The largest cities of the Volga region: description, history, accommodation features and interesting facts. Volga region composition
This term has other meanings, see Volga region (meanings).
Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga region(cm.
Volga Federal District). The Volga region is more often understood as a more or less definite strip along the own course of the Volga, without large tributaries (for example, the inhabitants of the Kama region never considered themselves Volzhans). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the above view. Within the Volga region (Volga region), a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - Zavolzhye stand out. In natural terms, the regions located in the upper reaches of the Volga are sometimes also referred to the Volga region (Volga region).
Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Russia.
Regions
In the TSB, during the economic zoning of the European part of the USSR, the Volga economic region is distinguished, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar ASSR are usually attributed to the Middle Volga region, the remaining regions and the Kalmyk ASSR - to the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:
Volga ethnonym: Volzhans.
There is also a division of the Volga river basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.
Nature
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with average monthly air temperature in July +22° - +25°С; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual rainfall in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratovskaya (partially.)
Volga Federal District
It includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), the Urals (Perm Territory, Bashkortostan), the Southern Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30,241,583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); citizens are the core. For example, in the Samara region> 80%, the Russian Federation (about 73%).
Volga-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the district is stretched from the southwest to the northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The area is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010).
Volga Economic Region
Located on the lower Volga. The territory of the Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 subjects of the federation. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west - with the Central Black Earth region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River. The center of the Volga economic region is located in Samara.
Association of cities of the Volga region
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, took place in the city of Samara, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of cities of the Volga region. This event gave a start to the life of a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of the cities of the Volga region (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002 Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Tolyatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
Notes
Lower Volga
The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.
The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main branches of specialization are the oil and gas industry, and the oil and gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflower, mustard, vegetable and melon crops, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.
Natural resource potential
The natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga valley, which passes in the south into the Caspian lowland. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation of a large-scale industry in the Volga basin that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture, which uses large amounts of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power plants has a negative impact on the river and creates an ecological disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in inland areas, especially in Kalmykia.
On the territory of the region there are oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas-industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland, in the lakes Baskunchak and Elton, there are resources of table salt; these lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.
Population and workforce
The population of the Volga region is distinguished by the diversity of the national composition. A significant share in the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia is occupied by Kalmyks - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with the predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in the regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is typical for Kalmykia, here the smallest proportion of people living in cities.
Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy
Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is extracted and processed.
Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd oil refinery. Significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry has the Astrakhan region based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions of the Astrakhan field.
The electric power industry of the region is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed machine-building complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and oil engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant, OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.
The vast resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which provides 25% of the country's need for food grade salt and other valuable chemical products.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the Kaspryba fishery concern, which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish processing plants, a marine fleet base, a fishing fleet (Kasprybkholodflot), leading expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish breeding plant for the production of sturgeon fry and a net knitting factory.
In agricultural production, the branches of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable and gourd crops, sunflower, sheep breeding.
Transport and economic relations
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable and melon crops, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network, which provides high-capacity cargo flows.
River, railway and pipeline transport is developed in the region.
Intra-district differences
Lower Volga includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a sub-region of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, this is the most important agricultural region with a developed grain economy, beef cattle breeding and sheep breeding, as well as the production of rice, vegetables, melons and fisheries.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (engineering, chemical industry are developed), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, the fishing industry, the production of containers, a diverse food industry), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrially developed region is the Volgograd region, where machine building, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.
Main problems and development prospects
The degradation of natural fodder lands, especially in Kalmykia with its transhumant pasture system, is one of the main environmental problems in the region. Environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region. The solution of the problem is carried out with the help of the targeted federal program "Caspian", the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.
One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which has been granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are connected with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular, on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.
On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the federal target program “South of Russia” has been implemented, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas of economic activity in the region: transport, agro-industrial, tourist-recreational and sanatorium-resort complexes; infrastructure, development of the social sphere.
Geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia, is carried out by OOO LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz. The prospects for economic development include exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
5.4. Volga Federal District
Administrative-territorial structure:
Republics - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvash.
Perm region. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions.
Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. Population - 30.2 million people.
Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod
The Volga Federal District is located on the territory belonging to three economic regions. The district unites the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region and part of the Ural economic region (Fig.
What cities are included in the Volga region?
Rice. 5.5. Administrative-territorial composition
The main integration factor that unites all regions of the Volga region is the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the region, its development, and the development of the economy were directly related to the use of this waterway (which already in Soviet times, along with the former access to the Caspian Sea, received access to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White Seas).
