Fedor Nikitich Romanov. Russian history. Time of Troubles Where Fedor Nikitich Romanov is buried

History knows a number of historical figures, people who are namesakes by name, engaged in similar activities in one area, but with different results of their broad actions.

Two Patriarchs

Patriarch Filaret (Romanov) is a political figure of the Time of Troubles of the 17th century. The years of his life were a period of great social upheaval. His Holiness is one of the most controversial figures in Russian history. Many scholars believe that it is difficult to assess his actions and historical role impartially. However, it so happened that it was he who changed the course of political and social events in Russia. Someone believes that he acted in the interests of the family, making the surnames, and then the Romanov dynasty, the position on the throne.

Fyodor Nikitovich, and in monasticism Filaret, experienced regular ups and downs in his career. According to scientists, he was a believer, but not religious. At that time it was possible, because church leaders were often political figures, as in the case of Patriarch Filaret. However, the Moscow clergy loved him, and his righteous image has been preserved in history, describing the character of the Third Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. It is clear that he was a talented person, perhaps a domineering one.

His namesake in tonsure, Patriarch of Kiev “and All Rus'” Filaret (Denisenko) self-proclaimed through the schism of the Russian Orthodox Church — in the world Mikhail, is known to most of our contemporaries as a supporter of Ukrainian nationalism, even in the church sphere. He created an independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church, actively supported the revolution in Ukraine, military operations against the Donetsk Republic. Patriarch Filaret actively accused President Putin and the Russian authorities of the annexation of Crimea.

At the Council of Bishops, held in Moscow in November-December 2017, the Kiev self-proclaimed Patriarch Filaret repented of his deeds and asked the Russian Orthodox Church to enter into liturgical communion with him and his flock. In this regard, many people became interested in who Patriarch Filaret is, what is the history of the schism, and whether the Russian and Ukrainian Churches can unite.

Usually the Church does not interfere in politics, but both Patriarchs Filaret did just that. And yet, Patriarch Filaret (Romanov) was the legitimate head of the Church, unlike Filaret of Kyiv.

Who is a Patriarch

The patriarch is the supreme Bishop, which in Greek is the head of the priests. They perform all the Sacraments without exception. Bishops ordain people as deacons and priests, however, only the Patriarch, co-served by several bishops, can ordain as bishops.

Bishops who have distinguished themselves in their ministry and have served for a long time are called archbishops. Also, for even greater merits, they are elevated to the rank of metropolitans. They have a higher rank for services to the Church, and only metropolitans can manage metropolitanates - large dioceses, which include several small ones. An analogy can be drawn: a diocese is a region, a metropolis is a city with a region (Petersburg and the Leningrad Region) or a whole Federal District.

Often other bishops are appointed to assist the metropolitan or archbishop, who are called vicar bishops or, in short, vicars.

The highest spiritual rank in the Orthodox Church is the Patriarch. This rank is elective, and is chosen by the Council of Bishops (a meeting of bishops of the entire regional Church). Most often, he leads the Church together with the Holy Synod (Kinod, in different transcriptions, in different Churches) leads the Church. The dignity of the Primate (Head) of the Church is for life, however, if grave sins are committed, the Bishops' Court may remove the Patriarch from service. Also, at the request of the Patriarch, he can be sent to rest due to illness or advanced age. Until the convening of the Council of Bishops, a Locum Tenens (temporarily acting as the head of the Church) is appointed.

The Patriarch is addressed: "Your Holiness." In a more everyday situation, when talking to all bishops, they turn to “Vladyka (name)”, for example, “Vladyka Pitirim, bless.” The Patriarch is addressed either in the same way or, a little more officially, “His Holiness.”

Patriarch Filaret Romanov: the Romanov family, the family of the future Patriarch

The life of the future clergyman and political leader was not easy. The Zakharyins family (they are Yurievs, Koshkins, Romanovs) served the Moscow tsars since the 14th century. The biography of Patriarch Filaret Romanov is the fate of the nephew of Anastasia Zakharyina, the first and beloved wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The Romanov clan merged with the Rurikoviches, the first Russian ruling dynasty.

The influence of the Romanovs was further strengthened in 1584, when Ivan the Terrible made boyar Nikita Romanovich, brother of his dead wife Anastasia, the guardian of his little son Theodore. It was from that time that the family acquired the famous surname of the Romanovs. The kind and fair character of the boyar Nikita - the father of the future Patriarch Filaret - became the basis for the popularity of the Romanov family.

After the death of Ivan the Terrible and his son, relations between the ascended Tsar Boris Godunov and the Romanovs did not become negative. When he was crowned king, Tsar Boris gave his friends a number of privileges. However, the struggle for the royal throne intensified, the Romanovs were drawn into intrigues.

Youth and youth of Patriarch Filaret (Romanov)

At birth, the name of the Patriarch was Fyodor Nikitovich Romanov. He was born in 1553. Fyodor had a secular, practical and inquisitive mindset, and therefore, in his youth, he did not strive for either tonsure or priestly ordination. Moreover, according to the recollections of that time, he was one of the famous dandies in Moscow, a handsome, benevolent young man with an inquisitive mind. After all, Fedor had an excellent education, he loved books, and not just fashionable clothes. He learned Latin from books specially ordered from abroad and written for him in Russia.

Family and children of Patriarch Filaret

Fedor Nikitovich was married to the daughter of a poor nobleman from Kostroma, Xenia Ivanovna Shestova. He had not yet been tonsured when he married. At the same time, they had six children with Ksenia.

Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov - the future Patriarch

Fedor Nikitovich, along with other Romanovs and a number of boyar families, was disgraced by Boris Godunov in 1600. Fedor was considered one of the rivals of Tsar Boris Godunov. Apparently, the Romanovs were not particularly eager to take the throne, and the beginning of disgrace was laid by a slanderous denunciation, which, perhaps, was created by Godunov himself. Fyodor Romanov was forcibly tonsured a monk and exiled to the territory of the present Arkhangelsk region, to the Antoniev-Siya Monastery. This monastery is located 90 kilometers from the city of Kholmogory and from Arkhangelsk.

Fedor's wife, Ksenia Ivanovna, was also tonsured a nun. She received the new name of Martha and was exiled to Zaonezhye. To this day, there is a source of the nun Marfa and the remains of the Tolvui churchyard, at the church of which she lived. The son of the Romanovs, Mikhail, the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, and the daughter Tatyana, with their aunt Nastasya and Martha Romanovs, went, or rather, were forcibly sent to the village of Kliny in the Yuryevsky district - probably a family estate.

