All nuclear power plants in Russia on the map. List of all Russian nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plant in Belarus (Ostrovets). Pros and cons of nuclear energy

For a long time, guys, oh, for a long time we have not plunged into the world of high technology. But today we will look directly into the operating power unit of a nuclear power plant and walk along such "paths" that not every nuclear worker walked. Do not ask how I and several of my colleagues got into such a secure place, how many times I checked the serial numbers of the camera, lenses and even flash drives, being afraid to make a mistake in at least one figure, how many people search and escort visitors with cameras, how many missed calls were on my the phone that I had to turn in at the entrance and even how many photos the security service deleted at the exit ... The main thing is that I am inside the computer room and I feel like some kind of small ant crawling on the computer motherboard.

02 . End of April this year. Novovoronezh NPP, gatehouse of the fifth power unit. It was put into operation in May 1980, it was put into operation at 100% capacity in February 1981.

03 . General view from the side of the cooling pond. The pond was filled with Don water in 1978 and is the source of technical water supply for the circulation system of the fifth power unit. I note that the pond is used not only for the needs of NV NPP, but also by the population of Novovoronezh for fisheries, recreational and other purposes. My dad often used to go fishing there. Yes, he took me with him. But I liked to swim in it more. It has very warm water. Steamed milk, and only. But it doesn't matter. Please note that two rounded "pimples" are visible in the background. These are the containment domes of Units 6 and 7 under construction. On their example, I have already told you in general.

04 . More remarkable in photographic terms than the cooling pond, the cooling towers, which are often found in the illustrations of various articles about the Novovoronezh NPP, alas, have no direct relation to the 5th power unit. They belong to the 3rd and 4th power units, so my colleagues in the photo department and I only licked their lips at them.

05 . By the way, many irresponsible citizens sincerely consider cooling towers to be almost gigantic furnaces that emit radioactive smoke into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, it is nothing more than a water cooling device. The tall tower creates the air draft needed to effectively cool the circulating water. Due to the height of the tower, one part of the hot water vapor returns to the cycle, while the other part is blown away by the wind. That is, this is the most common steam. However, within a radius of up to 50 km around the Novovoronezh NPP, 33 stationary dosimetric posts have been organized, at which the radioactivity of precipitation, soil and vegetation, as well as the most significant agricultural products in the diet of residents, are monitored. Their testimonies can be seen in person (in Novovoronezh we drove past one), as well as on the website russianatom.ru.

06 . But back to Unit 5. Or rather, to his containment. Or containment. Namely, there is a nuclear reactor of the VVER series (Water-Water Power Reactor) inside. But, for example, at the Smolensk, Kursk, Leningrad NPPs, reactors of the RBMK series (High Power Channel Reactor) are used. These were also used at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The main advantage of VVER-type reactors over RBMKs is their greater safety, which is determined by three main reasons. VVER essentially does not have so-called positive feedbacks, i.e. in case of loss of coolant and loss of cooling of the core, the chain reaction of nuclear fuel combustion decays, and does not accelerate, as in RBMK. The VVER core does not contain combustible material (graphite), which is contained in the RBMK core about 2 thousand tons. And, finally, VVER reactors necessarily have a hermetic shell made of prestressed reinforced concrete, which does not allow the release of radioactivity outside the nuclear power plant even if the reactor vessel is destroyed. Such a reactor is shut down once a year for fuel refueling and scheduled preventive maintenance. I immediately explain this to those who are about to write a comment asking why they didn’t show us the reactor hall.

07 . So let's go to the machine. Whoever sees a person in this photo, immediately passes the title of "hawkeye".

08 . The scale is simply amazing. You stand and marvel at what kind of "beast" a person could tame, and even made him work for his own good. Well, yes, I will not particularly philosophize and spread my thoughts along the tree, otherwise we still have a bunch of things to look at.

09 . Turbines. There are two of them at the 5th power unit with a capacity of 500 MW each. According to its principle of operation, the turbine resembles the operation of a windmill. Saturated water vapor from the second (non-radioactive) circuit enters the turbine and rotates the rotor blades arranged in a circle at breakneck speed.

10. And the turbine rotor is directly connected to the generator rotor, which already, in fact, generates electric current.

11 . And the steam that has done its job is again transferred to a liquid state. See the green container in the photo? This is a capacitor. More precisely, part of the capacitor unit. In it, steam gives up its thermal energy to water, which comes from the same cooling pond and returns back.

12 . It is clear that I explain the principle of work on the fingers for ease of reader's understanding. And it is all the more clear that all this pile of equipment in the engine room was installed for a reason. Various pumps, heaters, process water tanks, overhead crane, fire hydrants and, of course, miles of pipes.

13 . Well, and various sensors, again.

14. And let the "analogity" of the sensors in the photo does not bother anyone. I will show digital systems below, but I will immediately make a reservation that in 2010-2011. 14 billion rubles were invested in the modernization of the 5th power unit. We replaced 95% of the equipment of power supply systems, security systems, 100% of the equipment of radiation monitoring systems, 95% of the equipment of control and protection systems and management control systems. Also, a second set of equipment for control and protection systems was additionally installed. One cable was replaced and more than two thousand kilometers were laid again. A huge amount of work was carried out on thermal and mechanical equipment and equipping the power unit with diagnostic systems. By the way, before the modernization, in case of a hypothetical large-scale fire or flood, there was still some probability of losing the power supply to the security system channels due to the fact that the emergency diesel generators and batteries were not separated. Now such even a hypothetical possibility is excluded. In addition, during the period of modernization of the 5th power unit, the experience of the recent accident at Fukushima was analyzed and taken into account: in addition to the industrial anti-seismic protection system of the power unit, a hydrogen afterburning system in a containment was installed. Despite the fact that the Voronezh region is by default seismic safe, and it will be far from the seas-oceans, but if necessary, they took into account and did everything in accordance with the recommendations of the IAEA. As a result, now the 5th power unit in terms of safety level corresponds to the units of the third generation.

