FOREWORD

The information necessary for mastering practical skills in operative surgery is not systematized and scattered across numerous manuals, which makes it inaccessible to most students in the learning process.

Based on literature data and practical experience in teaching the discipline, as well as in accordance with the curriculum on operative surgery for students of the medical and preventive faculty of higher medical educational institutions in 1997, we tried to help students acquire the necessary practical skills.

The manual, without prejudice to the program and curriculum, is freed from excessive phraseological (textual) load, editorially adapted to the level of Russian-language training of foreign students of 3-4 courses.

The presentation of the text is accompanied by a large number of illustrations made at the department, as well as borrowed from domestic and foreign manuals.

This manual can be used in the educational process not only by foreign students, but also by students of other faculties and departments in preparation for practical classes, tests and exams.

The authors express their gratitude to Associate Professor Z.A. Dundarov and Associate Professor V.N. Zhdanovich for valuable comments and suggestions on the form and content of this manual, as well as work on the computer layout of the manual to the employee of Pozhtekhsnab LLC, specialist in support of activities Masalsky A.Yu.

Due to the fact that this book is the first attempt to create such a tutorial, all suggestions and comments from readers will be greatly appreciated.

General surgical instruments, rules of use.

When using surgical instruments, some general rules must be observed:

1. When performing any operation, you need to use only fully functional tools.

2. Each tool must be used only for its intended purpose.

3. When working, any tool must be held confidently, but at the same time easily. The surgeon's hand should feel not the handle of the instrument, but the working end part: the scalpel blade, the nose of the hemostatic forceps, etc. Excessively strong pressure reduces this feeling, makes the surgeon's techniques rough.

4. All instrumental actions should be as coordinated and expedient as possible, performed smoothly, rhythmically.

5. When working with instruments, exceptional attention should be paid to the careful handling of living tissues. Manipulations leading to bruising, crushing are extremely harmful to the subsequent healing of the wound.

Surgical instruments according to their functional purpose and for convenience of study are divided into two main groups: general surgical and special surgical instruments.

General surgical instruments are also divided into four groups according to their purpose:

1) tools for tissue separation;

2) hemostatic instruments;

3) auxiliary tools;

4) tools for joining tissues.

Special surgical instruments include instruments used in special areas of surgery (ophthalmology, neurosurgery, urology, etc.).

Fig.45 Tracheotomy technique: introduction of a cannula into the trachea.

from bottom to top (with upper tracheotomy 2-3 tracheal cartilage, middle - 3-4 cartilage, lower - 5-6 cartilage).

The opening of the trachea is accompanied by a cough with sputum. After the cough stops, a dilator is inserted into the tracheal cavity and, holding it in this position with one hand, the cannula is inserted with the other, placing its shield in the sagittal plane (Fig. 45). The diameter of the cannula should correspond to the length of the tracheal incision. The dilator is removed, the cannula is rotated so that the shield is located in the frontal plane, and advanced downward. With the correct position of the cannula, you can feel the stream of air coming out synchronously with breathing.

Starting from the corners, the wound is sutured in layers towards the cannula.

A small gauze napkin is brought under the cannula, and then the cannula is fixed by attaching two gauze tapes to its ears and tying them behind, on the patient's neck.

Fig.44 Tracheotomy technique: the trachea is fixed with a sharp hook, the beginning of the dissection of its cartilage.

Instruments for tissue separation include scalpels, amputation and resection knives, scissors (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Tissue separation tools.

a) abdominal scalpel;

b) pointed scalpel;

c) straight resection knife;

d) amputation knife;

e) blunt scissors;

e) pointed scissors;

g) Cooper scissors;

h) Richter scissors;

i) vascular scissors.

A scalpel is a sharp-edged surgical instrument used to sever soft tissues.

There are general surgical and special scalpels (ophthalmic, etc.). General surgical scalpels can be fully stamped and with removable blades. General surgical one-piece stamped scalpels are produced in two types: pointed and abdominal. Depending on the length of the blade, they can be: large (blade length 46.50 mm), medium (blade length 40.42 mm) and small (blade length 30.32 mm).

The scalpel has a handle and a blade; on the blade, the point, back and abdomen are distinguished (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Pointed scalpel.

b) blade;

c) the back of the blade;

d) belly of the blade;

e) the tip of the blade.

The handle of a general surgical scalpel is flat and its surface is slightly rough. The handle of the ophthalmic scalpel is four-sided. Currently, scalpels with removable blades are widely used. Blades for such scalpels are produced in three types: pointed, belly and radius, which have a specific purpose.

A belly scalpel is used to make long linear incisions on the surface of the body, a pointed one is used for deep incisions and punctures.

There are three main ways to hold a scalpel in your hand: in the form of a bow, in the form of a writing pen and in the form of a table knife (Fig. 3).

sheets of the second and third fascia fused along the midline and indicating the gap between the muscles, these sheets are cut along a grooved probe. After that, the sternohyoid muscles are revealed, which are bluntly separated and parted to the sides. Having parted the muscles, the cricoid cartilage and the isthmus of the thyroid gland lying under it are determined.

Fig.43 Tracheotomy tool kit:

a) a sharp hook to hold the trachea and larynx;

b) tracheal dilator;

c) tracheotomy cannula.

A sheet of the fourth fascia is dissected, fixing the isthmus to the cricoid cartilage in the transverse direction. After that, the isthmus is bluntly separated, together with the fascia covering it behind, from the trachea and pushed back in a blunt way up or down, depending on the type of tracheotomy, exposing the tracheal rings. The larynx is fixed to facilitate dissection of the trachea by piercing the cricoid arch or the cricotracheal or cricothyroid ligament with a single-pronged hook. With the help of the specified hook, the larynx and trachea are pulled up. Taking a pointed scalpel in his right hand with the blade up, the operator puts his index finger on the side of the blade and, not reaching the tip of the knife by 1 cm, cuts 2-3 cartilages (Fig. 44) of the trachea

Safety rules for working with the tool

Ensuring a normal workplace and following a number of rules when using a tool is the most important component that allows you to ensure safety when performing work ...

Proper use of hand tools plays an important role in injury prevention.
Safety includes maintaining a clean and well-lit work area, using additional accessories necessary to ensure safety.
Using the correct type of tool for the job is also key to preventing injury.

Workplace

Keeping your work area clean is the first step in being safe with hand tools. Do not leave oily rags, paper and dust in the work area for a long time, as they can easily ignite and become a source of fire.

Oiled rags may self-ignite during long-term storage. Keep materials at hand in appropriate containers, and make sure the working area is dry. Wet floors when working with power tools are dangerous, as a wet surface is a good conductor of electricity, and is also slippery, which can lead to a fall.

Make sure your work area is well lit. When using tools that can cause sparks, clear the area around you of flammable objects and materials.
Fire extinguishers should be located near the workplace, the performance of which must be maintained by regular verification.

Individual protection means

The use of protective equipment may also be necessary when working with hand tools. Whenever necessary, wear safety glasses, respiratory and hearing protection equipment, use special boots and gloves.

Refrain from using jewelry and loose clothing that could become entangled in the power tool. A hand with jewelry can serve as a conductor of electricity. Long hair is best styled at the back of the head in a ponytail or bun.

When using the tool, you should know

Always use a tool designed for a particular type of work. Do not use the tool if you are not familiar with how it works. Be sure to read the "User's Manual" before using the instrument. Always disconnect the power source of the tool before cleaning it or changing any attachment.

Before using a power tool, always visually inspect it for cracks in the case or cable. It is strictly forbidden to connect a tool that has external defects to an external source.
Store the tool in a safe place. During storage, the tool must be protected from foreign objects falling on it.

Never use the tool if you are very tired or unwell, as this may lead to a decrease in concentration, and subsequently to injury.

The properties of ordinary glass have long been known to everyone. It does not absorb moisture, parasites cannot find a favorable breeding area in it, it is a good protection from wind and cold ...

