Where chernozem soils are characteristic. About chernozems: properties of chernozems, types of chernozems, conditions of soil formation. Chernozem in agriculture
Chernozem is formed at a temperature above +5 degrees, and also subject to an annual income of up to 600 mm. Deposits of chernozem lands are located on a wavy-flat relief, characterized by the presence of river terraces, ravines or depressions in some places.
The peculiarity of the chernozem soil is that a large number of meadow and steppe plants grow on it. The decomposition of such vegetation leads to the formation of humus, which gradually accumulates in the upper layers of the soil. Chernozem also contains other substances: organic and mineral compounds that make it possible to obtain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other components that feed the soil.
Properties
A distinctive feature of chernozem is its structure, it is a granular-cloddy mixture. This soil contains a lot of potassium. Chernozem is also characterized by special water-air qualities. Farmers appreciate it for its excellent fertility associated with a high percentage of humus in the top layer. The composition of such soil includes up to 15% humus.
Types of chernozem
There are 5 main types of black soil:
- Leached is formed in the forest zone due to the death of cereal plants;
- Podzolized is formed in broad-leaved grassy forests;
- Ordinary is present in the steppe zone, and is formed after the death of forb plants;
- Typical is formed on loams, in forest-steppe regions, meadow-steppe zones during the decay of forb and cereal crops;
- The southern can be found in the southern part of the steppe zones, and its formation is associated with the death of fescue-feather grass vegetation.
Chernozem application
This is the most fertile type of soil, which is actively used in horticulture, horticulture, agriculture as a fertile land for growing plants, herbs, shrubs and trees. Chernozem is used in the cultivation of lands that contain a lot of clay, to dilute soils that have a poor drainage system in order to form an air-water regime favorable for plant growth.
Chernozem is sold in bags or packages of any size. You can order black earth in bulk in our company. Delivery is carried out in Moscow and the Moscow region on the day of the order.
All about the composition and properties of chernozem
Chernozem soil is the richest in nutrients. On such a site, there are always high yields of vegetables, berries, and ornamental plants delight with lush growth and flowering.
Soil composition
Chernozems are different in composition, but the color is always dark, coal. Formed over thousands of years in places with high humidity and moderate air temperatures. The fertile layer is formed by the remains of vegetation, which has been processed by microorganisms and enzymes for hundreds of years.
Source: Depositphotos. Soil black earth is black and cloddy
Fertile soils are formed in forests, forest-steppe zones, meadows and even on loams. They differ in the content of useful substances, a high percentage of biohumus.
Composition of black soil:
- humus up to 9%;
- humic acids;
- minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium);
- other organic compounds.
For the percentage of humus, black soil is also called fat, implying nutritional value for plants. If you squeeze a lump of earth in your hand, it will leave a greasy trail. The best fertile lands are formed naturally in the southern regions, where for centuries there has been an abundance of vegetation.
Properties and characteristics
Nutritious soils are valued not only for the content of humus and other components valuable for plants. This is still the ideal consistency - granular-lumpy, which allows air to pass through and retains moisture without petrification.
Special soil properties:
- neutral ph;
- resistant to weathering, washing out and compaction;
- optimal balance of living microorganisms;
- suitable for growing most cultivated plants.
The only negative is the need for additional introduction of loosening mixtures to improve the structure and friability. Make sand, peat or vermiculite.
Nutritious dark soils are prone to depletion with prolonged use. Therefore, after a few years, fertilizers are required. The difficulty lies in determining the dose of nutrients. If chernozem is brought to the site from another region, its fertility decreases in the new place, and the life cycle of microorganisms slows down to adaptation.
In crop production, biohumus-rich soil is considered ideal for high yields. Chernozem is carefully introduced into poor areas, dug up with a pitchfork from the existing soil, avoiding compaction. This procedure is carried out in the fall, in order to get the basis for the harvest by the new season.
SPECIAL OFFER FOR SOIL BUYERS!!!
MULTI-COMPONENT SOIL with a certificate of the Ministry of Economic Development at a price of 19,500 rubles / 15 m3 *
When buying in bulk, the cost of soil is from 1200 rubles / m3, seeded soil is from 1250 rubles / m3, depending on the place and method of delivery *.
