Electrical diagrams for free. Wiring diagram for a burnt out lamp. General scheme of the electrical equipment of the car For the scheme "Protection of electric lighting devices"
Schemes are described that allow you to extend the life of daylight (LDS). They certainly deserve attention, they attract with their simplicity, accessibility and can be recommended for repetition. But when repeating these schemes, it must be borne in mind that the LDS filament, which remains "alive", operates with overload, since the burned-out filament is shunted by a "wire jumper". Such a forced mode of operation, due to a decrease in the resistance of the filament circuit by half, leads to its rapid wear, and it fails. In addition, the "resuscitation" given in requires an additional installation of a start button, so when managing an LDS using a wall switch, a problem arises - where to place this start button to turn on a lamp installed on the ceiling? ...
For the circuit "Non-contact phase indicator"
If you take a neon lamp by the glass case and touch one of its terminals to the phase wire of the mains, the lamp starts to glow. The current that causes the glow flows through an electrical capacitance between the fingers and the internal electrodes of the lamp. This result can be used to make a simple phase wire indicator. to one of the conclusions lamps solder a metal pin. You should choose the output that produces the brightest glow. On the plinth lamps put on a slightly stretched PVC tube. The cavity in the tube is filled with epoxy glue using a cocktail straw (see figure). The indicator can be used with a wide variety of small lamps: ТН-0.5; MN-6, thyratron MTX-90, etc. The sensitivity of the indicator is somewhat lower than that of a traditional indicator with a resistor. S.L. Dubovoy, St. Petersburg, Russia. ...
For the scheme "Signaling voltage level in the network"
I offer the simplest signaling device for voltage output in the network beyond the established limits. Its shown in the picture. Resistor R2 is selected so that the neon lamp HL1 is turned on only when the voltage in the network is more than 190 V. And by selecting the resistor R4, HL2 is turned on only at a voltage exceeding 240 V. Thus, at a voltage of less than 190 V, they are turned off, in the range of 190 .. .240 V one of them shines, and with an even higher voltage - both. Neon can be used in the device lamps not only of the type indicated on the diagram, but also any others with a working current of not more than 1 ... 2 mA.Ya. MANDRIK, Chernivtsi, Ukraine...
For the scheme "On the use of fluorescent lamps with burnt filaments"
Amateur radio magazines often published various schemes for using fluorescent lamps with burnt filaments. The author has tested all such schemes in practice. Using the experience of these tests and a number of improvements, the author settled on the circuit shown in the figure. Inductor Dr1 should only be used with a corresponding power fluorescent lamp. If there is no such throttle at hand, I suggest the following option: for lamps 20 (18) W connect two 40-watt chokes in series; for lamps 40 (30) W - two 80-watt chokes in series or two 20-watt chokes in parallel. Capacitors must be paper type KBG (I) or similar with an operating voltage of at least 600 V, since at the moment of switching on it is precisely such voltages that appear on them. This is what ignites the lamp. Then the voltage drops to 250-270 V, and the fluorescent lamp burns steadily. The described scheme has one drawback: Once or twice a year, the lamp must be turned over (the signal is the unstable ignition of the lamp). But the described scheme switching on has a number of advantages: burnt out lamps are used, which are usually thrown away; the lamp is powered by direct current, which is good for the eyes; high durability (the author has some lamps have been in operation for 15 years). 0. G. Rashitov. Kiev City...
For the circuit "Flush-wire detector"
Consumer Electronics Flush Wire Detector One of the simplest devices is the hidden wire detector shown in fig. 1. Resistor R 1 is needed to protect the K561LA7 chip from an increased voltage of static electricity, but, as practice has shown, it can not be installed. The antenna is a piece of ordinary copper wire of any thickness. The main thing is that it does not bend under its own weight, i.e. was pretty tough. The length of the antenna determines the sensitivity of the device. The most optimal value is 5 ... 15 cm. When the antenna approaches the electrical wiring, the detector emits a characteristic crack. This device is very convenient to determine the location burned out lamps in a Christmas tree garland - near it the crackling stops. The ZP-3 type piezo emitter is connected in a bridge circuit, which provides an increased "cod" volume. Figure 2 shows a more complex detector, which has, in addition to sound. The trolley scheme for printing the gold miner board also has a light indication. The resistance of the resistor R1 must be at least 50 MΩ. There is no current-limiting resistor in the VD1 LED circuit. since the DD1 chip (K561LA7) copes well with this function itself. If the input currents of the element D 1.1 allow, then by removing the resistor R1 from the circuit shown in Fig. 2, we will get a device that responds to a change in the static potential in the surrounding space. To do this, the WA1 antenna is made 50 ... 100 cm long using any wire. Now the device will respond to the movement of the human body. Putting such a device in a bag, we get an autonomous security device that gives out light and sound signals if any manipulations occur with the bag or approximately it....
For the scheme "Indication of the connection of electrical appliances to the 220 V network"
The display device allows you to control when leaving home: are the electrical and radio devices turned off from the network? If any load with a power of > 8 W remains on in the network, then both LEDs HL1 and HL2 light up (see figure). ...
For the scheme "Device for protecting the filaments of incandescent headlights"
For the scheme "Protection of electric lighting devices"
Consumer electronicsProtection of electrical lighting devicesV.BANNIKOV, MoscowThe article Soft load in the mains (Radio, 1988, No. 10, p. 61) describes a device for soft load to the AC mains. Such devices can be successfully used for switching electric lighting devices. As you know, the resistance of a filament in a cold state is much less than in a heated one. That is why incandescent lamps most often fail at the moment they are turned on. With a soft connection, the current through the thread increases smoothly, without reaching an extreme value, therefore, for a long time, eternity increases immeasurably. Automatic shutdown of radio equipment However, the implementation of these devices is associated with a number of difficulties. First, the use of high-capacity oxide capacitors is required, which, for safety reasons, must be designed for a voltage of at least 400 V. This leads to a significant increase in the dimensions of the device. Secondly, the fact that the switch is built into the device itself makes it necessary to lay additional lead wires. In many cases, this complicates the design, since using the existing switch of the finished lighting fixture. (for example, a floor lamp or a chandelier with a button mounted on the power cord) is usually not possible. Bypass these difficulties allows the device described below. It (see diagram) is made in the form of a two-terminal network. This allows you to place the board with its details in any...