WORK SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

WHEN WORKING WITH HAND TOOLS AND DEVICES

1. General requirements for labor protection

1.1. The instruction on labor protection when working with hand tools and devices was compiled on the basis of the "Rules for labor protection when working with tools and devices", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated 17.08.2015. No. 552n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 2, 2015 No. 39125) (hereinafter referred to as the Rules).

1.2. The instruction on labor protection when working with hand tools and devices establishes the requirements for labor protection when working with labor tools used to influence the object of labor and change it, both moved by the employee in the course of work, and installed permanently (hereinafter referred to as hand tools and devices ).

1.3. Work with hand tools and devices is allowed for persons from among the employees of the enterprise who have passed the mandatory preliminary medical examination in the prescribed manner, trained in safe working methods, passed the labor protection requirements in the scope of the instructions for labor protection when working with hand tools and devices.

1.4. All hand tools and accessories (both in the workshop and handed out) must be periodically inspected at least once a quarter by specialists or heads of structural divisions. Defective tools and devices must be removed from circulation in a timely manner.

1.5. When working with hand tools and devices, the following hazardous and harmful production factors are possible:

- increased or decreased air temperature of working areas;

- increased gas contamination of the air of working areas;

- insufficient illumination of working areas;

- increased noise and vibration levels at workplaces;

- physical and neuropsychic overload;

— moving vehicles, hoisting machines, moving materials,

— moving parts of various equipment;

— falling objects (elements of equipment);

- location of workplaces at a height (depth) relative to the floor (ground) surface;

– performance of work in hard-to-reach and confined spaces;

- closing electrical circuits through the human body.

1.6. Those working with tools and devices are provided with personal protective equipment in accordance with the model standards and the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment.

1.7. The choice of means of collective protection of workers is made taking into account the requirements for the performance of specific types of work.

1.8. Work and rest regimes of employees are established by the internal labor regulations of the enterprise.

1.9. Persons working with hand tools and devices must comply with the following requirements:

- perform only the work that is included in the technological process or entrusted by the immediate supervisor, while creating conditions for its safe performance;

- do not use faulty tools, equipment, fixtures;

- do not repair the hand tool on your own (faulty hand tools are subject to withdrawal and replacement);

- correctly use personal and collective protective equipment,

— undergo training in safe methods and techniques for performing work, briefings on labor protection, preliminary and periodic medical examinations;

- know the rules and procedure for behavior in case of fire,,, be able to use primary fire extinguishing equipment;

- do not allow unauthorized persons to the workplace;

- immediately report to the immediate or higher manager about all malfunctions discovered in the course of work, about a situation that threatens the life and health of people, about every accident or deterioration in one's health;

— know and be able to provide first aid to victims of accidents at work.

1.10. It is forbidden to use tools, devices, work on equipment, the handling of which the employee is not trained and instructed.

1.11. The employee is obliged to immediately notify his immediate or superior supervisor of each accident that occurred at work, of all violations of the Rules he noticed, malfunctions of equipment, tools, devices and means of individual and collective protection. It is prohibited to work with faulty equipment, tools and devices, as well as personal and collective protective equipment.

1.12. For violation of the requirements of this instruction, the employee is liable in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Labor protection requirements for production premises and organization of workplaces

2.1. Labor protection requirements for production premises (production sites).

2.1.1. Trenches, underground communications on the territory of the organization must be closed or fenced. Warning inscriptions and signs should be installed on the fences, and signal lighting at night. In places of transition through trenches, pits, ditches, crossing bridges with a width of at least 1 m should be installed, fenced on both sides with railings with a height of at least 1.1 m, with solid sheathing along the bottom to a height of 0.15 m and with an additional fencing bar at a height 0.5 m from the deck.

2.1.2. Entrances and exits, passages and driveways both inside buildings (structures) and industrial premises (production sites) and outside on the territory adjacent to them must be equipped with lighting and cleared for the safe movement of workers and the passage of vehicles. It is prohibited to obstruct aisles and driveways or use them for placement of goods.

2.1.3. External exits of buildings (structures) should be equipped with vestibules or air-thermal curtains.

2.1.4. Transitions, stairs, platforms and railings to them must be kept in good condition and clean, and those located in the open air must be cleared of snow and ice in winter and sprinkled with sand. The decking of platforms and passages, as well as the railings to them, must be securely reinforced. For the period of repair, instead of the removed railings, a temporary fence should be made. Railings and floorings, removed during the repair, after its completion must be installed in place.

2.1.5. Steps, ramps, bridges must be carried out over the entire width of the passage. Stairs must be equipped with railings at least 1 m high, steps must be smooth and non-slip. Metal steps must have a corrugated surface. Doorways should not have thresholds.

2.1.6. Passages and driveways inside the production premises must have clearly marked dimensions, marked on the floor with markings using paint, metal recessed checkers or other clearly distinguishable indicators.

2.1.7. The width of the passages inside the production premises must correspond to the dimensions of vehicles or transported goods. The distance from the borders of the carriageway to the structural elements of the building and equipment must be at least 0.5 m, and when people are moving - at least 0.8 m.

2.1.8. In industrial premises where liquids accumulate due to working conditions, the floors must be made impervious to liquids, having the necessary slope and drainage channels. Foot gratings should be installed at workplaces. Channels in floors for draining liquids or laying pipelines should be covered with solid or lattice covers flush with the floor level. Holes in the floors for the passage of drive belts, conveyors must be of minimum size and protected by boards with a height of at least 20 cm, regardless of the presence of a common fence. In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, channels, gutters and trenches cannot be closed, they must be protected by railings 1 m high with sheathing along the bottom to a height of at least 0.15 m from the floor.

2.1.9. Artificial lighting of industrial premises should be of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to general lighting). The use of only local lighting is not allowed.

2.1.10. For opening, setting in the required position and closing the sashes of window and lantern covers or other opening devices in industrial premises, devices should be provided that are easily controlled from the floor or from working platforms.

2.2. Labor protection requirements for the organization of workplaces

2.2.1. Workplaces, depending on the type of work, should be equipped with workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, bedside tables for convenient and safe work, storage of tools, fixtures and parts.

2.2.2. Workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, bedside tables must be strong and securely installed on the floor. The dimensions of the shelves of the racks must correspond to the dimensions of the stacked tools and fixtures and have an inward slope. The surface of workbenches should be covered with a smooth material (sheet steel, aluminum or other smooth non-combustible material) free of sharp edges and burrs. The width of the workbench must be at least 750 mm, height - 800 - 900 mm. The drawers of the workbench must be equipped with stops to prevent them from falling.

2.2.3. Vices on workbenches should be installed at a distance of at least 1 m from one another and fixed so that their jaws are at the level of the worker's elbow. The vise must be in good working order and provide a reliable clamping of the product. On the working surface of the steel replaceable flat bars of the vise jaws, a cross notch should be made with a step of 2 - 3 mm and a depth of 0.5 - 1 mm. When the vise is closed, the gap between the working surfaces of steel replaceable flat bars should not exceed 0.1 mm. The vise handle and steel interchangeable flat bars must be free of nicks and burrs. It is necessary to ensure that the moving parts of the vise move without jamming, jerking and are securely fixed in the required position. The vise must be equipped with a device to prevent the lead screw from completely unscrewing.

2.2.4. To protect workers from flying particles of the processed material, a protective screen with a height of at least 1 m, solid or from a mesh with cells of no more than 3 mm, must be installed on the workbench. For double-sided work on a workbench, the screen should be installed in the middle, and for single-sided work, from the side facing the workplaces, aisles and windows.

2.2.5. The floor of the workbench must be flat and dry. A foot grate must be laid on the floor in front of the workbench.

2.2.6. Tools and fixtures at the workplace should be located in such a way that the possibility of their rolling and falling is excluded. It is forbidden to place tools and devices on the railings of fences, unenclosed edges of platforms, scaffolds and scaffolds, other platforms where work is performed at height, as well as open hatches, wells.

2.2.7. When transporting tools and accessories, their traumatic (sharp, cutting) parts and parts must be isolated in order to ensure the safety of workers.