15 . Well, in the meantime, we are moving to the Block Control Panel (BCR). It inspires no less than the turbine hall, doesn't it?

16 . The Lead Reactor Control Engineer, Lead Turbine Control Engineer, Lead Unit Control Engineer, and Shift Supervisor are constantly vigilant here. At the same time, almost all the work is done by automation. People are mostly watching. Watching, so to speak.

17 . Of course, we immediately wanted to click to look at the Big Red Button. Scientifically, it is called the emergency protection button. When it is triggered (automatically, when the system receives certain signals from sensors, or manually), the electromagnets are powered off and special absorbing rods that stop the nuclear chain reaction under their own weight fall into the reactor core, transferring it to a subcritical state in less than 10 seconds. In addition, boron concentrate pumps are switched on, which introduce boric acid into the 1st circuit through the make-up-purge system. In the case of some particularly serious signals, indicating leaks in the 1st circuit, together with the activation of the AZ, high-performance emergency pumps are started, directly pumping an increasing amount of boric acid solution into the 1st circuit as the pressure in it decreases. With even more serious signals, all equipment inside the containment is cut off from the building by special protective fittings that can close in a few seconds.

18 . Relay protection cabinets lurking in the side rooms of the control room.

20 . In addition to the main control room, a backup control room was also installed in the course of power unit modernization. Few have seen him. With the exception of a couple of the first persons of the state, the tour was brought here for the first time. In fact, the backup control room is a reduced copy of the main control panel. The functionality is somewhat curtailed, but its main task, in the event of an unforeseen failure of the main unit, is to turn off all systems.

21 . But that's not all. There is one more control room in the fifth power unit. This is a training simulator, an exact copy of the main control unit, worth 10 million dollars. What is it for? For employee training and modeling, analysis and testing of emergency situations.

22 . Here, for example, is a simulation of the accident at Fukushima. The siren howls, everything blinks, the light turns off ... Horror, and nothing more! Out of surprise, I hardly managed to press the camera shutter button somewhere! By the way, an engineer who even masters this simulator to perfection will be able to work only at the same fifth power unit, since the control rooms at all nuclear power plants are different. In addition, after the basic training course, employees additionally improve their skills here for 90 hours every year.

23 . At this, the sightseeing tour of the fifth power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP can be considered completed. However, to understand the multi-level protection, let's take a look at a separate building, where an emergency feed pump is "hidden", which, if it is impossible to supply water to the steam generator in a regular way, will automatically turn on and supply water from its own reserve tanks.

24 . The pump itself is protected by special automatic low-temperature aerosol fire extinguishing generators right there at the wall.

26 . Well, for dessert, let's take a look at the city of nuclear scientists itself. It is clear that the NPP is the city-forming enterprise of Novovoronezh. The amount of taxes paid by Novovoronezh NPP is about 1.85 billion rubles. Of these, Novovoronezh consistently accounts for more than one hundred million. Much of this money is spent on infrastructure. Repair of facades, roads, schools, reconstruction of the stadium, which were done in recent years in Novovoronezh, were actually carried out at the expense of Rosenergoatom. The city is clean and well maintained. The only weak point was and remains the undeveloped embankment, but I hope this is temporary.

27 . Moreover, the military memorial "Stars of Glory" is located very close to it, and today we have, after all, the 70th anniversary of the Victory.

By the way, May 30 is also the anniversary of the fifth power unit! For 35 whole years. I sincerely congratulate all those involved and wish you all the very best! Hooray!

PS Personal ku to the host and to all persons accompanying us. Unconditional professionals in their field, open to dialogue with the blogosphere of the region. In the very near future I will collect links to all the reports of the blog tour participants in one post. If there's something I don't understand, read it.

Nuclear physics, which arose as a science after the discovery in 1986 of the phenomenon of radioactivity by scientists A. Becquerel and M. Curie, became the basis of not only nuclear weapons, but also the nuclear industry.

Start of nuclear research in Russia

Already in 1910, the Radium Commission was established in St. Petersburg, which included well-known physicists N. N. Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, V. I. Vernadsky.

The study of radioactivity processes with the release of internal energy was carried out at the first stage of the development of nuclear power in Russia, in the period from 1921 to 1941. Then the possibility of neutron capture by protons was proved, the possibility of a nuclear reaction by

Under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, employees of the institutes of various departments were already carrying out concrete work on the implementation of a chain reaction in the fission of uranium.

The period of creation of atomic weapons in the USSR

By 1940, vast statistical and practical experience had been accumulated, which allowed scientists to propose to the country's leadership the technical use of huge intra-atomic energy. In 1941, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow, which made it possible to systematically study the excitation of nuclei by accelerated ions. At the beginning of the war, the equipment was transported to Ufa and Kazan, followed by employees.

By 1943, a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus appeared under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, the purpose of which was to create a nuclear uranium bomb or fuel.

The use of atomic bombs by the United States in August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a precedent for the monopoly possession of superweapons by this country and, accordingly, forced the USSR to speed up work on creating its own atomic bomb.

The result of organizational measures was the launch of Russia's first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor in the village of Sarov (Gorky region) in 1946. It was at the F-1 test reactor that the first nuclear controlled reaction was carried out.