For the circuit "Protection of incandescent lamps"
It's no secret that halogen lamps used in cars often fail. This happens as a result of an inrush current that occurs as a result of the fact that the incandescent spiral in a cold state has low resistance. Here's a dazzling example: an automotive halogen fog lamp consumes 55 watts normally (at 12 volts), so the hot filament resistance would be approximately 2.6 ohms. In fact, the resistance measured with an ohmmeter is slightly more than 0.2 ohms. As a result, the inrush current will be 60 A! The proposed device serves to extend the life of incandescent lamps in cars and other low-voltage equipment. The time for smooth warm-up - entering the mode depends on the resistance of the resistor R1 and the capacitance of the capacitor C1, and at the values \u200b\u200bspecified in the diagram, it is approximately 2.5 s. Drozdov transceiver circuits The saturation voltage of the composite transistor VT1, VT2 can be set by rotating the rotor of the resistor R2. This allows you to select the required time to enter the mode, depending on the load power in the range from zero to the maximum delay. Transistors VT1 and VT2 must be installed on a common heat sink with an area of approximately 100 cm2, with a current consumed by the lamp up to 6 A. The choice of the KT872A power transistor is not accidental. This transistor manufactured by NPO Transistor (Minsk) is able to withstand significant current surges for a long time at an average current of up to 10 A. If the SA1 switch is replaced with a jumper, and a microtumbler or microbutton is connected in series with the resistor R1, additional convenience appears - the absence of a powerful power switch . Its role is now performed by a power transistor. A. FILIPOVICH, Minsk region, Dzerzhinsk ...
Dedicated to all owners of Chinese scooters ...
To begin with, I would like to present the wiring diagram of a Chinese scooter.
Since all Chinese scooters are very similar, like Siamese twins, their electrical circuit is practically the same.
The scheme was found on the Internet and is, in my opinion, one of the most successful, as it shows the color of the connecting conductors. This greatly simplifies the diagram and makes it more comfortable to read.
(Click on the picture to enlarge. The picture will open in a new window).
It is worth noting that in the electric circuit of the scooter, as well as in any electronic circuit, there are common wire. The scooter has a common wire - minus ( - ). The diagram shows a common wire green color. If you look closely, you can see that it is connected to all the electrical equipment of the scooter: headlight ( 16 ), turns relay ( 24 ), instrument panel illumination lamp ( 15 ), indicator lamps ( 20 , 36 , 22 , 17 ), tachometer ( 18 ), fuel level sensor ( 14 ), sound signal ( 31 ), tail light/brake light ( 13 ), starting relay ( 10 ) and other devices.
First, let's go over the main elements of the Chinese scooter circuit.
Egnition lock.
Egnition lock ( 12 ) or "Main switch". The ignition lock is nothing more than a conventional multi-position switch. Despite the fact that the ignition switch has 3 positions, only 2 are used in the electrical circuit.
When the key is in the first position, it closes red and black the wire. In this case, the voltage from the battery enters the electric circuit of the scooter, the scooter is ready to start. Also ready for operation is a fuel level indicator, a tachometer, an audible signal, a turn relay, an ignition circuit. They are supplied with battery voltage.
In the event of a malfunction of the ignition switch, it can be safely replaced with some kind of switch like a toggle switch. The toggle switch must be powerful enough, because, in fact, the entire electrical circuit of the scooter is switched through the ignition switch. Of course, you can do without a toggle switch, if you limit yourself to a short circuit red and black wires, as Hollywood action heroes once did.
In the other two positions, the black-and-white wire is shorted from the CDI ignition module ( 1 ) on the housing (common wire). In this case, the operation of the engine is blocked. Some scooters have an engine stop button ( 27 ), which, like the ignition switch, connects the white- black and green(general, body) wire.
Generator.
Generator ( 4 ) generates alternating electric current to power all current consumers and charge the battery ( 6 ).
There are 5 wires coming from the alternator. One of them is connected to a common wire (frame). An alternating voltage is removed from the white wire and fed to the relay-regulator for subsequent rectification and stabilization. With yellow wires, voltage is removed, which is used to power the low / high beam lamp, which is installed in the front fairing of the scooter.
Also in the design of the generator there is a so-called Hall Sensor. It is not electrically connected to the generator and 2 wires come from it: white- green and red -black. The hall sensor is connected to the CDI ignition module ( 1 ).
Relay-regulator.
Relay-regulator ( 5 ). The people can call names "stabilizer", "transistor", "regulator", "voltage regulator" or simply "relay". All these definitions refer to one piece of iron. This is what the regulator looks like.
The relay-regulator for Chinese scooters is installed in the front under a plastic fairing. The relay-regulator itself is attached to the metal base of the scooter in order to reduce the heating of the relay radiator during operation. This is what the relay-regulator looks like on a scooter.
In the operation of the scooter, the relay-regulator plays a very important role. The task of the relay-regulator is to turn the alternating voltage from the generator into a constant one and limit it at the level of 13.5 - 14.8 volts. This is the voltage required to charge the battery.
The diagram and the photo show that 4 wires leave the relay-regulator. Green is a common wire. We have already talked about him. Red- this is the output of a positive constant voltage of 13.5 -14.8 volts.
By white The wire on the relay regulator receives alternating voltage from the generator. Also connected to the controller yellow wire coming from the generator. Through it, an alternating voltage is supplied to the regulator from the generator. Due to the electronic circuit of the regulator, the voltage on this wire is converted into a pulsating one, and is supplied to powerful current consumers - a low and high beam lamp, as well as a dashboard backlight lamp (there may be several of them).