3. Requirements for labor protection in the implementation of production processes and the operation of tools and fixtures

3.1. When working with tools and devices, the employee must:

1) perform only the work that is assigned and for the performance of which the employee has been instructed in labor protection;

2) work only with those tools and devices, for work with which the employee was trained in safe methods and techniques for performing work;

3) correctly apply personal protective equipment.

3.2. Before starting work with hand tools, the employee must:

- put on overalls, fasten it with all buttons, fasten the cuffs of the sleeves, tuck in the clothes so that there are no developing ends, put on shoes and a hat;

- get a task from the head;

- prepare the necessary means of individual and collective protection, and check their serviceability;

- check and prepare the workplace and approaches to it for compliance with labor protection requirements;

- make sure that the workplace is adequately lit;

- to check the serviceability of the tool.

3.3. Every day before the start of work, during the performance and after the performance of work, the employee must inspect hand tools and devices and, in the event of a malfunction, immediately notify his immediate supervisor.

3.4. During work, the employee must monitor the absence of:

1) chips, potholes, cracks and burrs on the strikers of hammers and sledgehammers;

2) cracks in the handles of files, screwdrivers, saws, chisels, hammers and sledgehammers;

3) cracks, burrs, work hardening and chips on a percussion hand tool designed for riveting, cutting grooves, punching holes in metal, concrete, wood;

4) dents, notches, burrs and scale on the surface of the metal handles of the tongs;

5) chips on working surfaces and burrs on wrench handles;

6) nicks and burrs on the handle and overhead vise bars;

7) curvature of screwdrivers, punches, chisels, wrench jaws;

8) nicks, dents, cracks and burrs on the working and mounting surfaces of interchangeable heads and bits.

3.5. When working with wedges or chisels using sledgehammers, wedge holders with a handle not less than 0.7 m long should be used.

3.6. When using wrenches, it is prohibited:

1) the use of linings with a gap between the planes of the jaws of wrenches and the heads of bolts or nuts;

2) the use of additional levers to increase the tightening force.

3.7. Wrenches with extended handles should be used where necessary.

3.8. On the inside of the pliers and hand scissors, a stop should be installed to prevent squeezing the fingers.

3.9. Before working with manual lever scissors, they must be securely fixed on special racks, workbenches, tables.

It is forbidden:

1) the use of auxiliary levers to lengthen the handles of lever scissors;

2) operation of lever shears in the presence of defects in any part of the knives, as well as with blunt and loose cutting edges of the knives.

3.10. It is necessary to work with hand tools and percussion devices in goggles (protective face shield) and personal protective equipment for the hands of the person working from mechanical influences.

4. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations

4.1. In the event of an emergency: fire, power outage, collapse of the wall of a building, structure, breakage of tools, fixtures, technological equipment, equipment, it is necessary:

- stop work

- take measures to eliminate the emergency,

- disconnect the equipment from the power source, if it is necessary to use the emergency button, post a warning poster,

- immediately inform your immediate supervisor and do not start work until the malfunction is eliminated,

- if necessary, call the fire brigade, ambulance brigade,

- start evacuating people from the danger zone, leave the danger zone yourself,

- start extinguishing the fire on your own using primary fire extinguishing equipment,

- if necessary, start providing first aid to the injured in accordance with the "Instructions for first aid in case of accidents at work."

5. Labor protection requirements at the end of work

5.1. Upon completion of work:

– fixtures, technological equipment, tools should be cleaned of dirt and dust and put away in a specially designated place,

- clean up the workplace

- take off overalls, clean them and store them in a closet,

- wash your hands, face with soap, take a shower if possible.

5.2. The employee must inform the foreman or the head of the structural unit about all the shortcomings and violations found when working with hand tools and devices.

The employer provides employees with the necessary instructions for the safe use of hand tools in a form that is understandable to employees and meets the requirements of the technical regulation of the Customs Union "On the safety of machines and equipment".

II. Labor protection requirements in the organization of work (production processes)

9. Employees who have passed the mandatory preliminary medical examination in accordance with the established procedure * (2), as well as training in labor protection * (3) are allowed to work with tools and devices.

Workers at least 18 years of age are allowed to work with electrified, pneumatic, hydraulic, manual pyrotechnic tools, tools driven by an internal combustion engine.

10. When organizing work related to the possible impact on employees of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors, the employer is obliged to take measures to eliminate them or reduce them to levels of permissible exposure.

11. Employees are provided with personal protective equipment in accordance with the model standards and the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment*(4) .

The choice of means of collective protection of workers is made taking into account the requirements of labor protection when performing specific types of work.

12. Modes of work and rest of employees are established by the internal labor regulations and other local regulations of the employer in accordance with labor legislation * (5) .

13. The employee is obliged to immediately notify his immediate or superior manager of each accident that occurred at work, of all violations of the Rules he noticed, malfunctions of equipment, tools, devices and means of individual and collective protection.

It is prohibited to work with faulty equipment, tools and devices, as well as personal and collective protective equipment.

III. Labor protection requirements for production premises (production sites) and organization of workplaces

Labor protection requirements for production premises (production sites)

14. Trenches, underground communications on the territory of the organization must be closed or fenced. Warning inscriptions and signs should be installed on the fences, and at night - signal lighting.

In places of transition through trenches, pits, ditches, crossing bridges with a width of at least 1 m should be installed, fenced on both sides with railings with a height of at least 1.1 m, with solid sheathing along the bottom to a height of 0.15 m and with an additional fencing bar at a height 0.5 m from the deck.

15. Entrances and exits, passages and driveways both inside buildings (structures) and industrial premises (production sites), and outside on the territory adjacent to them must be equipped with lighting and cleared for the safe movement of workers and the passage of vehicles.

It is prohibited to obstruct aisles and driveways or use them for placement of goods.

16. External exits of buildings (structures) must be equipped with vestibules or air-thermal curtains.

17. Passages, stairs, platforms and railings to them must be kept in good condition and clean, and those located in the open air must be cleared of snow and ice in winter and sprinkled with sand.

The decking of platforms and passages, as well as the railings to them, must be securely reinforced. For the period of repair, instead of the removed railings, a temporary fence should be made. Railings and floorings, removed during the repair, after its completion must be installed in place.

18. Steps, ramps, bridges must be carried out over the entire width of the passage. Stairs must be equipped with railings at least 1 m high, steps must be smooth and non-slip. Metal steps must have a corrugated surface. Doorways should not have thresholds.

19. Intrashop rail tracks should be laid flush with the floor level.

20. Passages and driveways inside the production premises must have clearly marked dimensions, marked on the floor with markings using paint, metal recessed checkers or other clearly distinguishable indicators.

21. The width of the passages inside the production premises must correspond to the dimensions of vehicles or transported goods.

The distance from the borders of the carriageway to the structural elements of the building and equipment must be at least 0.5 m, and when people are moving - at least 0.8 m.

22. In industrial premises where liquids accumulate due to working conditions, the floors must be impervious to liquids, having the necessary slope and drainage channels. Foot gratings should be installed at workplaces. Channels in floors for draining liquids or laying pipelines should be covered with solid or lattice covers flush with the floor level. Holes in the floors for the passage of drive belts, conveyors must be of minimum size and protected by boards with a height of at least 20 cm, regardless of the presence of a common fence. In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, channels, gutters and trenches cannot be closed, they must be protected by railings 1 m high with sheathing along the bottom to a height of at least 0.15 m from the floor.

23. Artificial lighting of industrial premises should be of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to general lighting). The use of only local lighting is not allowed.

24. To open, install in the required position and close the sashes of window and lantern casings or other opening devices in industrial premises, devices should be provided that are easily controlled from the floor or from work platforms.

Labor protection requirements for the organization of workplaces

25. Workplaces, depending on the type of work, should be equipped with workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, bedside tables for convenient and safe performance of work, storage of tools, fixtures and parts.

26. Workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, bedside tables must be strong and securely installed on the floor.

The dimensions of the shelves of the racks must correspond to the dimensions of the stacked tools and fixtures and have an inward slope.

The surface of workbenches should be covered with a smooth material (sheet steel, aluminum or other smooth non-combustible material) free of sharp edges and burrs.

