How household appliances appeared. Who, why, when and how invented the telephone? When technology was invented

Technical devices have firmly entered the lives of modern people who can no longer imagine solving their everyday problems and their lives without them. The realities of our lives are silent vacuum cleaners, refrigerators with built-in TVs, steam generators instead of irons, and microwaves.

These household appliances are no longer a dream or fantasy, they are present in the life of any person. Let's plunge into the past and ask how these inventions were created and what they looked like in the past.

In 1870, the first whisk was developed, which was equipped with a mechanism. It took about 50 years for this invention to take the form of a mixer, which went on mass sale in America in 1910. Like any technical novelty, its cost was very high - about $ 3,000. It is for this reason that he was not in special demand, and his weight was about 30 kilograms.

In 1782, the first manual washing machine was developed. She worked with the help of a special handle, and the electric washing machines that we are so used to appeared in 1906. If you need to repair your washing machine, then you can contact the company tismart.ru, which has proven itself in the field of repairing household appliances.

In 1922, another miracle of technology was developed, which was called a blender. With its help, it was initially possible to combine water and syrup with carbon dioxide crystals. 13 years later, in 1935, the world saw blenders that could mash, chop and chop.

The first coffee maker was invented in 1806. It was even equipped with filters. The basic principle of the coffee maker was as follows: a little ground coffee was laid out in a metal sieve, and boiled water was poured into it.

Percy Spencer is the creator of the well-known microwave oven. Spencer worked all his life in the laboratory and one day drew attention to one interesting fact. When one of the laboratory assistants approached the magnetron, then all metal objects on his clothes began to heat up, and if there was a chocolate candy in his pocket, then it began to melt. After a huge number of complex experiments, a metal box was developed in which the magnetron was mounted. The main purpose of this box was to heat food. In 1945, Percy Spencer received a patent for his invention, and already in 1947, the first models of this device went on sale. In those days, the weight of the "microwave" was 340 kilograms, and it was 175 cm high.

“My phone rang…” I am sure that none of us can imagine life without communications today. We forget the phone at home and rush back to get it, we can’t find it in our bag or briefcase, and we always get upset. Who brought into our lives a unique technique that helps to connect people at a distance?

Lesson plan:

Is it possible to communicate without a phone?

Of course you can! People used to live, and they didn’t have any newfangled telephone models, but they transmitted information from each other far beyond their place of residence. The need for communication forced people to invent different ways to “call for a conversation” and tell the news to comrades who are several kilometers away. How it was?

By that time, the first attempts were already being made to create a telegraph capable of transmitting signals over long distances using electricity. The scientists Galvani and Volt were engaged in the basics of electrical engineering, the Russian Schilling and Jacobi made their contribution, who invented transmission codes and an apparatus that converts signals into text.

A little later, in 1837, thanks to the American inventor Morse, an electric telegraph and a special system of codes from dots and dashes, widely known to everyone under the name “Morse code”, appeared.

But even this was not enough for the scientists of those centuries. They dreamed that it would be possible not only to receive a dry text over wires, but also to speak over them!

This is interesting! Archaeologists discovered two pumpkins in the Peru region, connected by a rope to each other and concluded that this design is a thousand-year-old ancestor of the telephone. Indeed, it is very similar to two matchboxes connected by a thread, on which we tried to “call” in childhood.

Who invented first?

The history of the appearance of the telephone is associated with Alexander Bell from America. But he was not the only one who was actively involved in the design idea of ​​transmitting the human voice at a distance. Let's briefly go through the pages of history and trace the path the invention has overcome in the first stages of its birth.

Italian Antonio Meucci

In 1860, Antonio Meucci, a native of Italy, showed the Americans a device that could transmit sound over a wire, but he applied for a patent only in 1871, and the company that took them answered all his questions about the fate of the documents that they were lost.

German Philipp Reis

The German physicist Philipp Reis in 1861 presented to the public an electrical apparatus capable of transmitting sound. From him, by the way, his name “telephone” sounded, which we are used to hearing today, which is translated from Greek as “sound from afar”.

