Beautiful do-it-yourself chandelier shades: a step-by-step master class (photo). Homemade chandelier for the kitchen - an exclusive component of the interior (MK) What are cheap chandeliers made of

The lighting system is an integral attribute of the design of any room. This is explained by the fact that chandeliers and lamps have an amazing ability to change the situation. Of course, the easiest way to buy lamps in the store. But it is much more pleasant to make them with your own hands.

Materials that can be used to create chandeliers

What can a chandelier be made from? The answer to this question is: “Yes, from anything.” You can make a pendant lamp from:

• paper;
• thread;
• CDs;
• plastic bottles"
• cardboard;
• natural materials;
• barbecue sticks, etc.

Your imagination will help you choose the material. It will also help you choose the right model. To create a chandelier, you can use techniques such as origami, carving, embossing. In addition, the use of knitting and weaving techniques is appropriate.

Barbecue stick lamp

Consider step-by-step instructions on how to make an original chandelier using ordinary barbecue sticks.

You will need:

• barbecue sticks;
• organza ribbons;
• glue.

It is quite easy to make such a design:

We lay out the sticks so that they form a square, and connect them with glue. The height of the chandelier depends on your preferences. But remember that you need to consider the total amount of material available and the height of the ceiling.

We glue the top of the lamp with cut sticks. They can be laid parallel to each other or crosswise. Do not forget to leave a hole of the appropriate diameter for the cartridge in the central part.

After the glue dries, we begin to decorate the chandelier. For this purpose, we tie colored organza ribbons at the protruding ends of the sticks. The more of them, the more beautiful the lamp will turn out.

We hang the resulting structure on a hook in the ceiling. This can be done using the same ribbons. Next, we fix the cartridge in it. The chandelier is ready!

bottle chandelier

One of the original homemade chandelier ideas is the bottle chandelier. You will need:

• frame of an old chandelier;
• plastic bottles (the color palette can be very different);
• thick steel wire.

Creation instructions:

Cut bottles. Cut flowers, animals or geometric shapes out of them. Which one to choose depends on your desire.

Fasten the cut blanks to the frame of the old ceiling lamp and attach the steel wire. It is necessary to make a "hedgehog" out of it.

To do this, take a few wire rods, connect them in the middle using a small piece of wire. Next, you need to cut off the top rod, thereby creating a place for the light bulb.

The last step is to connect the chandelier to the ceiling. It's not that hard to do it yourself. Such a lamp would be appropriate in the hallway or in the kitchen.

Wooden chandelier

To make a beautiful LED chandelier with your own hands from wood, you need to prepare the following things:

• Wooden planks - 12 pcs. Door frames will fit. It is optimal if they have a length of 0.3 - 0.45 m.
• Glass jars with a volume of 1 l - 6 pcs. They will be used as lampshades.
• Wood paint.
• Self-tapping screws.
• Machine for seaming home canned food.
• White color paint.
• Sandpaper.

Creating a wooden chandelier will require the following steps:

• It is necessary to process the strips with sandpaper.
• Make slot holes for the wire.
• Drill holes for attaching plafonds. To do this, take three strips and make a hole on each side.
• Cover the blanks with paint that imitates natural wood.
• Assemble the planks with self-tapping screws into a single hexagonal structure.
• In the central part of the caps for twisting, make holes for the cartridge. Install LED bulb holders.
• Roll up the banks.
• Paint the lids with tone paint, and the jars with light-colored paint. It remains to fix the structure on the ceiling.

Cardboard product

A very unusual interior decoration can be a chandelier made of ordinary cardboard. Here's a little tutorial:

• Using a stencil, cut out two identical blanks. Don't forget to make slits to secure them in the center. Connect the cut pieces.
• If necessary, paint the resulting structure.
• To give greater strength, sew all the joints with a strong thread or wire.
• Fastening to the ceiling occurs on the chain. A wire runs through them. It is optimal if they are painted to match the light fixture.

As a decoration, you can use a variety of things - glitter varnish, beads, sequins, lace, rhinestones, artificial flower arrangements, beads.

A plastic chandelier is made in the same way. Such a product will be more durable. But for its manufacture, scissors will not be the best option. Instead, it is preferable to use a jigsaw.

Today, the popularity of hand-made interior details is only growing. A handmade chandelier is a reflection of your personality. It will give the whole atmosphere originality and uniqueness.

On the Internet, you can easily find not only many different variations of home-made lamps, but also detailed instructions for repairing hand-made chandeliers.

DIY chandelier photo

Of course, I didn’t throw out the leg and, with the thought “everything will do on the farm,” I hid it until the occasion :)
Here she is:


The case has come, we needed a chandelier in the kitchen. I didn’t like anything suitable in the stores, and then such a “miracle” falls into my hands :) (They gave it away just to make something).


Inside view:


I don't know how to call it prettier, but this thing used to hang like a lamp in a factory or something.
And then the thought came to me, to connect my leg with this lamp, so that we get a chandelier. I cut off all unnecessary wires from the lamp and removed the fasteners.

They fit together so perfectly that I decided to “dance” from this :)
From the inside, the leg latches clings to the ceiling itself.


Since our kitchen is in a yellow-green color scheme with gold fittings, we make a chandelier to match the kitchen.
So let's get started.
To prepare for the decor of the chandelier, we need:
1. Sandpaper (I used not the roughest).
2. Primer on the old paint (this is optional, it dries for 24 hours, if you wish, you can apply it, I didn’t apply it, everything also keeps perfectly without it). Photo just in case anyone is interested:


3. The most common sponge for painting the surface of the chandelier.
4. Paint (I have a matte paint that was used for the walls when renovating the kitchen).