The width of the workbench must be at least 750 mm, height - 800-900 mm. The drawers of the workbench must be equipped with stops to prevent them from falling.

27. Vices on workbenches should be installed at a distance of at least 1 m from one another and fixed so that their jaws are at the level of the worker's elbow.

The vise must be in good working order and provide a reliable clamping of the product. On the working surface of the steel replaceable flat bars of the vise jaws, a cross notch should be made with a step of 2-3 mm and a depth of 0.5-1 mm. When the vise is closed, the gap between the working surfaces of steel replaceable flat bars should not exceed 0.1 mm. The vise handle and steel interchangeable flat bars must be free of nicks and burrs.

It is necessary to ensure that the moving parts of the vise move without jamming, jerking and are securely fixed in the required position. The vise must be equipped with a device to prevent the lead screw from completely unscrewing.

28. To protect workers from flying particles of the processed material, a protective screen with a height of at least 1 m, solid or from a mesh with cells of no more than 3 mm, must be installed on the workbench. For double-sided work on a workbench, the screen should be installed in the middle, and for single-sided work, from the side facing the workplaces, aisles and windows.

29. Tables and workbenches where soldering work is carried out must be equipped with local exhaust ventilation.

30. The floor of the workbench must be flat and dry. A foot grate must be laid on the floor in front of the workbench.

31. Tools and accessories at the workplace should be located in such a way that the possibility of their rolling and falling is excluded.

It is forbidden to place tools and devices on the railings of fences, unenclosed edges of scaffolding and scaffolding sites, other sites where work is performed at height, as well as open hatches, wells.

32. When transporting tools and accessories, their traumatic (sharp, cutting) parts and parts must be isolated in order to ensure the safety of workers.

IV. Labor protection requirements in the implementation of production processes and the operation of tools and devices

33. Maintenance, repair, inspection, testing and technical examination of tools and fixtures must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

34. Inspection, repair, testing, testing and technical examination of tools and fixtures (with the exception of hand tools) must be carried out by qualified employees appointed by the employer responsible for maintaining specific types of tools in good condition, or must be carried out under contracts concluded with specialized organizations.

In small enterprises and micro-enterprises, the responsibility for maintaining all types of tools in good condition can be assigned to one employee.

35. The results of inspections, repairs, checks, tests and technical examinations of the tool (with the exception of a hand tool), carried out at intervals established by the manufacturer, are recorded by the employee responsible for keeping the tool in good condition in a journal in which it is recommended to reflect the following information :

1) the name of the instrument;

2) inventory number of the tool;

3) the date of the last repair, inspection, testing, technical examination of the tool (inspection, static and dynamic testing), the date of the next repair, inspection, testing, technical examination of the tool;

4) the results of an external inspection of the tool and a check of idling;

5) designation of the standard size of the wheel, standard or specification for the manufacture of the wheel, characteristics of the wheel and a mark on chemical processing or mechanical alteration, operating speed, wheel rotation frequency during testing (for abrasive and CBN tools);

6) the results of testing the insulation with increased voltage, measuring the insulation resistance, checking the health of the ground circuit (for an electrified tool);

7) compliance of the spindle speed with passport data (for pneumatic tools and tools driven by an internal combustion engine);

8) lifting capacity (for hydraulic tools);

9) the surname of the employee who carried out the inspection, repair, inspection, testing and technical examination of the tool, confirmed by the personal signature of the employee.

The journal may reflect other information provided for by the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

36. When working with tools and devices, the employee must:

1) perform only the work that is assigned and for the performance of which the employee has been instructed in labor protection;

2) work only with those tools and devices, for work with which the employee was trained in safe methods and techniques for performing work;

3) correctly apply personal protective equipment.

Labor protection requirements when working with hand tools and devices

37. Every day before the start of work, during the performance and after the performance of work, the employee must inspect hand tools and devices and, in the event of a malfunction, immediately notify his immediate supervisor.

During work, the employee must monitor the absence of:

1) chips, potholes, cracks and burrs on the strikers of hammers and sledgehammers;

2) cracks in the handles of files, screwdrivers, saws, chisels, hammers and sledgehammers;

3) cracks, burrs, work hardening and chips on a percussion hand tool designed for riveting, cutting grooves, punching holes in metal, concrete, wood;

4) dents, notches, burrs and scale on the surface of the metal handles of the tongs;

5) chips on working surfaces and burrs on wrench handles;

6) nicks and burrs on the handle and overhead vise bars;

7) curvature of screwdrivers, punches, chisels, wrench jaws;

8) nicks, dents, cracks and burrs on the working and mounting surfaces of interchangeable heads and bits.

38. When working with wedges or chisels using sledgehammers, wedge holders with a handle not less than 0.7 m long should be used.

39. When using wrenches, it is prohibited:

1) the use of linings with a gap between the planes of the jaws of wrenches and the heads of bolts or nuts;

2) the use of additional levers to increase the tightening force.

Wrenches with extended handles should be used where necessary.

40. An emphasis should be installed on the inside of the pliers and hand scissors to prevent squeezing of the fingers.

41. Before working with manual lever scissors, they must be securely fixed on special racks, workbenches, tables.

It is forbidden:

1) the use of auxiliary levers to lengthen the handles of lever scissors;

2) operation of lever shears in the presence of defects in any part of the knives, as well as with blunt and loose cutting edges of the knives.

42. It is necessary to work with hand tools and percussion devices in goggles (protective face shield) and personal protective equipment for the hands of the person working from mechanical influences.

43. When working with jacks, the following requirements must be observed:

1) jacks in operation must be subject to periodic technical inspection at least once every 12 months, as well as after repair or replacement of critical parts in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer. On the body of the jack, the inventory number, load capacity, date of the next technical examination should be indicated;

2) when lifting a load with a jack, a wooden lining (sleepers, beams, boards 40-50 mm thick) should be placed under it with an area larger than the base area of ​​the jack body;

3) the jack must be installed strictly in a vertical position with respect to the supporting surface;

4) the head (paw) of the jack must rest against the strong nodes of the load being lifted in order to avoid their breakage, laying an elastic gasket between the head (paw) of the jack and the load;

5) the head (leg) of the jack must rest with its entire plane on the nodes of the load being lifted in order to avoid slipping of the load during lifting;

6) all rotating parts of the jack drive must be freely (without jamming) turned by hand;

7) all friction parts of the jack must be periodically lubricated with grease;

8) during lifting it is necessary to monitor the stability of the load;

9) as the load is lifted, pads are inserted, and when it is lowered, they are gradually removed;

10) the release of the jack from under the lifted load and its rearrangement are allowed only after the load is securely fixed in the raised position or laid on stable supports (sleeper cage).

44. When working with jacks, it is prohibited:

1) load the jacks above their carrying capacity specified in the technical documentation of the manufacturer;

2) use extension cords (pipes) put on the jack handle;

3) remove your hand from the jack handle until the load is lowered onto the lining;

4) weld pipes or corners to the legs of the jacks;

5) leave the load on the jack during breaks in work, as well as at the end of work without installing a support.

Labor protection requirements when working with electrified tools and devices

45. When working with portable hand-held electric lamps, the following requirements must be observed:

1) portable hand-held electric lamps (hereinafter referred to as portable lamps) must have a reflector, a protective grid, a suspension hook and a hose wire with a plug;

2) the protective grid of the portable lamp must be structurally made as part of the housing or fixed on the handle of the portable lamp with screws or clamps;

3) the holder of a portable lamp must be built into the body of the lamp so that the current-carrying parts of the holder and the base of the electric lamp are inaccessible to touch;

4) to power portable lamps in rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous rooms, a voltage of not more than 50 V should be used;

5) in cases where the danger of electric shock is aggravated by crowded, uncomfortable position of the worker, contact with large metal grounded surfaces (for example, work in drums, metal containers, gas ducts and boiler furnaces or in tunnels), portable lamps must be powered by voltage not above 12 V;

6) when issuing portable lamps, employees issuing and accepting them must make sure that the lamps, cartridges, plugs, wires are in good condition;

7) repair of defective portable lamps must be carried out with disconnection of the portable lamp from the electrical network by employees with the appropriate qualifications.