An industrial plutonium enrichment reactor was built in 1948 in Chelyabinsk. In 1949, a nuclear plutonium charge was tested at the test site in Semipalatinsk.

This stage became preparatory in the history of the domestic nuclear power industry. And already in 1949, design work began on the creation of a nuclear power plant.

In 1954, the world's first (demonstration) nuclear plant of relatively small capacity (5 MW) was launched in Obninsk.

An industrial dual-purpose reactor, where, in addition to generating electricity, weapons-grade plutonium was also produced, was launched in the Tomsk region (Seversk) at the Siberian Chemical Plant.

Russian nuclear power industry: types of reactors

The nuclear power industry of the USSR was initially focused on the use of high-power reactors:

Channel reactor on thermal neutrons RBMK (high power channel reactor); fuel - slightly enriched uranium dioxide (2%), reaction moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling water purified from deuterium and tritium (light water).
A thermal neutron reactor enclosed in a pressurized vessel, fuel - uranium dioxide with an enrichment of 3-5%, moderator - water, it is also a coolant.
BN-600 - fast neutron reactor, fuel - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. The only industrial reactor of this type in the world. Installed at the Beloyarsk station.
EGP - thermal neutron reactor (energy heterogeneous loop), operates only at the Bilibino NPP. It differs in that the overheating of the coolant (water) occurs in the reactor itself. Recognized as unpromising.

In total, ten nuclear power plants in Russia today operate 33 power units with a total capacity of more than 2,300 MW:

with VVER reactors - 17 units;
with RMBC reactors - 11 units;
with BN reactors - 1 unit;
with EGP reactors - 4 blocks.

List of NPPs in Russia and Union Republics: commissioning period from 1954 to 2001

1954, Obninskaya, Obninsk, Kaluga region. Appointment - demonstration-industrial. Reactor type - AM-1. Stopped in 2002
1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk region Purpose - the production of weapons-grade plutonium, additional heat and hot water for Seversk and Tomsk. Type of reactors - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. Finally stopped in 2008 by agreement with the United States.
1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Types of reactors - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Purpose - heat generation for the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Processing Plant. The final stop occurred in 2010 under an agreement with the United States.
1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region. Reactor types - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 stopped in 1983, AMB-200 - in 1990. Operating.
1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactor type - VVER, five units. The first and second are stopped. Status - active.
1968, Dimitrovgradskaya, Melekess (Dimitrovgrad since 1972), Ulyanovsk region Types of installed research reactors - MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 and VK-50 generate additional electricity. The suspension period is constantly extended. Status is the only station with research reactors. Estimated closure - 2020.
1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, shut down in 1990.
1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region. Four VVER reactors. Status - active.
1973, Leningradskaya, City of Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region. Four RMBK-1000 reactors (the same as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). Status - active.
1974 Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Territory. Types of reactors - AMB (now stopped), BN and four EGP. Active.
1976 Kursk, Kurchatov, Kursk region Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. Active.
1976 Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Two VVER units, the first one was stopped in 1989, the second one is in operation.
1977 Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. The fourth block was destroyed in 1986, the second block was stopped in 1991, the first - in 1996, the third - in 2000.
1980 Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region, Ukraine. Three units with VVER reactors. Active.
1982 Smolenskaya, Desnogorsk, Smolensk region, two units with RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
1982 South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Ukraine. Three VVER reactors. Active.
1983 Ignalina, Visaginas (formerly Ignalina district), Lithuania. Two RMBC reactors. It was stopped in 2009 at the request of the European Union (when joining the EEC).
1984 Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver region Two VVER reactors. Active.
1984 Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Six units per VVER reactor. Active.
1985 Saratov region Four VVER reactors. Active.
1987 Khmelnytsky, Netishyn, Ukraine. One VVER reactor. Active.
year 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov region By 2014, two units are operating at VVER reactors. Two blocks under construction.

Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

1986 was a fatal year for this industry. The consequences of the man-made disaster turned out to be so unexpected for mankind that the closure of many nuclear power plants became a natural impulse. The number of nuclear power plants around the world has decreased. Not only domestic stations, but also foreign ones, which were being built according to the projects of the USSR, were stopped.

List of nuclear power plants in Russia, the construction of which was mothballed:

Gorky AST (heating plant);
Crimean;
Voronezh AST.

List of Russian NPPs canceled at the stage of design and preparatory earthworks:

Arkhangelsk;
Volgograd;
Far Eastern;
Ivanovskaya AST (heating plant);
Karelian NPP and Karelian-2 NPP;
Krasnodar.

Abandoned nuclear power plants in Russia: reasons

The location of the construction site on a tectonic fault - this reason was indicated by official sources during the conservation of the construction of Russian nuclear power plants. The map of seismically intense territories of the country singles out the Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone, the Baikal rift zone, the Altai-Sayan zone, the Far East zone and the Amur zone.

From this point of view, the construction of the Krymskaya station (readiness of the first unit - 80%) was started really unreasonably. The real reason for the conservation of other energy facilities as expensive was the unfavorable situation - the economic crisis in the USSR. At that time, many industrial facilities were mothballed (literally abandoned for plunder), despite their high readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

The construction of the station was started back in 1981. And in 1990, under pressure from the active public, the regional Council decided to mothball the construction site. The readiness of the first block at that time was already 95%, and the 2nd - 47%.

Eight years later, in 1998, the original project was adjusted, the number of blocks was reduced to two. In May 2000, construction was resumed, and already in May 2001, the first block was included in the power grid. Starting next year, the construction of the second one was resumed. The final launch was postponed several times, and only in March 2010 was it connected to the power system of the Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP: Unit 3

In 2009, a decision was made to develop the Rostov nuclear power plant with the installation of four more units based on VVER reactors.