The supply voltage of the lamps does not stabilize, but is limited by the relay-regulator at a certain level (about 12V), since at high speeds the alternating voltage coming from the generator exceeds the allowable one. I think this is known to those who burned out the dimensions when the relay-regulator malfunctions.
Despite all its importance, the device of the relay-regulator is rather primitive. If you open the compound with which the printed circuit board is filled, you can find that the main relay is an electronic circuit from a thyristor BT151-650R, diode bridge on diodes 1N4007, powerful diode 1N5408, as well as several strapping elements: electrolytic capacitors, low-power SMD transistors, resistors and a zener diode.
Due to its primitive circuitry, the relay-regulator often fails. Read about how to check the voltage regulator.
Elements of the ignition circuit.
One of the most important electrical circuits in a scooter is the ignition circuit. It includes a CDI ignition module ( 1 ), ignition coil ( 2 ), spark plug ( 3 ).
5 conductors are connected to the CDI module. The CDI module itself is located at the bottom of the scooter body near the battery compartment and is fixed to the frame with a rubber retainer. Access to the CDI block is hampered by the fact that it is located at the bottom and is covered with decorative plastic, which has to be completely removed.
Structurally, the ignition coil is located next to the starting relay. To protect against dust, dirt and accidental short circuits, the coil is covered with a rubber cover.
Using a high voltage wire, the ignition coil is connected to the spark plug. A7TC (3 ).
On the scooter, the spark plug turned out to be cleverly hidden, and the first time you can look for it for quite some time. But if you "go" along the high-voltage wire from the ignition coil, then the wire will lead us straight to the spark plug cap.
The cap is removed from the candle with a little effort on itself. It is fixed on the contact of the candle with an elastic metal latch.
It is worth noting that the high-voltage wire is connected to the cap without soldering. The stranded wire in insulation is simply screwed onto the screw contact built into the cap. Therefore, it is not worth pulling hard on the wire, otherwise you can pull the wire out of the cap. This is easily eliminated, but the wire will have to be shortened by 0.5 - 1 cm.
Getting to the spark plug itself is not so easy. A socket wrench is required to remove it. With its help, the candle is simply twisted out of the seat.
Starter.
starter ( 8 ). The starter is used to start the engine. It is located in the middle of the scooter next to the engine. Getting to him is not easy.
The starter is controlled by a start relay ( 10 ).
The start relay is located on the right side of the scooter frame. A thick red wire comes to the start relay from the positive terminal of the battery. This energizes the start relay.
Fuel gauge and indicator.
14 ) is built into the fuel tank.
There are three wires coming from the sensor. Green is common (power minus), and the other two sensors are connected to the fuel level indicator ( 11 ), which is installed on the dashboard of the scooter.
Fuel sensor ( 14 ) and indicator ( 11 ) are one device and are powered by a constant stabilized voltage. Since these two devices are separated from each other, they are connected by a three-pin connector. Positive supply voltage is supplied to the fuel indicator and sensor via a black wire from the ignition switch.
If you open the three-pin connector coming from the fuel sensor, the fuel indicator will stop showing the fuel level in the tank. Therefore, if your fuel indicator does not work, then check the connector between the sensor and the fuel indicator, and also make sure that they are receiving power.
It is also worth remembering that the supply voltage to the sensor and indicator is supplied when the ignition switch is in the closed position ( 12 ). According to the diagram, this is the right position.
Turns relay.
Turn relay or breaker relay ( 24 ). Used to control the front and rear turn signal lamps.
As a rule, the turn relay is installed next to the instruments (speedometer, tachometer, fuel level indicator) on the dashboard. In order to see it, you need to remove the decorative plastic. It looks like a small plastic barrel with three leads. When the turn signals are on, it emits characteristic clicks with a frequency of about 1 Hz.
After the turn signal relay, a turn signal switch is installed ( 23 ). This is a conventional key switch that switches the positive voltage from the turn relays (gray wire) to the lamps. If you look at the diagram, then with the right switch position ( 23 ) we apply voltage through the blue wire to the right front ( 21 ) and right rear ( 32 ) lamp pointer. If the switch is in the left position, then the gray wire closes to orange, and we supply power to the left front ( 19 ) and left rear ( 33 ) lamp pointer. In addition, parallel to the corresponding indicator lamps ( 19 , 20 , 32 , 33 ) signal lamps are connected ( 20 and 22 ), which are placed on the dashboard of the scooter and serve as a purely informational signal for the scooter driver.
Sound signal.
Sound signal ( 31 ) of the scooter is located under the plastic fairing of the scooter next to the relay-regulator.
The supply voltage of the sound signal is constant. It comes from the relay-regulator or battery (if the engine is off) through the ignition switch and the horn button ( 25 ).
Low/high beam lamp ( 16 ). Yes, the one that lights our way in the dark.
The lamp itself is double with two filaments and three contacts for connecting to an electrical circuit. One of the contacts, of course, is common. Lamp power 25W, supply voltage 12V. It burns godlessly with a faulty relay-regulator due to the fact that it does not limit the voltage amplitude at the level of 12 volts, which leads to the fact that a voltage of 16 - 27 volts, or even more, is applied to the lamp. It all depends on turnover.
Therefore, if at idle the lamp shines very brightly, and not at full heat, then it is better to turn it off and check the relay-regulator. If you leave everything as it is, then the low / high beam lamp will burn out, which is sad. Its cost is great.
In the photo next to the turn signal lamp (red). Lamp power 5W for supply voltage 12V.
The general scheme of the electrical equipment of the car
Control devices, a sound signal, electric motors, a radio receiver and other devices that do not have individual (built-in) protection are protected by fuses.
Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of the electrical equipment of the ZIL-130 car: 1 - relay-regulator, 2 - generator, 3 - ammeter, 4 - battery, 5 - starter relay, 6 - ST130-A1 starter, 7 - ignition lock, 8 - additional resistance , 9 - ignition coil, 10 - transistor switch, 11 - distributor, 12 - spark plug, 13 - bimetal fuse box, 14 - heater motor switch, 15 - heater motor resistance, 16 - heater motor, 17 - turn signal relay-interrupter , 18 - control lamp lantern, 19 - emergency water overheating control lamp lantern, 20 - temperature sensor, 21 - fuel level indicator, 22 - fuel level indicator sensor, 23 - water temperature indicator, 24 - water temperature indicator sensor, 25 - lamp emergency oil pressure drop warning lamp, 26 - pressure gauge contact, 27 - direction indicator switch, 28 - brake light switch, 29, 30 - rear lights, 31 sidelight, 3 2 - headlight, 33 - light switch, 34 - engine compartment lamp, 35 - ceiling lamp switch, 36 - ceiling lamp, 37 - foot light switch, 38 - headlight high beam control lamp socket, 39 - instrument lighting lamp sockets, 40 - bimetallic fuse, 41 - plug socket, 42 - sound signal, 43 - sound signal button (included with the steering column), 44 - plug socket, 45 - turn signal repeater lamp
The ignition and start circuits are not protected against short circuits so as not to reduce their reliability in operation.
Thermal fuses are divided into multiple and single action fuses. When an overload or short circuit occurs in the circuit, the contact of the multiple blow fuse pulsates, turning the circuit on and off. The contacts of the single-acting fuse open in these cases. Turn on the fuse (close the contacts) by pressing the button.
Fusible fuse links are replaced after the causes of the short circuit have been eliminated. When replacing a fusible insert, only wire of the appropriate section is used. For example, with a maximum fuse current of 10 A, the tinned copper wire of the fusible link should have a diameter of 0.26 mm (for 15 A, respectively, 0.37 mm). It is strictly forbidden to use thicker wire (“bugs”) or factory fuses designed for a higher rated current.
In order to prevent electrical wiring malfunctions, it is recommended:
- periodically clean the wires, screw and plug terminals from dirt and moisture;
- pay special attention to the condition of screw and plug connections, preventing their corrosion, oxidation and loosening of connections. To prevent oxidation of the contact surfaces of the joints, lithol lubricant, etc. is used;
- regularly check the voltage drop in the circuit sections and contact connections of the main consumers of electricity.
Most of the malfunctions of the electrical equipment of cars occur as a result of untimely and poor-quality maintenance.
The main malfunctions in the on-board network are:
- break in the chain of sources and consumers of electrical energy;
- excessive voltage drop in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy;
- short circuit of wires and insulated parts and assemblies of devices to the body (ground) of the car.
It is advisable to start the search for the cause of the malfunction by checking by hand the reliability of fastening the wire lugs on the terminals of electrical devices, because a significant part of the malfunctions in the electrical system occurs when these lugs are loosened. At the same time, the resistance in the circuit increases, the temperature of the terminals increases, and when the car moves, due to vibration, the contact in the circuit is even broken.
An open in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy occurs due to the melting of a fuse, opening of contacts in a thermal bimetallic fuse, rupture of wires, loose fastening of wire tips on the terminals, contact failure in the plug-in connection of wires, contact failure in switches and switches, open circuit in consumers (burnout filaments in the lamp, burnout of an additional resistor or motor winding, etc.).
Due to the widespread use of electronics in cars, fuses are widely used, which are installed in separate pads or blocks. When troubleshooting a circuit, it is convenient to use diagrams and tables with a list of consumers protected by numbered fuses (tables are given in the car's factory operating instructions). In order to make sure that the fuse is working, it is necessary to turn on the consumers protected by this fuse in turn. If at least one consumer works, the fuse is good.
If a fuse insert has melted, before replacing it with a new one, it is necessary to eliminate the malfunction that caused the fuse insert to melt. If there is no spare insert, you can solder a copper wire with a diameter of 0.18 mm to the contacts of the insert for a current of 6 A, 0.23 mm - for 8 A; 0.26 mm - at 10 A, 0.34 mm - at 16 A, 0.36 mm - at 20 A.
Before installing a new insert, it is necessary to bend the holder terminals, which will ensure reliable contact between the insert and the holder. Using the example of a simple circuit of the electrical equipment of a GAZ-bZA car, we will consider the search for wire breaks and other malfunctions of the on-board network (Fig. 2). For example, headlights do not light up.
Rice. 2. Scheme of the electrical equipment of the GAZ-63A car: 1 - sensor of the emergency oil pressure warning lamp; 2- gauge indicator of the oil pressure gauge in the lubrication system; 3- breaker-distributor; 4 - transistor switch; 5 - engine overheat indicator sensor; 6 - engine coolant temperature indicator sensor; 7 - additional resistors; 8- starter enable relay; 9- interrupter of direction indicators; 10 - control lamp for switching on the high beam of headlights; 11 - engine compartment lamp; 12 - wiper motor switch; 13-switch of direction indicators; 14 - stoplight switch; 15 - foot light switch; 16 - central light switch; 17-pin socket for portable lamp; 18, 19 - thermobimetallic fuses; 20-ignition switch; 21 - heater motor; 22 - ceiling lamp switch; 23 - fuel level sensor; 24 - lighting lamps for instrumentation; 25 - trailer socket
Consider the current path in the headlight circuit. Positive battery terminal - starter traction relay terminal - ammeter - terminal "AM" of the ignition switch 20 - fuse 18-terminal "1" of the main light switch 16 - terminal "4" of the switch 16 - terminal of the light foot switch 15 - output terminal of the foot switch ( one of two, depending on the position of the switch) - terminal of the connecting panel (blocks) - filament of headlight bulbs - car body - negative terminal of the battery.