46. ​​When performing work using portable electric lamps inside closed and limited spaces (metal containers, wells, compartments, gas ducts, boiler furnaces, drums, tunnels), step-down transformers for portable electric lamps must be installed outside closed and limited spaces, and their secondary windings to be grounded.

If the step-down transformer is also an isolation transformer, then its secondary electrical circuit should not be connected to the ground.

The use of autotransformers to lower the supply voltage of portable electric lamps is prohibited.

47. Before issuing an electrified tool (hereinafter referred to as a power tool) to an employee, an employee appointed by the employer responsible for maintaining the power tool in good condition must check:

1) completeness, serviceability, including cable, plug and switch, reliability of fastening of power tool parts;

2) the serviceability of the grounding circuit of the power tool and the absence of a short circuit of the windings to the case;

3) the operation of the power tool at idle.

It is forbidden to issue a power tool for work that is defective or with an overdue date for periodic inspection.

48. Before starting work with power tools, the following are checked:

1) the class of the power tool, the possibility of its use in terms of safety in accordance with the place and nature of work;

2) compliance of the voltage and frequency of the current in the electrical network with the voltage and frequency of the current of the electric motor of the power tool;

3) the operability of the residual current device (depending on the operating conditions);

4) reliability of fastening of the removable tool.

The classes of power tools, depending on the method of implementation of protection against electric shock, are as follows:

class 0 - a power tool in which protection against electric shock is provided by basic insulation; at the same time, there is no electrical connection of open conductive parts (if any) with the protective conductor of the fixed wiring;

Class I - a power tool in which protection against electric shock is provided by basic insulation and connection of open conductive parts accessible to touch with a protective conductor of stationary wiring;

Class II - a power tool in which protection against electric shock is ensured by the use of double or reinforced insulation;

Class III - a power tool in which protection against electric shock is based on power supply from a safety extra low voltage source not exceeding 50 V and in which voltages higher than safety extra low voltage do not occur.

49. Accessible metal parts of class I power tools, which may be energized in the event of insulation damage, are connected to a grounding clamp. Class II and III power tools are not earthed.

The grounding of the body of the power tool is carried out using a special core of the supply cable, which should not simultaneously serve as a conductor of the working current. It is forbidden to use a neutral working wire for this purpose.

50. Workers performing work using power tools of classes 0 and I in rooms with increased danger must have an electrical safety group of at least II.

Connecting auxiliary equipment (transformers, frequency converters, residual current devices) to the electrical network and disconnecting it from the network must be carried out by electrical personnel with an electrical safety group of at least III.

51. Cases of converters, step-down transformers and safety isolation transformers (hereinafter referred to as isolation transformers), depending on the neutral mode of the network supplying the primary winding, are grounded or zeroed.

Grounding of the secondary winding of isolating transformers or converters with separate windings is not allowed.

52. In vessels, apparatuses and other metal structures with limited mobility, it is allowed to work with power tools of classes I and II, provided that only one power tool is powered by an independent engine-generator set, an isolation transformer or a frequency converter with isolation windings, as well as class III power tools. In this case, the power source is outside the vessel, and its secondary circuit is not grounded.

53. Connection (disconnection) of auxiliary equipment (transformers, frequency converters, residual current devices) to the network, its verification, as well as troubleshooting are carried out by electrical personnel.

54. Installing the working part of the power tool in the chuck and removing it from the chuck, as well as adjusting the power tool must be carried out after disconnecting the power tool from the mains and stopping it completely.

55. When working with power tools, it is prohibited:

1) connect a power tool with a voltage of up to 50 V to the public electrical network through an autotransformer, resistor or potentiometer;

2) bring inside the containers (drums and furnaces of boilers, transformer tanks, turbine condensers) a transformer or frequency converter to which the power tool is connected.

When working in underground structures, as well as during earthworks, the transformer must be located outside these structures;

3) pull the cable of the power tool, put a load on it, allow it to intersect with cables, electric welding cables and gas welding sleeves;

4) work with power tools from random stands (window sills, boxes, chairs), on ladders and ladders;

5) remove chips or sawdust with your hands (chips or sawdust should be removed after the power tool has completely stopped with special hooks or brushes);

6) handle icy and wet parts with power tools;

7) leave unattended power tools connected to the network, as well as transfer it to persons who do not have the right to work with it;

8) independently disassemble and repair (troubleshoot) power tools, cables and plug connections.

56. When working with an electric drill, objects to be drilled must be securely fastened.

It is forbidden:

touch the rotating working body of the electric drill with your hands;

use a lever to press on a working electric drill.

57. Grinding machines, saws and planes must have a protective fence of the working part.

58. It is forbidden to work with a power tool that is not protected from the effects of drops and splashes and does not have distinctive signs (a drop or two drops in a triangle), in conditions of exposure to drops and splashes, as well as in open areas during snowfall or rain.

It is allowed to work with such a power tool outdoors only in dry weather, and in case of rain or snowfall - under a canopy on dry ground or flooring.

59. Safety measures when working with power tools depend on the place of work and are provided taking into account the requirements of the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations * (6) .

It is forbidden:

work with class 0 power tools in especially dangerous rooms and in the presence of especially unfavorable conditions (in vessels, apparatuses and other metal containers with limited movement and exit);

work with a class I power tool in the presence of particularly unfavorable conditions (in vessels, apparatus and other metal containers with limited movement and exit).

60. It is allowed to work with power tools of class III without the use of electrical protective equipment in all rooms.

It is allowed to work with class II power tools without the use of electrical protective equipment in all rooms, with the exception of work in particularly unfavorable conditions (work in vessels, apparatus and other metal containers with limited movement and exit), in which work is prohibited.

61. In the event of a sudden stop of the power tool, when transferring the power tool from one workplace to another, as well as during a long break in the operation of the power tool and after its completion, the power tool must be disconnected from the electrical network with a plug.

62. If during operation a malfunction of the power tool is detected or the person working with it feels the effect of an electric current, work must be stopped, and the faulty power tool must be handed over for inspection and repair (if necessary).

63. Power tools and accessories (including auxiliary equipment: transformers, frequency converters, circuit breakers, extension cables) at least once every 6 months must be periodically checked by an employee with an electrical safety group of at least III, appointed by the employer as responsible for the maintenance of electrical tools and equipment in good condition.

The periodic inspection of power tools and accessories includes:

visual inspection;

checking idling for at least 5 minutes;

measurement of insulation resistance with a megohmmeter for a voltage of 500 V for 1 minute with the switch in the "on" position, while the insulation resistance must be at least 0.5 MΩ;

checking the continuity of the ground circuit (for class I power tools).

The results of the power tool check are logged.

64. On the cases of power tools, step-down and isolation transformers, frequency converters, inventory numbers must be indicated.

65. It is forbidden to work with a power tool for which the period of the next test, maintenance has expired, or if at least one of the following malfunctions occurs:

1) damage to the plug connection, cable or its protective tube;

2) damage to the brush holder cover;

3) sparking brushes on the collector, accompanied by the appearance of an all-round fire on its surface;

4) leakage of lubricant from the gearbox or ventilation ducts;

5) the appearance of smoke or smell characteristic of burning insulation;

6) the appearance of increased noise, knocking, vibration;

7) breakage or appearance of cracks in the body part, handle, protective fence;

8) damage to the working part of the power tool;

9) the disappearance of the electrical connection between the metal parts of the body and the neutral clamping pin of the power plug;

10) malfunction of the starting device.

66. The power tool should be stored in a dry room equipped with special racks, shelves and drawers that ensure the safety of the power tool, taking into account the requirements for the storage conditions of the power tool specified in the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

It is forbidden to store power tools without packaging in two rows or more.

67. When transporting a power tool, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to it. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

Labor protection requirements when working with abrasive and CBN tools

68. Grinding and cutting wheels before being put into operation must be tested for mechanical strength in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer and technical regulations that establish safety requirements for abrasive tools. After the mechanical strength test, the circle should be marked with paint or a special label should be pasted on the non-working surface of the circle indicating the serial number of the test, the date of the test and the signature of the employee who conducted the test.