5. Wallpaper glue (in my case). I used it because now we have it in abundance. You can use PVA glue or something suitable for gluing fabric to metal.
6. Bowl for glue.
7. Glue for gluing decorative elements (the one I chose is initially white, after drying it becomes transparent).
The photo shows an example of wallpaper glue and the one with which I glued the decor:


For decoration we need:


1. White fabric (I have cotton, you can use another one).
2. Metallized tape.
3. Artificial leaves.
4. Wooden ladybugs (mine are Velcro).
5. Half beads (I have a diameter of 6mm).
6. Artificial flowers (in this case, latex callas).
7. Stamens for flowers.
Let's get to work.
First we need to clean the surface of the lamp with sandpaper.


Next, cover it with a primer on the old paint (again, if desired).
After the primer has completely dried (24 hours), you can start gluing our lamp with a cloth. I had an idea to make folds out of fabric.
We dilute the glue in the right proportion (it took me about 600 ml of diluted glue) and wet the fabric well in it. It is better to cut the fabric into shreds, so it is more convenient to form folds.




Next, lay out the fabric on the lamp:


We wrap the part of the fabric that remains free inside, since we glue the entire lamp both outside and inside.




After gluing, this is the picture:




Air bubbles are driven out by hand, smoothing the surface.
Next, let it dry. You can do it this way (I put the lamp on mounting foam).


And you can speed up the process and it will take no more than 1 hour to dry :)
We put our lamp in the oven, on the grate. I do not advise on a baking sheet, otherwise it will not dry out from the inside.
We heat the oven to 70-80 degrees and keep the lamp there for about 10 minutes, then turn off the oven, open it slightly and wait another 10 minutes. I got a total of 3 such approaches.
After drying, the lamp looks like this:


As long as she's not attractive at all :)
In the process of gluing with a cloth, the upper hole where the leg is attached closed, so it needs to be cut:




Everything is ready for the next step - painting.


Do not forget to cover the table so as not to get dirty.
And we start with a sponge, with blotting movements, apply paint to the entire surface (from the inside too).




Fully painted lamp:


The paint I used takes 1 hour to dry. After the first layer has dried, cover the lamp with another layer, because. in some places, however, there were traces of rust. We are waiting for complete drying.
Don't forget to paint the bottom of the leg the same color so that it doesn't stand out in the overall picture.


After the paint has dried, we connect the leg with the lamp.


We just need to add decor :)
I placed the whole composition on one side, you can place the decoration to your liking if you wish.
First, glue the leaves:




Then glue the stamens. To do this, fold them in half. I used 2 strands of yellow and green:


Then flowers.
Before gluing them, we cut off the leg, leaving 3-4 mm from the flower and bend it onto the “back”:




We do not regret Clay.
Now let's add ladybugs. I removed the Velcro from them and glued them on the same glue:




Decorate with ribbons (glue them under the leaves):




The final touch is half beads. We take them quite a bit so as not to overload the overall picture. I glued 9 pieces (3 pieces each in three places):




Final result:

Decorating the house on your own is a favorite pastime of many hostesses, this article reveals how to make a lamp with your own hands. You can revive the interior of a living room, bedroom or hallway with the help of improvised means, only by changing the ceiling of a chandelier, floor lamp or table lamp. Do-it-yourself lampshades for lamps can be used not only in a residential interior, but also in the halls of cafes, pubs, pizzerias.

The choice of materials and lamps for the lamp

Products made for children's rooms should be made from natural non-toxic materials and painted with environmentally friendly paints.

When manufacturing, fire safety should also be taken into account, therefore lampshades made of combustible materials made of paper, plastic, feathers or threads should only be used with lamps that have a low heating temperature.

You need to use LED or fluorescent lamps. They have a number of advantages:

• long service life;
• minimum heating of the base from the glass part;
• light has three shades: warm, cold, neutral.

In addition, such lamps are also called energy-saving, their only drawback is their high cost.

It is also desirable that the connection of the wire to the base be made by a specialist. Do not try to perform this operation yourself, as this may lead to undesirable consequences. It is more convenient to decorate an existing ceiling frame or make it from durable and not very heavy materials.

The following materials are used to create fixtures: scissors, a mounting knife, fishing line, wire, pliers, a hot gun, in some cases it can be replaced with super glue. They should be used by an adult, it is unacceptable to involve a child in gluing. Since in one case he will get a burn, and in the other he can glue his fingers or stick to the details of the future product.

What can you make a plafond from?

Many craftsmen make lamps from completely unnecessary materials:

• from plastic or glass bottles;
• newspapers, thin or colored paper;
• artificial or natural threads;
• dried branches of an unusual shape;
• disposable spoons;
• old disks.

plastic lamp

From plastic containers of different sizes, a homemade chandelier is easily obtained.

1. For the base, you need to take a bottle of 5 liters. The bottom is cut off. Then circles with a diameter of 1.5 cm are drawn on the surface. They must be cut with a mounting knife or small scissors.
2. The bottom is cut off from the bottles for decor and the entire surface is cut with scissors into strips 0.5 - 1 cm wide, then the workpiece is heated over the lit burner. Under the influence of heat, the stripes will take on a chaotic appearance.
3. Then blanks are inserted into a 5-liter container with holes, and lids are screwed on the inside. Then a wire is threaded through the large neck and a ceiling is installed. For such a ceiling, you need to use an energy-saving lamp.
4. In some interiors, you can find a fancy lamp made on the basis of an ordinary hanger or a straw hat. In general, nothing can limit the scope of the imagination of both home craftsmen and professional designers.

Plafond from glass bottles

A very interesting version of a homemade chandelier is obtained from glass bottles. They are used to decorate the halls of catering establishments. It is also a good option for a kitchen in a residential building or apartment. This can be a ceiling, consisting of one or more bottles, in which the bottom is cut off. You can do this yourself, but it is better to use the services of a workshop where glass and mirrors are cut.

How to use thread

For a lampshade made of threads or ribbons, you will need: a ready-made frame made of strong wire, threads of different colors, scissors, glue.