Taking monastic vows in those days was a simple way to deprive a person of political influence. After all, tonsure is a special rite of the Church, when a person gives vows of non-acquisition, obedience (to the abbot of the monastery), celibacy. According to church tradition, a monk must live in a monastery, but a monastic priest - a hierodeacon or hieromonk - can be sent by the ruling bishop of the diocese to the parish, like an ordinary white priest.

However, the newly tonsured Filaret Romanov also gained the support of the Russians: his tonsure was perceived as an unfair disgrace of the royal descendant and even, possibly, the Russian tsar himself.

In the Antoniev-Siysky Monastery, the future patriarch was in custody. The guards followed him and reported to Moscow about every movement of the monk, while, we note, they complained about his rebelliousness and rigidity. It is known that Filaret missed his family.

At the end of June 1605, after the death of Boris Godunov and the overthrow of his son Godunov, Filaret-Theodore was again invited to Moscow, this time by False Dmitry, as his relative.

It is not known how Filaret himself felt about this, but he accepted ordination to the Metropolitan of Rostov in 1606. In the same year, the new Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent Filaret sent to Uglich for the body of Tsarevich Dmitry, who, according to legend, was martyred by Boris Godunov. While Metropolitan Filaret was on his way, Shuisky ordained Metropolitan Germogen of Kazan as Moscow Patriarch. This was probably a cunning political move - after all, Shuisky himself was soon overthrown, he felt dislike and tried to get rid of Romanov as a people's favorite. However, the post of Patriarch in the Church is for life, and Metropolitan Filaret went to the cathedra blessed by the new Patriarch in Rostov the Great. Here he lived until 1608.

The overthrow of Shuisky, Tushinsky thief and Metropolitan Filaret

In 1608, a new false tsar appeared in Russia, the impostor False Dmitry II. Tsar Yeisky was not loved, and the impostor found many adherents. Their troops approached Moscow when the Patriarch of Moscow Hermogenes began to send out requests to the bishops to pray for Tsar Vasily. Metropolitan Filaret of Rostov, in accordance with his rank, was submissive to the legitimate tsar, and joined these appeals.

The troops of False Dmitry II, who ravaged Rostov, also captured his Metropolitan Filaret. At first, they did not show due respect for him, considering him a political opponent, but over time they even began to call him the Patriarch of Moscow. Nevertheless, he tried to escape from the camp of the impostor, and in Tushino he was held by force. In March 1610, with the destruction of the camp in Tushino, Metropolitan Filaret was captured by the Poles and sent to the Volokolamsk Monastery in honor of St. Joasaph. Fortunately, he had already managed to escape from there with the help of Grigory Voluev, the head of the detachment of opponents of the Troubles. Once in Moscow, Patriarch Filaret remained in honor with the Church, his reputation as a prisoner of war was not spoiled.

The dual power of the Romanovs - Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and Patriarch Filaret

In 1610, the Metropolitan began a new round in the fate of Feodor Romanov, Patriarch Filaret. Together with Prince Golitsyn, as part of the "great embassy", he left Moscow near Smolensk to meet with the King of Poland, Sigismund. The situation developed in such a way that the embassy was captured, and Sigismund sent the ambassadors to his country as prisoners.

In Poland, His Eminence spent eight years in captivity. Only after the accession of his son Mikhail Fedorovich, whose election to the kingdom passed through the will of the people, did Metropolitan Filaret return to the country. He was exchanged as a prisoner, under a treaty with Poland, in 1619.

The place of the Moscow Patriarch was free, and it was natural to appoint the tsar's father, who has a monastic order and metropolitan authority, to the Patriarchs.

On June 24, 1619, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, His Eminence was named Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. Since his son was still very young, Filaret became regent for the minor sovereign and ruled equally the church and the state. Historians call a certain period of the reign of Tsar Mikhail Romanov - 14 years - dual power. At the same time, the tsar and the Zemsky Sobor had the highest authority in government. However, according to the letters of the father-patriarch to the son-king, one can see what was the influence of the patriarch on the conduct of state affairs. It can be said that such a form does not have a pronounced negative assessment, because the Patriarch lasted both in a paternal and pastoral way with his son, directing him to good with his influence. This is proved by the results of the reign of the first tsar from the Romanov family.

For example, the conciliar verdict of 1619 “How to arrange the earth” was completely created by the reports of Patriarch Filaret. In the "verdict", according to historians, the difference in the prosperity of the population of different regions was correctly assessed. In order to correct it, services were organized, accurate inventories of the lands were compiled, and taxes were imposed in accordance with this.

Also, at the initiative of the Patriarch, an audit of the treasury and its resources was carried out, a state budget was drawn up, speaking in a modern way, a number of measures and administrative penalties for offenses were taken, including in the bureaucratic apparatus of state officials (then called clerks).

It was necessary to replenish the treasury, however, this need did not place a heavy burden on the shoulders of the population.

Another sphere of activity of the Patriarch during the period of dual power was printing and editing of liturgical and book texts.

Reforms of the Church by Pariarch Philaret

The life path of the Patriarch made him not only a church figure, a bearer of the spirit, but also a diplomat. It is unlikely that he was a prudent businessman - an intriguer could not win people's love. However, his management skills are highly commendable. He carried the administration of the Church and state with dignity.

Interestingly, the Patriarch of the Russian Church had no theological education. Therefore, he was cautious in reforming the Church and editing liturgical texts.

However, His Holiness was especially concerned about the protection of Orthodoxy, knowing after the Troubles that the Church was in danger from Poland and Lithuania, from the influence of Catholicism in theology and church art. However, here, too, he followed the path of the "golden mean" and caution. Patriarch Filaret was especially loved by the Moscow clergy: he humbly accepted and understood his shortcomings, and in church affairs he resorted to the advice of venerable elderly archpriests. Thus, reasonable conservatism was preserved in the Church.

And yet, secular and church historians note that from 1619 to 1633, that is, during his life under the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, state power became very strong. The Romanov dynasty received great support and love from Russians. The church at that time almost did not change, which indicates that the Patriarch not only did not pay attention to it, but preserved it: the state structure required great care.

Death of Patriarch Filaret

The death of His Holiness Philaret occurred on October 1, 1633. Historians call this date the end of the period of dual power in Russia. However, with his death, there were no noticeable changes in the prestige and order of the Romanov family: everyone knows that the dynasty reigned until 1917 itself.