To determine an open in this circuit, connect one wire from a test lamp * or a voltmeter to the car body, and with the end of the other wire touch the terminals of consumers, devices, switches and connecting panels included in this circuit, starting from the positive terminal of the battery, in the sequence considered current paths. Before connecting a test lamp to terminal "4" of the main light switch, you must set the switch handle to position II. When connecting a control lamp to the output of the foot switch, press its stem 2-3 times.
When the test lamp goes out (or the voltmeter needle deviates to zero), this will indicate that the circuit has an open in the area from the previous point where the wire of the test lamp (voltmeter) touched to this point in the circuit under test.
A wire break can be determined in another way. To do this, disconnect the ends of the wire under test and connect it in series with a lamp (or voltmeter) to the battery. If there is a break, the control lamp will not light.
If necessary, check the serviceability of the lamps without removing them from the headlights. To do this, the positive terminal of the battery is connected with a conductor to the corresponding terminal of the connecting panel, to which the conductors from the tested lamps are connected. A good lamp will light up.
With a working lamp in the headlight, it, like the control one, will burn with incomplete heat. The control lamp burns with full heat in the event of a short circuit to the body of the electrical circuit in the headlight.
Attention!
It is strictly forbidden to check the health of the circuits of consumers of electric energy of the car “for a spark”, i.e., by shorting the wire to the case, since even a short-term short circuit can cause damage to semiconductor devices of electrical equipment, printed circuit boards of mounting blocks, etc.
An unacceptable voltage drop in consumer circuits is created due to an increase in resistance at the points of fastening of the wire lugs on the terminals of sources and consumers of electrical energy, devices, connecting panels, as well as in the plug-in connection of conductors. The resistance increases due to the oxidation of the contacting surfaces of the parts, as well as the violation of the strength of the fastening of the wire lugs.
For example, when the terminals of the battery and the tips of the starter wires are oxidized, at the terminals of the battery, due to a sharp increase in the resistance in the circuit, even if the starter and battery are in good condition, the current in the circuit is significantly reduced, and therefore the torque on the starter drive gear and the armature speed are reduced. . As a result, the starting speed of the engine crankshaft is not provided and it does not start.
Another example. In the event of a contact failure in the wire connection at the terminals, oxidation or loose contacts in the light switches, the lamps do not light or significantly reduce the light intensity. Similar phenomena are created in other circuits of the vehicle's on-board network. As a rule, in places where the wires are loose, heat increases, which is a sign of this malfunction. An increase in the temperature of parts accelerates their oxidation. The voltage drop in volts in various circuits of consumers of electrical energy is determined as follows. First, the voltage is measured at the battery terminals, then, for example, at the terminals of the connecting panels in the lighting and light signaling circuit. The voltage difference at the source and at the terminals of the connecting panels will be the magnitude of the voltage drop in the circuit under study.
The permissible voltage drop in the electrical circuit of headlights, sidelights, direction indicators, light signal lamps should not exceed 0.9 V for a 12-volt system and 0.6 V for a 24-volt system. The voltage drop should not exceed 0.1 V at each riveting of the wire lugs.
The short circuit of conductors and parts of apparatuses and devices of electrical equipment on the body of the car occurs due to the destruction of the insulation during mechanical or thermal damage to it. Since the conductors connecting sources and consumers of electrical energy have very low resistance, when they are closed to the car body, a high current will flow through them, as a result of which the fuse will open the circuit. If it is not protected by a fuse, then the insulation is destroyed and the conductors melt and the ammeter is thermally damaged. This may cause a fire.
To determine the short circuit of the wire to the car body, it is necessary to disconnect the ends of the wire under test from the terminals and connect one end in series with a lamp or voltmeter to the positive terminal of the battery. If there is a short to the body, the lamp will glow (dim or bright, depending on the degree of short circuit), and the voltmeter needle will show the voltage at the battery terminals.
Failure in the operation of electrical energy consumers connected to a group thermal bimetallic fuse most often occurs due to the opening of its contacts when this circuit is closed to the car body. To check, press the button of this fuse, and if its contacts open again, then there is a short circuit to the car body in the circuit of connected consumers. In this case, turn off the consumers, press the fuse button, and then turn on the consumers one by one. Serviceable consumers will work. If, when any consumer is turned on, the fuse contacts open, then there is a short circuit to the case in the circuit of this consumer.
On many modern cars, a mounting block is installed in the on-board network, in which all the fuses and most of the various relays are mounted. On fig. 3 shows the mounting block 17.3722 of a VAZ-2108 car, in which fuses (Pr1 - Pr16) and relays (K1 -KN) are installed. There are also resistors R1 and R2, diodes D1 and D2 of the KD215A type, diodes DZ, D4 and D5 of the KD105B type. The block has 11 plug-in blocks (Sh1-Sh11) for connecting bundles of wires.
Rice. 3. Mounting block of fuses and relays 17.3722 of a VAZ-2108 car:
Rice. 4. Diagram of internal connections
If, in the event of a malfunction, there is a need to check the corresponding circuit in the mounting block, it is necessary to find the numbers of inputs and outputs of this circuit in the mounting block according to the general electrical circuit of the car or the power supply circuit of the faulty consumer. According to the scheme of the mounting block (Fig. 4), it is possible to trace the switching of this circuit inside the block. Then, using Fig. 3, b, find these pads and plugs on the block and check the circuit using a test lamp or an ohmmeter. Since diodes are included in some circuits, the “+” of the current source, test lamp or ohmmeter is connected to the input, and “-” to the output of the circuit. If the circuit under test includes a fuse or relay, then to check the circuit, you must first check the fuse, and install jumpers instead of the relay: one instead of contacts and the other instead of a coil.
The entry, for example, Ш1-2 means: plug block No. 1, output No. 2. The entry K1.15-K11 in the "Contacts ..." column means that you need to connect the plugs "15" and "1" of the relay socket K1 with a jumper. Jumpers can also be installed instead of a faulty relay.