The company Stroy Nerud DOES NOT OFFER to buy its customers REAL black soil from the Tula, Voronezh and Oryol regions.
Some not very decent suppliers call black primer - chernozem. At best, this is their delusion, in the usual case - craftiness. In color, chernozem and lowland peat are similar, but this color is due to completely different groups of organic compounds ... 95% of the "CHERNOSEM" offered in Moscow and the Moscow region is actually a soil based on pure peat or peat mixtures, and this can be given several explanations.
1. Official booty black soil in our country PROHIBITED, so the companies selling it to you are breaking the law. Real black soil can be bought from private traders who simply steal it in the Tula, Voronezh or Lipetsk regions, cutting it off from the former collective farm fields. Thus, huge damage is done to agricultural land. After all, after that, "the earth dies" and nothing grows on it.
2. TRANSPORTATION or DELIVERY this type of soil is quite expensive at current prices for diesel fuel, because the nearest field is about 300 km + costs for unhindered travel with stolen goods. The nearest deposits are located in the south of the Tula and Ryazan regions.
3. Chernozem IS NOT a certified product, is not subject to quality (safety) testing and therefore does not have all the necessary documents for sale in Moscow and the Moscow Region. Therefore, when buying, you need to think about the safety of using this material.
4. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated July 27, 2004 N 514-PP. "On improving the quality of soils in the city of Moscow" all supplied soils for landscaping are subject to mandatory certification by the Moscow Ecological Register, which guarantees their quality and safety of use. On the black soil IT IS FORBIDDEN receive a certificate due to its illegal mining.
5. When USE imported chernozem in Moscow and the Moscow region, after a few years, it loses its properties and turns into a clay substrate, which cracks when dried, and after rain turns into impassable mud.
SO WHAT IS CHERNOZEM?
Chernozems are soils of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the temperate zone, the richest in humus, the content of which is 6-9%, which is why these soils have an intense black or brown-black color.
This land was formed as a result of the close interaction of herbaceous vegetation, climate, terrain, parent rock and other factors of soil formation; the consequence of this process is the accumulation of humus.
Humus (from Latin humus - earth, soil) is humus, the organic part of the soil, formed as a result of the biochemical transformation of plant and animal residues. The composition of humus includes humic acids - the most important for soil fertility and fulvic acids (crenic acids). Humus contains the main plant nutrients, which, under the influence of microorganisms, become available to plants.
With a sufficient amount of moisture, chernozem soils are very fertile; are used for crops of grain, industrial, vegetable, fodder crops, orchards, vineyards.
Chernozem, unlike other types of soils, is a completely different natural material, as it is characterized by the highest natural fertility: a high content of nutrients, humus, has a loamy mechanical composition, a granular-cloddy soil structure, and a neutral reaction of the environment.
However, by purchasing real black earth for use on your site, you need to keep in mind that you cannot solve the problem of creating a fertile top layer once and for all. In a few years, a significant part of the nutrients will be washed out of it, due to the impact of low temperatures, the number of representatives of the soil fauna will decrease, the microbiological composition will change, and due to the lack of steppe vegetation, the supply of nutrients will decrease and soil aggregates will collapse. As a result, only a clay substrate will remain, which cracks when dry, and after rain turns into impassable mud.
Of course, when landscaping work, you should not completely abandon the black soil. You just need to use it in small quantities - to optimize the water permeability, density, granulometric composition (ratio of particles of different sizes) of the soil. At the same time, the greatest effect is achieved on light sandy soils. On more clayey soils, peat and horse (cow) manure should be used.
Despite the vast area of black soil distribution, there are two main "deposits" - Tula and Voronezh. The chernozems of the north of the Tula, west of the Ryazan and north of the Lipetsk regions are among the poorest (leached), in terms of fertility they occupy an intermediate position between the soils of Moscow (soddy-podzolic) and the best chernozems of the Kursk and Voronezh regions. As a rule, leached chernozems are slightly acidic (pH=A.5 - 6.5), and are characterized by a low content of magnesium and phosphorus.
ADVIСE : How to distinguish real black soil from dark soil?