The role of Patriarch Filaret in the history and life of the Russian state

As a regent during the Dual Power period, Patriarch Filaret issued a number of decrees in his own name. He really had the title of "Great Sovereign".

From 1621, officials of the Posolsky Prikaz began to publish the first newspaper in Rus'. It was called "Vestovye letters", intended only for the king.

The patriarch stepped up the progress of the arms and metallurgical industries. So, the industrialist Andrey Vinius in 1632 requested and took from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich permission to build the first plants in Russia for melting iron and Elena, making weapons near Tula (which is why the person “Tula gunsmith Lefty” appeared in Russian literature - near Tula, the tradition and forging skill).

Kyiv Patriarch Filaret Denisenko: birth and family

The self-proclaimed patriarch comes from Ukraine: perhaps that is why he subtly feels the mood of Ukrainians, their love for national self-identification. In the world, his name was Mikhail Antonovich. He was born in the family of a miner Anton Denisenko on January 1, 1929, and according to his passport he comes from the village of Blagodatnoye (Amvrosievsky district of the Donetsk region) - the more incomprehensible is his support for the Ukrainian army storming his homeland.
Alas, regarding the family of the clergyman himself, it must be said that he, according to rumors, violated the ban on celibacy. Every bishop must be a monk. Patriarch Filaret (Romanov) had children and a wife before his tonsure and elevation to the Patriarchal throne. But Mikhail-Filaret had a family after the tonsure - since 1989 he lived with his wife, Evgenia Petrovna Rodionova (she died in 1998), had three children from her: Vera, Lyubov and Andrey.

Where did he study and where was tonsured the Kievan Patriarch Filaret (Denisenko)

Mikhail Denisenko graduated from school in 1946, graduated from the Odessa Theological Seminary in 1948 (according to the documents, but this is doubtful: why did he complete the course in 2 years?), Was admitted to the Moscow Theological Academy at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Here he probably met many future archpastors of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1950, in his second year of study, Mikhail took the vows as a monk with the name Filaret, accepted the rank of hierodeacon, and a couple of years later was ordained a priest, receiving the rank of hieromonk in 1952.

Positions and titles of the Kyiv Patriarch Filaret

In 1952, the future Patriarch Filaret received a Ph.D. in theology. He teaches at MDS, his home school, New Testament Scripture.

At the same time, he served as dean of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

March 1954 - Filaret received the title of associate professor.

1956 - receiving the rank of abbot and the post of inspector of the Saratov Theological Seminary, then a seminary in Kyiv.

Administration of the Ukrainian Exarchate since 1960. At this time he has the rank of archimandrite.

In 1961, he was sent to the farmstead of the Russian Church in Alexandria as a rector.

1962 - Filaret is ordained as a bishop. He becomes the bishop of Luga, vicar of the Leningrad diocese, in the same year the manager of the Riga diocese and vicar of the Central European Exarchate; in November of the same 1962 - Bishop of Vienna and Austria.

In 1964, His Grace became vicar of the Moscow diocese, bishop of Dmitrovsky, rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary.

1966 - Filaret receives a higher rank of archbishop with an appointment to the cathedra of Kyiv and Galicia.

December 1966 - head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Kyiv Exarchate of the Moscow Patriarchate. As part of the delegations of the Russian Church, he traveled abroad, representing the Church at congresses and forums.

In 1979, His Eminence received the Order of Friendship of Peoples, in 1988 - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (for active work in the field of peacekeeping).

Schism into the Kyiv Church of the UOC and the Russian Orthodox Church

The final chord of the service of Archbishop Philaret of the Russian Orthodox Church happened like this. After the death of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', in 1990, His Eminence Filaret became Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne—that is, the most likely Patriarch of Moscow. To elect the Patriarch, a Local Council of the Church was convened, but Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad, Patriarch Alexy II, was elected by the Council.

Filaret refused to accept such a decision of the Council, but this contradicts the centuries-old history of the Church and only shows that this person at that moment did not have humility. He verbally accepted the decision of the Council, admitted that he had no claims and left for Ukraine, as if returning to his native cathedra. However, there he began splitting actions.

Why Alexy II was elected together with Filaret

They say that Filaret was not elected, knowing his rudeness, vices and even an open life with a woman (which is forbidden for a monk). Patriarch Pimen, who elevated Filaret, might not have known this. The rest of the archpastors were repelled both by Filaret's manners and lust for power.

His Holiness, Patriarch Alexy II, on the contrary, despite his high position, was easy to communicate with, and therefore loved by everyone who knew him closely, a principled person of a bright soul. He became the fifteenth Primate of the Church after the restoration of the Patriarchate in Russia.

The name of Alexy II also occupies a fundamental place in the science of Church history and theology. Only before his accession to the primatial throne, he had more than 150 publications on church history and theology of the topic.

His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II developed activities to spread the missionary service of the Church, work with youth (on which the new, current Patriarch Kirill also places great emphasis), restructuring the Church, and creating new dioceses.

Church and secular historians highlight the following advantages of Alexy II's activities as Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus':

• An increase in the number of churches, monasteries and dioceses.
• Active return of the church of historical buildings of temples, their restoration. There were incidents when the Church and cultural organizations found themselves on opposite sides of the barricades. Nevertheless, it was precisely during the period of Patriarch Alexy's activity that the experience of overcoming such confrontation was laid.
• The “increase in the flow of personnel” - priests and places for prayer created space for the further coming to the Church of many, many people. Today begins not only the revival of temples in the historical buildings of churches, but also the construction of new ones.
• The number of educational centers increased, the missionary activity of the Church became more active. Many believed that the Church should not attract new people, but occupy a niche in a certain service sector. Nevertheless, it was Patriarch Alexy who again began the catechizing work of the Church: after all, even Christ commanded the apostles to enlighten all peoples with the light of Christianity, to save the souls of people.
• During the period of the Patriarchal ministry of Alexy II, military conflicts took place in the world and in Russia. This Patriarch is known. by the fact that in 1993 he admonished the State Committee for the State of Emergency by taking the Vladimir icon out of the storerooms of the Tretyakov Gallery and praying before it for peace and God's help with all the people. In addition, he regularly came up with peacekeeping initiatives regarding the wars in the North Caucasus, South Ossetia, during the bombing of the US Air Force in Iraq and Serbia.
• In an interview shortly before his death, His Holiness Bishop Alexy II himself summed up the results of his work, evaluating the fruits of his labors as a completely new relationship between the Church and the state, which he was forced to build. By the will of God, he was able to turn the interaction with society and with the authorities towards the acceptance of the Church.