His transmitter was made in the form of a hollow box with holes: sound - in front and covered with a membrane - on top. But the quality of sound transmission in Reis's phone was so low that it was impossible to make out anything, so his invention was not accepted by others.

Americans Gray and Bell

Only 15 years later, two American designers Gray and Bell, completely independently of each other, were able to discover how a metal membrane with a magnet, like the eardrum of our ear, can convert sound and transmit it through an electrical signal.

Why did Bell get all the laurels of fame? Everything is simple! On February 14, 1876, he filed his application to patent the invention he discovered - the "talking telegraph" - a couple of hours earlier than Gray did.

I can imagine how upset Gray was.

Bell presented the telephone at a technical exhibition in Philadelphia.

The new technology did not have a call, the subscriber was called by the attached whistle, and the only handset both received and transmitted speech at the same time. The first telephones were forced to generate electricity themselves, so the telephone line worked only at a distance of up to 500 meters.

This is interesting! In 2002, the American Congress made a decision that turned the telephone world upside down: it recognized the Italian Meucci as the true inventor of the telephone.

Phone evolution

Since the first telephone set was presented to the public, inventors and designers have put a lot of effort into making a modern means of communication out of a primitive device.

So, engineers were able to replace the whistle to call the subscriber with an electric bell. In 1876, a switchboard was invented that could connect not only two, but already several telephones to each other.

A year later, the inventor Edison contributes to the development of the telephone - his induction coil increases the distance of sound transmission, and the carbon microphone, which improves the quality of communication, was used until the end of the 20th century. At the same time, in 1877, the first telephone exchange appeared in America, through which those who wanted to call someone were connected to the desired telephone operator number through plugs.

Thanks to the contribution of the Russian inventor Golubitsky, stations powered by a central source were able to serve tens of thousands of subscribers. Remarkably, the first telephone conversation in Russia took place three years after the appearance of the telephone, and in 1898 the first long-distance line between Moscow and St. Petersburg was built.

This is interesting! The first phones were not convenient. It was hard to hear in them, so they came up with special tubes of different sizes and shapes, into which they just had to stick their nose so that the subscriber could understand what the conversation was about. At first they were made separate: one - to speak into it, the second - to listen from it. Then they began to be connected with a handle, like a modern telephone receiver. Telephone sets were made of ivory, mahogany, and cast metal. The cups of the bells were chrome-plated to a shine. But one thing remained unchanged: the case, the tube and the lever on which they hung it after the conversation.

Leaps to Modernity

The inventive world did not stop there. Having received a telephone at home, people wanted to use a modern means of communication already on the street, in transport, to communicate on the way to work or home.

Such communication, not attached to the premises, was initially available only to special services - walkie-talkies, nicknamed "walkie-talkie", or "walk - chat", became a tempting idea for ordinary users. Knowing the secrets of the device, the craftsmen tried to connect the devices to the line using such radio communications. So in the 80s, radiotelephones appeared, operating at a distance of up to 300 meters.

But the main advantage of recent years has undoubtedly been cellular communication, which works from a signal moving from one station to another.

The modern "honeycomb" appeared in 1973 at the Motorola company. Their first-born worked without recharging for no more than 20 minutes and was similar in size to a brick, and weighed as much as 794 grams!

These are now our modern "mobiles" small and compact, able to take pictures, send mail and messages, play music and even think for their owner! They have become real helpers for children and their parents - you can always call and find out how things are going!

This is interesting! Singaporean En Yang is the fastest to write SMS - it takes him a little more than 40 seconds for a message of 160 characters to appear!

Interesting facts about mobile phones

This video contains 23 more interesting facts about our phones. They can complement your project, so look carefully.

Now you know everything about the appearance of the telephone. Make a report and tell your friends, they will be interested! And I say goodbye to you, but do not forget to look into new projects and stay in touch!

Success in your studies!

Evgenia Klimkovich.