Taking into account the current situation, the Rostov NPP should become a supplier of electricity to the Crimean peninsula. Unit 3 in December 2014 was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation so far with a minimum capacity. By the middle of 2015, it is planned to start its commercial operation (1011 MW), which should reduce the risk of undersupply of electricity from Ukraine to Crimea.

Nuclear power in modern Russia

By the beginning of 2015, all Russia (operating and under construction) are branches of the Rosenergoatom concern. Crisis phenomena in the industry with difficulties and losses were overcome. By the beginning of 2015, 10 nuclear power plants are operating in the Russian Federation, 5 ground-based and one floating station are under construction.

List of Russian NPPs operating at the beginning of 2015:

Beloyarskaya (beginning of operation - 1964).
Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
Kola NPP (1973).
Leningradskaya (1973).
Bilibinskaya (1974).
Kurskaya (1976).
Smolenskaya (1982).
Kalinin NPP (1984).
Balakovskaya (1985).
Rostovskaya (2001).

Russian NPPs under construction

Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad region. Two units based on VVER-1200 reactors. Construction started in 2012. Start-up - in 2017, reaching the design capacity - in 2018.

It is planned that the Baltic NPP will export electricity to European countries: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. The sale of electricity in the Russian Federation will be carried out through the Lithuanian energy system.

World Nuclear Power: A Brief Overview

Almost all nuclear power plants in Russia have been built in the European part of the country. The map of the planetary location of nuclear power plants shows the concentration of objects in the following four regions: Europe, the Far East (Japan, China, Korea), the Middle East, Central America. According to the IAEA, about 440 nuclear reactors were operating in 2014.

Nuclear power plants are concentrated in the following countries:

in the US, nuclear power plants generate 836.63 billion kWh/year;
in France - 439.73 billion kWh / year;
in Japan - 263.83 billion kWh/year;
in Russia - 160.04 billion kWh/year;
in Korea - 142.94 billion kWh/year;
in Germany - 140.53 billion kWh / year.

Nuclear power is one of the most developing areas of industry, which is dictated by the constant growth in electricity consumption. Many countries have their own sources of energy production with the help of "peaceful atom".

Map of nuclear power plants in Russia (RF)

Russia is included in this number. The history of Russian nuclear power plants begins in the distant 1948, when the inventor of the Soviet atomic bomb I.V. Kurchatov initiated the design of the first nuclear power plant on the territory of the then Soviet Union. Nuclear power plants in Russia originate from the construction of the Obninsk nuclear power plant, which became not only the first in Russia, but the first nuclear power plant in the world.

Russia is a unique country that has the technology of a full cycle of nuclear energy, which means all stages, from ore mining to the final generation of electricity. At the same time, due to its large territories, Russia has a sufficient supply of uranium, both in the form of the earth's interior and in the form of weapons equipment.

Nowadays nuclear power plants in Russia includes 10 operating facilities that provide a capacity of 27 GW (GigaWatt), which is approximately 18% of the country's energy balance. The modern development of technology makes it possible to make nuclear power plants in Russia safe for the environment, despite the fact that the use of nuclear energy is the most dangerous production in terms of industrial safety.

The map of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Russia includes not only operating plants, but also those under construction, of which there are about 10 pieces. At the same time, those under construction include not only full-fledged nuclear power plants, but also promising developments in the form of a floating nuclear power plant, which is characterized by mobility.

The list of nuclear power plants in Russia is as follows:

The current state of Russia's nuclear power industry allows us to speak of a great potential, which in the foreseeable future can be realized in the creation and design of new types of reactors that make it possible to generate large amounts of energy at lower costs.

Today Russia ranks first in the world in the construction of nuclear power plants abroad. Today, projects for the construction of 34 power units in twelve countries of the world are at various stages of implementation: in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region.

The portfolio of foreign orders for a ten-year period, according to Rosatom CEO Alexei Likhachev, now exceeds $133 billion.

Previously, the first two power units of the Kudankulam NPP in India were handed over to the customer. The first concrete was poured on its third and fourth blocks in October 2016. The action was symbolic, and the work on the site will unfold in the near future.

Not so long ago, the laying of the first stone took place at the second and third power units of the Bushehr-2 nuclear power plant in Iran. The contract for the construction of a nuclear power plant under the Russian project in Egypt is fully prepared for signing. Before the end of this year, the third and fourth power units are expected to be launched at the Tianwan NPP in China and the first concrete is poured at the Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh.

The portfolio of foreign orders for a ten-year period, according to the general director of Rosatom Alexei Likhachev, now exceeds $133 billion. And what is especially symptomatic: in 2016 alone (the fifth after the events at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima), the increase was more than 23 billion, or 20 percent! Russia, as in previous years, remains the world leader in uranium enrichment, is among the top three in terms of its production and supplies abroad, and provides 17 percent of the world nuclear fuel market.

How do our nuclear scientists, the grandchildren of Kurchatov and Aleksandrov, the students of Dollezhal and Afrikantov, manage to not only maintain the high standards of Russian nuclear technology, but also increase their competitive advantages?

Representatives of the older generation will certainly note the fundamental groundwork that was created by Soviet science and still continues to bear fruit. A vivid example is the reactor installations of academician Fyodor Mitenkov, for which he was awarded the Global Energy International Prize and managed to receive it shortly before his death.