Patriarch Filaret of Kiev - schismatic Denisenko

Filaret substantiated his initial promise not to aspire to become Patriarchs and to autonomize the Ukrainian Church by pressure from the Russian Church.

In 1992, the Council of Bishops of the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church was able to remove Filaret from the post of First Hierarch of the Church and the Kyiv See. He was left in the state by the clergy without the right to conduct worship. In June 1992, according to the Judgment of the Council, “for vices, blackmail, diktat, perjury and public slander of the Council of Bishops, causing a church schism, and also for holding sacred services in a state of prohibition”, Filaret was deposed from the priesthood and deprived of all the rights of the priesthood.

Instead of humility and repentance, Filaret and his supporters decided to act immediately. They gathered the Unification Council in Kyiv, founded the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate and appointed Patriarch Filaret to the post.

He proclaimed himself Patriarch of Kyiv "and All Rus'". With the support of Leonid Kravchuk, Filaret intensified activities for the autonomization of the Ukrainian Church, that is, the Church of the "Ukrainian Patriarchate". He even sent letters to the Ecumenical (Constantinople) Patriarch, Councils of different Churches, but he is also recognized as a schismatic.

In turn, the Moscow Patriarchate left the "Ukrainian Exarchate of the Moscow Patriarchate", making it the head of Metropolitan Vladimir (Sabodan) - the kindest person (he died in 2014).

Letter from Patriarch Filaret Denisenko of Kyiv to the Council of Bishops

Patriarch Kirill, who headed the Russian Church after the death of Alexy II, actively visited Ukraine. Patriarch Filaret began to observe obvious caution in relations with Russia.
At the end of November 2017, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church was convened, to which, unexpectedly for everyone, the schismatic patriarch turned with a request to “forgive” him and restore communion between the Churches. It was decided to assemble a commission and discuss the possibilities of reconciliation, since a person is ready to admit his mistakes.

To his son Fedor. The sovereign was distinguished by poor health and inability to independently govern the country. Rumor attributed the first place in the advisory boyar council to Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. The influential founder of the Romanov dynasty, however, outlived Grozny by only two years. The status of the gray eminence under Fyodor Ioannovich went to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov, and the children of Nikita Romanovich were in a vulnerable position.

Fedor Nikitich became the first Romanov to bear this surname

The eldest son of the late Fyodor became better known by his middle name Filaret, although in his youth nothing hinted at his future monastic vows. Romanov was the tsar's maternal cousin, which naturally distinguished him from other boyars. In Moscow, the namesake of the sovereign had a reputation as a dandy, a hunter and a dexterous rider. Having six brothers and five sisters, Fedor inherited the universal love that his father enjoyed and received his seat in the Boyar Duma.

"Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich puts a golden chain on Boris Godunov." A. Kivshenko

Until the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, his two closest courtiers (except Godunov) were the eldest of the Romanov brothers and Prince Mstislavsky. This balance between the most influential aristocratic families was upset shortly after the death of the last tsar, Rurikovich, in 1598. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov as the successor to the monarch, although according to the testimonies of foreigners who were then in Moscow, Fyodor Nikitich could also become the head of state.

Time of Troubles

Under the new king, any potential opponents of his power were in exceptional danger. The Romanovs fell into disgrace in 1600, when the flywheel of the false “case about the roots” spun. The bribed treasurer hid a bag with "magic" roots in Alexander Nikitich's pantry. The deception formed the basis for accusing all the Romanovs of preparing poison intended for Godunov.

As a result of the court intrigue, the Nikitichs were exiled to different parts of the country. Fedor was tonsured a monk, received the name Filaret, and for several years found himself removed from political life in the Antoniev-Siysky Monastery (modern Arkhangelsk Region). His little son Mikhail (the future king) was sent to Beloozero, and then to Kliny - to his uncle's estate.

Each impostor tried to use Filaret in their own interests

In 1605, False Dmitry reigned. For the impostor (“son of Ivan the Terrible”), the Romanovs were the closest relatives, so the family members who survived the exile were returned to Moscow. Filaret was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. Under Vasily Shuisky, he was patriarch, but the suspicious king at the last moment changed his choice in favor of Hermogenes.

"In the Time of Troubles". S. Ivanov

In Rostov, Filaret reunited with his family for some time, but already in 1608 the city was captured by a detachment of a new impostor -. Shuisky's opponents took the metropolitan to Tushino and named him an imaginary patriarch. Filaret did not stay there either. After the death of Shuisky, he went with an embassy to Smolensk, where negotiations were organized on the election of the Polish prince Vladislav as the Russian tsar. The Metropolitan agreed with the candidacy on the condition that the applicant accept Orthodoxy.

The negotiations soon stalled. The parties could not agree, and Filaret, along with other members of the embassy, ​​was arrested and sent to prison in the Commonwealth. The second forced imprisonment of Romanov lasted eight years. During this time (1611-1619), the Time of Troubles ended in Russia, the Zemsky Sobor elected the young Mikhail Fedorovich as tsar, and the new sovereign ended the long war with Poland. According to the peace treaty, an exchange of prisoners was carried out. The Metropolitan found the long-awaited freedom.

Co-ruler of the son

Immediately after Filaret's return to his homeland, preparations began for his election as patriarch. Part of the ceremonial was his renunciation of the highest church title due to his "unworthiness". Boris Godunov and Mikhail Fedorovich himself did the same in the case of the royal throne when he was still in Kostroma. The ceremony of enthronement, however, took place a few days after Filaret's arrival in Moscow. Contrary to the customs of the black clergy, the patriarch was called not only by his first name, but also by his patronymic - Filaret Nikitich.

In correspondence with his father, Mikhail Fedorovich called him "my sovereign"

The father of the monarch became not only his adviser, but also the official co-ruler, which was emphasized by the title "Great Sovereign". At subsequent Zemsky Sobors, speeches were made on behalf of the tsar and the patriarch. Sergei Solovyov wrote: "With the return of Filaret Nikitich to Moscow, dual power begins here." Vasily Klyuchevsky spoke in a similar spirit: "... Patriarch Filaret covered himself with the title of the second great sovereign in himself as an ordinary temporary worker."