A modern person solves his everyday problems exclusively with the help of technical devices and no longer knows how to do without them. Silent vacuum cleaners, steam generators instead of irons, refrigerators with built-in TVs and microwave ovens have become a reality of our lives. These pieces of technology are no longer a dream or fantasy, they surround every person. This article will offer to plunge into the past and find out when these inventions appeared and how they looked before.

1. The very first whisk equipped with a mechanism appeared in 1870. It took about fifty years that this invention was transformed into a mixer, and it went on sale, this happened in 1910 in America. But, like any technical novelty, the mixer was very expensive at about $ 3,000, so it was not in wide demand. In addition, he weighed about 30 kilograms decently.

2. Such a miracle of technology as a blender was invented in 1922. The very first version of this device was aimed at combining syrup and water with carbon dioxide crystals. After 13 years in 1935, blenders were already on sale that could grind and puree, as well as chop.

3. In 1806, a coffee maker equipped with a filter was invented. The device worked according to the following principle: a certain amount of ground coffee was placed on a metal sieve, and boiling water was poured onto it.

4. Everyone's favorite microwave came up with Percy Spencer. He conducted his activities in the laboratory and began to pay attention to an interesting detail. When one of the employees approached the magnetron, the metal objects on the clothes heated up, and if a chocolate bar was in the pocket, it melted. After numerous complex experiments, a metal box was obtained inside, in which the magnetron was mounted. This box was already then aimed at heating food. Percy received a patent for the invention in 1945. And already in 1947, consumers saw the first models of this device. By that time, the microwave weighed 340 kg, and its height was 175 cm.

The very first computing devices were man's own fingers. When this remedy was not enough, pebbles, sticks, shells were used. Adding such a set in tens and then hundreds, a person learned to count and use the means of measuring numbers. It was with pebbles and shells that the history of the development of computer technology began. By laying them out in different columns (digits) and adding or removing the required number of pebbles, it was possible to add and subtract large numbers. With repeated addition, even such a complex operation as multiplication could be performed.

Then the history of the development of means begins. The first means for calculation were the abacus invented in Rus'. In them, the numbers were divided into tens using horizontal guides with bones. They became an indispensable assistant to merchants, officials, clerks and managers. These people knew how to use the accounts simply masterfully. In the future, such a necessary device penetrated into Europe.

The very first mechanical counting device that the history of the development of computer technology knows was the counting machine, which was built in 1642 by the outstanding French scientist Blaise Pascal. His mechanical "computer" could perform operations such as addition and subtraction. This car was called “Pascalina” and it consisted of a whole complex in which wheels with printed numbers from 0 to 9 were installed vertically. The wheel, at full turn, caught the neighboring wheel and turned it by one digit. The number of wheels determined the number of digits of the computer. If five wheels were installed on it, then it could already carry out operations with huge numbers up to 99999.

Then in 1673, the German mathematician Leibniz created a device that could not only subtract and add, but also divide and multiply. Unlike the wheels, they were geared and had nine different lengths of teeth, which provided such incredibly “complex” actions as multiplication and division. technology knows many names, but one name is known even to non-specialists. This is an English mathematician. He is deservedly called the father of all modern computer technology. It was he who came up with the idea that a computer needs a device that will store numbers. Moreover, this device should not only store numbers, but also give commands to the computer what it should do with these numbers.

Babbage's idea formed the basis for the design and development of all modern computers. Such a block in a computing processor. However, the scientist did not leave any drawings and descriptions of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in his article, which he wrote in French. The article was read by Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace, daughter of the famous poet George Byron, who translated it into English and developed her own programs for this machine. Thanks to her, the history of the development of computer technology has received one of the most advanced programming languages ​​- ADA.

The 20th century gave a new impetus to the development of computer technology related to electricity. An electronic device was invented that memorized electrical signals - a lamp trigger. The first computers created with it could count thousands of times faster than the most advanced mechanical calculating machines, but were still very bulky. The first computers weighed about 30 tons and occupied a room larger than 100 square meters. meters. Further development was received with the advent of an extremely important invention - the transistor. Well, modern computer technology is unthinkable without the use of a microprocessor - a complex integrated circuit developed in June 1971. This is a brief history of the development of computer technology. Modern advances in science and technology have raised the level of modern computers to unprecedented heights.