The Volga Federal District is distinguished in the country by the production of products of the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (including automotive), electric power and other industries.
About 23% of the manufacturing industries of the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Table 1).
Table 5.7
Share of economic indicators
of the Volga Federal District in the all-Russian
| Economic indicators | Specific weight, % |
| Gross regional product | 15,8 |
| Fixed assets in the economy | 17,1 |
| Mining | 16,6 |
| Manufacturing industries | 22,8 |
| Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 19,7 |
| Agricultural products | 25,5 |
| Construction | 15,8 |
| Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings | 20,2 |
| Retail turnover | 17,9 |
| Receipt of tax payments and fees to the budget system of Russia | 14,7 |
| Investments in fixed assets | 16,2 |
| Export | 11.9 |
| Import | 5,5 |
The specialization of industrial production is determined on the basis of the localization coefficient in table 5.8.
The Volga Federal District specializes in manufacturing industries, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production of vehicles and equipment.
Table 5.8
Specialization of industrial production
Volga Federal District
| Types of economic activity | Share of economic activity in industrial production, % | Localization coefficient | |
| country | districts | ||
| Section C Mining | 21,8 | 17,1 | 0,784 |
| Subsection CA Extraction of fuel and energy minerals | 19,3 | 16,2 | 0,839 |
| Subsection NE Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy | 2,5 | 0,9 | 0,360 |
| Section D Manufacturing | 67,8 | 73,2 | 1,080 |
| Subsection DA Manufacture of food products, including beverages, and tobacco | 10,4 | 7,6 | 0,731 |
| Subsection DB Textile and clothing production | 0,7 | 0,6 | 0,857 |
| Subdivision DC Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear | 0,1 | 0,1 | 1,000 |
| Subsection DD Woodworking and manufacture of wood products | 1,1 | 0,7 | 0,636 |
| Subsection DE Pulp and Paper; publishing and printing activities | 2,4 | 1,5 | 0,625 |
| Subsection DG Chemical production | 4,6 | 8,9 | 1,935 |
| Subsection DH Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | 1,7 | 2,7 | 1,588 |
| Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 4,1 | 3,3 | 0,805 |
| Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products | 14,3 | 8,2 | 0,573 |
| Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment | 4,0 | 4,1 | 1,025 |
| Subsection DM Manufacture of vehicles and equipment | 6,2 | 14,3 | 2,306 |
| Subsection DN Other industries | 1,8 | 1,8 | 1,000 |
| Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 10,4 | 9,7 | 0,933 |
| Total | — |
According to the peculiarities of the distribution of productive forces, the district is divided into three components: the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region, and the regions of the Urals.
In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug and the Perm Region into a new federal subject, the Perm Territory, began.
The Perm Territory received its official status in 2005 after the election of legislative and executive authorities and the unification of budgets. In the periodical press, this process was repeatedly called the beginning of the all-Russian process of unification and enlargement of the subjects of the federation.
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Introduction 1
Composition of the Volga region 2
EGP district 2
Natural conditions 3
Population 3
Household 5
Environmental problems of the region and ways to solve them 16
Big Volga problem 17
Prospects for the development of the district 19
Annex 21
Literature 22
INTRODUCTION
Russia is the largest region in all of Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, so a regional analysis of its economic regions is of particular importance. Moreover, Russia differs in a number of features even in comparison with the republics of the near abroad.
The country has huge resources and a capacious domestic market. The development of the territory was asymmetrical, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are presented, there are great contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels.
Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in their specialization of the economy in the territorial division of labor. The economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence of various combinations of natural, economic and social conditions.
All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place in the inter-regional division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked with the tasks of economically justified location of industrial and agricultural sectors throughout the country.
COMPOSITION OF THE POVOLZHSK DISTRICT
It is very difficult to precisely outline the territories belonging to the Volga region. The Volga region can be called only the territories adjacent directly to the Volga. But most often, the Volga region is understood as regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower reaches: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. The total territory is about 536 thousand km².
The EGP of this area is exceptionally profitable. In the west, the Volga region borders on the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasian economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (railway and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-district production links in the Volga region. The Volga region is more open to the west and east; towards the main direction of economic relations of the country, so the vast majority of cargo transportation goes through this territory.
The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas deposits, the use of pipelines passing through this region (and starting in it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline), also confirms the profitability of the region's EGP.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for living and farming. The region is rich in land (arable land makes up about 1/5 of Russia) and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are detrimental to crops.