Filaret did a lot to strengthen the position of his son and the new dynasty. It was on his initiative that Fyodor Ioannovich began to be called uncle Mikhail, and Ivan the Terrible - grandfather (in fact, Fyodor was his maternal cousin uncle). Also, with the advent of the patriarch in Moscow, the convocations of Zemsky Sobors gradually ceased. This advisory body was extremely useful in the emergency conditions of the Time of Troubles. Now that the situation in Russia has begun to stabilize, the adoption of important state decisions has become a common activity for an exceptionally young tsar - and his co-ruler. The surviving Boyar Duma only carried out the decisions of the tandem.

In correspondence with his father, Mikhail Fedorovich is his “holy lord and my sovereign”, “dear father and my sovereign”, and himself simply “your son”. Filaret replaced his son during his absence in Moscow. Being outside the capital, the tsar often wrote to the patriarch so that he would make decisions at his own discretion (“about everything, as you, sovereign, indicate”).

In 1632 another Russian-Polish war began. Mikhail Fedorovich hoped to return Smolensk, which was lost during the Time of Troubles. Filaret, despite his venerable age, took part in the preparations for hostilities. The patriarch died in 1633 at the age of about 80.

Makhalov Sergey

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History Report

Fedor Nikitich Romanov (Patriarch Filaret)

In 1586, Fedor Nikitich was mentioned as a boyar and governor of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1590 he participated as a yard governor in a campaign against Sweden, after 1593-1594. - Viceroy of Pskov and head of negotiations with the ambassador of Emperor Rudolf Vargach. In 1596, the governor of the right hand.

After the death of his cousin, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, he was considered the closest legitimate claimant to the throne. He signed the electoral letter of Boris Godunov, but this did not save him and the other Romanovs from the suspicious attitude of the new tsar. In 1601, using a false denunciation, Boris Godunov ordered the arrest of all the Romanov brothers, and Fyodor Nikitich was tonsured a monk with the name Filaret and exiled to the Anthony Siysky Monastery. His wife, who was tonsured under the name of Martha, was exiled to Zaonezhsky churchyards, and her young son Mikhail and daughter were imprisoned in Beloozero with their aunt Anastasya Nikitichnaya. "Cousin" False Dmitry I Filaret was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. In May 1606 he participated in the overthrow of the impostor. Upon the accession of Vasily Shuisky, Filaret was sent to Uglich to open the relics of Tsarevich Dmitry.

On May 11, 1608, he was captured by the Tushinos during the capture of Rostov and sent to the Tushino camp, where he was also "named" patriarch by his "cousin" False Dmitry II, but he took a wait-and-see position. In May 1610 he returned to Moscow and took part in the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky in July of the same year.

Filaret was a supporter of the election to the Russian throne of the son of the Polish king Sigismund III - Vladislav and the agreement concluded on August 17, 1610 with the Polish hetman Zolkiewski on this issue. In September 1610, he headed the "great embassy" under the besieged Smolensk, which was supposed to finally consolidate the articles of the August treaty. However, during the negotiations, Filaret realized that Sigismund III wanted to become the Moscow Tsar himself and refused to change the terms of the contract. Sigismund arrested Filaret with part of the embassy that supported him, and sent him to Poland in April 1611.

During Filaret's stay in Polish captivity, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which, having considered the candidates, chose his 16-year-old son Mikhail Fedorovich, proclaiming him tsar in 1613.

On March 10, 1613, an embassy was sent to Warsaw with the aim of achieving peace with Poland and the release of the tsar's father. However, King Sigismund recognized as king only his own son, to whom Mikhail Romanov swore allegiance at one time. An attempt to make a simple exchange also failed, since in Moscow prisons all Poles were strangled.

In June 1616, the new embassy managed to obtain a verbal promise from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Vienna that he would not help Poland and would offer her to make peace. However, it was not peace that was concluded, but the Deulino truce for a period of 14.5 years. In accordance with the agreement reached, Filaret returned to his homeland. On June 14, 1619, the tsar met the metropolitan in the Presnya region: the son bowed to his father at the feet, and the father did the same in front of the tsar's son, and they remained in this position for a long time, unable to move and speak from joyful tears that choked them.

Upon his return, Filaret was immediately appointed patriarch. From the time of his return to the end of his life, Filaret was the de facto ruler of the country.

Taking the title of "Great Sovereign", Filaret thereby established dual power, since the king was also titled: government affairs were decided by both of them, and sometimes Filaret made decisions alone, even without the knowledge of the king.

As a ruler, Filaret showed himself to be tough, power-hungry and "angry". He quickly curbed the self-will of people close to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich during his forced stay in Polish captivity. He was in charge of diplomatic relations and, among other things, compiled the "secret writing", i.e. cipher for diplomatic papers.

Philaret's patriarchal activity consisted in the vigorous defense of the purity of Orthodoxy, in the persecution of religious free-thinking, and so on. Not infrequently, in his measures to protect the purity of Orthodoxy, Filaret, due to his lack of theological education, crossed the boundaries of what was necessary.

In 1620, Filaret resumed the printing house in Moscow and began to widely print liturgical books. When printing, much attention was paid to correcting the text, for which he attracted many educated "referencers". Filaret also took care of the opening of church schools.

The court of the patriarch under Filaret was built on the model of the royal court. The patriarchal volosts were significantly expanded, and by the royal charter of May 20, 1625, secular power over them was transferred directly to the patriarch, with the exception of cases of robbery and "tatba" (a criminal offense). To manage the patriarchal volosts, patriarchal orders were formed: Judicial, Church, Treasury (in charge of fees from the clergy) and Palace.

According to contemporaries, Patriarch Filaret in his younger years was of a prominent appearance, a good rider and the first dandy in Moscow. About the Muscovite, who knew how to beautifully wear a suit, they said: "He's definitely Fedor Nikitich!" Forced to put on a cassock and live under strict supervision in a monastery, as if in prison, Filaret managed to maintain his various connections with the world and participated in events that shook his homeland.

Fedor Nikitich was married to the daughter of a petty Kostroma nobleman Ivan Shestov, Xenia, and had five sons and a daughter from this marriage. Of the six children, only one Michael survived him.