The second component of success, which both veterans and nuclear scientists of the middle generation recognize, was an effective management team, which was formed through the efforts of Sergei Kiriyenko and continues to work smoothly under the new head of Rosatom. And the basic principle in relations with partners is clear and simple: we build the best we can at home. And only after that, having a reference object, we offer it to potential customers.

The Russian reactor VVER-1200 generation 3+ has become the most demanded today. The main feature of a nuclear power unit with such a reactor plant is a unique combination of active and passive safety systems, which significantly reduces the influence of the human factor and even in the case of beyond design basis accidents prevents radiation from escaping into the environment.

According to the new safety standards, the reactor hall, the so-called containment, is reinforced with a double containment.

The project also provides for protection against earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and aircraft crashes. According to the Russian Nuclear Society, the VVER-1200 of the transitional generation meets all the "post-Fukushima" safety requirements, the most stringent recommendations of the IAEA and the Club of European Operating Organizations (EUR).

Just such a reference power unit has been built and has already been put into commercial operation at Novovoronezh NPP-2. In the same place, in Novovoronezh, a twin power unit is being prepared for commissioning. And it is not at all surprising that foreign delegations have already lined up at this site with an undisguised desire to see everything with their own eyes.

It should be noted that back in 2012, stress tests were carried out at the NVNPP-2 site, taking into account extreme situations - more severe than those that happened at the Fukushima NPP. Such unlikely scenarios were set as a primary circuit leak with a complete loss of all power supply sources and all ultimate heat sinks for more than a day. Based on the results, a list of additional measures was compiled to improve the safety level of the plant. During the construction of the nuclear power plant and the adjustment of equipment, all of them were fully implemented, including the installation of a mobile air-cooled diesel generator, as well as a special circuit with an air cooling tower and a pump.

Russia is building two more similar units in Sosnovy Bor near St. Petersburg to replace the retired capacities of the Leningrad NPP. And two of the same at the Ostrovets nuclear power plant in the Grodno region of Belarus will become the first nuclear generation facilities on the territory of the neighboring republic.

Next summer, work on the construction of the Paks-2 nuclear power plant in Hungary should begin. According to reports from Budapest, the official authorities of this country have received the latest approval from the European Commission. And in March, the Hungarian Atomic Energy Agency approved the application of the MVM Paks II company to grant a license for a site for the construction of new power units.

According to the Russian ASE Group of Companies, everything is ready for the start of work at the Paks-2 site. And in Finland, at the site of the future Hanhikivi nuclear power plant, preparatory operations are already underway.

This is the first construction project that we have started in Europe over the past few decades, - says the head of Rosatom, Alexei Likhachev. - And this is a challenge for us. After all, here we are not just building a plant, but we are also a co-investor, owning a 34 percent stake in the Fennovoima design company, which is responsible for both the construction and future operation of the Hanhikivi NPP.

It was not easy, according to Likhachev, to unfold the Akkuyu nuclear power plant project in Turkey. Only in June 2016, the Turkish Parliament adopted amendments to three laws, which made it easier to obtain licenses and permits. In February 2017, the Turkish Atomic Energy Agency approved the site design parameters for the Akkuyu nuclear power plant. The two most important licenses - for the generation of electricity and for the construction itself - are expected to be received in the first half of 2017 and in 2018, respectively. At the same time, Russian partners in Ankara expressed a desire to commission the first Akkuyu power unit as early as 2023 - by the centenary of the Republic of Turkey ...

In the meantime, atomic science and technical thought do not stand still and offer new, including already implemented projects. In 2016, at the Beloyarsk NPP in Russia (Sverdlovsk Region), an unparalleled power unit with a BN-800 fast neutron reactor was put into operation. The specialized international magazine POWER Engineering gave this facility unconditional preference in the nomination "Plant of the Year".

Such reactors, their creators assure, will make it possible to work out and create in the near future technologies for a truly closed fuel cycle, in which irradiated nuclear fuel is involved in circulation, and the amount of radioactive waste is reduced to a minimum. In the operation of "fast" reactors, our nuclear scientists have advanced much further than their colleagues and are ready to share their competencies with foreign partners.

Rosatom State Corporation is implementing a large-scale NPP construction program both in the Russian Federation and abroad. Currently, Russia is building 6 power units. The portfolio of foreign orders includes 36 blocks. Below is information about some of them.

NPPs under construction in Russia

Kursk NPP-2 is being built as a replacement plant to replace the decommissioned power units of the operating Kursk NPP. The commissioning of the first two power units of Kursk NPP-2 is planned to be synchronized with the decommissioning of power units No. 1 and No. 2 of the operating plant. The developer - the technical customer of the object - Rosenergoatom Concern JSC. General designer - JSC ASE EC, general contractor - ASE (Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation). In 2012, pre-engineering and environmental surveys were carried out to select the most preferred site for the four-unit station. Based on the results obtained, the Makarovka site, located in close proximity to the operating NPP, was selected. The ceremony of pouring the "first concrete" at the Kursk NPP-2 site took place in April 2018.

Leningrad NPP-2

Location: near Sosnovy Bor (Leningrad region)

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 2 - under construction, 4 - under the project

The station is being built on the site of the Leningrad NPP. The designer is JSC ATOMPROEKT, the general contractor is JSC CONCERN TITAN-2, the functions of the customer-builder are performed by JSC Concern Rosenergoatom. The project of the future nuclear power plant in February 2007 received a positive conclusion from the Glavgosexpertiza of the Russian Federation. In June 2008 and July 2009, Rostekhnadzor issued licenses for the construction of power units at Leningrad NPP-2, the lead nuclear power plant under the AES-2006 project. The LNPP-2 project with pressurized water reactors with a capacity of 1200 MW each meets all modern international safety requirements. It uses four active independent channels of security systems, duplicating each other, as well as a combination of passive security systems, the operation of which does not depend on the human factor. The safety systems of the project include a melt localization device, a system for passive heat removal from under the reactor shell and a system for passive heat removal from steam generators. The estimated service life of the station is 50 years, the main equipment is 60 years. The physical start-up of power unit No. 1 of the Leningrad NPP-2 took place in December 2017, and the power start-up took place in March 2018. The unit was put into commercial operation on November 27, 2018. Power unit No. 2 is under construction.