The advent of electricity and the electric motor

The development of household appliances, in turn, is directly related to the development of electricity. In 1881, in Paris, the great Thomas Edison presented to the public his invention, which became a historical event in modern history - an electric light bulb. This event marked the transition of society to a qualitatively new era of electrification and the use of electricity in everyday life. Emil Rathenau, visiting the exhibition, was shocked by this invention. Returning home, he was the first to obtain a license to use Edison's invention in Germany and two years later, founded the German Edison Electrical Company. In 1887, the company was renamed into - Allgemeine Electrisitat Gesellschaft - which in translation into Russian sounds like "United Electric Society". Under this name, this oldest German company still exists today.

Created by Rathenau, the company conducted and installed electric lighting in many theaters, restaurants, banks, houses of wealthy citizens. The company carried out the first street lighting systems. But Emil Rothenau was already taken by the new idea. The lighting of buildings and streets consumes electricity mainly at night. But how can the generated energy be used during the day? And Rothenau found the answer: domestic work, which at that time was usually manual, must be electrified!

Soon after the accident prevention exhibition in Berlin, the company exhibits the first household appliances: an iron, curling irons, an egg cooker, a stove, an electric kettle and a cigar lighter (the current lighter looked a little like a candlestick). Curling irons and irons were bought by the royal theater: for a theater dressing room full of costumes and props, this was just a godsend - before, tongs and irons were heated on an open flame and fires were the scourge of every dressing room. Now there was no need to fear fire. And the main sensation of the exhibition - His Majesty Kaiser Wilhelm II purchased an electric cigar lighter for personal use! Newspapers choked with delight: "Soon matches will disappear from our homes, they will be completely replaced by safe electric lighters!"

In 1896, the catalog already included eighty "electric household and kitchen appliances for domestic use": bottle warmers and pipe lighters, kettles, electric stoves and coffee makers, even a heater for running water. However, the development of household machines required an electric motor.

Back in the middle of the last century, the design principles of a vacuum cleaner, washing machine and dishwasher were developed. However, to move from theory to practice, a compact power source was required. And such a device - a three-phase motor - appeared. It was developed by our compatriot Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. As a student he settled in Germany and in 1884 joined the AEG. Thanks to a three-phase motor, she released a new device "Phoen", whose name - "hair dryer" - has firmly entered our everyday life. At the turn of the century, the direction of design gained great popularity, one of the leaders of which was Peter Behrens, a famous artist and architect. His ideas were based on the idea that any technical work can be done "at 100" only if it satisfies the aesthetic ideas of a person. Behrens has been working for AEG since 1907 and over the course of 7 years he developed not only the design of individual products such as a lamp or a food processor, but also a number of models of household appliances.

The first working model of a vacuum cleaner appeared in 1901. The vacuum cleaner, called "Snorting Billy", ran on gasoline, was equipped with a five-horsepower vacuum pump, and did not fit into all interiors in size. Therefore, it was parked by the side of the road, and the carpets were taken out for cleaning.

Around the same time, Russian magazines went around advertising: the picture shows a large covered wagon drawn by a pair of horses. Through the open door of the van, a bulky mechanism is visible: metal cylinders, gears, a flywheel. Flexible hoses run from it to the balcony of a two-story house. They are held by two brave mustaches, looking out of the balcony door. The imagination of our compatriots was captivated by the text: "We clean quickly and reliably! We will not leave a single speck of dust!" Both in Russia and in London, the miracle of engineering was very popular. However, at that time there were many more horses in the British capital than vacuum cleaners, and the horses were very frightened by the sight and roar of the Snorting Billies, so the chief police officer of London banned their use on the street.