For example, you need to check the brake light circuit on a VAZ-2108 car. Having found the brake light switch on the general electrical equipment diagram, we see that two wires are suitable for it: white and red (magenta). The first of them is included in the block Ш4, the second - in the block Ш2.
Rice. 5. Checking the mounting block of the test lamp and an ohmmeter
In the same place or according to separate wiring diagrams, usually given in repair manuals, we see that the white wire is connected to terminal No. 10, and the red wire to No. 3. According to the switching circuit of the mounting block, also available in the repair manuals, we find that power is supplied from the output Ш4-10 and it, in turn, is connected through the Prb fuse to the closed outputs Ш8-5, Ш8-6 and Ш8-7, two of which are used to supply power from the generator (battery). In the same place we find that through the output Ш2-3 and further Ш9-14 current is supplied to the lamps in the rear lights.
If the fuse is in good condition (usually you need to make sure of this right away, using the fuse table located, for example, in the “Car Operation Manual”), we connect a test lamp (Fig. 5) to terminals Ш4-10 and Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6). Similarly, we check the circuit of the mounting block between the terminals 1JJ2-3 and Ш9-14. If there is an open circuit in the circuit, you need to disassemble the unit and solder the broken section of the board (you can solder the conductor parallel to it) or replace the printed circuit boards.
Another example: you need to check the dipped beam circuit of the right VAZ-2108 headlight in the mounting block. According to the table of fuses, we find that the low beam thread of this headlight is protected by a Pr 16 fuse. In fig. 4 it can be seen that this fuse, on the one hand, has an output to sh5-6 and sh7-4 (empty), and on the other hand, it is connected through the contacts of the KN relay with power (pins Sh8-7, Sh8-5, Shch8-6, as and in the previous example). In turn, the KP relay coil is connected to the Sh4-12 output (to the steering column-left light switch) and the mass of the unit - the ShZ-5 and Sh10-5 outputs.
To check these circuits, instead of the relay, we put two jumpers: 30-87; 85-86. Then we connect an ohmmeter to the conclusions Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6) and Ш5-6. The resistance should be close to zero. Similarly, we connect an ohmmeter to the conclusions Ш4-12 and ШЗ-5 (Ш10-5).
Obviously, the use of a control lamp in the first example, and an ohmmeter in the second, is equivalent.
On a car, to check the health of the relay, for example, K11, it can be replaced with a similar one, for example K5. If, after replacing the relay, the headlights turn on, then the unit is OK, and the replaced relay is faulty. Instead of a faulty relay, you can leave a jumper, but keep in mind that in this case the contacts of the headlight switch will be overloaded, which will cause them to oxidize. Detailed testing of various relays is described in the relevant sections of the book.
Sources and consumers of electrical energy in conjunction with wires and switching elements (switches and switches) make up the electrical circuit of the car. To transfer electrical energy from a source to consumers, wires are used, which are divided into low and high voltage wires according to insulation. For low voltage, wires of the brand PGVA (flexible, vinyl automotive wire) or PGVAE (shielded) are used.
In the secondary circuit of the ignition system, special high-voltage wires of the PVV (GAZ-66) or PVS-7 (ZIL-131, Ural-375D) brand are used.
On cars, a single-wire electrical system is used, in which the second wire is replaced by the metal parts of the car itself (car mass).
The single-wire system reduces the number of wires by half, which greatly simplifies the circuit and reduces the cost. At the same time, a single-wire system requires better insulation of wires and their fastening. If the insulation is broken, the wires can directly touch the ground of the car, causing short circuits.
When inspecting and maintaining the car, it is necessary to carefully check the condition of the wire insulation and eliminate the causes that cause damage to the wires (rubbing against sharp edges, excessive sagging, ingress of combustible and lubricants on the wires). When installing electrical equipment, special attention must be paid to the reliability of the connection of their cases with the mass of the vehicle. This is achieved by cleaning the seats from dirt, corrosion and paint, as well as reliable fastening of the wires connecting the instrument cases to each other and to the mass of the car.
For ease of installation and protection of wires from mechanical damage, they are bundled with a cotton braid. Wires (bundles) are fastened with brackets, the distance between which should be 30-40 cm.
To ensure good electrical contact and simplify the installation of circuits, a plug-in connection of wires with instrument terminals is currently widely used. To quickly find the desired wire in the common bundle of wires, the outer insulation is colored. This facilitates the installation of wires, as well as troubleshooting in electrical circuits -
On fig. 1 is a complete diagram of the electrical equipment of a GAZ-66 car. Knowledge of the circuit and current paths is necessary for the rapid detection and elimination of electrical faults that occur during the operation of the vehicle.
The study of the scheme is facilitated if we keep in mind some general provisions, the main of which are the following:
1. First of all, it is necessary to single out the circuits connecting the battery, generator, relay-regulator, ignition switch, ammeter and central light switch. All current consumers are connected to one of the listed devices.
2. Determine the composition of each circuit of electrical equipment.
3. Find the devices of the system on the diagram and on the car and study the order of connecting the devices to each other.
4. Follow the path of the current in the circuit and understand the physical meaning of its impact on a particular consumer. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that each consumer (with the exception of devices of the electric start system) can be powered by current both from the battery and from the generator. When the engine is not running and it is running at a low crankshaft speed, when the generator voltage is less than the battery voltage, all consumers are powered by the battery. When the engine is running at medium and high crankshaft speeds, all consumers, including the battery, receive energy from the generator.
5. Only the discharge and charging current of the battery passes through the ammeter. The generator current, which is used to supply consumers, does not pass through the ammeter.
6. The circuit of each consumer starts from the “+” terminal of the current source and ends with the “-” terminal of the same source.
7. The current path to all consumers, except for the charging circuit, the ignition system and the electric start system, passes through the fuses.
