Residential building made of concrete. The ideal flood house made of concrete. Types of concrete solutions for monolithic construction
Concrete-based houses are famous for their strength and durability. The quality of such a building is significantly superior to that of any other building material, be it brick or wood. In the past, only industrial buildings or high-rise residential complexes were erected on a concrete base. Today, most people building their own home are increasingly turning to this home building technology.
A concrete house is a durable, warm structure that does not require the purchase of expensive equipment and materials.
At the moment, the idea of building a house of concrete has gained wide popularity in our country. For this reason, land owners planning to build a private house or cottage want to get acquainted with the construction technology in more detail in order to build a concrete house with their own hands. In addition to strength and durability, such a structure does not require expensive building materials. The construction of a concrete building is not a labor-intensive process, when compared with structures for the construction of which brick is used.
A concrete house can be finished and decorated with any material, and its walls can be insulated with a heat-insulating layer during the construction process. This is due to the special technology of fixed formwork. Below are several methods for building a concrete house with your own hands, which include the above technology.
Pros and cons of concrete-based buildings
Technical characteristics of concrete of different grades.
Concrete construction has both advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages, a high-strength cast frame can be noted, which increases the stability of the structure in case of exposure to such phenomena as seismic activity, the proximity of groundwater and precipitation, which have a devastating effect on the structure of the structure.
The structure is devoid of joints, which are ubiquitous in buildings built from other materials. Heat energy is released through the joints, which leads to an increase in material costs during the cold season. The monolithic structure is devoid of this drawback.
A concrete house can be built on any type of soil layer, in addition, the construction of a structure can be carried out in any weather conditions. The construction of such a house can be completed in a short time, concrete will cost much less than other building materials, such as brick.
A concrete structure does not reduce reliability when the structure is uneven. When sawdust, expanded clay and perlite are added to the solution, there is no need to pour a massive foundation, since the walls of the house become lighter.
If the house is built using the fixed formwork method, there is no need for a separate arrangement of the heat-insulating layer. In addition, this will reduce the thickness of the walls.
To work with concrete, you will need a number of tools.
Concrete walls are characterized by high sound insulation, which is achieved due to solidity. And the overlap between floors can be constructed from various building materials.
Since the building is located evenly, micro-slits and cracks will never appear in it.
Concrete houses also have disadvantages, but they are much smaller. When erecting the upper levels of the house, it is impossible to do without a special pump for concrete mortar. Laying concrete slabs as floor slabs is a rather laborious process. This procedure will require high strength scaffolding.
If the fixed formwork method was chosen, in the future it will be necessary to equip the supply and exhaust air exchange. Otherwise, there is a possibility of an increase in humidity, which will lead to the formation of mold and wear of building materials. The formwork must be plastered, as it is a flammable material that releases harmful substances when burned.
The concrete structure must be grounded without fail. This is due to the fact that there are iron pins in the structure of monolithic plates.
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Tools and equipment for work
To build a concrete house, you will need the following tools, supplies and equipment:
To build walls, you need to build a formwork.
- construction mixer and concrete mixer;
- shovels and container (when mixing the solution manually);
- a cart or stretcher for transporting the solution;
- building hair dryer;
- reinforcing network;
- wire cutters or construction scissors;
- knife for cutting foam;
- hammer and nails;
- roulette and level;
- steel and wood supports;
- wire hook for knitting;
- perforator;
- set of industrial tools.
Self-construction of a concrete house will not require building materials that are not in the above list.
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Building a concrete house with your own hands
Scheme of removable formwork for erecting walls.
As mentioned above, the construction of a concrete house can be carried out in two ways: fixed and removable formwork. Each construction method has its own characteristics both during construction and in the process of maintaining walls and other elements of the building.
Removable type of formwork is calculated for each layout individually. The purpose of its arrangement is the ideal repetition of all the contours of the planned building. The main formwork material is wood, metal or plastic.
The opening in the middle of the formwork walls is the actual volume of the final building wall. It is calculated by determining the lowest possible temperature in an existing region. The calculation also depends on the thermal conductivity of the monolithic wall. The formwork walls are fixed with nuts, studs and washers. To simplify the dismantling of the shields, after pouring the concrete solution, corrugated tubes must be put on the studs. This will help protect them from direct contact with the mixture.
This formwork method allows the pouring of concrete solutions with low thermal conductivity. Walls made in this way will be able to store more heat energy inside the building, but their degree of strength may decrease.
It is worth paying special attention to the reinforcing layer. To do this, either steel or plastic reinforcing nets are placed in the formwork. To increase the strength of the walls, you can supplement the design with a reinforcing crate.
Filling the solution is carried out in several approaches. For 1 cycle, it is necessary to pour no more than 0.5 m of concrete. The next approach is done after the previous mixture has hardened. The concrete solution must be compacted with a deep vibrator, paying special attention to the end parts. As soon as the mortar hardens, it is necessary to move the formwork upwards. Filling is carried out in this way until the required height of the walls being erected is reached.