We all buy vegetable products from Kursk, Voronezh and other black earth regions. When you wash potatoes or carrots from real chernozem, do you have a feeling that this earth is similar to clay? Real chernozem is a "fatty", heavy soil of a dark almost anthracite color, which, when wet, is quite slippery (reminiscent of clay), and when dried, it "turns" into stone and cracks in the sun. So this is the real black earth ....
Stroy Nerud is ready to offer its customers in Moscow and the Moscow region a universal alternative to chernozem - specially prepared plant soil and soil that are safe and completely ready for use on your sites, as well as having all the necessary quality certificates and test reports.
The first classification of chernozems was given by V.V. Dokuchaev, who identified them as an independent type and divided them according to topographic conditions into mountain chernozems of watersheds, chernozems of slopes, and valley chernozems of river terraces. In addition, V.V. Dokuchaev subdivided all chernozems by humus content into four groups (4-7; 7-10; 10-13; 13-16%).
Considerable attention was paid to the classification of chernozems by N.M. Siberians. In his classification (1901), the chernozem soil type was divided into subtypes - northern, rich, ordinary, southern.
Later, the subtype of northern chernozems began to be called, according to S.I. Korzhinsky, degraded, and then it was divided into two independent subtypes - podzolized and leached chernozems.
In 1905 L.I. Prasolov, on the basis of the study of the chernozems of the Azov and Ciscaucasia, identified a subtype of the Azov chernozems, later called the Ciscaucasian. The accumulation of information on the chernozems of these regions made it possible in the future to consider their genetic features as a result of the provincial and facies conditions of soil formation and not to single them out at the level of an independent subtype.
Based on the generalization of extensive materials on the study of chernozems in various regions of the country, the following division of the chernozem soil type into subtypes and genera is currently accepted.
Below is a description of the main genera of chernozems.
Ordinary - stand out in all subtypes; signs and properties correspond to the main characteristics of the subtype. In the full name of the chernozem, the term of this genus is omitted.
Weakly differentiated - developed on sandy loamy rocks, typical features of chernozems are poorly expressed (color, structure, etc.)
Deep-boiling - boil more deeply than the genus "ordinary chernozems", due to a more pronounced flushing regime due to a lighter mechanical composition or relief conditions. stand out from the typical ones. Ordinary and southern chernozems.
Non-carbonate - developed on rocks poor in silicate calcium, there is no effervescence and release of carbonates; are found mainly among typical, leached and podzolized subtypes of chernozems.
Alkaline - within the humus layer, they have a compacted solonetzic horizon with an exchangeable Na content of more than 5% of the capacity; stand out among ordinary and southern chernozems.
Solodified - characterized by the presence of a whitish powder in the humus layer, leakage of humus color, varnishing and smearing along the edges of the structure in the lower horizons, sometimes the presence of exchangeable sodium; common among typical, ordinary and southern chernozems.
Deep gley - developed on two-membered and layered rocks, as well as under conditions of long-term preservation of winter permafrost.
Merged - developed on silt-clay rocks in warm facies, characterized by a high density of horizon B. They stand out among the chernozems of the forest-steppe.
Underdeveloped - have an underdeveloped profile due to their youth or formation on strongly skeletal or cartilaginous-rubble rocks.
All chernozems are divided into types according to the following criteria:
According to the thickness of the humus layer - super-thick (more than 120 cm), powerful (120-80 cm), medium-thick (80-40 cm), thin (40-25 cm) and very thin (less than 25 cm);
In addition, chernozems are divided into types according to the degree of severity of the accompanying process (weakly, medium, strongly leached, weakly, medium, strongly solonetzic, etc.).
In the geographical distribution of subtypes of chernozems, a clear zonal pattern is observed. Therefore, the zone of chernozem soils from north to south is divided into the following subzones: podzolized and leached chernozems, typical chernozems, ordinary chernozems and southern chernozems. The most clearly indicated subzones are expressed in the European part of the country.
Chernozem soils in the forest-steppe zone are represented by podzolized, leached, and typical chernozems.