The area is rich in minerals. Oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, raw materials for the production of building materials are extracted here. Until the discovery of oil fields in Siberia, the Volga region occupied the first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Although at present the region ranks second in the extraction of this type of raw material after the West Siberian, oil reserves in the Volga region are severely depleted. Therefore, its share in Russia's oil production is only 11% and is constantly decreasing. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas - in the Saratov and Volgograd regions. Prospects for the development of the gas industry are associated with the large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world reserves).
POPULATION
Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and developed regions of Russia. The population is 16.9 million people, i.e. The district has significant labor resources. The population of the Volga region is growing quite rapidly, but mainly not due to a high natural increase (1.2 people), but due to significant migration of the population. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km², but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km², and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km²).
Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians dominate sharply in the structure of the population (70%).
The share of Tatars (16%), Chuvashs and Maris is also significant.
Middle Volga
The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (among them Russians about 40%), about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians is more than 30%).
Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural region. Only 14% of the population lived in cities. Now it is one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and urban-type settlements. The vast majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics and large industrial cities. There are 90 cities in the Volga region, among them three millionaire cities - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. At the same time, almost all major cities (with the exception of Penza) are located on the banks of the Volga. The largest city of the Volga region - Samara - is located in Samarskaya Luka. Together with nearby cities and towns, it forms a large industrial hub.
ECONOMY
The most important condition for the sustainable and integrated development of the Volga region is the significant economic, scientific and technical potential created recently.
According to the total gross output of industry and agriculture in 1995, the region ranked fourth in Russia (after the Central, Ural and West Siberian regions). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross output of industry and agriculture in Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain its leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and restore its lost positions, taking its former stable position after the Central and Ural regions.
At the present stage of economic development, the economic complex of the Volga region has a complex structure. Despite the fact that industry prevails in it, agriculture is also one of the main branches of the national economy of the region. In the total gross output, industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22% and other sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.
The material basis for their development is primarily mineral and raw material and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, fish resources of the Caspian and Volga. At the same time, in the raw material balance of the region belongs to imported metals and materials of the forestry and woodworking industries.
A characteristic feature of the industrial production of the region is the close connection, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemistry.
The basis of the territorial organization of the Volga region is a number of intersectoral complexes - fuel and energy, machine-building, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.
The main industries of the district are machine building, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power industry, food industry, as well as building materials industries (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of the industry of the republics and regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and average district.
Machine building complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the structure of the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the entire industrial output of the region. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. Mechanical engineering works mainly on the rolled metal products of the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by our own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites various machine-building productions. The Volga Engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.
A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of aircraft and helicopters, trucks and cars, trolleybuses, etc. Aviation industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).
But the automotive industry stands out especially in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, it is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows organizing broad cooperation ties.
In the Volga region, 71% of passenger cars and 17% of trucks in Russia are manufactured. Among the machine-building centers, the largest are:
Samara (machine tool building, production of bearings, aircraft building, production of autotractor equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.);
Saratov (machine tool building, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);
Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);
Togliatti (a complex of VAZ enterprises is the leader in the country's automotive industry).
Important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of the production of trolleybuses in the Russian Federation).
The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.
LITERATURE
"Geography. Population and economy of Russia”, V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Bustard, 1998
“Preparing for the exam in geography”, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Iris, 1998
"Economic Geography of Russia", I.A.
Rodionov. Moscow Lyceum, 1998
"Economic geography of Russia", uch. ed. IN AND. Vidyapina. Infra-M, 1999
Adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. Within the Volga region, a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank stand out - the so-called. Zavolzhye. In natural terms, the regions located in the upper reaches of the Volga are sometimes also referred to the Volga region.
Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Russia.
The following areas of the Volga region are distinguished:
- Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka)- Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
- Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to southern edge of Samarskaya Luka [ ]) - Chuvashia, Republic of Mari El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
- Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [ ] to the Caspian Sea)- the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan region.
After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the boundary between the middle and lower Volga is usually considered to be the Zhigulevskaya HPP upstream of Samara.
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with average monthly air temperature in July +22° - +25°С; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual rainfall in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially) and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and dry winds in the warm half of the year (from April to October).
Volga Federal District
It includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region) and the Urals (Perm Territory, Bashkortostan). Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population are the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region, this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the national figure (about 73%).