For the boyar, the first thing is the nobility of origin. The family of Fyodor Nikitich, the future Patriarch Filaret, went back to Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, a Moscow boyar who lived in the first half of the 14th century under the Grand Dukes Ivan Danilovich Kalita and Simeon Ivanovich Gordom. Numerous descendants of his married with great discrimination, and their daughters were attached with considerable profit. The greatest honor fell to the grandfather of Fyodor Nikitich, Roman Zakharyin-Yuriev, whose daughter Anastasia became the first wife of Ivan the Terrible and the Moscow queen. In honor of his grandfather, Fyodor Nikitich was the first in his family to bear the surname "Romanov".

In second place for the boyar - honor. The father of Fyodor Nikitich, Nikita Romanovich, took care of him, who was a peculiar boyar, that is, who was related (property) to the king and queen.

Even after the sudden death of Anastasia, he did not lose the favor of the sovereign and in 1584, according to the last will, he headed the board of trustees of five persons, appointed to look after the feeble-minded heir, Tsarevich Fedor. Tsarev brother-in-law Boris Godunov in this council he modestly sat in fourth place, but the experienced Nikita Romanovich, seeing the future, before his death entrusted him with the care of his children.

It is amazing how rapidly the energy degree of Russia is changing! From complete peace - to unbridled rebellion and again to peace, sometimes for a whole generation or even a whole century. After the allegedly quiet reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, there was suddenly a storm and onslaught of the time of search, which is completely wrongly called the Troubled. But in this time, a person who is almost unknown to Russian society stands out. Meanwhile, it was he who largely determined the fate of Russia. This man's name was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, and he was the father of the first sovereign of the Romanov dynasty, which ruled the country for three hundred years. Why exactly Fedor Nikitich, and, say, not Boris Godunov or Vasily Shuisky, who are much more famous in history courses and also had the royal title?

But first, a little genealogical background.
The mother of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, was the sister of Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin (from whom the family began to be called the Romanovs, after his father, according to Russian tradition, Nikita Romanov's son). Thus, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, the son of Nikita Romanovich, was the cousin of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. The relationship is quite close, although the Romanovs themselves, of course, were not Rurikovich by blood. Fedor Nikitich Romanov (1554-1633) - boyar in 1586. Russian patriarch.

How is that? The father of Mikhail Romanov, elected as a result of the free will of the people of Russia, for whom 277 signatures were submitted at the Zemsky Sobor (57 clergy, 136 boyars and higher service ranks, 84 city service people), which proves the free and conciliar election of a new sovereign, is the patriarch, then Is there the highest rank of the Russian Orthodox Church? And the election of the Sovereign, and the patriarchate of his father - random, unrelated events? Something does not fit here, or we do not know Russia and the world at all. So, let's delve into the story, in this case one person.

Under Grozny, Fedor Nikitich was not particularly noticeable. Which, however, is not surprising: after all, he is just a relative of the first of six wives. But under his son Fyodor, to whom Fyodor Nikitich was a cousin, the newly minted boyar played a prominent role, was a courtyard governor and Pskov governor. No one in Moscow knew how to ride a horse better than Fyodor Nikitich; there was no more handsome and dapper man in Moscow. Daredevil, and only! A contemporary of foreign (Dutch) origin says that if a tailor, after making a dress for someone and trying it on, wanted to praise, he would say to his customer: now you are just perfect Fedor Nikitich. Well, in terms of the female gender, the boyar was not weak
After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, there were rumors that he appointed Fyodor Nikitich as his successor. Didn't appoint. But before the coronation of Boris Godunov, the Romanovs, led by the brightest of them, Fyodor Nikitich, started a little intrigue. They made an attempt to put on the Russian throne not Godunov, but Simeon Bekbulatovich. The very one whom Ivan the Terrible, as if for the sake of amusement and joy, made the Grand Duke.
Again, something doesn't add up here. This Simeon Bekbulatovich was a completely amusing Grand Duke, one might say, a buffoon on the throne. And here - seriously? To the throne of a superpower? How is this to be understood?
Especially when you consider that after Ivan returned full power to himself, Bekbulatovich was neither exiled, nor ridiculed, nor turned into a buffoon, but was sent to reign in Tver (in modern terminology, he was appointed plenipotentiary), a city that, as we remember, was senior, above Moscow and Kiev, when moving Rurik on the princely table. In fact, the opposition of another Tatar as a candidate for autocrat of the Russian Empire to the Tatar Godunov, who, unlike Boris, was an ancestor of Genghis Khan and who had a royal title in the provinces and a grand duke in Moscow, is not so strange.
However, during the two years of Godunov's reign, the Romanovs did not experience harassment.
1598-1600 years. There are rumors in Moscow that Tsarevich Dmitry is alive. At the same time, the first mention of the existence of a person who later became False Dmitry the First is found in the estate of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich.

1601. This person is declared in the Commonwealth under the name of Dmitry, the son of Tsar Ivan. Who exactly attributed to him the name of Grigory Otrepiev, which went down in history, remains unclear. Almost immediately after his appearance in Poland, the ataman of the Don Cossacks, Zarutsky, comes to this Dmitry, or False Dmitry, who recognizes him as a sovereign and guarantees the support of the Cossacks. In the same 1601 Boris Godunov accuses the Romanovs of treason, arrests and exiles. Fyodor Romanov was tonsured a monk, Cherkassky, Repnin and other boyar families were subjected to cruel disgrace.

But this is already serious. Why did Boris, generally speaking, a merciful person, decide to destroy the entire Romanov family for no apparent reason, accusing him of nothing less than treason? And not immediately after ascending the throne, but precisely when (falsely?) Dmitry declared himself in Poland? Was the disgrace of all the Romanovs connected with their support for the barely appeared impostor? But isn't it strange? Suddenly, for no apparent reason, an army of Cossacks comes to the aid of some self-appointed person. And not only the Don Cossacks - they all came at once: the Don Cossacks, the Zaporizhian Cossacks, the Volga Cossacks, and the Yaik Cossacks. How is it? And why specifically to this Tsarevich Dmitry, and not to some of the three dozen others who were at that time?
Undoubtedly, an investigation was carried out, as a result of which the connection of the Pretender with the Romanovs and the sudden support of the Cossack army for his claims to the Russian throne became at least puzzling. Tsar Godunov sent all the sons of Nikita Romanov to heavy imprisonment. At the same time, Fyodor Nikitich and his wife (Xenia Ivanovna Shestova) were forcibly tonsured monks - Filaret became the new monastic name of Fyodor. Alexander, Vasily and Mikhail Nikitichi did not survive the royal disgrace. But Fedor survived.