Consider, for example, the current path in the primary circuit of the ignition system of a GAZ-66 car from the battery and from the generator. To turn on this circuit, it is necessary to close the AM and KZ terminals of the ignition switch with the ignition key. In this case, the current flows as follows: terminal "+" of the battery - starter clamp - ammeter - ignition switch - additional resistor - terminal K of the transistor switch - primary winding of the ignition coil - unnamed terminal of the transistor switch - transistor switch - ground - battery switch - terminal " -» battery.
The current path of the primary circuit of the ignition system from the generator: terminal "+" of the generator 12 - terminal "+" of the ammeter 45 - terminal AM of the ignition switch 46, and then the same path remains as when powered from the battery, only from the ground the current flows to terminal "-" of the generator.
Rice. 1. Scheme of the electrical equipment of the GAZ-66 car:
1 - sidelight; 2 - headlight; 3 - connecting panel; 4 – sound signal button; 5 - sound signal; 6 - engine compartment lamp; 7—special lamp; 8 - fuel gauge; 9 - voltage regulator; 10 - coolant temperature gauge; 11 - a control lamp of temperature of a cooling liquid; 12 - generator; 13 - heater motor switch; 14 - heater motor; 15 - coolant temperature warning lamp sensor in the radiator: 16 - engine coolant temperature sensor; 17 - transistor switch; 18 - quenching resistance; 19 - spark plug; 20 - ignition coil; 21 - distributor; 22 - fuel level sensor of the right fuel tank; 23 - horn switch; 24 - body light switch; 25 - body cover; 26 - button heater fuse; 27 - control spiral; 28 - candle switch; 29 - heater electric fan; 30 - glow plugs; 31 - additional resistor; 32 - fuel tank sensors switch; 33 - additional starter relay; 34 - cabin ceiling; 35 - ceiling switch; 36 - rotary headlight switch; 37 - instrument panel illumination lamp; 38 - oil pressure indicator; 39 control lamp emergency oil pressure; 40-control indicator lamp; 41, 44 - oil pressure sensors; 42 - wiper motor switch; 43 - turning headlight; 45 - ammeter; 46 - ignition switch; 47 - push-button fuse; 48 - wiper motor: 49 - socket; 50 - breaker, 51 - turn signal switch; 52 - stop light switch; 53 - control lamp high beam headlights; 54 - central light switch; 55 - starter; 56 - solenoid valve switch; 57 - solenoid valve; 58 - battery switch; 59 - battery; 60 - wire connector; 61 - trailer socket; 62 - rear light; 63 - fuel level sensor of the left fuel tank; 64 - detachable connections; 6!5 - audible alarm relay; 66 - foot light switch, color code: B - white; K - red; Zh -yellow; 3 - green; KOR - brown; A - black; G - blue; O - orange; P - pink; F - purple; C - gray
The characteristic reasons causing interruptions and failures in the operation of systems and circuits of electrical equipment include:
- loosening of contact in circuit connections;
— oxidation of contacts and contact connections;
- damage to insulation and short circuit to ground of wires and current-carrying elements of electrical equipment;
- lack of reliable connection of instrument cases with the mass of the vehicle; chain breaks.
It is convenient to detect a break or short to ground using a test lamp (A12-1 or A12-3) by sequentially checking all sections of the circuit. The nature of the malfunction in the circuit (open or short circuit) is indicated by the ammeter needle when this circuit is connected to the battery.
A complete diagram of the vehicle's electrical equipment is given in each instruction (manual) for the operation of this vehicle. This makes it easier to find the problem if it occurs.
To Category: - 1Domestic cars
Signal lamps are used for light signaling the state of the monitored circuit. Using them, you can quickly determine the presence of voltage at the input in the shield, whether any circuit is turned on or not, etc. They are very easy to operate and understand for an untrained person. If the lamp is lit, then there is voltage in the network, and if not, then there is no voltage. If the switchboard has a transparent cover, then the signal lamps LS-47 create a very beautiful illumination there. It's like an added bonus.
Signal lamps LS-47 are produced by different manufacturers. These are IEK, EKF, TDM and others. They are made in a modular design and are very similar to circuit breakers. Only instead of the switching lever they have the lamp itself. They are mounted on a DIN rail. This design allows them to be installed in any switchboard next to other modular devices. LS-47 is a neon lamp with a current limiting resistor connected in series.
Very simple. She has two outputs (contacts), to which "phase" and "zero" are connected.
Here is a diagram from the passport for the device ...
Also, often the connection diagram is shown on the body of the signal lamp itself ...
Here are a couple of diagrams of a single-phase switchboard, where a signal lamp is connected to the input. On it you can control the presence of the input voltage.
It is also possible to visually control the presence of voltage in a three-phase network. Sometimes there are emergencies when one of the phases breaks, somewhere on the contact network. If your house has a 3-phase input, and the load is single-phase and distributed into three groups, then if one phase fails, only part of the electrical appliances will not work. This is often misleading. For example, sockets and lights may work in some rooms, but not in others. In such a situation, the search for a place in this line begins, where the phase or zero disappeared (broke). In such a situation, if there is an LS-47 signal lamp at the input, you can immediately visually determine that the voltage has simply disappeared in one of the phases. So the problem is not at your home, but somewhere in the contact network.
Here is a diagram of a three-phase switchboard, where LS-47 signal lamps are connected at the input on each phase.
So we figured out the connection diagram for the LS-47 signal lamp.
Do you use any of these lamps in your home?
Let's smile:
Details Category: AutoTwo dogs are talking in Pavlov's clinic. One says:
- Look, there are men walking who react to light bulbs. As the light bulb turns on, they serve food.
A burnt-out side light may not be noticed immediately. In one case, it will cost us only a replacement of the lamp, and in the other, if the guard noticed it first, much more.