The design principle of the vacuum cleaner was developed in the middle of the 19th century. And vacuum cleaners moved into the house thanks to the Americans. The first was the Geier household cleaner, released in 1905. But the products of the W. H. Hoover Company, which today are the standards of traditional vacuum cleaners, became truly famous. In 1908 appeared - "Tin model" (Tin model). It looked like an overturned galvanized bucket with a wooden mop handle attached to it. A meter-long dust collector (gauze bag) attached under the handle was lined with satin on the outside. The manufacturer claimed that the vacuum cleaner not only perfectly removes dust from the floor and from cracks, but also "can be used to quickly dry hair." Compared to other "vacuum sweepers", the "Tin Model" was a model of compactness - the engineers managed to bring its weight up to 20 kg. Products of competitors at that time weighed more than 50 kg. W. Hoover financed the development of the shape of the classic American vacuum cleaner: a brush, a bag and a motor between them, mounted on one handle.

But the Europeans did not stay away from the vacuum cleaner race. In 1912, the founder of Electrolux, Swede Axel Wenner-Gren, proposed replacing the air pump with a fan in vacuum cleaners, thanks to which the mass of a household appliance was immediately reduced to 14 kg. However, the worldwide fame of the company was brought by Model V, which appeared in 1921. A metal cylinder moving on wheels, connected to a suction brush by a flexible hose and equipped with interchangeable nozzles, was copied by all manufacturers of household appliances almost until the end of the 20th century.

Work on improving the vacuum cleaner was suspended for ten years due to the Second World War. And public opinion polls conducted in the late forties showed that consumer enthusiasm for mechanical cleaners had waned. Shortcomings were revealed that determined the direction of the search for engineering and design ideas for the coming decades. The vacuum cleaner was too noisy during cleaning: it was impossible to talk to a person at a distance of a meter. It was not light enough and mobile enough. Suction power ranged from very strong (the cleaning brushes stuck tightly to surfaces) to too weak (only large particles, such as sand, were effectively collected). But the main thing is the disadvantages of filtration - the exhaust air returned fine dust to the room through the exhaust of the vacuum cleaner. It was not possible to combine all the positive qualities in one device. Hand vacuum cleaners climbed under furniture, vacuumed curtains, collected rubbish in "inconvenient" places near baseboards and in the corners of rooms. The case of portable vacuum cleaners was covered with special bars to protect furniture. Washing vacuum cleaners were invented for cleaning carpets. One fabric or paper filter has become irrelevant - two, three, four - "for hygienic suction and protection of the environment from pollution" (this is how the German magazine Das Elektrofach formulated the main task of vacuum cleaners). The 60s were marked by multi-purpose vacuum cleaners that combined dry and wet cleaning , with special separators that collected water from the pools, earth from garden paths and sand from terraces. Unfortunately, the Soviet vacuum cleaner industry can only boast of a successful copying of the most famous Western models. The Rocket, for example, was a copy of Electrolux's legendary Model V, and the Sputnik was a 1955 Hoover Constellation. Vacuum cleaners became more powerful and lighter, acquired new nozzles and functions, became indispensable: by the mid-80s in developed countries, 97% of families had acquired mobile cleaners.

But the improvements constantly made to the traditional design ran into contradictions inherent in the very idea of ​​​​a vacuum cleaner: how to simultaneously increase the volume of the dust collector and lighten the body of the vacuum cleaner? How to increase suction power and at the same time make the vacuum cleaner work quieter? How to extend the hose (the standard 125-130 cm was sorely lacking for cleaning under the beds) and leave the vacuum cleaner mobile? How to clean the exhaust air from fine dust, bacteria and carcinogenic particles, if an increase in the number of filters (now there are antimicrobial, water, and electrostatic) inevitably leads to a loss of suction power?

The growth of allergic diseases (according to immunologists, every 10 years the number of people suffering from allergies in the world doubles) and the detection of dangerous allergens in house dust that are not amenable to the most advanced filters of traditional vacuum cleaners are serious reasons for the environmental aspect of vacuum cleaning to come to the fore. first plan.