Volga-Vyatka economic region
Association of cities of the Volga region
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, took place in the city of Samara, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of cities of the Volga region. This event gave a start to the life of a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of the cities of the Volga region (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002 Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Tolyatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
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Notes
An excerpt characterizing the Volga region
- You will be forced to dance, as you danced under Suvorov (on vous fera danser [you will be forced to dance]), - said Dolokhov.- Qu "est ce qu" il chante? [What is he singing there?] - said one Frenchman.
- De l "histoire ancienne, [Ancient history,] - said another, guessing that it was about previous wars. - L" Empereur va lui faire voir a votre Souvara, comme aux autres ... [The Emperor will show your Suvar, as well as others …]
“Bonaparte…” began Dolokhov, but the Frenchman interrupted him.
- No Bonaparte. There is an emperor! Sacre nom… [Damn it…] he shouted angrily.
“Damn him to your emperor!”
And Dolokhov cursed in Russian, rudely, like a soldier, and, throwing up his gun, walked away.
"Let's go, Ivan Lukich," he said to the company commander.
“That’s how it is in the guardian style,” the soldiers in the chain began to speak. - Come on, Sidorov!
Sidorov winked and, turning to the French, began to babble incomprehensible words often, often:
“Kari, mala, tafa, safi, muder, kaska,” he muttered, trying to give expressive intonations to his voice.
- Go Go go! ha ha, ha, ha! Wow! Wow! - there was a roar of such healthy and cheerful laughter between the soldiers, involuntarily communicated to the French through the chain, that after that it seemed necessary to unload their guns, blow up the charges and disperse as soon as possible to everyone's homes.
But the guns remained loaded, the loopholes in the houses and fortifications looked forward just as menacingly, and just as before, the cannons turned against each other, removed from the limbers.
Having traveled the entire line of troops from the right to the left flank, Prince Andrei climbed the battery from which, according to the officer's headquarters, the entire field was visible. Here he got off his horse and stopped at the last of the four guns removed from the limbers. A sentry gunner walked ahead of the guns, stretched out in front of the officer, but at the sign made to him resumed his even, boring walk. Behind the guns were the limbers, still behind the hitching post and fires of the artillerymen. To the left, not far from the last gun, was a new wicker hut, from which animated officer voices were heard.
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire disposition of Russian troops and most of the enemy was opened. Directly opposite the battery, on the horizon of the opposite hillock, the village of Shengraben could be seen; to the left and to the right, in three places, among the smoke of their fires, masses of French troops could be distinguished, of which, obviously, most of them were in the village itself and behind the mountain. To the left of the village, in the smoke, it seemed that something like a battery, but with a simple eye it was impossible to see it well. Our right flank was located on a rather steep hill, which dominated the position of the French. Our infantry was stationed along it, and dragoons were visible at the very edge. In the center, where Tushin's battery was located, from which Prince Andrei examined the position, there was the most gentle and direct descent and ascent to the stream that separated us from Shengraben. To the left, our troops adjoined the forest, where the fires of our infantry chopping firewood smoked. The French line was wider than ours, and it was clear that the French could easily outflank us on both sides. Behind our position was a steep and deep ravine, along which it was difficult for artillery and cavalry to retreat. Prince Andrei, leaning on the cannon and taking out his wallet, drew for himself a plan for the disposition of the troops. In two places he made notes with a pencil, intending to communicate them to Bagration. He intended, firstly, to concentrate all the artillery in the center and, secondly, to transfer the cavalry back to the other side of the ravine. Prince Andrei, constantly being with the commander-in-chief, following the movements of the masses and general orders, and constantly engaged in historical descriptions of battles, in this upcoming business involuntarily thought about the future course of hostilities only in general terms. He imagined only the following kind of major accidents: “If the enemy leads an attack on the right flank,” he said to himself, “the Kyiv grenadier and Podolsky chasseurs will have to hold their position until the reserves of the center approach them. In this case, the dragoons can hit the flank and knock them over. In the event of an attack on the center, we set up the central battery on this hill and, under its cover, pull the left flank and retreat to the ravine in echelons, ”he reasoned to himself ...
All the time that he was on the battery at the gun, he, as often happens, without ceasing, heard the sounds of the voices of the officers speaking in the booth, but did not understand a single word of what they said. Suddenly the sound of voices from the booth struck him with such an intimate tone that he involuntarily began to listen.
“No, my dear,” said a pleasant and seemingly familiar voice to Prince Andrei, “I say that if it were possible to know what would happen after death, then none of us would be afraid of death. So, dove.
Another, younger voice interrupted him:
“Yes, be afraid, don’t be afraid, it doesn’t matter, you won’t pass it.”