1. The frame consists of two rings interconnected by metal segments. It can be made independently from durable wire.
2. One color or several shades of thread is required.
3. A thread is fixed on the lower part, then it must be pulled through the upper ring, lowered down and thrown over the lower ring. It is necessary to ensure that the thread is taut and the coils fit snugly together. As soon as the thread ends, you need to attach the next segment to the lower ring.
4. Carefully cut off the rest of the threads and glue them on the back.

Spoons for the lamp

You can make a multi-tiered, colored lamp from ordinary disposable spoons.

1. It is necessary to make a wire frame, for a small round lamp you need to make three circles with a diameter of 12, 18, 26 cm. Then the circles are fastened together with a fishing line. The largest diameter will be at the top, there should be the same distance between them.
2. In spoons, you need to make a small hole with a thick needle at the top of the handle.
3. Spoons are painted with acrylic paints in three colors, for example, yellow, orange, red.
4. Assembling a homemade chandelier: the fishing line is cut into a length equal to the distance between the circles. A spoon is tied to one end of the fishing line, and the other to the frame. Yellow spoons should be tied to the lower circle of small diameter, orange to the middle one, and red to the upper one.

Lightweight and sleek shade

For a paper ceiling, paper or thin cardboard is suitable. Such a ceiling can be either rectangular or square. First you need to consider the size of the ceiling, the larger the room, the wider the design can be. In a small nursery or hallway, a ceiling with a diameter of 30 - 35 centimeters will look good.

The frame can be made of wire, it will consist of an upper and lower part, consider the manufacture of a cylinder-shaped ceiling.

1. It is necessary to make two circles of wire of the desired diameter. They are interconnected with a fishing line, the distance between the lower and upper frame is 12 - 15 cm, the hoops are fastened with a fishing line in three or four places. The larger the diameter of the base, the more connecting elements must be made.
2. On a paper blank, you can draw circles of different diameters, figures of cartoon characters. Outline drawings can be taken from the Internet and printed, then redrawn with carbon paper. A special ruler is suitable for drawing circles, or you can outline caps or buttons of different diameters. Some drawings are cut out completely with a clerical knife, some are cut along the contour.
3. The paper is tried on the base and glued with an overlap. Then glued to the wire, can also be fixed with a thin wire. To do this, first make a hole in the paper with a thick needle or awl, then thread the wire and carefully tie it to the frame. It is advisable to glue thin paper, as it is easy to ruin it.

Exclusive ceiling made of metal cans

1. Basins made of any metal are used, an interesting option will be obtained from copper or aluminum containers. An old, used basin will also work. If there is a through hole in it, it must be welded or sealed, for example, with epoxy.
2. The inner surface must be painted in a light color so that the light reflects from it as much as possible.
3. The outer surface can be painted in a dark, saturated color, in harmony with the interior.
4. A fringe about 5 centimeters long is glued to the bottom of the rim with hot glue. In the central part of the basin, it is necessary to make a hole for the wire. It can be drilled with a drill or pierced with a nail.

Such a ceiling can be decorated with a mosaic of CDs. To do this, the disks are cut with sharp scissors into small fragments, which are glued to the outer surface of the pelvis. You can glue only the bottom contour, and paint the rest. Or decorate the entire surface of the ceiling with such a mosaic. The more convex the surface, the smaller the disk fragments should be.

natural materials

The original lamp can be made from a dry branch of an unusual shape. It must be cleaned of bark and covered with stain, then, if desired, treated with transparent varnish. The branch must be attached to a hook on the ceiling with a regular fishing line. Then I wind the wire with the lamp several times onto the branch. A branch entwined with several wires looks beautiful.

You can make a lamp out of plastic hangers. Detailed in the video:

Lamps in different rooms

DIY bottle chandeliers are more suitable for the kitchen. Designs made of glass or plastic will be easy to clean from dust and wash if necessary. For the kitchen, hallway or living room, a lamp made of natural wood is suitable.

For a children's room, a ceiling made of painted plastic bottles, a floor lamp made of bright threads or a paper composition is more suitable. The latter option cannot be called durable, but this option will appeal to children. Girls will like the plafond with butterflies, plant elements, boys will like designs with cars, superheroes or bright plastic plafonds.

In some cafes, pubs, original lamps made from bottles are used to decorate the hall. It could be beer bottles. They can serve as both a lamp shade and an interesting frame for a lamp.

Ideas for homemade lamps by location

With your own hands, you can give a new look to the floor lamp. You can decorate the ceiling with fabric, threads, paper with cut-out patterns, and you also do not need to ignore the base and leg of the lamp. They can be painted with acrylics, glazed, decorated with beads. The decor of the lower part of the floor lamp should overlap with the elements in the upper part. The easiest option is to decorate the ceiling of a solid color with lace or guipure.

Decoration of lamps

The lower part of the plafond of threads can be decorated with pompoms of the same size hanging on a thread. They are glued on the inside of the frame with glue. Pompoms can hang at the same or at different heights. They can be made in one color or combined in several shades.

To decorate paper lamps, you can use lace, thick tulle, beads of different sizes. You can decorate glass jars or bottles with glass pebbles, which can be purchased at hardware stores. You can also use buttons of different sizes and colors. Small buttons can be glued even on PVA.

On New Year's holidays, it is customary to decorate the Christmas tree, but you can also decorate the shades of lamps, floor lamps. Here you can use the usual rain, do-it-yourself snowflakes, Christmas tree figurines, decorative balls and an ordinary garland. If an energy-saving lamp is installed in a wall or floor lamp, then its ceiling can be decorated with paper snowflakes.

Wall sconces are installed in living rooms, bedrooms, children's rooms. After repair, you can use old sconces only by changing their appearance. You can paint the body of the lamp in a light color, and apply bronze or silver paint on top with a hard bristle brush to create a patina effect. If the ceiling is glass, the pattern you like is applied to its surface using a glass stencil. Here you can use contour (they are used to create a stained-glass window) or spray paints.