And yet let us stop the majestic tread of history for a moment. After all, with these steps, Boris Godunov forever determined the route of Russian history. If he had executed all members of the disgraced family, following the example of Ivan the Terrible, there would have been no Romanov dynasty in Russia, and history would have taken a different path. Godunov tonsured - just tonsured - Fyodor Nikitich, eliminating him as a contender for the Russian throne forever. Now for Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, a man of extraordinary mind and unbending will, there was only one thing left in his ambitious dreams: to rule the country behind the back of someone weak-willed. What he tried to achieve several times in different ways. And in the end
in the end, got it.
At first, the life of Fyodor Nikitich in the monastery was very harsh, not much different from the conclusion. The approach of False Dmitry to Russia is even just an approach! - changed his position dramatically. In 1605, when Boris's struggle with the Pretender was in full swing, Filaret suddenly changed and "boldly drove away the monks who came to follow him with a stick."
What is the reason for such daring behaviour?
Meanwhile, the Pretender, as he approached Moscow, one after another, Russian cities began to recognize the sovereign - the situation was rapidly acquiring signs of a nationwide uprising against the rule of Moscow and its sovereign. And one of the first acts of (false) Dmitry after the coronation in Moscow (whose army was dominated by Cossacks: Don, Volga, Zaporozhye, Yaik, and not Poles at all) was the return of all the surviving Romanovs from
references "as relatives". Whose? Tsarevich Dmitry or a real Pretender? History was not interested in this detail. Ivan Romanov received the rank of boyar, and the monk Filaret was elevated to the rank of metropolitan of Rostov (1605).
That's really from rags to riches! From simple monks, bypassing all intermediate church positions, immediately to metropolitans! That this is not without reason is understandable. And the fact that this irrefutably proves the close connection of (false) Dmitry I with the Romanovs - too. But one more thing follows from this: the most direct influence of the Pretender, defamed by history, on the appearance in Russia of the reigning house of the Romanovs. After all, if the Romanovs had not been returned by the Pretender from exile, and if Fyodor Nikitich had not been immediately elevated to metropolitan, the story would have been different.

Meanwhile, the Pretender (or not an impostor?) reigned in Moscow and was crowned. And then it turned out that he is quite an independent person. During the ten months of his reign (from June 1605 to May 1606) he managed to do a lot of useful things, for example, he opened schools. However, the long-term plans that Tsar Dmitry spoke openly about, such as reforming land tenure and property rights over serfs, could not but arouse suspicion among those in power. The ruler's lively, dynamic style of government, so unlike all the sovereigns of Moscow before him, without exception, could alert even his supporters. The king was definitely getting out of hand.
The end of the Sovereign of All Rus', Dmitry Ivanovich, came a few days after the coronation of Marina Mnishek as the Russian Empress. Whether the arrival of hundreds of Poles from her retinue to Moscow was a fuse that ignited the flame of popular anger, or was it just a pretext for starting an uprising, the organizer of which is considered to be the Shuiskys (although historians also do not exclude the participation of other clans, including the Romanovs), is an unclear question. .

The overthrow of the Pretender and the accession of Vasily Shuisky did not shake the position of the Metropolitan of Rostov, who retired to his diocese. Meanwhile, the troops of (false) Dmitry II began to approach the borders of the Moscow principality, camping 12 miles from the capital city, in Tushino. The Pretender's army, called Polish in Russian history, actually consisted of Russian, Don, Zaporozhye and Volga Cossacks, gentry and Tatars - the Tushino camp is multinational. On the other hand, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, who opposed the Tushins, tried to find help not in Russia, but in the Muslim Crimea. At his call, Kantemir-Murza arrived in Rus' with 10,000 horsemen. The Crimeans passed Tula and rushed to the Oka. To meet the allies, the king sent a messenger with rich gifts. According to Russian sources, the Tatars (!) attacked the Tushians, and they barely "sat in their camps on the Para River." Thus, the division into supporters of Shuisky and supporters of (false) Dmitry was by no means based on nationality, as we are taught.
During the capture of Rostov, Filaret was either arrested by the Tushino detachments, or simply joined them. Subsequently, Filaret Nikitich kept his diocese in obedience to Shuisky, but the Pereyaslavites who attacked Rostov tore off his clergyman's clothes, put a sermyaga on the sufferer, covered his head with a Tatar hat and took him to Tushino, mockingly putting some girl on the cart with him . In Tushino, the (false) Dmitry II, recognized by this time as the autocrat of Russia by many Russian cities, met the captured (brought in such an indecent and humiliating form) Filaret with honors and declared him patriarch.
All this somehow does not fit together, and the canonical story with the sermyaga and the Tatar hat raises doubts, since the Pretender does not doubt the patriarchate of Filaret.
Being in Tushino and acting as the second Russian patriarch under the second Russian tsar, Filaret managed to both enjoy the confidence of the Pretender and maintain the reputation of a Polish prisoner in Moscow (Polish, not Cossack!) In 1610, he (according to the official version) was recaptured (“ otpolonen") from the Tushins, took part in the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky and became an active supporter of the Seven Boyars.

Assignment of (false) Dmitry II Filaret Nikitich the rank of Patriarch of All Rus' hardly resembled disgrace. The jurisdiction of the new patriarch extended to vast territories controlled by the Tushins. Thus, in Rus' there were not only two authorities and two recognized sovereigns, but also two patriarchs. However - attention! - before the enemies of the Pretender, the patriarch presented himself as his "captive" and did not insist on his patriarchal rank. At the same time - which is amazing - the Tushino Patriarch Filaret was considered “one of their own” by both Patriarch Hermogenes, who was in the Kremlin, an implacable enemy of (false) Dmitry, and False Dmitry himself. Which speaks of his very outstanding diplomatic qualities. Let us remember this duality in the perception of Fyodor Nikitich Filaret as lord and martyr, lord and prisoner, because Russian history will meet with it again, and in this second case it will be even more difficult to decide whether he was a prisoner or an active politician.