In 1957, the production of built-in vacuum cleaners began (they were also called centralized dust removal systems). An original and at the same time simple solution to long-term problems was proposed. The power unit has become immobile (it is installed in the utility room and is connected by a system of air ducts to pneumatic sockets in the walls or floors), the exhaust has been taken out into the street, and cleaning is carried out using only one hose. Result? All collected dust is completely removed from the room. Cleaning is almost silent. The combination of cyclonic and self-cleaning fabric filters eliminates the need for replacement consumables and maximizes the cleanliness of the external exhaust. The plastic dust collector can be freed from litter 3-4 times a year. With a cleaning hose with a length of 4.6 to 10.7 m, you can effectively vacuum both in a standard apartment and in a multi-storey cottage, which the original designer has worked on. The set of nozzles provides for the desire of the user to clean the blinds and the long-haired cat; without leaving the house, knock out the carpets and collect many years of dust in a narrow crack under the wardrobe. Developing together with consumers, we gradually offer a washing attachment, separators for collecting water and cleaning fireplaces.

Many centuries ago, sailors began to use the movement of their ship relative to the water to wash clothes: they tied it to a rope and threw it overboard. The foamy "jet of clearer azure" quickly washed away all the dirt from the fabric. Meanwhile, on the shore, the sailors' friends were rubbing linen on stones, using sand as an abrasive to make the process more efficient. So the first of the components of washing was found - a mechanical effect on the fabric.

As for the second - chemical - component, a man discovered it quite a long time ago. During archaeological excavations on the Cano hill in Rome, the remains of the most ancient soap were found, for the preparation of which ash and fat of animals sacrificed to the gods were used.

As soon as the institution of patenting inventions arose, registration of attempts to come up with devices that facilitate washing began immediately. In 1797, the first such device was created - a washboard. And already in 1851, the American James King patented a washing machine with a rotating drum, which was very similar to the modern one. Only the drive of his car was manual. By 1875, over 2,000 laundry machine patents were filed in America alone. Not all ideas were viable and were further developed. It is clear that, for example, a machine that processed only one piece of clothing in one wash had no prospects. But the machine, which was built by a certain gold digger in California in 1851, could wash a dozen shirts in one "batch". For her work, ten mules had to be harnessed. It was the first "landromat" in history, that is, a paid washing unit. Probably, the customers of this laundry paid for each wash with golden sand. By the way, it was the need to wash a large number of unmarried men concentrated in one place (gold prospecting towns, seaports, etc.) that served as an impetus for the development of public laundries.

After washing the clothes, you need to squeeze out the water from it. Manual rolls for squeezing linen, invented in 1861, have become an integral attribute of the washing machine for almost a century and a half - they are still equipped with the simplest semi-automatic machines.

Until the end of the XIX century. washing machines were mainly driven by the muscular power of man or animals. Such was the car of William Blackstone, which this resident of Indiana in 1874 presented to his wife as a birthday present. Blackstone's invention went down in history as the first household washing machine. And, perhaps, the first mass-produced for sale: Mr. Blackstone, like a true businessman, set up the production and sale of his cars for $ 2.5 apiece. Interestingly, the company founded by Blackstone still produces washing machines to this day.

A revolution in the development of washing machines was the use of a motor - at first it could be either a gasoline internal combustion engine or an electric motor.

One of the first electrically powered washing machines was the Thor, made by the Hurley Machine Company of Chicago around 1908. Machine inventor Alva Fischer went down in history as the creator of a new class of electrical appliances. The machine had a wooden drum, which made eight rotations in one direction or the other. In order to bring the drum rotation mechanism into engagement with the motor shaft, there was a lever at the bottom of the machine. All transmission mechanisms of the machine are open - the safety of the consumer in those days was not too much taken care of. The technical evolution of washing machines was accompanied by their aesthetic improvement. "Ugly duckling" of the early twentieth century. with open drive mechanisms has turned into an elegant household appliance that not only performs a wide range of functions, but also decorates the home.