Novovoronezh NPP-2

Location: near Novovoronezh (Voronezh region)

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 2 (1 - under construction)

Novovoronezh NPP-2 is being built on the site of the existing plant, this is the largest investment project in the Central Black Earth region. General designer - JSC Atomenergoproekt. ASE (Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation) is the general contractor. The project provides for the use of VVER reactors of the AES-2006 project with a service life of 60 years. The AES-2006 project is based on the technical solutions of the AES-92 project, which in April 2007 received a certificate of compliance with all technical requirements of European operating organizations (EUR) for NPPs with new generation light water reactors. All safety functions in the AES-2006 project are provided by the independent operation of active and passive systems, which guarantees the reliable operation of the plant and its resistance to external and internal influences. The first phase of Novovoronezh NPP-2 will include two power units. Power unit No. 1 of the Novovoronezh NPP-2 with a VVER-1200 reactor of the 3+ generation was put into commercial operation on February 27, 2017. In February 2019, the physical start-up phase began at power unit No. 2 of Novovoronezh NPP-2.

Floating NPP "Akademik Lomonosov"

Location: Pevek (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug)

Reactor type: KLT-40S

Number of power units: 2

The floating power unit (FPU) "Akademik Lomonosov" of project 20870 is the head project of a series of mobile transportable power units of low power. The FPU is designed to operate as part of a floating nuclear thermal power plant (FNPP) and is a new class of energy sources based on Russian nuclear shipbuilding technologies. This is a unique and the world's first project of a mobile transportable low-capacity power unit. It is designed for operation in the regions of the Far North and the Far East and its main purpose is to provide energy to remote industrial enterprises, port cities, as well as gas and oil platforms located on the high seas. FNPP is designed with a large margin of safety, which exceeds all possible threats and makes nuclear reactors invulnerable to tsunamis and other natural disasters. The station is equipped with two KLT-40S reactors capable of generating up to 70 MW of electricity and 50 Gcal/h of thermal energy in the nominal operating mode, which is enough to support the life of a city with a population of about 100,000 people. In addition, such power units can operate in island states; a powerful desalination plant can be created on their basis.

A floating power unit (FPU) is industrially constructed at a shipyard and delivered to its location by sea in a fully finished form. Only auxiliary facilities are being built at the placement site, which ensure the installation of a floating power unit and the transfer of heat and electricity to the shore. The construction of the first floating power unit began in 2007 at OJSC PO Sevmash, in 2008 the project was transferred to OJSC Baltiysky Zavod in St. Petersburg. On June 30, 2010, the floating power unit was launched. After completion of mooring trials in April-May 2018, the Akademik Lomonosov FPU was transported from the plant in Murmansk to the site of FSUE Atomflot. On October 3, 2018, FNPP completed the loading of nuclear fuel into reactor units. On December 6, 2018, the power start-up of the first reactor took place at the floating power unit. In 2019, it will be delivered along the Northern Sea Route to the place of work and connected to the coastal infrastructure being built in the port of Pevek. The construction of onshore facilities was launched in the autumn of 2016; it is being carried out by Trest Zapsibgidrostroy LLC, which already has experience in building similar facilities in arctic conditions. All work on the construction of coastal facilities at the site in Pevek is being carried out on schedule.

The FNPP is designed to replace the retired capacities of the Bilibino NPP, which is located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and currently generates 80% of electricity in the isolated Chaun-Bilibino energy system. The first power unit of the Bilibino NPP is planned to be finally shut down in 2019. The entire station is expected to be shut down in 2021.

Rosatom is already working on a second generation FNPP, an optimized floating power unit (OFPU), which will be smaller than its predecessor. It is supposed to be equipped with two RITM-200M type reactors with a capacity of 50 MW each.

NPPs under construction abroad

Akkuyu NPP (Turkey)

Location: near Mersin (Mersin province)

Reactor type: VVER-1200
Number of power units: 4 (under construction)

The project of the first Turkish nuclear power plant includes four power units with the most modern Russian-designed VVER-1200 reactors with a total capacity of 4,800 megawatts.