Chernozems are podzolized. In the humus layer, they have residual signs of the impact of the podzolic process in the form of a whitish powder - the main distinguishing morphological feature of this subtype. The humus profile of podzolized chernozems is gray, less often dark gray in horizon A and noticeably lighter in horizon B. Whitish powder, with its abundant content, gives the chernozem profile a grayish-ashy tint. Usually, in the form of a whitish coating, it seems to powder the structural units in the B1 horizon, but with a strong podzolization, a whitish tint also occurs in the A horizon.
Carbonates occur significantly below the boundary of the humus layer (usually at a depth of 1.3-1.5 m). Therefore, in podzolized chernozems under the humus layer, a brownish or reddish-brown illuvial horizon of a nutty or prismatic structure leached from carbonates with distinct varnishing, humus smears and whitish powder on the edges is distinguished. Gradually, these signs weaken, and the horizon turns into a rock containing carbonates at a certain depth in the form of calcareous tubules, cranes. They are divided into genera - ordinary, poorly differentiated, fused, carbonate-free.
When classifying podzolized chernozems into types, in addition to dividing according to thickness and humus content, they are subdivided according to the degree of podzolization into slightly podzolized and medium podzolized.
Chernozems are leached. Unlike podzolized chernozems, they do not have silica powder in the humus layer.
Horizon A is dark gray or black in color, with a distinct granular or granular-cloddy structure, loose texture. Its thickness ranges from 30-35 to 40-50 cm. The lower boundary of horizon B 1 lies on average at a depth of 70-80 cm, but sometimes it can go even lower. A characteristic morphological feature of leached chernozems is the presence under horizon B 1 of horizon B 2 leached from carbonates. This horizon has a clearly expressed brownish color, humus streaks and smudges, and a nutty-prismatic or prismatic structure. The transition to the next horizon - BC or C - is usually distinct, and the boundary is distinguished by the accumulation of carbonates in the form of lime mold, veins.
The main genera are common, weakly differentiated, carbonate-free, deep-gley, merged.
Chernozems are typical. Usually they have a deep humus profile (90-120 cm and even more) and contain carbonates in the humus layer in the form of mycelium or calcareous tubules. Carbonates appear more often from a depth of 60-70 cm. For a more detailed morphological characterization of the humus layer, two horizons transitional in humus color, AB 1 and B 1, are distinguished below horizon A.
Horizon AB 1 is dark gray with a faint, brownish tinge downwards, and B 1 is already distinguished by a distinct brown tint. In the lower part of the AB 1 horizon, or most often in the B 1 horizon, carbonate efflorescences are visible.
Horizon B 2 (BC) and the rock contain carbonates in the form of mycelium, calcareous tubules and cranes.
They are divided into the following genera: Ordinary, non-carbonate, deep-boiling, carbonate solod.
Chernozems of the steppe zone
Chernozems in the steppe zone are represented by ordinary and southern chernozems.
Chernozems are ordinary. Horizon A is dark gray or black, with a distinct granular or lumpy-granular structure., 30-40 cm thick. Gradually passes into horizon B 1 - dark gray with a clear brownish tint, with a lumpy or lumpy-prismatic structure. Most often, the thickness of the humus layer in ordinary chernozems is 65-80 cm.
Below horizon B 1 lies the horizon of humus streaks B 2, which often coincides with the carbonate illuvial horizon or very quickly passes into it. The carbonates here are in the form of white-eye. This feature distinguishes ordinary chernozems from the previously considered subtypes.
The subtype of ordinary chernozems is divided into genera: ordinary, carbonate, solonetzic, deep-boiling, poorly differentiated and solod.
Southern chernozems occupy the southern part of the steppe zone and directly border on dark chestnut soils.
Horizon A, 25-40 cm thick, has a dark gray or dark brown color, often with a slight brown tint, and a lumpy structure. Horizon B 1 is characterized by a clear brownish-brown color and a lumpy-prismatic structure. The total thickness of the humus layer (A + B 1) is 45-60 cm.
In the illuvial carbonate horizon, the white-eye is usually clearly expressed. The effervescence line is located in the lower part of horizon B 1 or at the boundary of the humus layer.
Southern chernozems are subdivided into the following genera: ordinary, solonetsous, carbonate, deep-boiling, weakly differentiated, and solodized.
