Types of plastic, properties, photo. Plastic selection Hardest plastic

Wear resistance - a characteristic of a material that demonstrates its resistance to wear under various operating conditions; both speed and intensity of wear loads are taken into account.

Wear resistance is determined by a number of factors:

  • material structure;
  • composition of the material;
  • basic parameters of hardness and roughness;
  • anticipated and actual operating conditions.

Wear-resistant plastic initially has good resistance to physical damage, in many cases significantly exceeding those of steel products.

Often, to achieve the required level, you have to take additional measures, for example, the use of an additional wear-resistant coating. This allows you to seriously improve performance, but complicates production, increases the cost of the finished product.

Wear-resistant plastic is actively used in mechanical engineering. In particular, polyamide gears are becoming increasingly popular, replacing steel counterparts in many technical units that require high wear of the parts involved due to constant load.

Our range includes such types of wear-resistant plastic as:

  • especially durable types.

application

For super thin gadgets

Since the discovery of graphene, it has been believed that it will change the electronic technologies of the near future. This was confirmed by a huge number of patent applications for the right to use it, filed by technology companies. However, in 2012, a similar but more promising material, silicene, was synthesized in Germany. Graphene is a layer as thick as a carbon atom. Silicene is the same layer of silicon atoms. Many of their properties are similar. Silicene also has excellent conductivity, which guarantees increased productivity with less heat input. However
silicene has a number of undeniable advantages. First, it surpasses graphene in structural flexibility, its atoms can stick out of the plane, which increases the range of its application. Secondly, it is fully compatible with already existing electronics based on silicon. This means that it will take much less time and money to implement it.

The leader in the production of building, finishing and packaging materials from mushrooms is the young company Ecovative, whose founders found a gold mine in the mycelium - the vegetative body of the fungus. It turned out that he has excellent cementing qualities. The guys at Ecovative mix it with corn and oatmeal husks, shape the mixture into the right shape, and keep it in the dark for a few days. During this time, the mushroom nutrient organ processes the food and binds the mixture into a homogeneous mass, which is then fired in an oven for strength. As a result of these simple manipulations, a light, durable, fire- and moisture-resistant eco-friendly material is obtained that looks like foam. Based on this technology, Ecovative is now developing a material for bumpers, doors and dashboards of Ford vehicles. In addition, they launched the production of small houses Mushroom Tiny House, completely created on the basis of mycelium.

mushroom materials

application

For sustainable building
and furniture production

Airgel

application

For thermal insulation

An ordinary gel consists of a liquid, to which a three-dimensional polymer framework imparts the mechanical properties of solids: lack of fluidity, the ability to maintain shape, plasticity and elasticity. In the airgel, the liquid, after drying the material to a critical temperature, is replaced by a gas. It turns out a substance with amazing properties: a record low density and thermal conductivity. So, graphene-based airgel is the lightest material in the world. Despite the fact that 98.2% of its volume is air, the material has tremendous strength and can withstand a load of 2,000 times its own weight. Airgel is almost the best thermal insulator today, used both in NASA spacesuits and in jackets for climbers with a thickness of only 4 mm. Another of its amazing properties is the ability to absorb substances 900 times its own weight. Just 3.5 kg of airgel can absorb a ton of spilled oil. Due to its elasticity and thermal stability, the absorbed liquid can be squeezed out like a sponge, and the residue is simply burned or removed by evaporation.

Ferrofluid is a liquid material that can change its shape under the influence of a magnetic field. It owes this property to the fact that it contains microparticles of magnetite or other iron-containing minerals. When a magnet is brought near them, they are attracted to it and push the molecules of the liquid along with them. Ferrofluid is probably the most accessible of all the materials presented: you can buy it on the Internet or even make it yourself. Ferrofluids in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity surpass all lubricants and cooling materials. Now they are used as liquid seals around the rotating axles of hard disks and as a working fluid in hydraulic suspension pistons. In the near future, NASA plans to use them in telescope mirrors so that they can adjust to atmospheric turbulences. Plus magnetic fluids should come in handy in the treatment of cancer. They can be mixed with anticancer drugs and, using a magnet, accurately inject the drug into the affected area without harming the surrounding cells.