This is a serial project of a nuclear power plant based on the Novovoronezh NPP-2 project (Russia, Voronezh region), the estimated service life of the Akkuyu NPP is 60 years. The design solutions of the Akkuyu NPP meet all the modern requirements of the world nuclear community, enshrined in the safety standards of the IAEA and the International Advisory Group on Nuclear Safety and the requirements of the EUR Club. Each power unit will be equipped with state-of-the-art active and passive safety systems designed to prevent design basis accidents and/or limit their consequences. The intergovernmental agreement between the Russian Federation and Turkey on cooperation in the construction and operation of a nuclear power plant at the Akkuyu site in Mersin province on the southern coast of Turkey was signed on May 12, 2010. The general customer and investor of the project is Akkuyu Nuclear JSC (AKKUYU NÜKLEER ANONİM ŞİRKETİ, a company specially established to manage the project), the general designer of the plant is Atomenergoproekt JSC, the general construction contractor is Atomstroyexport JSC (both are part of the engineering division of Rosatom ). The technical customer is Rosenergoatom Concern JSC, the scientific supervisor of the project is the Federal State Institution NRC Kurchatov Institute, the licensing consultant is InterRAO-WorleyParsons LLC, Rusatom Energo International JSC (REIN JSC) is the project developer and majority shareholder Akkuyu Nuclear. The main volume of supplies of equipment and high-tech products for the implementation of the project falls on Russian enterprises, the project also provides for the maximum participation of Turkish companies in construction and installation work, as well as companies from other countries. Subsequently, Turkish specialists will be involved in the operation of nuclear power plants at all stages of its life cycle. According to the intergovernmental agreement dated May 12, 2010, Turkish students study at Russian universities under the program for training nuclear energy specialists. In December 2014, the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urban Development approved the Akkuyu NPP Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report. The groundbreaking ceremony for the offshore structures of the nuclear power plant took place in April 2015. On June 25, 2015, the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority issued Akkuyu Nuclear a preliminary license for electricity generation. On June 29, 2015, a contract was signed with the Turkish company "Cengiz Insaat" for the design and construction of offshore hydraulic structures of the nuclear power plant. In February 2017, the Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK) approved the design parameters for the Akkuyu NPP site. On October 20, 2017, Akkuyu Nuclear JSC received a limited construction permit from TAEK, which is an important milestone on the way to obtaining a license to build a nuclear power plant. On December 10, 2017, a solemn ceremony was held at the Akkuyu NPP site to start construction under the LPC. As part of the ORS, construction and installation work is carried out at all nuclear power plant facilities, with the exception of buildings and structures related to the safety of the "nuclear island". Akkuyu Nuclear JSC is closely cooperating with the Turkish side on licensing issues. On April 3, 2018, a solemn ceremony of pouring the "first concrete" took place.

Belarusian NPP (Belarus)

Location: Ostrovets city (Grodno region)

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 2 (under construction)

The Belarusian NPP is the first nuclear power plant in the history of the country, the largest project of Russian-Belarusian cooperation. The construction of the NPP is carried out in accordance with the Agreement between the governments of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, concluded in March 2011, under the full responsibility of the general contractor ("turnkey"). The station is located 18 km from the town of Ostrovets (Grodno region). It is being built according to a typical generation 3+ design that fully complies with all post-Fukushima requirements, international standards and IAEA recommendations. The project provides for the construction of a two-unit nuclear power plant with VVER-1200 reactors with a total capacity of 2400 MW. The general contractor for the construction is the Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation (ASE). At present, thermal and electrical installation works are being carried out at the main facilities of the start-up complexes of the Belarusian NPP power units under construction in accordance with the jointly approved schedule. At power unit No. 1, the installation of the main equipment of the reactor and turbine halls has been completed, and the stage of full-scale commissioning continues. At power unit No. 2, the installation of the main equipment of the reactor hall is underway. The construction of this station promises to set a record for the degree of involvement of Belarusian specialists in the work. The Belarusian NPP construction project involves 34 contractors, including over 20 Belarusian ones. After commissioning, the nuclear power plant in Astravets will generate about 25% of the electricity Belarus needs.

Bushehr NPP (Iran)

Location: Near Bushehr (Bushehr Province)

Reactor type: VVER-1000

Number of power units: 3 (1 - built, 2 - under construction)

Bushehr NPP is the first nuclear power plant in Iran and the entire Middle East. Construction began in 1974 by the German concern Kraftwerk Union A.G. (Siemens / KWU) and suspended in 1980 due to the decision of the German government to join the US embargo on equipment supplies to Iran. On August 24, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy, and on August 25, 1992, an agreement was concluded on the construction of a nuclear power plant in Iran. The construction of the nuclear power plant was resumed after a long mothball in 1995. Russian contractors managed to integrate Russian equipment into the construction part, made according to the German project. The power plant was connected to the Iranian power grid in September 2011, and in August 2012 power unit No. 1 reached its full operating capacity. On September 23, 2013, Russia officially handed over the first power unit of the Bushehr NPP with a capacity of 1000 MW to an Iranian customer. In November 2014, an EPC contract was concluded for the turnkey construction of two more NPP power units (with the possibility of expanding to four power units). The general designer is Atomenergoproekt JSC, the general contractor is ASE (Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation). VVER-1000 reactors of the AES-92 project were selected for construction. The official launch ceremony of the Bushehr-2 project took place on September 10, 2016. In October 2017, construction and installation work was launched at the construction site of the second stage of the station.

NPP "El-Dabaa" (Egypt)

Location: Matruh region on the Mediterranean coast

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 4

The El-Dabaa nuclear power plant is the first nuclear power plant in Egypt, in the Matruh region on the Mediterranean coast. It will consist of 4 power units with VVER-1200 reactors. In November 2015, Russia and Egypt signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the construction and operation of the first Egyptian nuclear power plant using Russian technologies. In accordance with the signed contracts, Rosatom will supply Russian nuclear fuel for the entire life cycle of the nuclear power plant, train personnel and provide support to Egyptian partners in the operation and maintenance of the El Dabaa NPP during the first 10 years of the plant's operation. As part of the El Dabaa NPP construction project, Rosatom will also provide Egyptian partners with assistance in the development of nuclear infrastructure, increase the level of localization, and provide support in increasing the public acceptability of the use of nuclear energy. The training of future NPP workers will take place both in Russia and in Egypt. On December 11, 2017, in Cairo, Rosatom Director General Alexei Likhachev and Egyptian Minister of Electricity and Renewable Energy Mohammed Shaker signed acts on the entry into force of commercial contracts for the construction of this nuclear power plant.