In July 1610, Filaret, together with the troops of (false) Dmitry II, participates in the overthrow, according to other versions, negotiations from a position of strength on the voluntary abdication of Vasily Shuisky and is in the most friendly relations with the Seven Boyars. And suddenly an unexpected turn! Instead of relying on the Pretender, the "seven boyars" decide to call the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. Immediately, as if on command, of course, on command. Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav, followed by other Russian cities. After that, it was Filaret Nikitich (as he signed official documents) who headed the “great embassy” (consisting of 1200 people!) To Smolensk, besieged by the Poles, the purpose of which was to conclude an agreement on calling Vladislav to the Russian throne as a constitutional, that is, limited by conditions, sovereign . One of the main conditions for this was the adoption of Orthodoxy by the young men.
It must be said that the extremely negative attitude of Russian ideology, starting from the 18th century to this day, towards the Seven Boyars and the so-called "Time of Troubles" does not find a rational explanation. First of all, let's pay attention to the fact that the Time of Troubles, as it is usually dated (from the accession of Godunov to the accession of Mikhail), to the nearest year, month, day and hour, coincides with the only period in the history of the Russian monarchy when tsars were elected. The election of sovereigns - and even the mention of the election of sovereigns! - could cause a sharp rejection of the autocratic Romanovs. But why should we feel hostility towards the election of the highest officials of the Russian Empire? As for the idea of ​​inviting a young Polish prince (who at that moment was fifteen years old) to the Russian throne, provided that he accepts Orthodoxy, it is impossible to think of an objectively better way to unite the Slavs. Judge for yourself: why can there be a Tatar (Godunov) and almost a dynasty of Germans on the Russian throne (Catherines the First and Second are pure Germans, Nicholas II has 127/128 German blood), but this is ordered to a Slav? And why could the population of Rus' at that time, a huge multinational state, profess literally any religion (Islam, Buddhism, heaven worship, shamanism), but not Catholicism? Why is this such a fear? Especially since when, after a century and a half, Poland was divided, the presence of the Catholic population on the holy Russian land was not objectionable.
Imagine for a moment that Vladislav became the Russian tsar, and then, by right of inheritance, the king of the Commonwealth. The centuries-old dream of the unification of the Slavs, which the Slavophiles of all countries dream of to this day, would have come true as early as the 17th century. The empire that arose at the same time would extend not only from the sea (Black) to the sea (Baltic), which the Commonwealth was especially proud of, but from the Carpathians and the Vistula to the Pacific Ocean! United not only among themselves, but also with the peoples of the great steppe, the Slavs would become a colossal force connected with both the West and the East by centuries-old trade and cultural ties. Mixed marriages, as well as invitations to the throne (remember not only the semi-legendary Rurik, but also the centuries-old traditions of Novgorod, and the princely table as such), both before and after that time were the norm: it is no coincidence that most of the Russian aristocracy has either Lithuanian or Polish or Tatar origin. And if we consider that the condition for inviting Vladislav to the throne was the adoption of Orthodoxy, then it is generally not clear why, in fact, the fuss flared up. And why is the consideration of Ivan the Terrible a candidate for the Polish throne is seen as a positive historical phenomenon, and the invitation of a Polish prince to the Russian throne - as almost the worst of all possible betrayals? But back to Philaret.

According to the canonical interpretation, having arrived at the Poles, Filaret refused to sign an agreement that was unfavorable for Russia, for which he was arrested and spent nine years in captivity, living in Sapieha's house, where he learned about the election of his son Mikhail to the Russian throne. Here questions arise. Firstly, Lev Sapega was not the head of the prison and not a master of torture, as one might think, reading the texts of textbooks, but the state chancellor, and his house was a luxurious palace.
But even more seriously, the non-participation of Patriarch Filaret, who was in Polish captivity, in the election of his son to the royal throne, which is considered an unshakably canonical fact in Russian history, seems more than doubtful. In fact, Filaret corresponded with the boyar Sheremetyev, who headed the party of supporters of Filaret's son, the situation in the Kremlin, for which it was not at all necessary to be in Moscow.

Let us imagine that Filaret, the most cunning diplomat and a phenomenally strong personality, left Poland for his homeland before the election of Mikhail or shortly after it. In this case, the situation could easily get out of control. Objectively, Filaret's stay in the camp of the Poles was extremely useful for Russia - it was impossible to think of a better ambassador at a critical moment for the Russians. In addition, we should not forget that not all church leaders agree that the Russian patriarch was a prisoner of the Poles. “Filaret led the “great embassy” and conducted diplomatic negotiations, what other captivity”? - exclaimed one of the highly educated figures of the Orthodox Church, when I asked him directly what he thought about the capture of Filaret Nikitich. One way or another, the goal of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov's life was achieved. His obedient, never contradicting the will of the priest, the son ascended the throne.

After the accession of Michael, devastation reigned in Russia. Five years later, approximately two-thirds of the peasants were ruined. Discontent in Russian cities and his own ambitions move Vladislav, to whom many Russian cities managed to swear allegiance during the Seven Boyars, in 1617 go to Moscow to win the throne from Mikhail, which, as he believed, belongs to him by right of the nationwide oath brought to him . In November 1618, he was already at the Arbat Gates of Moscow. There are heavy street battles (in which Prince Pozharsky opposed the Poles) with heavy losses on both sides. Vladislav fails to take the Kremlin, and he begins negotiations. In December of the same 1618, in Deulino, near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a truce was concluded with the Commonwealth. Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands with 29 cities went to Rech. Despite the truce, the Commonwealth did not recognize Mikhail as Tsar and did not renounce its claims. The following year, the exchange of prisoners took place; 65-year-old Filaret returned to Moscow and from the very first day of his return he actually ruled Russia until his death (1633) under the name of "great sovereign".
From now on, all orders of the supreme power are issued on behalf of the two kings - father and son, reports were made to both, foreign ambassadors were presented to both. The autocratic son, in essence, did not decide anything. The appeal "holy father" (common in the church in relation to pastors) in the Romanovs' house of the first generation (when the younger sovereign addressed the elder) acquired a double meaning. The court of Filaret Nikitich, Patriarch and Sovereign of All Russia, father both secular and spiritual, was arranged in the image of the court of the sovereigns of the Moscow kingdom under the Rurikovichs. All letters were issued with two signatures. Under the patriarchy, even patriarchal orders (ministries, in modern terminology) arose. During the reign of Filaret, the already huge church estates grew even more, and the influence of the clergy on worldly life became colossal. Filaret Nikitich was strict with fisticuffs and other games. The amusements with which he himself enjoyed himself in his youth were strictly forbidden. Under him, Rus' became self-sufficient and more closed to Western trends - whether bad or good. But what is perhaps most important: under Filaret Nikitich Romanov, the holiness of the Russian land - wherever the Russian boot or Russian bast foot stepped, holiness, which was reflected in the first line of the national anthem of the state three and a half centuries later, for the first time became the official state doctrine, which remains unshakable still.