It is forbidden to use grinding and cutting wheels with cracks on the surface, with peeling of the elboron-containing layer, and also without a mark on the test for mechanical strength or with an expired shelf life.

69. Grinding wheels (except for CBN) that have undergone chemical treatment or mechanical alteration, as well as wheels whose shelf life has expired, must be re-tested for mechanical strength.

70. The results of testing grinding and cutting wheels for mechanical strength are recorded in the journal.

71. When working with manual grinding and portable pendulum tools, the working speed of the circle should not exceed 80 m / s.

72. Before starting work with the grinder, its protective casing must be fixed so that when rotating by hand, the wheel does not come into contact with the casing.

It is allowed to work without protective covers on machines with grinding heads with a diameter of up to 30 mm, glued to metal studs. The use of protective goggles or protective face shields is mandatory in this case.

73. When installing an abrasive tool on the shaft of a pneumatic grinder, the fit should be loose; between the circle and the flanges, elastic gaskets made of cardboard 0.5-1 mm thick should be installed.

The circle must be installed and fixed in such a way that there is no radial or axial runout.

74. Grinding wheels, discs and heads on a ceramic and bakelite bond should be selected depending on the speed of the spindle and the type of grinder.

75. It is forbidden to work with a tool designed for work with the use of a cutting fluid (hereinafter - coolant), without the use of coolant, as well as work with the side (end) surfaces of the circle if it is not intended for this type of work.

76. When working with abrasive and elbor tools, it is prohibited:

1) use a lever to increase the pressing force of the workpieces on the grinding wheel on machines with manual feed of products;

2) reinstall the hand rests during work when processing with grinding wheels products that are not rigidly fixed on the machine;

3) slow down the rotating circle by pressing on it with some object;

4) use attachments for wrenches and impact tools when fixing the circle.

77. When performing work on cutting or cutting metal with hand-held grinders designed for these purposes, wheels must be used that meet the requirements of the manufacturer's technical documentation for these hand-held grinders.

The choice of the brand and diameter of the circle for a hand grinder should be made taking into account the maximum possible speed corresponding to the idle speed of the grinder.

78. Polishing and grinding of parts should be done using special tools and mandrels that exclude the possibility of injury to hands.

Work with parts that do not require special devices and mandrels for safe holding should be carried out using personal protective equipment for hands from mechanical influences.

Labor protection requirements when working with pneumatic tools

79. When working with a pneumatic tool (hereinafter referred to as a pneumatic tool), an employee must ensure that:

1) the working part of the pneumatic tool was properly sharpened and had no damage, cracks, potholes and burrs;

2) the side faces of the pneumatic tool did not have sharp edges;

3) the shank was straight, without chips or cracks, matched the size of the bushing to avoid spontaneous loss, was tightly fitted and correctly centered.

It is forbidden to use linings (to wedge) or to work with pneumatic tools if there is play in the bushing.

80. Flexible hoses are used for pneumatic tools. Damaged hoses must not be used.

It is necessary to attach hoses to the pneumatic tool and connect them to each other using nipples or fittings and coupling clamps. It is forbidden to attach hoses to pneumatic tools and connect them to each other in any other way.

The places where the hoses are attached to the pneumatic tool and the pipeline, as well as the places where the hoses are connected to each other, must not let air through.

81. Before connecting the hose to the pneumatic tool, the air line must be blown, and after the hose is connected to the line, the hose must also be blown. The free end of the hose must be secured when purging.

The pneumatic tool must be connected to the hose after cleaning the mesh in the fitting.

82. The connection of the hose to the air line and pneumatic tools, as well as its disconnection, must be carried out with the shutoff valves closed. The hose must be positioned so that it cannot be accidentally damaged or run over by a vehicle.

83. It is forbidden to stretch and bend the pneumatic tool hoses during operation. It is also not allowed to cross the hoses with cables, cables and gas welding sleeves.

84. Air should be supplied to the pneumatic tool only after it is installed in the working position.

The operation of the pneumatic tool at idle speed is allowed only when it is tested before starting work.

85. When working with pneumatic tools, it is prohibited:

1) work from ladders and ladders;

2) hold the pneumatic tool by its working part;

3) correct, adjust and change the working part of the pneumatic tool during operation in the presence of compressed air in the hose;

4) use a hose or working part of the tool to transfer the pneumatic tool. Carry a pneumatic tool only by the handle;

5) work with percussion pneumatic tools without devices that exclude spontaneous departure of the working part during idle impacts.

86. If the hoses break, immediately stop the access of compressed air to the pneumatic tool by closing the shut-off valves.

87. An employee appointed by the employer responsible for maintaining the pneumatic tool in good condition, at least once every 6 months, regardless of the condition and operating conditions of the pneumatic tool, must disassemble it, wash, lubricate parts and refill rotor blades, and replace damaged or worn parts found during inspection new.

After assembling the pneumatic tool, the spindle speed should be adjusted in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer and the operation of the pneumatic tool should be checked at idle for 5 minutes.

The results of the check are logged.

88. During the operation of the pneumatic tool, its fasteners should be tightened as necessary. At the end of the work, the pneumatic tool must be cleaned of dirt and handed over to the warehouse.

Labor protection requirements when working with a tool driven by an internal combustion engine

89. An employee appointed by the employer responsible for maintaining a tool driven by an internal combustion engine in good condition is obliged to check its serviceability when issued to employees, and also to inspect and check its condition at least once every 6 months.

90. Before using a chainsaw or chainsaw (hereinafter referred to as a chainsaw), you must make sure:

1) in good condition and proper functioning of the grip and brake of the chainsaw chain, the rear protection of the right hand, the throttle limiter, the vibration damping system, the stop contact;

2) in normal chain tension;

3) in the absence of damage and the strength of the muffler, the parts of the chainsaw are in good condition and that they are tightened;

4) in the absence of oil on the chainsaw handles;

5) in the absence of gasoline leakage.

91. When working with a chainsaw, the following conditions must be met:

1) there are no unauthorized persons, animals and other objects in the range of the chainsaw that may affect the safe performance of work;

2) the sawn tree trunk is not split or not stressed at the split-split site after falling;

3) the saw blade is not clamped in the cut;

4) the saw chain will not catch on the ground or any object during or after sawing;

5) the influence of environmental conditions (roots, stones, branches, pits) on the possibility of free movement and on the stability of the working posture is excluded;

6) use only those saw bar/chain combinations recommended by the manufacturer's technical documentation.

92. In order to avoid additional risks and traumatic situations, it is not allowed to perform work with a chainsaw related to felling and trimming forests, trees, building and assembly structures, under adverse weather conditions:

1) dense fog or heavy snowfall, if visibility is less than 50 m in flat terrain, less than 60 m in mountainous terrain;

2) wind speeds over 8.5 m/s in mountainous areas and over 11 m/s in flat areas;

3) during a thunderstorm and during heavy rain;

4) at low (below -30°С) outdoor temperature.

93. In case of damage to the muffler of the chainsaw, it is necessary to exclude the contact of the worker with carbon deposited in the muffler, which may contain carcinogenic chemical compounds.

94. When working with a chainsaw, it is prohibited:

1) touch the muffler of the chainsaw both during operation and after stopping the engine in order to avoid thermal burns;

2) start the chainsaw indoors (with the exception of rooms equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, which is turned on before starting and starting work with the chainsaw) or near flammable material;

3) when starting the chainsaw engine, wind the starter cable around your hand;

4) use a chainsaw without a spark catcher (if it is required at the place of work) or with a damaged spark catcher;

5) sawing bush branches (in order to avoid their capture by the chainsaw chain and subsequent injury to the worker);

6) work with a chainsaw on an unstable surface;

7) raise the chainsaw above the shoulder level of the worker and cut with the tip of the saw blade;

8) work with a chainsaw with one hand;

9) leave the chainsaw unattended.