A chandelier is an expensive item, but technologically not so complicated. In any case, production processes that could not be carried out at home are almost not required for the manufacture of a chandelier, or they can be replaced with similar manual ones that visually and in terms of reliability give the same effect.

Do-it-yourself amateurs have made and are making a lot of ceiling lamps for general lighting (and these are chandeliers), which have no analogues in the general market and sometimes have a very extravagant appearance, see, for example, fig. Fiction and the reader, we hope, do not hold. However, unfortunately, in a scattering of images of home-made chandeliers on the Internet, samples that meet the requirements of safety regulations and residential lighting are rare. Rather, very rarely.

This article discusses, first of all, how to make a chandelier yourself technologically and lighting. There is nothing particularly complicated here; this is something like a Moliere character who, it turns out, has been speaking prose all his life. But it doesn't hurt to know some of the basics. Moreover, the original harmonious design (which is by no means abandoned) also requires a reliable foundation, otherwise what beauty can be based on?

Note: for example, how you can make a chandelier in the living room with your own hands at home, see the video below. In terms of design, it will go with any interior style that accepts clear forms, and this is a very wide range, from Chinese Mandarin to fusion.

Video: do-it-yourself chandelier from improvised materials

Therefore, the subtleties of the design and construction of the main lighting and at the same time decorative elements of the chandelier -; frame / support of lamps, which are also important as part of the overall design -. It will also not be superfluous to find out about the general lighting design of residential premises. And in this article we will deal with what they all have in common, plus the electrical part:

• Lighting technology and design - the very beginnings for domestic premises;
• Electrical fittings, mainly in terms of safety;
• What to make light fittings from, with an emphasis on the possibility of manufacturing from improvised materials;
• Features of chandeliers for residential premises for various purposes;
• The choice of light sources for a particular chandelier.

Note: those who doubt why there are some depths, let it be known - homemade lamps are firmly in the top ten for household electrical injuries, fire hazard and as a cause of visual impairment, especially in children.

What should not be afraid?

Wood and woodwork. Looking at the figured wooden details of industrial-made chandeliers, it seems that it is impossible to reproduce them at home. Meanwhile, a completely artsy wooden chandelier frame can be made in a day or two with your own hands in the kitchen or on the balcony.

The fact is that wood, when heated throughout the mass to 150-250 degrees, softens and bends, and when it cools down, it retains the shape given to it. You can heat a piece of wood to such a temperature without charring with a building hair dryer. Just remember to pre-drill axial holes (say, for wiring an electrical cable), this will not be possible in an already bent part.

Note: light or medium-density fine-layered wood bends most easily when heated - birch, maple, ash, linden. Bamboo and some species of tropical wood are generally bent when heated to 90-100 degrees by steaming in water vapor. MDF, due to the uniformity of its structure, bends very well and precisely, but requires more heat.

Finally, a quite elegant wooden chandelier can be made of non-bent parts: modern light sources make it possible to implement such a solution. Then the ceiling lamp is made in the form of a chandelier-plafond, see below.

What to pay attention to?

On old Soviet chandeliers and household lamps in general. The USSR, as you know, was a very ambiguous phenomenon, which was especially clearly expressed in Soviet consumer goods. If you have an old “soviet-made” home chandelier lying around in your pantry, then its light-scattering / light-transmitting parts are probably made of high-quality glass, and porcelain / faience decorative ones are made of the same quality material. Let 1 "horn" out of 4-5 be broken, the remaining ones will be enough for a new home-made chandelier. Has the paint peeled off? Now on sale there are any washes and excellent acrylic enamels. Some of the "pendants" are lost? Of the others, you can also build something very beautiful, it would be fiction and taste.

Lighting and vision

Approximately 10 years ago, the transmission capacity was measured quite accurately according to the information of the optic nerve. It turned out to be 5-6 times less than the amount of information in the picture that the optical system of the eye draws on the retina, and scientists finally had to admit it as a fact: somewhere in the eye lurks something like a video processor. Suspicions about its presence arose 200 years ago, because. certain visual illusions do not depend in any way on the physical and mental state of the subject. I had to admit, and now it is confidence that the picture does not come to the brain raw, but somehow processed. From the point of view of lighting technology and the influence of the nature of lighting on health and well-being, this fact is also important: a good lamp should give light not only bright enough, but also even, soft, allowing you to clearly distinguish details of different colors and not tiring the eye.

Note: Let us remind the reader that the picture on the retina is taken by 2 types of photoreceptors - rods and cones. The former are the most sensitive, but perceive only the general brightness, so at night all cats are gray. Cones of 3 types perceive separately the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) parts of the color spectrum. We also recall that the eye is most sensitive to green rays, somewhat less to red and least to blue.

Spectra of light sources

Light with a continuous spectrum is the least tiring for the eye, pos. 1 per pic: All visible details of the subject are more or less evenly lit. If the spectrum is limited, then those that do not fall into it are simply not visible. The eye processor does not need to “finish” anything, and this is what most of all tires the eyesight and spoils it.

The fact is that in order to “finish” a poorly distinguishable optics of the eye, it must constantly and often refocus, and the photodetector system must change its accommodation, i.e. general level of sensitivity. This procedure is in some way similar to working out the details in Photoshop by normalizing the levels and “pulling up” the thin curves, but those who know how to do this know that the picture is very sluggish initially, if you definitely need to “pull out” the details, it coarsens to “tear”. And if we are talking about our own vision, the brain eventually begins to understand “tear” as the norm, and accordingly reconfigures the muscles of the eye and the algorithms of the visual processor, which leads to visual disorders.

Unfortunately, of the light sources suitable for safety requirements for domestic conditions, only incandescent, conventional and halogen lamps give a continuous spectrum. Firstly, they are uneconomical according to modern requirements. Secondly, their spectra are thermal and therefore have a strong cutoff in the blue region. That is, it is impossible to achieve the correct color perception under such lighting.