Liquid metal

application

For cancer treatment

Self-healing materials

application

For the long life of things

Self-healing materials are invented in various fields: construction, medicine, electronics. Among the most interesting developments is a computer protected from physical damage. Engineer Nancy Sottos came up with the idea of ​​supplying wires with microscopic liquid metal capsules. When broken, the capsule breaks and fills the crack in seconds. Microbiologist Hank Jonkers similarly extends the life of roads and buildings by mixing bacterial spores and nutrients into cement. As soon as a crack appears in the cement and water enters it, the bacteria wake up from their sleep and begin to process food into durable calcium carbonate, which fills the cracks. The innovation also affected the textile industry. American scientist Marek Urban has created a durable material that can repair damage on its own. To do this, a concentrated ultraviolet beam must be directed to the fabric.

In the near future, matter will be able to change its shape, density, structure and other physical properties in a programmable way. This requires the creation of material, which is inherent in the ability to process information. In practice, it will look like this: a table from IKEA will assemble itself as soon as it is taken out of the box, and if necessary, the fork will easily turn into a spoon. Already, MIT is creating objects that can change shape. To do this, ultra-thin electronic boards are connected with shape-memory alloys - metals that change their configuration under the influence of heat or a magnetic field. The boards release heat at predetermined points, as a result of which the object is assembled into the structure conceived by scientists. So, from flat metal sheets it was possible to assemble an insect robot. An important area of ​​programmable matter is claytronics, which develops nanorobots that can come into contact with each other and create 3-D objects that the user can interact with. Claytronics will be able to offer a realistic sense of connectivity over long distances, referred to as "pario". Thanks to him, it will be possible to hear, see and touch something located on the other side of the world.

Claytronics

application

To produce things capable of
change shape on demand

bacterial cellulose

application

For sustainable clothing production

Our company is engaged in the supply of semi-finished engineering plastics in the form of sheets, rods, plates, bushings, pipes, as well as the manufacture of industrial capacitive equipment, chemical-resistant air ducts, galvanic baths, pools, fonts, cages and linings for various types of tasks.

In addition, with the help of CNC, molding and injection molding, we will produce both piece and serial production of plastic products of any complexity!

This article is intended to acquaint our visitors with the capabilities of the company and talk about our capabilities, services, as well as help in choosing the material for your task.

So, what are polymers and in what cases they are used.

If you need to choose a plastic for any task, you need to determine the most important performance characteristics:

  • temperature - constant operating, minimum and maximum
  • plastic environment
  • mechanical influences on it.
  • environmental requirements

Having outlined the requirements for operating conditions, one more important parameter can be determined - price on plastic! The price of materials can differ by tens or even hundreds of times, since operating conditions affect not only the type of plastic, but also the choice thickness. The thickness, in turn, affects the amount of material that will need to be purchased, since the cost of sheets, rods and plates is measured based on weight per kilogram.

Depending on the upper limit operating temperature It is possible to carry out a conditional division of plastics into several groups:

  • Industrial (standard) plastics - up to 100°C
  • Engineering (structural) plastics - from 100°С to 130°С
  • High-level plastics, high-temperature - from 130°C to 300°C

The higher the operating temperature of the material, the more perfect the molecular structure of the material and the stronger the intermolecular bonds, the higher its cost will be and at the same time its consumption volume will decrease. For example, the volume of consumption of polyvinyl chloride (PVC, PVC) is three to four orders of magnitude greater than the volume of consumption of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), the unit cost of which is two orders of magnitude greater than that of PVC.