95. When working with a chainsaw, the following requirements must be observed:

1) the chainsaw must be firmly held with the right hand on the rear handle and with the left hand on the front, tightly clasping the chainsaw handles with the whole palm. This grip is used regardless of whether the worker is right-handed or left-handed, allows you to reduce the effect of kickback and keep the chainsaw under constant control. Do not allow the chainsaw to be pulled out of the hands;

2) when clamping the chainsaw chain in the cut, it is necessary to stop the engine. To release the saw, it is recommended to use the lever to spread the kerf.

96. It is not allowed to cut logs or blanks stacked on top of each other.

Sawn off parts should be stored in specially designated places.

97. When installing the chainsaw on the ground, block it with a chain brake.

When stopping the chainsaw for more than 5 minutes, turn off the chainsaw engine.

98. Before carrying the chainsaw, turn off the engine, lock the chain with a brake and put a protective cover on the saw blade.

Carry the chainsaw with the saw blade and chain facing backwards.

99. Before refueling the chainsaw, the engine should be turned off and cooled down for a few minutes. When refueling, the fuel tank cap should be opened slowly to release excess pressure gradually. After refueling the chainsaw, close (tighten) the fuel tank cap tightly. Before starting, it is necessary to take the chainsaw away from the refueling point.

It is allowed to refuel the chainsaw engine in a room equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, or outdoors in a place where the possibility of sparking and ignition is excluded.

100. Before repairing or servicing the chainsaw, stop the engine and disconnect the ignition wire.

101. It is not allowed to work with a chainsaw with defective elements of protective equipment or with a chainsaw, the design of which has been arbitrarily changed, not provided for by the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

102. It is forbidden to start the chainsaw if fuel has spilled on the body during refueling. Splashes of fuel should be wiped off and the remaining fuel evaporated. If fuel gets on clothes and shoes, they must be replaced.

103. The fuel tank cap and hoses should be regularly checked for fuel leakage.

104. Mixing of fuel with oil must be carried out in a clean container intended for storing fuel, in the following sequence:

1) half of the required amount of gasoline is poured;

2) the required amount of oil is added;

3) the resulting mixture is mixed (shaken);

4) the rest of the gasoline is added;

5) the fuel mixture is thoroughly mixed (shaken) before pouring into the fuel tank.

105. Fuel should be mixed with oil in a place where the possibility of sparking and ignition is excluded.

106. Before starting work with a chainsaw, you must:

1) install all protective devices;

2) make sure that there are no people at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the place where the engine is started.

107. In order to avoid the risk of injury to health, workers with medical implants are advised to consult a doctor and the manufacturer of the implant before operating a chainsaw.

108. It is forbidden to work with a chainsaw in a closed room that is not equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation.

109. The chainsaw must be held to the right side of the body. The cutting part of the tool must be below the worker's waist.

110. When working with a chainsaw, an employee must control the approach of unauthorized persons and animals to the place of work. When approaching the place of work of unauthorized persons and animals at a distance less than permitted by the requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer, you must immediately stop the chainsaw engine.

It is forbidden to turn around with a running chainsaw without first looking back and making sure that no one is in the working area.

111. To avoid mechanical injury, before removing material wrapped around the axis of the cutting part of the chainsaw, it is necessary to turn off the engine.

After turning off the chainsaw engine, do not touch the cutting part until it has completely stopped.

112. In the event of symptoms of overload from prolonged exposure to vibration, work should be stopped and, if necessary, medical attention should be sought.

113. Store and transport the chainsaw and fuel in such a way that there is no risk of smudges or fuel vapors coming into contact with sparks or open flames.

114. Before cleaning, repairing or checking the chainsaw, make sure that after turning off the engine, the cutting part is stationary, and then remove the spark plug cable.

115. Before long-term storage of the chainsaw, empty the fuel tank and perform a complete maintenance in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

116. Before starting work with a brush cutter (motor scythe) driven by an internal combustion engine, the mowing working area must be freed from foreign objects. When mowing on a slope, the worker must be positioned below the mowing point.

117. When approaching the place of work of unauthorized persons or animals at a distance less than permitted by the requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer, it is necessary to immediately stop the engine of the brush cutter (scythes).

118. It is not allowed to inspect the trimmer head of the brush cutter (motor scythe) with the engine running. Before inspecting the trimmer head, the engine of the brush cutter (scything machine) must be stopped.

119. Brush cutters (motor scythes) must be equipped with an engine stop device, located so that the employee can set it into action, working in personal protective equipment for hands against mechanical impacts and holding the brush cutter (motor scythe) with both hands.

120. Brush cutters (motor scythes), whose weight exceeds 7.5 kg, must be equipped with double shoulder suspensions that provide the same pressure on both shoulders of the worker.

2) the fuel tank of the drill (ice drill) should be filled, as a rule, in the open air. It is allowed to refuel the fuel tank of the drill (ice drill) in a room equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation;

3) before performing work, make sure that all screws and nuts of the drill (ice drill) are tightened;

4) if foreign objects get under the drill (ice drill) knife or if the drill (ice drill) vibrates strongly, you should immediately stop it, remove the spark plug cable and check for damage to the knife and mechanisms. If there are damages, work is stopped until they are eliminated;

5) when replacing a drill knife (ice drill), wear personal protective equipment for hands;

6) it is forbidden to go on the ice alone. Before entering the ice for drilling, it is necessary to verify the strength of the ice;

7) after drilling is completed, drill the ground or ice nearby and deepen the working body of the drill (ice drill) into the ground or into the ice so that the drill (ice drill) is stable, and then turn off the engine;

127. When working with a hydraulic tool at a negative ambient temperature, an antifreeze liquid must be used.

128. When holding the load in a raised position with hydraulic jacks, special steel pads in the form of half rings should be placed under the piston head between the cylinder and the load to protect against sudden lowering of the piston when the pressure in the cylinder drops for any reason. When holding the load for a long time, it should be supported on the half rings, and then relieve the pressure.

129. Oil pressure when working with a hydraulic tool should not exceed the maximum value specified in the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

The oil pressure is checked with a pressure gauge mounted on the hydraulic tool.

Occupational safety requirements when working with hand-held pyrotechnic tools

130. Work with a hand-held pyrotechnic tool must be carried out in accordance with a written order - a work permit for the performance of high-risk work, the recommended sample of which is provided for in the appendix to the Rules.

The procedure for carrying out work with a hand-held pyrotechnic tool is established by the local regulatory act of the employer.

131. Before starting work, hand-held pyrotechnic tools must be inspected and checked. The worker must make sure that the safety devices are in good condition, the piston of the pyrotechnic hand tool is not damaged, the cartridges are not jammed.

132. Before starting zeroing, the worker must make sure that there are no people in the danger zone where dowels and fragments of materials can fly out and that protective fences are set up.

It is forbidden for unauthorized persons to be in the work area. The work area must be marked with warning signs.

133. An employee admitted to independent work with a hand-held pyrotechnic tool is prohibited from:

1) dismantle or replace the blocking and safety mechanism of a hand-held pyrotechnic tool;

2) direct a hand-held pyrotechnic tool towards oneself or towards other persons, even if it is not loaded with a cartridge;

3) leave hand pyrotechnic tools and their cartridges unattended;

4) transfer hand pyrotechnic tools and cartridges to them to other persons;

5) charge a manual pyrotechnic tool until the workplace is fully prepared;

6) unload a hand-held pyrotechnic tool immediately after the striker is released, if the shot did not occur ("misfire"). Discharging a hand-held pyrotechnic tool is allowed after at least 1 minute.

Removing a cartridge with a "misfire" when the ejector fails to work is allowed only with the help of a ramrod extractor;

7) dismantle and repair hand-held pyrotechnic tools.

134. It is prohibited to work with hand pyrotechnic tools from ladders or ladders.

When working at height, it is necessary to attach a hand-held pyrotechnic tool to the belt on a complete belt, which excludes an accidental fall of a hand-held pyrotechnic tool.

135. When firing a shot, it is necessary to press a hand-held pyrotechnic tool strictly perpendicular to the working surface. Skewed hand pyrotechnic tools can cause the dowel to ricochet and injure a worker.

At the time of the shot, the hand supporting the target part must be at a distance of at least 150 mm from the point of driving the dowel.