Nevertheless, incandescent lamps in household lamps are quite applicable: over millions of years of evolution, the human eye has become accustomed to correcting itself for yellowness, and visual disturbances in such lighting are possible only from its insufficient or excessive brightness. As for sodium lamps, which shine only in the yellow region, their light is also harmless to vision, but there is no need to talk about any adequate color perception.

Almost perfect color reproduction allows, with the least possible visual fatigue, to achieve a synthetic or additive spectrum, pos. 2. There is no need for the eye processor to overwork: the tops of the R, G and B zones go slightly beyond the optimal illumination level for a given overall brightness, and at their junctions, restoring full detail requires a simple addition of partial (private) images in the corresponding colors. As a result, the overall white level comes out almost linear and the details of any color are clearly visible, and the gray tones smoothly transition into each other.

And again unfortunately: the additive spectrum is given only by the screens of good cathode ray tubes (kinescopes). Fluorescent lamps (housekeepers) with 3-4 layer phosphor, separate samples of LED illuminators and TFT display screens will slowly but surely approach it, however, the problem is still far from being completely solved. Therefore, experienced and caring about their vision (which in this case is also the main working tool) graphic designers, photographers and artists working at a computer stubbornly hold on to “tube” displays, buying professional ones at crazy prices or looking for used ones with not yet dead tube.

Note: light from sources with an additive spectrum is usually called extremely soft. In nature, extremely soft lighting is morning with light cloudiness, when the disk of the Sun shines a little through the clouds.

In everyday life, acceptable softness of light can be achieved by its sources with an island spectrum, pos. 3. It looks like 3 solid limited ones, but this is the case when quantity turns into quality: having seen 3 zones of primary colors, the eye will definitely try to see what is between them. In the gaps between the islands, something is still visible, albeit at a level of illumination that is significantly less than optimal for a given accommodation. The peaks of the islands are also quite strongly lifted up, but also within the acceptable range.

The island spectrum is given by most housekeepers and good LED lamps; how to distinguish them immediately upon purchase from, let's say, not very good ones, see below, in the section on illuminators. It is undesirable to do work that requires eye strain in such a light, but you can read / write 3-4 hours a day.

The island spectrum has 2 features important for household lighting. The first is that it can be significantly softened with the help of light-shaping devices, see below. The second is that the "tails" of red and blue do not go into the IR (infrared) and UV (ultraviolet) regions, but fall to black towards the boundaries of the visible spectrum. Therefore, if the details of a certain color in island lighting are poorly visible, increasing the overall brightness will only harm your eyesight. In this case, it is necessary to use local lighting with incandescent lamps or housekeepers / LEDs of a different color temperature, their spectrum islands will be located differently.

The most harmful spectrum for vision is the line spectrum, pos. 4. In it, firstly, very narrow zones of primary colors do not overlap. Secondly, in order to create a sufficient overall brightness, it is necessary to “pull up” the peaks of the lines, especially the blue one, above the maximum allowable. The light seems to be not very bright, but it hurts the eyes. Everything in general is visible, it seems to be good, but the details are lost somewhere and you can’t make out in any way, even if your eyes burst.

Such light is called extremely hard. It is given by cheap LED lamps and individual models of housekeepers with a 1-layer phosphor. It is impossible to soften it with light formers, because. nothing is illuminated in the gaps between the lines. With prolonged use of such light, it is possible to develop not only myopia / farsightedness, but also various color perception disorders (the eye processor is overstrained to no avail, trying to see the invisible), and even retinal detachment.

Electrical fittings

Gross and most often entailing undesirable consequences violation of the safety rules in the independent manufacture of chandeliers - hanging them by an electric cable: its end is passed into the bulb holder, tied in a knot, so everything is kept on weight. A chandelier, even the lightest, must be hung on a separate rod, rigid or flexible.

The rigid suspension of a chandelier is known to everyone: it is a tube into which a cable is stretched. Traditional flexible suspension - chain; the cable in this case passes through the links. Now on sale there are also special cables for chandeliers, in addition to 3 wires under a common sheath, they also have a strong rope for suspension. It needs to be brought out and fastened in 2 places: at the top to the hook and at the bottom to the frame of the chandelier, otherwise the cord may crawl out over time and the chandelier will hang on the wires. When hanging on a separate cord, the cable must be circled around it with several turns (and not vice versa!) And fix the ends of the “snake” with tape or, not tightly, with a soft thread.

Emergency situations with chandeliers most often occur at the point where the wires are inserted into the bulb holder, so the cartridges also need to be fixed on the frame separately. The most convenient for this is the E17 cartridge for a minion lamp (candle lamp) with a screw clamp for the mounting lamella (shown by the arrow in pos. 1 of the figure). If the frame is made of tubes, the lamellas are obtained by flattening their ends. Lamellas from a strip of steel 1-1.5 mm thick and 10 mm wide can be attached to a wooden frame with small self-tapping screws.

Cartridges E17 with end clamp (shank), pos. 2, less convenient for a home master, because the clamp is fixed with a pair of nuts, under which the thread must be cut on the tube. If there is enough space in the chandelier, in this case it is better to use the E27 cartridge (regular, “plump”) with a side clamp, pos. 4. Clamps, to obtain the desired orientation of the lamps, can be carefully folded. And, finally, in chandeliers with a single light bulb, it may be more convenient to have an E17 or E10 cartridge (superminion) with lugs for mounting, pos. 5, but the places where the wires are connected to this should be carefully insulated.

Note: conventional E27 bakelite cartridges can also be fixed rigidly; for this, there is a special thread in the inlet fittings of their covers. But the same thread must be on the tube to which the cartridge is attached, and there are no manual taps for sale for it.

About installation and connection

You can power a chandelier with a total power of up to 60 W from the network with a cable with a cross section of conductive wires of 0.35 square meters. mm; up to 120 W - 0.5 sq. mm; up to 300 W - 0.75 sq. mm. Use a 3-core double-insulated cable. A “ground” (yellow with a longitudinal green stripe) wire is connected to the neutral wire of the network, and the remaining 2 wires are connected to the phase wires coming from the switches of the chandelier sections.