- You're still afraid! Eh, you learned people,” said a third courageous voice, interrupting both of them. - Then you, artillerymen, are very learned because you can bring everything with you, both vodka and snacks.
And the owner of the manly voice, apparently an infantry officer, laughed.
“But you’re still afraid,” continued the first familiar voice. You're afraid of the unknown, that's what. No matter how you say that the soul will go to heaven... after all, we know that there is no sky, but there is only one sphere.
Again the courageous voice interrupted the gunner.
“Well, treat yourself to your herbalist, Tushin,” he said.
“Ah, this is the same captain who stood at the sutler without boots,” thought Prince Andrei, recognizing with pleasure the pleasant philosophizing voice.
“You can get a herbalist,” said Tushin, “but still comprehend the future life ...
He did not agree. At this time, a whistle was heard in the air; closer, closer, faster and more audible, more audible and faster, and the core, as if not having finished everything that was needed, exploding spray with inhuman force, plopped into the ground not far from the booth. The earth seemed to gasp from a terrible blow.
Volga region- the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. Within the Volga region, a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank stand out - the so-called. Zavolzhye. In natural terms, the regions located in the upper reaches of the Volga are sometimes also referred to the Volga region.
Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Russia.
The following areas of the Volga region are distinguished:
Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka) - Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to the southern edge of the Samara Luka) - Chuvashia, Mari El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [officially, but not hydrologically] to the Caspian Sea) - the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region.
After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the boundary between the middle and lower Volga is usually considered to be the Zhigulevskaya HPP upstream of Samara.
Volga ethnonym: Volzhans.
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with average monthly air temperature in July +22° - +25°С; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is ?10° - ?15°C. The average annual rainfall in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partial), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partial) and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and dry winds in the warm half of the year (from April to October).
Volga Federal District
Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population are the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region, this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the national figure (about 73%).
Volga-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the district is stretched from the southwest to the northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The area is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010). The average population density is 32 people/km², the population is very uneven. The majority of the population is Russian, in addition, Mari, Erzya, Chuvash, Tatars, Udmurts live here. The level of urbanization is quite high - 70%, and out of 7.5 million, 2 million live in the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration.
Povo? Lzhsky economic region is one of 11 economic regions of the Russian Federation, consists of 8 federal subjects:
Republic 
Tatarstan
Astrakhan region
Volgograd region
Penza region
Samara Region
Saratov region
Ulyanovsk region
Republic of Kalmykia
Located on the lower Volga. The area of the territory is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 subjects of the federation. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west - with the Central Black Earth region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River.
The main branches of specialization: oil and gas production, oil and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry).
In agriculture: oilseeds, cereals and vegetables and gourds. Animal husbandry (meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding).
A feature of the geographical position of the region is its length along the Volga for almost 1500 km, which affects the economic activity, location and functions of settlements at all stages of development. The center of the economic region is located in the city of Samara. The Volga economic region is also divided into two main industrial zones:
Volga-Kama
Nizhnevolzhskaya
The Volga-Kama zone includes: Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions and the Republic of Tatarstan. The center of the Volga-Kama industrial zone of the Volga economic region is located in the city of Kazan.
The Lower Volga industrial zone includes: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. The center of the Nizhnevolzhskaya industrial zone of the Povolzhsky economic region is located in the city of Volgograd.
population population the Volga region - 16.9 million people; The district has significant labor resources. The average population density is 32 people per 1 km2, but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan.
Russians predominate in the national structure of the population. Tatars and Kalmyks live compactly. The proportion of Chuvash and Mari among the inhabitants of the region is noticeable.
The Volga region is an urbanized area. In cities and urban settlements, 73% of all residents come to life. The vast majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics, and large industrial cities. Among them are the cities of millionaires - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd.
Economy. In terms of the level of development of a number of industries, the region is not much inferior to highly industrial regions, such as Central and Ural, and in some cases even surpasses them. It is one of the leading oil producing, oil refining and petrochemical industries. The Volga region is the largest region of diversified agriculture.
The district accounts for 20% of the gross grain harvest. The Volga economic region is distinguished by great activity in Russia's foreign economic relations.
The main branches of specialization of the industry of the Volga region are oil, oil refining, gas and chemical, as well as electric power, complex engineering and the production of building materials.
The Volga region ranks second in Russia after the West Siberian economic region in terms of oil and gas production. The amount of extracted fuel resources exceeds the needs of the region.