For the strength of the structure, the wall is reinforced.
Finishing work and laying of heat-insulating material can be carried out only after 1-1.5 months after pouring concrete, since the structure must be finally strengthened.
Materials such as mineral wool, polystyrene foam, warm plaster and extruded polystyrene foam can be used as thermal insulation.
In some cases, a heat-insulating layer is created on the basis of a well facade. To do this, you need to step back a little from the concrete base and lay out another wall with a hollow brick or stone. The resulting gap can be covered with any insulating material. It is worth remembering that this method of insulation has less durability compared to polystyrene foam and brick.
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Such formwork can have a variety of designs: longitudinal, window sill, window sill, corner. The fixed formwork has a similar structure to the children's Lego constructor.
This method of building walls is very popular due to the built-in thermal insulation layer. After all, when arranging fixed formwork, you can save a lot of money.
The advantage of fixed formwork is that it has built-in reinforcement and a heat-insulating layer.
After placing the waterproofing material at the base of the building, a foam formwork is placed on it, which is fixed with the help of special guides into the spike and into the groove. This ensures reliable pouring of the concrete solution, preventing any leaks at the connection points.
Volumes of foam formwork come in various sizes. If necessary, it is possible to order the required amount of material at a factory that specializes in the production of expanded polystyrene. The plates have a standard width of 15 cm, where 5-8 cm is a foam layer. This thickness allows you to maintain room temperature indoors at 5 ° C outdoors without the use of a heating system.
In the process of pouring such formwork, it is forbidden to use any warm solutions. It is recommended to use only concrete mixtures. This is due to the fact that warm solutions have an increased sensitivity to vapor permeability. This causes an excessive amount of condensation to form, which leads to an increased level of humidity inside the house.
Upon completion of construction, there is no need to take care of the thermal insulation layer. It will only be necessary to cover the polystyrene boards with decorative trim or sheathe the building with composite panels.
The desire to improve living conditions, to comfortably equip life, spurs representatives of the construction industry to seek raw materials, with the help of which inexpensive materials are used for the construction of buildings. One of these materials is sawdust concrete - a composite based on wood shavings. You can build a house from sawdust concrete on your own, with minimal building skills.
We build a house from sawdust concrete
Before choosing sawdust concrete as a material for the construction of a building, it is necessary to understand what properties it has. Sawdust concrete is one of the cheapest building materials. Possesses the increased heat-insulating and sound-absorbing characteristics. But its shortcomings require deep reflection when choosing a composite as a material for building a house from sawdust concrete with your own hands.
The special components of the product and its characteristics give it a lot of advantages in the eyes of consumers
The main disadvantages include:
- Low moisture resistance of the material requiring additional processing.
- Unpresentable appearance that requires decoration.
- Short service life due to reduced strength.
Given the shortcomings, the use of sawdust concrete is limited to the construction of low-rise buildings. The main application is country houses, auxiliary buildings that do not require high strength of load-bearing walls. With a density of 300-700 kg / m³, it is used as a heater. With an increase in density up to 700-1200 kg / m³, it is used in the construction of load-bearing walls with subsequent moisture protection treatment.
Building construction options
The chip-based material is quite ductile.
In this regard, you can build a house from sawdust concrete with your own hands in the following ways:
- form blocks from the finished solution, further working with them, as with any concrete blocks;
- carry out construction activities by the method of formwork pouring of the composition.
Each of the building construction methods is relevant. If you need to build a structure quickly, then it is better to use the formwork method, since self-made blocks will gain strength for at least four months. You can use ready-made blocks, but you need to be sure of the decency of the manufacturer, the use of environmentally friendly raw materials in the production. The pouring method ensures the rapid erection of walls, but is laborious in arranging smooth formwork.
These products for the construction of buildings can be easily made by hand, and the strength will be high.
The use of ready-made blocks simplifies the laying process, does not require large labor costs for the production and rearrangement of formwork. In addition, blocks that have reached operational strength are less susceptible to shrinkage than a monolithic structure.
Technology for building a block house
The construction of sawdust-based buildings begins with the manufacture of blocks.
The technological process involves the use of the following components:
- sawdust;
- sand;
- cement;
- lime;
- water.
To increase the strength and heat-conducting characteristics, the solution is saturated with clay (optional). The sand content determines the density. As the amount of sand increases, the density increases.
Having prepared the necessary ingredients, proceed to manufacture:
- Mix the ingredients until smooth. Add ingredients gradually. This will ensure that the ingredients are evenly distributed. It is better to mix the solution with a concrete mixer, since it is difficult to achieve a uniform composition with manual mixing with a different structure of the components.