Note: it is unacceptable to search for a phase using a control light by clicking switches! You need to use a phase indicator!

Connecting wires to the terminal blocks of lamp holders and generally wiring the chandelier is done below step by step in the following order:

1. They make sure with the help of a phase indicator that there is no voltage on the wires and no one can accidentally flip the switch. To do this, their levers can be temporarily sealed with tape.
2. From the ceiling ends of the cable, a temporary hut is thrown to the floor from a cable with conductors no smaller than that of a standard section.
3. They strip the ends of the regular wires of the chandelier, connect its common input to the temporary hut. Don't forget to insulate the connections!
4. Disassemble the cartridge.
5. Insert the end of the cable into the cover of the cartridge through the regular hole.
6. A lock washer is put on it to prevent accidental pulling out of the cartridge. In extreme cases, tie the cable into a knot.
7. Close the bare ends of the wires into the terminals. Stranded wires are twisted before termination and, preferably, tinned so that the veins that have come out do not arrange a short circuit (short circuit),
8. Insert the terminal block into the cover, seating it with notches on the corresponding protrusions in it.
9. Check if there is a small loop of cable under the cover and if it is pulled out.
10. Holding the terminal block so that it does not come off, the cartridge case is screwed onto the cover.
11. At the end of the installation of the section, the lamps are screwed in, checked by turning on the acc. switch, whether they burn steadily.
12. Again, the switches are blocked from accidental switching on, the temporary hut is removed.
13. , connect its input to the ceiling ends.
14. They check: it burns steadily, does not blink - the installation is over, you can use it.

Light fittings

The light fixture of the chandelier (light-forming system), firstly, directs the light in the proper way for this type of room. Secondly, it softens it by reducing the surface brightness of the illuminator. And for light sources with an island spectrum, another favorable circumstance manifests itself.

In school and even general university courses in optics, in order not to confuse students too much, it is believed that during scattering, reflection and refraction of light, its frequency remains unchanged; this makes it possible to visually deduce their basic laws. In fact, there are no absolutely linear media, and a certain fraction of light quanta in these processes is re-emitted, due to which it changes its frequency and, consequently, its color. That is, the "tails" of the spectral islands receive a small brightness "feed", which facilitates the work of the eye processor; this is tantamount to an additional softening of the light.

Workflows

In the light fittings of household lamps, diffuse reflection and light scattering are mainly used. Mirroring is of little use, since does not by itself reduce surface brightness or soften light. Refraction in transparent media is widely used: crystal pendants not only give a pleasant play of light, but also significantly soften it without significant loss of light flux. And finally, in some cases, eg. in lampshades made of threads, in the formation of a light flux, a noticeable share of diffraction takes place.

Note: with diffraction and shadows, in general, you need to be more careful. The light in the room on the left in the figure can cause a nervous breakdown in an adult, and the prickly rays from the lamp on the right in the same place will not benefit vision. Here the circumstance takes place that in the peaks of the diffraction pattern the light intensity can be much higher than on the primary radiating surface.

Forming elements and systems

The softening of light and the formation of its necessary directivity pattern (DN), see below, using refraction in transparent media and/or specular/total internal reflection requires a large number of such optical acts: in each of them, the light loss is small, but the degree of light conversion is also small. flow, because transparent media are transparent because their non-linearity manifests itself to an insignificant degree. Traditionally, this requires a lot of refractive elements with high optical properties; hence expensive or available on a case-by-case basis. Now plastics are helping amateur craftsmen: an original chandelier with refraction and reflections can be made from waste material in general, see below. The appearance of such chandeliers is “airy”; service life - 1-3 years.

If there are no crystal pendants at your disposal, you will have to use scattering and diffuse reflection. Light losses will be greater, but in this case it is possible to get by with improvised materials: it is enough to get only 1-3% of nonlinear optical acts in the entire lighting system. An ordinary light meter with a set of light filters does not capture such a number of “left” quanta, but it is enough for the illumination of the dips between the islands of the spectrum to rise above the “bottom” of the accommodation range and the eye to work without overworking.

Light formers based on diffuse optical processes are based on 3 elements: a ceiling lamp, a lampshade and a diffuse reflector. Plafond, pos. 1 in fig. - a cap made of frosted glass or a material similar to it in terms of optical properties. Outward light from it can come out only after undergoing scattering. For the further formation of the light flux, the optical properties of the room do not matter or have very little.

Lampshade, pos. 2, part of the primary light emits without conversion; not necessarily down. The softening of the primary light spot is achieved by illuminating it with diffused light reflected from the walls and ceiling, so the optical properties of the room in this case are significant. They become decisive for a diffuse reflector, pos. 3, however, this lighting system, by changing the degree of transparency of the reflector(s), their size, configuration and location, makes it possible to form various patterns.

Chandelier lighting systems are built, as a rule, by combining elementary shapers. For example, at pos. 4 - a well-known chandelier of stepped concentric lampshades, complemented by a small almost flat shade. At first glance, the light loss in it should be large, but remember: to illuminate a school gym with an area of ​​​​approx. 400 sq. m and with a ceiling height of 6 m, uneconomical incandescent lamps were enough for a total power of 800-1200 watts.

Among the new lighting systems stand out chandeliers, plafonds, pos. 3. They are named so because they are both ceiling lamps and lighting, and architectural ceiling, see photo. The essence of this type of optics is that in the trap chamber, the primary quanta experience multiple reflections and the light comes out strongly softened.

Materials for lighting systems

About purchased elements of chandeliers made of glass or special plastics, you can see that:

• Glass should be mirrored, colorless or pure white when broken.
• Under any light sources, except for incandescent lamps, it is better to take optical parts that are matted not from the surface, but in bulk, the so-called. dairy, the desired degree of transparency.
• It is undesirable to use acrylic computer disks in lighting systems: the translucent metal layer in them only absorbs light to no avail, and the almost completely transparent and colorless optical acrylic does not noticeably transform the light flux.