NPP "Kudankulam" (India)

Location: near Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu)

Reactor type: VVER-1000

Number of power units: 4 (2 - in operation, 2 - under construction)

The Kudankulam NPP is being built within the framework of the implementation of the Interstate Agreement concluded in November 1988 and its supplement dated June 21, 1998. The customer is the Indian Atomic Energy Corporation (IAEA). The construction of the Kudankulam NPP is carried out by JSC Atomstroyexport, the general designer is JSC Atomenergoproekt, the general designer is OKB Gidropress, and the supervisor is the RRC Kurchatov Institute. The AES-92 project, according to which the station is being built, was developed by the Atomenergoproekt Institute (Moscow) on the basis of serial power units that have been operated in Russia and Eastern Europe for a long time. The first block of the Kudankulam NPP was included in the national energy system of India in 2013. It is by far the most powerful in India and meets the most modern safety requirements. On December 31, 2014, power unit No. 1 was put into commercial operation; on August 10, 2016, it was officially put into commercial operation. The physical start-up of power unit No. 2 began in May 2016; on August 29, 2016, its power start-up took place. In April 2014, the Russian Federation and India signed a general framework agreement on the construction with the participation of Russia of the second stage (power units No. 3 and No. 4) of a nuclear power plant, and in December, documents allowing it to begin construction. On June 1, 2017, during the XVIII Annual Russian-Indian Summit held in St. Petersburg, ASE (Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation) and the Indian Atomic Energy Corporation signed a General Framework Agreement for the construction of the third stage (power units No. 5 and No. 6 ) NPP "Kudankulam". On July 31, 2017, contracts were signed between Atomstroyexport JSC and the Atomic Energy Corporation of India for priority design work, detailed design and supply of main equipment for the third stage of the plant.

NPP "Paks-2" (Hungary)

Location: near Paks (Tolna region)

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 2

At the moment, the Paks NPP, built according to the Soviet design, has four power units with VVER-440 reactors. In 2009, the Hungarian parliament approved the construction of two new power units at nuclear power plants. In December 2014, Rosatom State Corporation and MVM (Hungary) signed a contract for the construction of new power plant units. In March of the same year, Russia and Hungary signed an agreement on a loan of up to 10 billion euros for the completion of the Paks NPP. It is planned that two units (No. 5 and No. 6) of the VVER-1200 project will be built at the Paks-2 NPP. General designer - JSC "ATOMPROEKT".

Rooppur NPP (Bangladesh)

Location: near the village. Rooppur (Pabna District)

Reactor type: VVER-1200

Number of power units: 2

An intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the construction of the first Bangladesh nuclear power plant Rooppur was signed in November 2011. The first stone for the construction of the station was laid in autumn 2013. Currently, the preparatory stage of construction of power units No. 1 and No. 2 is being carried out. The general contractor is ASE (Engineering Division of Rosatom State Corporation), the project implementation site is a site 160 km from Dhaka. Construction is carried out at the expense of a loan provided by Russia. The project complies with all Russian and international safety requirements. Its main distinguishing feature is the optimal combination of active and passive safety systems. On December 25, 2015, the general contract for the construction of Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh was signed. The document defines the obligations and responsibilities of the parties, the timing and procedure for the implementation of all work and other conditions for the construction of the NPP. The first concrete was poured on November 30, 2017. Currently, construction and installation work is being carried out at the construction site of the station.

Tianwan NPP (China)

Location: Near Lianyungang (Lianyungang County, Jiangsu Province)

Reactor type: VVER-1000 (4), VVER-1200 (2)

Number of power units: 6 (4 - in operation, 2 - under construction)

The Tianwan NPP is the largest object of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation. The first stage of the station (power units No. 1 and No. 2) was built by Russian specialists and has been in commercial operation since 2007. Annually, over 15 billion kWh of electricity is generated at the first stage of the nuclear power plant. Thanks to the new safety systems ("melt trap"), it is considered one of the most modern stations in the world. The construction of the first two units of the Tianwan NPP was carried out by a Russian company in accordance with the Russian-Chinese intergovernmental agreement signed in 1992.

In October 2009, Rosatom State Corporation and the China Nuclear Industry Corporation (CNNC) signed a protocol on continuing cooperation in the construction of the second stage of the station (power units No. 3 and No. 4). The general contract was signed in 2010 and entered into force in 2011. The construction of the second stage of the nuclear power plant is carried out by the Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation (JNPC). The second stage became a logical development of the first stage of the station. The parties applied a number of upgrades. The project has been improved from a technical and operational point of view. Responsibility for the design of a nuclear island was assigned to the Russian side, for the design of a non-nuclear island - to the Chinese side. Construction, installation and commissioning work was carried out by the Chinese side with the support of Russian specialists.

The pouring of the "first concrete" at power unit No. 3 took place on December 27, 2012, the construction of power unit No. 4 began on September 27, 2013. On December 30, 2017, the power start-up of power unit No. 3 of the Tianwan NPP took place. On October 27, 2018, the power start-up of unit No. 4 of the Tianwan NPP took place. At present, power unit No. 3 has been handed over to the Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation (JNPC) for a 24-month warranty operation, and power unit No. 4 has been transferred to commercial operation on December 22, 2018.

On June 8, 2018, a strategic package of documents was signed in Beijing (PRC) defining the main directions for the development of cooperation between Russia and China in the field of nuclear energy for the coming decades. In particular, two new power units with VVER-1200 reactors of the 3+ generation will be built: power units No. 7 and No. 8 of the Tianwan NPP.

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