It is possible to build houses from sawdust concrete using two technologies - from blocks or from monolithic material
- Lay out pre-prepared molds of the desired size on the molding surface. The most common in the self-production of blocks are wooden forms due to the availability of raw materials. Industrial technology provides for the use of plastic reusable molds.
- Beat the molds with a smooth, not highly rough material (plastic wrap, linoleum). This will help at the end of the process to remove the blocks without difficulty.
- Pour in the prepared solution. Fill slowly, with slight shaking to evenly fill the volume without the formation of voids.
- After setting the solution, lay the products under a canopy, leave to dry completely in the open air. The process of achieving the required strength is long, takes 3-4 months - it is determined by the weather conditions of the region. The gradual evaporation of moisture avoids the formation of internal defects.
While the blocks, resting, are gaining strength, start arranging the foundation for the planned building.
Foundation
For buildings of small mass, including structures made of sawdust concrete blocks, several types of foundations are suitable.
Due to the low weight of this product, the installation of a shallow foundation is allowed.
Depending on the desires, financial capabilities of the developer, the following types of foundation can be equipped:
- shallow strip or slab foundation. Does not require the use of heavy construction equipment. Earthworks are carried out to a limited extent, which significantly affects the cost of the foundation;
- column foundation. Supports are made of concrete, brick or asbestos cement. Installation of supports is carried out according to the developed project at the most loaded points. The popularity of the columnar foundation for light buildings is explained by the speed of construction, improved strength characteristics. The disadvantages of the foundation include a short service life;
- pile foundation. Steel supports with a helical tip are easily screwed to the required depth, connected with a grillage, which is responsible for even distribution of loads along the contour. Construction work does not require increased labor costs, which attracts many developers.
Regardless of the type of foundation chosen, remember the need for high-quality waterproofing. If possible, arrange a plinth at least 50 cm high on the foundation. This will help protect the structure from excess moisture.
Masonry mortar
Masonry blocks based on sawdust are produced using:
- special adhesive for porous materials. Small seams are created with the help of glue, reducing heat loss. But the adhesive composition does not make it possible to eliminate the geometric errors of the blocks;
Most often, a special type of glue or cement mortar is used as a masonry mortar.
- sand-cement mortar. Having treated sawdust with special moisture-repellent compounds before making blocks and reducing the saturation of masonry mortar with water, you can use cement mortar for work. With its help, it will be possible to easily cope with irregularities, to achieve high strength characteristics of the structure.
We would like to warn you that do-it-yourself flood house- This is a very bold project that needs to be approached very responsibly. If you do not have the necessary cement work skills, it is better to entrust the construction of the building to professionals.
Since we first talked about the difficulties, we will mention one more. The hardening process of the cement mixture is long, it takes at least 28 days. In addition, it is desirable to build flooded concrete houses at positive temperatures.
Now about pluses. In terms of costs, such a house will cost less than a brick one. It will also be quite durable. And most importantly: you can fill with cement any, the most bizarre shapes and volumes, “playing” with curvilinear figures and creating a unique building, which no other material will allow you to do.
Stages
The flood foundation for a house using this technology should be deeper and wider than for a brick building - by about one third. When the foundation has hardened, we knit reinforcement to the protruding bars of its frame with wire, which will “hold” the concrete wall. We put up the formwork. In a completely flooded structure, the formwork must be assembled around the entire perimeter, not forgetting the empty openings for doors and windows.
The construction of bay houses may not be monolithic. In this case, cement columns and lintels will become the support of the entire structure, and the wall space between them can be closed with other materials: slabs, bricks, etc. The optimal width of cement supports in this case is 400 mm. The jumpers have the same width. The height of the latter according to the norm is 400 mm (and 200 mm for openings on the second floor).
When building a flooded house with your own hands, it is permissible to use floor slabs - if you are confident in the strength calculations made. Cement lintels are able to support this weight. We finish the work by installing the roof.
Characteristics of a concrete building
Unfortunately, it is impossible to talk about the construction of the whole building in one article. But we tried to answer the basic questions so that you get an idea of how to make a flooded house correctly.
Recently, developers are increasingly preferring concrete as a material for building a house. This is not surprising, since concrete buildings are highly durable and durable, and the construction process itself is quite simple. In this article, we will take a closer look at how to build a house of concrete with your own hands.
General information
Before deciding on the construction of a concrete house, you should familiarize yourself with all the advantages and disadvantages of such construction:
Advantages
Among the advantages of concrete buildings are the following points.
- The concrete house is a monolithic structure, due to which it has good mechanical strength, and also perfectly tolerates seismic activity.
- Construction can be done on any soil.
- Concrete houses are built quickly.
- Construction cost is relatively low.
- It is possible to build a house of any configuration.
- Concrete walls can be finished with any materials.
- Possibility of a slab as a floor.