Good homemade chandeliers come from food grade PET bottles. The refractive index and transparency of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) are quite high, which makes it possible to achieve a significant softening of light with small light losses. PET bottles are produced in various color shades and are translucent, thanks to which the chandelier can be built on the basis of both refraction and re-reflections, as well as diffuse processes.

In addition to cheapness and availability, a significant advantage of PET is the ease of processing at home and, in capable hands, good decorative qualities. For example, how to make flowers from bottles, see the master class at the link: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TXXoiTLhVA

Floral decor will not only decorate the chandelier, but also, due to the increase in the number of refractive surfaces, will significantly improve its lighting technology. There are other options for optically useful and beautiful decor made of plastic bottles, but we will leave them for the article about lampshades.

Other plastics for chandeliers with economy lamps are also suitable as reflectors. For them, you need to take the material as white as possible and slightly rough or with a satin gloss. Translucent parts made from household plastics are not very good, because. as a filler, chalk or talc with coloring additives is most often used. The light loss in such will be large, and the softening of light - only due to a drop in surface brightness. It is preferable to use propylene, because. PVC from light soon turns yellow and becomes brittle.

The second very good and affordable material for the optical system of a chandelier is paper.. If the lamp is LED, then a paper chandelier with it will last for several years: the paper turns yellow and loses light transmission from heat and UV exposure, which LED lamps almost or completely do not give.

The light transmission of the paper components of the chandelier is selected by choosing a material of the appropriate density, from 20 to 220 g/sq. m. The reflective properties of modern writing paper are almost flawless: with a whiteness factor below 0.8-0.85, it is simply not produced. By the way, some cunning manufacturers operate with whiteness factors of 1.05 and even 1.15. By what method of measurement they reach super-unit values ​​of a quantity that, in principle, cannot be more than 1, who knows. But from the point of view of physics, this is a ridiculous absurdity: he put such a leaf in front of a mirror, between them - a solar battery, once he shone with a flashlight, here you have a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Or a fertile topic of discussion on the forums of technomists. What's wrong with that? Since KB>1, then the leaf of light and, accordingly, its energy radiates more than it receives.

Note: The bulb of a 60 W incandescent lamp can heat up to more than 100 degrees Celsius. Therefore, for chandeliers with shades, lampshades and reflectors made of plastic, fabric, textiles and threads, incandescent lamps of no more than 40 W should be used, and halogen lamps - up to 15-20 W.

Video: a master class on making a chandelier from a rope or thread

Chandelier in the room

The main types of DN for lighting domestic premises are shown in fig. A cardioid is formed by a ceiling, this is a light for small bedrooms, children's rooms, hallways. The dip at the top is formed by the shadow from the base. A children's chandelier should be equipped with a spherical shade, strong, but without excessive light loss, scattering light. Particularly soft and, highly desirable, shadow-free lighting in the nursery is necessary so as not to harm the eyesight that has not yet been strengthened. Therefore, the ceiling of a children's chandelier is best made of paper, and refractive materials for it should be avoided.

Figure-of-eight DN is obtained using several diffuse reflectors and a well-bleached ceiling, for example. drywall. Such light is needed in a fairly large living room with free space in the center, an office, and other rooms where zones are illuminated by local light sources.

A fan DN gives a simple lampshade, and a petal one, directed upwards with an aperture (bell). Petal lamps are typical for sconces, which are not quite in the subject here, but chandeliers with fan lamps are suitable for a small living room with a dining table in the center or the kitchen. Especially for the latter: light contributes to the deposition of vapors of organic substances and their bituminization in the liquid phase, so there is no need to particularly illuminate the ceiling here, let the potential soot go into the hood.

Note: the most uniform illumination of the floor area with a minimum consumption of electricity for lighting gives the so-called. cosecant-square DN. However, it turns out with the help of very complex lighting fixtures, walls and ceilings need to be illuminated separately. It is mainly used for lighting large industrial premises, open areas, sports facilities, etc.

Chandelier lamps

Not all manufacturers of household lighting lamps give their spectral characteristics on their websites and in specifications, so sellers most often do not know them. As for economy lamps, it’s easier for an ignorant buyer here: the spectrum is unknown - We take on a color temperature of 4300 K. In the worst case, we get a continuous bounded spectrum. He will not let you see in all its glory a color postcard or an illustration in a book, but it will not hurt your eyesight. Visually, this light is almost white with a slight yellowness. The norm of electric power of such lamps is 1.8-3.4 W per 1 sq. m of illuminated area depending on the configuration and overall tone of the room design.

Note: phytolamps for shelves with flowers, greenhouses / greenhouses and aquariums cannot be used for general lighting. Their spectrum is sharply lined, it is useful for plants for photosynthesis, but not for humans for vision.

LED lamps are selected, firstly, for a color temperature of 2800-3300 K, yellowish. In whites, the spectrum, as a rule, is lined, which is immediately noticeable: their light hurts the eyes even in a naturally well-lit trading floor. According to visible design features, one should choose globe lamps with a frosted bulb and its deep shank, pos. 1 in fig. If you liked the “corn” lamp, then you need to be guided by the following signs of poses. 2:

• The LED assembly must be covered with a translucent bulb, this guarantees, first of all, the durability of the lamp. "Naked corn", with luminous structures under a protective film, is sensitive to pollution and external influences in general.
• The number of individual radiating structures should be at least 15-20.
• "Kochan", i.e. the shell-holder of radiating structures must be transparent. In combination with prev. condition, this will give a greater number of reflections inside the bulb, greater uniformity of the primary light and better possibilities for the formation of a light flux.