The refineries of the region (Syzran, Samara, Nizhnekamsk, Novokuibyshevsk, etc.) process not only their own oil, but also oil from Western Siberia. Along with oil, associated gas is extracted and processed, which is used in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry of the Volga region is represented by mining chemistry (extraction of sulfur and table salt), chemistry of organic synthesis, and production of polymers. Major centers; Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volzhsky, Tolyatti. In the industrial hubs of Samara-Togliatti, Engels, Volgograd-Volzhsky, energy and petrochemical production cycles have developed.
The automotive industry stands out especially in the Volga region. The most famous factories are in the cities of Ulyanovsk (UAZ cars), Togliatti (Zhiguli), Naberezhnye Chelny (KAMAZ trucks), Engels (trolleybuses).
The importance of the food industry remains, the needs of which are satisfied by developed agriculture. In addition, the Caspian and the mouth of the Volga are the most important inland fishing basin of Russia.
On the territory of the district, located in the forest and semi-desert natural zones, the leading role in agriculture belongs to animal husbandry, the forest-steppe and steppe zone - to crop production (primarily grain farming). Rye and winter wheat are grown. Industrial crops are widespread, for example, mustard crops make up 90% of the crops of this crop in Russia.
Animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction is also developed here.
Sheep farms are located south of Volgograd. In the interfluve of the Volga and Akhtuba (in the lower reaches of the rivers), vegetables and gourds are grown, as well as rice.
The region is fully provided with its own fuel resources (oil and gas). The power industry of the region is of republican importance. The Volga region specializes in the production of electricity (more than 1.0% of the total Russian production), which it also supplies to other regions of Russia.
The power plants of the Volga-Kama cascade (Volzhskaya near Samara, Saratov, Nizhnekamskaya, Volzhskaya near Volgograd, etc.) form the basis of the energy economy.
The Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant (Saratov Region) also operates.
Transport. The transport network of the district is formed by the Volga and the roads and railways crossing it, as well as a network of pipelines and power lines. The Volga-Don Canal connects the waters of the largest rivers in the European part of Russia - the Volga and the Don (exit to the Sea of Azov).
7. North Caucasian economic region
Composition: Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, Rostov Region, republics: Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia (Alania) and Chechen (Ichkeria).
Economic and geographical position. The North Caucasus is a large economic region of the Russian Federation. The area is 355.1 thousand km2. The region occupies the south of the European Plain, Ciscaucasia and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.
EGP - profitable. There is access to three seas. Through this region, it maintains links with the states of Transcaucasia.
Natural conditions are favorable for the population and agriculture. There are various minerals.
Natural conditions and natural resources. The natural landscapes of the Caucasus are diverse. There are mountain ranges and steppe plains, mountain rivers and drying rivers and lakes, oases.
The region has fertile lands (on the plains) and pastures (in the foothills). Mountain rivers have a large hydropower potential, and the waters of lowland rivers are used for irrigation. Water is distributed unevenly. The western part is better provided with moisture, especially the Black Sea coast and mountain slopes. The northeast and east are waterless, arid.
The role of the region as the main recreational zone of Russia (the resorts of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasian mineral camp sites in the Caucasus Mountains) is great.
The foothills of the Greater Caucasus are a pantry of chemical, metallurgical and building raw materials, energy resources (including fuel and gas).
Natural gas is available in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Chechen Republic and Adygea. Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals (zinc, tungsten, molybdenum) are mined in the mountainous republics (North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria), coal - in the Rostov region (the Russian part of the eastern wing of Donbass).
Population North Caucasus is 17.7 million people. Population growth rates are noticeably higher than the average Russian ones (high natural increase). The region has a surplus of labor resources. The population is extremely unevenly distributed. The average population density is 50 people per 1 km2. Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region concentrate almost 3/5 of the region's population within their borders.
The ethnic composition of the population is exceptionally diverse. Among them, groups of Ossetians, Kabardians, Chechens, and others, living mainly within their republics, stand out in terms of numbers.
The North Caucasus does not belong to highly urbanized regions. The share of the urban population here is lower than the Russian average (55%).
Economy. The North Caucasus is distinguished by a highly developed and diversified economy, from industries - mechanical engineering, fuel and food industries. Among other industries, the role of non-ferrous metallurgy and the production of non-ferrous materials is noticeable.
Economic engineering is especially developed (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Novocherkassk, Kropotkinsk, Krasnodar), as it has its own metallurgical base (Rostov region), agriculture is developed and there are convenient transport routes.
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