- Concrete new building gives uniform shrinkage.
Flaws
Of course, there are also disadvantages of such construction, however, there are not very many of them:
- Requires certain equipment such as concrete mixer and internal vibrator. If the house is being built on several floors, then a concrete pump will also be required.
- When erecting a monolithic ceiling, labor costs increase, since it is necessary to complete the formwork and reinforcement.
- Concrete has a fairly high level of thermal conductivity, so the walls must be insulated before finishing.
Construction of a concrete house
Project
You need to start construction with the preparation of the project. The easiest way to find a finished project on the Internet, however, you can order it from specialized companies.
In this case, the project will be individual, in compliance with all your wishes. At the same time, companies perform a complete calculation of the structure, including wall thicknesses, concrete grade, etc.
The main advantage of an individual project is that it can be unusual, capable of making your home stand out against the background of neighboring buildings. For example, projects of houses made of concrete and glass have recently become popular. Such buildings have not only an interesting appearance, but also provide good illumination of the premises with sunlight.
Foundation
The construction of a concrete house, in fact, like any other construction, begins with the construction of a foundation. Since the concrete structure is heavy, it needs a solid and reliable foundation. Most often, a strip or pile-tape foundation is performed.
The depth of the foundation must be greater than the freezing level of the soil.
Work begins with the preparation of trenches:
- The first step is to prepare the construction site and markup. To do this, stakes are driven into the corners of the future structure and ropes are pulled.
- Then trenches of the required size are dug. Their width depends on the thickness of the walls.
- Next, formwork is made of chipboard panels or wooden boards. The formwork must be securely fastened, so when installing it, spacers and lintels should be used. The formwork must be carried out taking into account the fact that the foundation should rise half a meter from the soil surface.
- The next step is laying the sand cushion. To do this, the bottom of the trenches is covered with a layer of sand at least 15 cm thick and well compacted.
- After laying the pillow, reinforcement is performed - this is a very important procedure, since the strength and durability of the structure depends on it. As a rule, the reinforcement of the foundation is a metal frame, consisting of four bars of reinforcement, fastened together with steel wire.
This completes the preparation of trenches for the foundation. Now you need to make concrete, for one cubic meter of solution you will need the following number of components:
Advice!
To improve the quality of concrete, plasticizers are added to the composition.
In addition, to give the material certain properties, special ones are used, for example, anti-frost, which allow construction work to be carried out at sub-zero temperatures.
Instructions for the preparation of concrete is as follows:
- First of all, you need to mix cement and sand.
- Then water is added to the dry mixture.
- The final step is the addition of coarse filler. The resulting mixture should be well mixed so that the solution is homogeneous with a uniform distribution of crushed stone.
After the concrete is ready, you can start pouring the foundation. The procedure is performed evenly around the entire perimeter. Filling is desirable to perform in one go.
After 28 days, it is necessary to perform horizontal waterproofing of the foundation by laying two layers of roofing material on it. After that, the installation of floor slabs is carried out using a crane.
Walling
The principle of building walls is about the same as building a foundation. First of all, formwork is erected.
I must say that the formwork can be of two types:
- Removable;
- Fixed, made of polystyrene or foam.
In the photo - fixed formwork
- Ease and speed of installation, which saves time and effort. Mounting the formwork resembles the assembly of the Lego constructor.
- Allows you to create any layout and configuration of premises in accordance with the requirements of the project.
- Provides thermal insulation of the building, so you do not have to additionally perform thermal insulation work.
- The cost of formwork is not high.
- Allows you to make the walls thinner, without compromising the structure.
The process of erecting concrete walls using fixed formwork is as follows:
- First of all, it is necessary to correctly calculate and purchase formwork elements.
- Then the formwork is installed on the prepared base and assembled from separate segments.
- After the installation of the formwork, work is carried out on the installation of pipes and other communications.
- Further, a metal frame or reinforcement bars is installed in the formwork.
- After that, the solution is prepared according to the scheme described above.
- After all the preparatory work, filling is carried out. The daily filling rate is no more than 70 cm. Thus, this operation must be repeated until the formwork is completely filled.
After the walls are ready, the floor slabs are laid and the roof is erected, in accordance with the project. As mentioned above, concrete houses made using fixed formwork do not need to be insulated, so after their construction, you can immediately start finishing.
If the construction is carried out using removable formwork, then for these purposes you will need boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, which are knocked into shields. Otherwise, the process is the same as when using fixed formwork. The only thing, after the construction of the building box, it is necessary to perform insulation.
Note!
To prevent the formwork from spreading during the pouring process, metal ties should be placed in its lower part, fixed with a bolted connection.
Conclusion
Building a house of reinforced concrete is quite simple, however, it is necessary to strictly observe the design calculations and construction technology. The result of such work will be a reliable and durable home. See the video in this article for more information on this topic.