American sociologists point out that the introduction of the household washing machine in 1920 "brought laundry back into the home." Up to this point, machine washing already existed, but in the form of public laundries, where housewives handed over linen. The advent of the washing machine, affordable and compact enough to fit in an apartment, transformed the American woman from a consumer of services (in this case, laundry services) to a consumer of technological goods, which contributed to the rapid growth of the corresponding industry.

The structure of women's employment has also changed: in the decade from 1910 to 1920, the number of domestic workers in the United States decreased by 400,000 people. The advent of electrical household appliances (and by 1925 already 53.2% of homes in the United States were electrified), and first of all, washing machines, made it possible to get rid of hand washing and laundry services.

The rapid development of large household appliances began in the last century after the successful introduction of the conveyor into production. Meanwhile, the company "General Electric" decides to increase the range of finished products, and instead of spare parts for cars to engage in the manufacture of high-tech household appliances. Some serious firms did not take seriously the idea of ​​widespread production of household appliances. Most of them thought that the manufacture of such novelties was rather risky and not at all profitable.

But, nevertheless, in 1911, "General Electric" produced the first refrigerator "Odifren" (he received this name in honor of the creator). After that, washing machines were also created, which, in appearance and functionality, were far from newfangled mechanisms.

Household appliances in the period of their inception were gigantic units that were difficult to manage, and sometimes even unsafe. These machines were extremely expensive. Moreover, despite the high cost and technical flaws, household appliances began to enjoy great popularity. Housewives all over the world were able to appreciate the advantages of household appliances in everyday life.

The first Bosch household electric refrigerator was introduced back in 1933 (almost 70 years ago) at the New Year's Fair in Leipzig. It was a very solid device weighing 80 kg. and a volume of 60 liters. Its shape, by today's standards, was also outstanding - a round "cooling cylinder" standing on massive legs.

In 1989, Bosch again revolutionized refrigeration technology - a new generation of refrigerator models appeared with a cooling system down to 0 ° C and high humidity, which makes it possible to keep food fresh twice as long. In the production of refrigerators, there has been a trend towards the release of models with different temperature zones, so that different products can be stored in the optimal mode. One of the new products is 70 cm wide refrigerators, which, compared to conventional models, save up to 50% of electricity.

The beginning of the III millennium also did not remain without innovations from Bosch - in 2002, models of refrigerators with AntiBacteria, a silver-based antibacterial coating, began to be supplied to the world market. The use of AntiBacteria not only prevents the development and spread of bacteria on the internal surfaces of the refrigerator, but also eliminates unpleasant odors, which made it possible to raise the quality of food preservation in Bosch refrigerators to an unattainable height.

In the middle of the 20th century, when expensive heavy metals and alloys were replaced by plastics, household appliance factories moved to a more first-class level of production. This has greatly reduced the cost of machines. And, as a result, anyone could already buy household appliances.

The further task of home appliances manufacturers was to expand the already finished collection of products. And then, following refrigerators and washing machines, microwave ovens, water heaters, and air conditioners became widespread. Thanks to household appliances, the processes of cooking, washing clothes and cleaning around the house have decreased in time by several times, which has allowed many people to relax more and enjoy life.

Embedded technology was also designed to make life easier. And even the most daring and modern interior will not interfere with the selection of built-in household appliances, as the design of built-in appliances is also being improved and modified.

Without a doubt, the creation of ordinary and built-in household appliances has been one of the main achievements of mankind over the past hundreds of years.

Thus, the second generation of household electrical appliances appeared in Europe and America in the 30s and 40s. Washing machines, refrigerators, dryers were produced. The development of household appliances has been especially fast in recent years. In our country, similar devices were developed around this time. In 1945 - washing machines and refrigerators. The range of heating electrical appliances is expanding.

In the 60s, the production of household electrical heating appliances made a sharp leap not only in quantity, but also in quality. Almost all types of electric irons were equipped with thermostats, and work is underway to reduce the energy consumption of heating appliances. Currently, there are a huge number of different household electrical appliances, including both stoves for cooking and washing machines, refrigerators, as well as other types of kitchen appliances, heaters, etc.