened 1 time at some point or day / hour, etc. and we know about its result, then we are dealing with a perfective verb. Such verbs answer the question " what to do?"
If we are talking about repetitive actions, then we not only use imperfective verbs that answer the question " what to do?", but we also use various additional information in the form of adverbs, which just show this repetition. For example,
Anastasia can't cook what to do?), she's cooking rarely. Anastasia cannot cook, she cooks rare.
I bought (what did?) beautiful dress, it is for me goes very well! (result visible) I bought a new dress, it suits me much.
In order to correctly determine the aspect of a verb, you can remember some adverbs that will help you correctly decide whether this or that verb exactly belongs to a certain aspect:
Imperfect species
What are they doing? When? How often?
- Nikita watches a movie Every morning/evening/day, regularly, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
- Vitaly buys newspapers
- We play volleyball
What did they do? When?
- Nikita watched the film "Titanic" Yesterday, in the evening, in the morning, today, once, on Friday, 2 days ago, already, not yet.
- Vitaly bought the newspaper "Izvestia"
- We played volleyball very well
I finished my porridge and went for a walk.
Students stayed at the university, but still mastered the material.
She redid the report for a very long time.
Tanya cried a lot and did not calm down.
The children laughed a lot and the teacher decided to play with them some more.
Remember Please, that imperfective verbs have 3 forms: past, present and future:
Perfective verbs have only 2 tense forms: past and future
Watched and will watch
The form of the past tense changes by numbers:
Ran (singular) and fled (plural) He ran and they ran.
In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.
Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.
Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:
1. Specific actual value.
Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.
- - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
- (A. N. Tolstoy)
2. Total value.
Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.
- Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
- (A. I. Kuprin)
- Mother baked a lot pancakes.
3. Cash-effective value.
The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.
- - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
- (V. A. Soloukhin)
Grammatical features of perfective verbs
1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms. This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.
2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.
- write - write vsh oh, write nn th
- tell - story vsh uy, story nn th
4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale in, look - look in, plant - plant in, write - write in .
The form of the verb is one of the topics in the school curriculum that students forget or even “fly by”. Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse an imperfect verb with a perfect one, but they don’t even imagine, everything is so easy and simple, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.
View is such a unit, without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in some you have to dig. In our language, there are two types of verbs: perfect (CB) and imperfect (NSV).
Perfect view
This is a form that denotes an already completed action, most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there the completed action can be indicated by such tenses as Past Simple and Present Perfect. It should be taken into account that the verbs CB direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: "He read a book." How can you know that this is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?”. Teachers give such a hint to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate has the prefix “s” in the question, then this is a perfective verb.
This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to test: “what will (will) do?” etc.
You should take into account the fact that the present tense is completely absent from the NE, so if you saw the verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.
Imperfect species
The imperfective verb indicates the duration of the action, without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. English also has process tenses, such as Present Continious. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give out” the imperfect form of the verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, for a long time - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.
To easily determine the imperfective verb, one has only to ask him the question: “What to do?” (the question does not contain the letter “s” indicating NE, therefore, this is NE). For example: Marina loves to sing (what to do?).
The verbs of this group can be both the present tense (what do (do)? Etc.), and the future (what will I do (will I do)? Etc.) and the past (what did (do)? Etc.). d.).
One-dimensional verbs and verbs with two forms
Many verbs in Russian have a pair of the opposite form (to give (SV) - to give (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants and syllables:
- o / a - late / late (SV / NSV);
- o / s - sigh / sigh (SV / NSV);
- I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
- at / them - took out / took out (SV / NSV);
- d / w - escorted / escorted (SV / NSV);
- t/h - answered / will answer (SV/NSV);
- p / pl - strengthened / strengthened (SV / NSV);
- st / u - treated / will treat (SV / NSV).
In addition to such verbs, there are also monospecies, which in no case can have a pair, they have only one form out of two: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (only NE), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find oneself (only NE).
Examples of imperfective and perfective verbs
As it turned out, NE and NE are quite easy to find on the question, but most often students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher analyzes it with examples.
Imperfect appearance: boils, takes, takes care, will play, sheared, searched, sawed, interfered, I will sleep, etc.
Perfect view: pour, score, clean, bought, disappeared, displaced, opened, sit down, etc.
These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.