A simple circuit that allows you to determine a burned out lamp is shown in the figure below. Cadmium - sulfide photocell is located near
controlled lamp. When the lamp is lit, the internal resistance of the photocell is very low. The base of transistor Q1 is connected to the common bus of the circuit through a low resistance. The transistor is closed, and no current flows through the buzzer. If the lamp burns out or does not light for some reason, the resistance of the photocell increases, and thus a bias is created at the base of the transistor. It opens, the photodiode lights up and a warning signal sounds. The circuit is included in the same circuit from which the lamp receives power. This connection avoids triggering the signal circuit when the lamp is simply turned off.
Assembly and use. It is possible to mount one or more single-channel signaling devices on a sheet of insulating material and then place it in a plastic housing. Place the LEDs and buzzer in a convenient location so that you can keep an eye on them without compromising safe driving. The wiring diagram can be any. The photocell should be placed as close as possible to the lamp; it must be directed towards it.
The figure shows a circuit that can control six individual lamps at the same time. If any of these lamps burn out, the corresponding diode will light up and an audible signal will sound.
In most cases, the number of simultaneously turned on lamps in a car does not exceed six. The number of sensors used can be reduced either by removing the input and output circuits connected to the unused inverter, or, if this may be needed in the future, by shorting the connection points of the photocells to the circuit with a jumper. The latter can be left in place. If any stage of the device will never be used, remove the photocell from it and the diodes with a resistor connected to the output. A 27 kΩ resistor should be left in the circuit, which connects the input of the inverter to the common bus, which will protect it from damage.
Before making further changes, let's look at how the circuit works. Like two drops of water, all six sensors are similar to each other and have separate inputs and output M. The outputs of all six sensors are connected by diodes to one electronic key that includes a sound signaling device. Due to the similarity of the circuit configuration, the description of sensor L applies to all six. The illuminated photocell creates a high voltage at the input of the inverter. The output signal of the inverter is always opposite in sign to the input, and therefore the output voltage is small or close to zero. While the voltage at the output of the inverter is low, the LED does not light up and the base of transistor Q1 is not forward biased. The buzzer is silent. As soon as the lamp illuminating the photocell stops burning, the voltage at the input of the inverter will drop, which will cause a high voltage at the output, while LED D1 will light up, and the bias that appears at the base of the transistor Q1 will turn on a warning signal. The circuit will signal a problem as long as the output of one or more inverters is high potential.
This scheme is also not critical to the location of parts, so any design will do. You can mount circuit components on pins inserted into the board or on a printed circuit board - choose whichever method is convenient for you. Particular care must be taken when installing photocells near lamps. To do this, it is good to use silicone resin. After applying a small stroke, attach the photocell in place, being careful not to damage either it or the surrounding parts. It's a good idea to add a switch in series with the buzzer in the collector circuit of transistor Q1. This will turn off the sound signal in case the burnt out lamp cannot be replaced immediately.
A similar circuit is suitable for controlling almost all lamps, except for headlights. The fact is that there is no way to mount photovoltaic cells near their incandescent lamps. And this problem is more mechanical than electronic. Its solution lies in a different electronic circuit. The circuit in the figure, but will allow you to control several incandescent lamps without the use of photocells.
The operation of this circuit, used in conjunction with powerful lamps, is based on the registration of a large current. Transistor Q1, inductor 
Power lamp control device (a) and generator inductor (c)
L1A and L1B, together with the surrounding parts, form a high frequency generator. The oscillation frequency is determined by the capacitances of the capacitors C1 and C2 and the inductances of the coils. When no current flows through the coil L1B, the generator is not overloaded and gives a signal with a swing of 5 V on the resistor R2. The alternating voltage is supplied to the rectifier with a doubling of the voltage on the diodes D, D2 and capacitors C4, C5. A constant voltage at its output creates a bias at the base of transistor Q2. Resistor R8 sets the operating threshold from a current of 2 A and below through the L1B coil. The current through this coil degrades the quality factor of the resonant circuit of the generator, which reduces its output signal. When the signal is below the threshold level, the LED and buzzer do not work. But as soon as the lamp burns out, the current in the L1B coil drops, the bias on the transistor Q2 increases and the LED and the sound signal turn on. If desired, you can configure the device so that it reacts to the burnout of one lamp from several connected in parallel.
Tips for assembling a circuit. Most circuit components can be mounted using one of the methods described above. Any layout can be applied, since the operation of the device is insensitive to the location of parts.
The L1B coil, which serves as a current sensor, is wound on a ferrite rod measuring 10 x 0.6 cm. At one end of the rod, between rubber rings spaced at a distance of 3.2 cm, 75 turns of enameled copper wire with a cross section of 0.13 mm 2 are wound. The coil is wound coil by coil. Having fixed it at the ends, leave 7.5 cm leads for connecting to the circuit.
After finding the power wire going to the lamp or lamps to be controlled, see if it is possible to wind 4-8 turns directly on the other end of the ferrite rod. If it is not possible to wind the L1B coil in this way, then do it with an enameled wire with a cross section of 3-5 mm2, and then turn on the winding in series with the supply wire.
Place the circuit as close as possible to the current-carrying conductor. If you want to place it in a different place, make sure that the connecting wires can withstand the current drawn by the lamp. The specific number of turns on the coil. L1B is determined based on the current value in the lamp circuit. With an increase in the number of turns of the coil, the sensitivity of the circuit to lower currents increases. If the wire that feeds the lamp allows, wind the L1B coil of 8 turns. The scheme then becomes universal. Resistor R8 gives a wide tuning range and the number of turns in L1B can vary.
Schema setup. Having made and connected the circuit, apply power to the controlled circuit, and with the resistor R8, ensure that the LED goes out and the buzzer stops. To test the operation of the circuit, unscrew any of the lamps. If there is only one lamp in the controlled circuit, the setting of the resistor R8 can vary widely, which does not particularly affect the operation of the circuit, but with more lamps, the required tuning accuracy increases.
Thus, this scheme can be used when it is not possible to install a photocell in the vicinity of the lamp.