Chernozems develop in the steppe zone. Chernozems can and do occur on any rocks (on granites in the Ukraine, on basalts in Transcaucasia), but loess-like rocks contribute most to the formation of chernozems.
The nature of the parent rock affects the soil and, along with the topography, for example, causes the emergence of various soil varieties. However, the direction of soil formation remains the same - evidence that soil formation in this case is regulated by some more general cause. This common cause is the climate and the nature of the vegetation.
The climate in the steppes is dry. This is due both to the small amount of precipitation (400-500 mm) and to the fact that they fall mainly in summer, when temperatures are high and, consequently, evaporation is high. A number of conclusions can be drawn from this fact:
1. Since there is little moisture, the soil should be weakly washed. This should lead to a weak division of the soil profile into horizons, to the richness of the soil in bases (which are almost never removed from it), and to the fact that only easily soluble substances will be removed from the upper horizons to the lower ones.
2. Only herbaceous vegetation develops in the steppes, but since it dies off annually, a very large amount of organic matter enters the soil every year, both in the form of the remains of terrestrial parts of plants and in the form of the remains of their dense root system.
3. Mineralization of organic matter should be weak. In summer, the soil dries up, in winter, if only the snow cover is not thick enough, it freezes. Consequently, for the winter, biochemical processes slow down sharply or stop. High summer temperatures favor the activity of microorganisms that decompose organic matter, but the lack of moisture inhibits their activity. As a result, organic residues cannot be completely decomposed, products of incomplete decomposition accumulate and, therefore, the soil must be rich in humus.
4. The parent rock (loess) contains many salts, especially calcium carbonates. Therefore, the soil solution is rich in electrolytes, and the absorbing complex is saturated with calcium. Under these conditions, the colloids must be in a folded state. The consequences of this fact are twofold: soil particles bind into aggregates, forming a strong granular (with a grain diameter not exceeding a few millimeters) structure, which is very favorable for the water and air regime of the soil; the formation of the structure is also helped by a dense network of roots that dismember the soil into small lumps. In addition, folded organic colloids saturated with calcium, as is known, are difficult to destroy (disperse) even in the presence of a large amount of water, i.e., they become slightly mobile, and, thus, humic substances protected from the destructive action of water and from removal from the soil accumulate. In other words, the accumulation of humus in chernozems should be facilitated not only by the slow biochemical decomposition of organic matter, which occurs only in spring, when there is enough moisture in the soil, but also by the properties of the rock itself, which contains many electrolytes, including such an energetic coagulator as calcium ions.
All the features described above are indeed inherent in a typical chernozem. Two main horizons can be distinguished in it: humus and carbonate. The humus horizon is dark, almost black, as it contains 4-18% humus; it is eluvial-accumulative (because humus accumulates in it, and simple salts and solutions of some organic substances are carried out) and is divided into subhorizons A and B 1 . An indicator of the weakness of the eluvial process is that the composition of the soil changes relatively little over the horizons, only in the lower horizons a noticeable accumulation of carbonates is found.
The thickness of the black subhorizon A, which has a well-defined granular structure, is 50 cm or more. Horizon B 1 (50-70 cm thick) is almost the same color, but it already boils in its lower part under the action of HCl solution, thus indicating that the carbonates are not completely washed out of it. The gray-yellow horizon B 2 (40-60 cm thick) boils very violently, and the release of calcium carbonates in the form of white spots is very abundant here. All the described horizons contain humus substances, and the change in their color is an indicator of the decrease in humus content from top to bottom. The parent rock for a typical chernozem is loess.
Due to the heterogeneity of the natural conditions of the steppe zone, there are many varieties of chernozems. The drier the climate, the less humus in chernozems; in addition, the thickness of horizon A changes, the degree of leaching of the soil, etc. Without going into consideration of all these varieties here, we only note that typical chernozems, according to the content of humus in them, are divided into fat (humus more than 10%), ordinary (6- 10%) and southern (4-6%). These subtypes, in turn; according to the thickness of the humus horizon, each is divided into thick (more than 80 cm), medium-thick (50-80 cm) and thin (less than 50 cm).
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