In order not to “get” on the line spectrum, one should also avoid imitations of globes and “corn” in the form of light bulbs with a transparent bulb sitting right on the base and a small number of radiating structures, pos. 3. The illumination from them in a small room and visually will be uneven, and the spectrum is most often lined. Also, LED directional lamps, pos. 4. They are intended for auxiliary / service lighting and are harmful to the eyes during prolonged use.

Every woman wants to bring originality and comfort to her home. One of the most important elements of decor - a chandelier, can transform any interior, and created with your own hands, will give it an atmosphere of home warmth and comfort. In this article we will tell you how to create a chandelier at home, original ideas with photos and videos to help beginners.

Materials for creating a chandelier with your own hands

As materials for the manufacture of a chandelier, almost any material at hand is suitable:

• paper, gift wrapping and cardboard;
• textiles and knitwear;
• ropes, ribbons and threads;
• wood and glass;
• wire, feathers and beads.

As a frame, you can use an old chandelier or buy suitable rings and stands in stores that sell materials and tools for manual creativity.

Advice! It is very important to choose the right color scheme for materials for the future chandelier. Lampshades made of light and transparent materials are suitable for a dark room, while denser materials can be used for a light one. Using yellow, orange and red materials will give the room warmth, while blue and green materials will make the room feel colder.

Option 1 - Shabby chic chandelier

An original chandelier is easy to make from an ordinary metal paper basket.

Materials used:

• metal basket for papers;
• spray paint in delicate or pastel shades: pink, peach, beige, cream, lilac, mint, jade;
• a strip of linen textile in a contrasting or matching color;
• glue gun;
• scissors;
• bulb holder.

Performance:

1. Drill a hole in the bottom of the basket for the electrical wire.
2. Use spray paint to paint the basket inside and out.
3. Then pass the electrical wire with the cartridge at the end into the hole.
4. Lay a strip of fabric 8 cm wide in folds, and then secure with a glue gun around the top of the lampshade from the basket.
5. Decorate the textile border with a bow and fabric roses.

Advice! If desired, the border can be decorated with beads, decorative glass pebbles, shells.

Option 2 - DIY art deco chandelier

For a living room or bedroom, you can make a simple and spectacular chandelier from silk fringe in the form of a cascade.

Materials used:

• 2 wooden hoops of different diameters
• white silk braid with long thick fringe
• white acrylic paint
• fishing line
• glue gun
• scissors
• socket with light bulb

Performance:

1. Paint the hoops.
2. Cut 3 identical pieces of fishing line about 50 cm long each, then use them to attach the smaller hoop to the larger one in 3 places, so that the distance between them is 5 cm less than the length of the fringe. The remaining ends of the fishing line will then be used to attach the chandelier to the electric cord.
3. Using a glue gun, glue the fringed silk braid first around the perimeter of the smaller hoop, and then around the perimeter of the larger one. Do not apply hot glue directly from the gun to the line attachment points, as this may melt the line. It is better to first apply a little glue to the paper, and then, after cooling, carefully glue the attachment points of the fishing line.
4. Fasten the chandelier to the power cord with a cartridge using the free ends of the fishing line.

Advice! The upper edge of the chandelier can be decorated with pearl or transparent beads using a glue gun. Instead of white fringe, you can use silver. If the fringe is not thick enough, it can be laid along the hoops in 2 layers. A cascading chandelier will look very interesting if the fringe is attached to a wooden base in the shape of a square.

Option 3 - DIY chandelier in country style

Using the frame of an old lampshade, you can make a beautiful chandelier by simply covering it with lace or guipure.

Materials used:

• metal frame from a lampshade of arbitrary shape;
• a strip of lace, guipure;
• threads to match the fabric, a needle;
• cord;
• scissors;
• bulb holder.

Performance:

1. Measure the circumference of the lampshade at its widest point.
2. Cut off a rectangle with a length of 4-5 cm more than the circumference of the lampshade and a width of 8-10 cm more than the height of the lampshade.
3. Connect the part into a ring, stitching along the short ends.
4. Pull the part onto the frame.
5. Hem, bending, the bottom edge.
6. Gather the free upper edge of the new lampshade, neatly distributing the folds and securing them with a cord.
7. Attach the lampshade to the power cord with a cartridge.

Advice! If necessary, the frame can be refreshed by painting from an aerosol can in a suitable shade. Instead of a lace fabric, you can use openwork knitwear or tight knitwear in light colors with stripes or with a pattern of braids, bumps.

Option 4 - DIY Tiffany style chandelier

American designer Louis Tiffany used stained glass technology to make his modernist lamps. With the help of simple materials and tools, you can independently make an exclusive Tiffany-style chandelier.

Tiffany-style lamp from a plastic bottle

Materials used:

• 5 liter plastic bottle;
• sealant;
• silver or gold paint;
• paint on glass 5-7 matching shades;
• marker;
• scissors;
• bulb holder.

Performance:

1. Cut a plastic bottle in half. To create a chandelier lampshade, use the top of the bottle along with the neck.
2. Using a marker, mark the surface of the plastic lampshade into 6 equal segments, drawing vertical lines from the neck to the bottom edge.
3. Each segment is symmetrically painted in Art Nouveau style: you can depict flowers, leaves, grapes, dragonflies, drops, taking any image of the Tiffany lamp as a basis.
4. Cut the bottom edge of the bottle along the contour of the pattern applied to the surface.
5. Draw the entire surface of the lampshade, including the lower edge, along the contour of the pattern with sealant, making sure that the lines are neat and not thick. Give him time to dry.
6. Gently, using a thin brush or ear stick, cover the surface of the contours applied with sealant with silver or gold paint.
7. Fill in the voids of the picture with paint on glass, arbitrarily combining color shades.
8. Carefully cut off the neck of the bottle.
9. Insert power cord with cartridge.

To make chandeliers with your own hands, turning on your imagination, you can use any materials, creating unique lamps in different styles. For safety reasons, use energy-saving light bulbs for their operation.

DIY thread chandelier - video

DIY chandeliers - photo