The dowel driving point is indicated by two mutually perpendicular lines.

136. If the dowel after a shot from a hand-held pyrotechnic tool has not entered completely and the cap rises above the surface of the part being shot, it is necessary to make an additional second shot. A second shot is made without a dowel. With normal driving, the dowel should "squeeze" the target part.

137. It is prohibited to use hand pyrotechnic tools when working with especially strong and fragile materials, such as: high-strength steel, hardened steel, cast iron, marble, granite, glass, slate, ceramic tiles.

Before driving the dowel into the steel base, it is necessary to check its hardness - the point of the dowel should leave a scratch on the surface of the base.

138. In order to avoid injury to an employee as a result of chipping and destruction of building bases during work using a hand-held pyrotechnic tool, the following distances from the point of driving the dowel to the edge of the building base and the part being adjusted to it must be maintained:

1) building base:

concrete, brickwork - at least 100 mm;

steel - not less than 15 mm;

2) target part:

steel, aluminum - not less than 10 mm;

wood, plastic - at least 15 mm.

139. During breaks in work, the hand pyrotechnic tool should be discharged, while the barrel of the hand pyrotechnic tool should be lowered down.

It is not allowed to store and transport a charged hand pyrotechnic tool. It is necessary to carry cartridges in a special bag separately from other items.

140. Before handing over a hand-held pyrotechnic tool to an employee appointed by the employer responsible for the safe operation of a hand-held pyrotechnic tool, or handing over a hand-held pyrotechnic tool to a warehouse, an employee who performed work with a hand-held pyrotechnic tool must make sure that the hand-held pyrotechnic tool is unloaded (the cartridge is seized).

It is forbidden to transfer hand pyrotechnic tools to unauthorized persons.

IV. Final provisions

141. Federal state supervision over the fulfillment of the requirements of these Rules is carried out by officials of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment and its territorial bodies (state labor inspectorates in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) * (7) .

142. Heads and other officials of organizations, as well as employers - individuals guilty of violating the requirements of the Rules, are liable in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation * (8) .

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*(1) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii 2002, No. 1, Art. 3; 2006, No. 27, Art. 2878).

*(2) Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 N 302n "On approval of the lists of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of workers engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions "(registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 21, 2011, registration N 22111) as amended by orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated May 15, 2013 N 296n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 3, 2013, registration N 28970) and dated December 5, 2014 N 801n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2015, registration N 35848).

*(3) Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and the Ministry of Education of Russia dated January 13, 2003 N 1/29 "On approval of the Procedure for training in labor protection and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements of employees of organizations" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 12, 2003, registration N 4209 ).

*(4) Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of June 1, 2009 N 290n "On approval of the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 10, 2009, registration N 14742), as amended , introduced by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of January 27, 2010 N 28n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 1, 2010, registration N 16530), orders of the Ministry of Labor of Russia

Before starting work, you should check the state of the tool with which it will be performed. A defective tool must be replaced with a good one. The hammer should be firmly seated on the handle, which is wedged with a wedge of mild steel or wood. It is impossible to correct a hammer with a weakened handle by hitting it about miles or other objects, this leads to even greater loosening of the handle. Handles must also be firmly attached to scrapers, files and other tools. Weakly attached handles easily jump off the tool during operation, while the sharp shank of the tool can severely injure the hand. Do not use hand tools without a handle. Wrenches must match the dimensions of the nuts and bolt heads; it is not allowed to use keys with crumpled and cracked jaws, to build up keys with pipes, other keys or in any other way, it is necessary to monitor the serviceability of the vise, pullers.

Proper organization of the workplace ensures rational movements of the worker and reduces to a minimum the time spent on finding and using tools and materials.

Change of fuse links in the presence of a knife switch should be carried out with the voltage removed. If it is impossible to remove the voltage (on group shields, assemblies), it is allowed to change the fuse links under voltage, but with the load disconnected.

The electrician must change the fuse links of the fuses under voltage in goggles, dielectric gloves, using insulating pliers.

Before starting the equipment, temporarily disconnected at the request of non-electrical personnel, you should inspect it, make sure that it is ready to receive voltage and warn those working on it about the upcoming inclusion.

Connecting and disconnecting portable devices that require breaking electrical circuits under voltage must be carried out when the voltage is completely removed.

When working on wooden poles of overhead power lines, an electrician should use claws and a safety belt.

When performing work in hazardous areas, an electrician is not allowed to:

1) Repair electrical equipment and networks under voltage;

2) Operate electrical equipment with a faulty protective device.

3) Turn on an automatically different electrical installation without finding out and eliminating the reasons for its shutdown;

4) Leave open the doors of rooms and vestibules separating dangerous rooms from others;

5) Replace burnt out light bulbs in explosion-proof lamps with lamps of other types or higher power;

6) Turn on electrical installations without the presence of devices that turn off the electrical circuit during abnormal operating modes;

7) Replace the protection (thermal elements, fuses, releases) of electrical equipment with another type of protection with other rating parameters for which this equipment is not designed.

When working in electrical installations, it is necessary to use serviceable electrical protective equipment: both basic (insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, voltage indicators, dielectric gloves), and additional (dielectric overshoes, rugs, portable grounding devices, insulating stands, protective stands, protective devices, posters and safety signs).

Work in conditions with increased danger should be carried out by two people in the following cases:

1) With full or partial removal of voltage, performed with grounding (disconnection and connection of lines to individual electric motors, switching on power transformers, work inside switchgears);

2) Without removing the voltage, which does not require the installation of grounding (electrical tests, measurements, change of fuses, fuses, etc.);

3) From ladders and scaffolds, as well as where these operations are difficult due to local conditions;

4) On overhead power lines.

Measurement of insulation resistance with a megohmmeter should only be carried out on a completely de-energized electrical installation. Before measurement, make sure that there is no voltage on the equipment under test.

When working near existing crane or hoist trolls, electricians must comply with the following requirements;

1) Turn off the trolleys and take measures to eliminate their accidental or erroneous switching on;

2) Ground and short the trolleys to each other;

3) Protect with insulating materials (rubber mats, wooden shields) the places where the trolls can touch if it is impossible to relieve the voltage. Hang a poster on the fence "Dangerous for life - voltage 380 V!"

When servicing lighting networks, the following requirements must be met:

1) Replace fuses and burnt-out lamps with new ones, repair lighting fixtures and electrical wiring when the mains voltage is off and during daylight hours;

2) Cleaning of fittings and replacement of lamps mounted on poles should be carried out after removing the voltage and together with another electrician;

3) Installation and testing of electricity meters connected through instrument transformers should be carried out together with an electrician who has a safety qualification group of at least IV;

4) When servicing lamps from aerial platforms or other moving means of scaffolding, use safety dielectric gloves.

When adjusting switches and disconnectors connected to wires, electricians should take measures to prevent the possibility of unforeseen switching on of drives by unauthorized persons or their spontaneous switching on. To check the contacts of oil switches for simultaneous switching on, as well as to illuminate closed containers, the voltage in the mains should not exceed 12 V.

During work, the electrician is prohibited from:

1) Rearrange temporary fences, remove posters, groundings and enter the territory of fenced areas;

2) Use the voltage indicator without re-checking after it has fallen;

3) Remove the guards of the winding leads during the operation of the electric motor;

4) Use for grounding conductors not intended for this purpose, as well as connect grounding by twisting the conductors;

5) Use current clamps with a remote ammeter, as well as bend over to the ammeter when reading readings while working with current clamps;

6) Touch instruments, resistances, wires and measuring transformers during measurements;

7) Use hacksaws, files, metal meters, etc. when working under voltage;

8) Use autotransformers, choke coils and rheostats to obtain step-down voltage;

9) Use stationary lamps as hand-held portable lamps.

Access system equipment (stairs, ladders, bridges) must be used to enter the workplace. In the absence of fencing of workplaces at a height, electricians are required to use safety belts with a nylon halyard. At the same time, electricians must comply with the requirements of the "Standard instructions for labor protection for workers performing steeplejack work."