Work environment influences choice chemical resistance material. In chemical production, components are used that require both proper storage in tanks or containers, directly participating in the technological process, and proper disposal.

And depending on the operating criteria mentioned above, thermoplastics are used to create capacitive equipment - PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride or vinyl plastic), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). Each of these polymers has its own advantages and application possibilities, and also has the ability to fully replace capacitive equipment made of metal or stainless steel, they are simply indispensable in the production of modern electroplating equipment and chemical-resistant air duct systems. Replacing metal containers with plastic ones allows you to increase the shelf life of the equipment, reduce its cost and weight, and in most cases is the only possible solution.

Speaking about the impact of the environment on plastic, one cannot fail to mention such an important parameter as radiation resistance. Operation at nuclear power plants, X-ray equipment, medical equipment, satellites, military equipment and special-purpose equipment - this and many other equipment require resistance to X-ray and Gamma radiation from plastic. And here materials such as PVDF (PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), PEI (polyetheramide), PAI (Torlon, Polyamide-imide), PI (Polyimide) are widely used.

Mechanical effects consist of several characteristics:

Strength matters at static voltages, i.e. under constant tensile load (for example, in capacitive equipment). Plastics with high tensile and tear strength tend to have poor elasticity and vice versa. This makes it possible to divide plastics into “strong” (hard) ones that can withstand high mechanical loads, but quickly break when deformations occur; and elastic (flexible), which are not so strong, but are able to maintain their strength properties during deformation.

impact resistance characterizes the resistance of materials to dynamic loads.

Hardness and wear resistance mean the resistance of the material to punctures, cuts, etc., resistance to abrasion, which is important, in particular, for the lining of process equipment.

In some cases, strong and hard plastics are chosen that can withstand loads of tens of tons, such as PA (polyamide), POM (polyoxymethylene), PET (polyethylene terephthalate).

In other cases - flexible and at the same time impact resistant, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) .

Consider some of the most popular properties of plastics on the market.

Heat resistance, as mentioned above, depends on the operating temperature of the material. The most heat-resistant plastics from the category of high-temperature ones, they, due to their high technology, have the highest cost. The most popular plastics from this category are polyetheretherketone (PEEK, PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, PTFE), fluoroplastic (f4), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, PVDF).

Frost resistance for plastics it is characterized by brittleness temperature. The brittleness temperature is the temperature at which the destruction of a material or product occurs under conditions of a constantly acting load. For plastics, it is in the negative zone and for each of them it has its own value, which is below the minimum operating temperature. For example, for high density polyethylene PE 300 it is lower than -50°C; high molecular weight polyethylene PE 500 - -100° C; ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene PE 1000, lower than - 250 ° C. At the same time, brittleness of polypropylene homopolymer PP-H appears even at temperatures below 0 ° C

When choosing sheet plastic, the question arises as the choice thickness sheet.
The most popular plastics on the market are available in the following thicknesses:

There are many types of plastic available today. How not to get lost in the world of these endless names?

Let's figure it out😊

  • ABS- durable plastic, easy to process (mechanical and chemical) - you can bring the model to an absolutely glossy state, resistant to alkalis and acids, impact-resistant, moisture-resistant, the operating temperature of finished products is from -40 ° C to + 90 ° C. However, it cracks when exposed to direct sunlight (you will need to open the finished product with a special varnish to avoid cracks), conducts electricity, it is necessary to print without blowing, as it also cracks when cooled, dissolves with acetone and has a large shrinkage during printing.
  • ABS+– has less shrinkage than conventional ABS, cracks at lower blowing temperatures, has better quality on supports and is more durable.
  • PLA- environmentally friendly (often made from cane and corn), models from it retain their shape well, have minimal shrinkage, are excellently printed on supports, also have a high viscosity, due to which it is suitable for printing bearings, working temperature up to 60 ° C, you can print on printers without a heated bed. This plastic has a huge number of colors, which you can see by clicking on the link. With fairly good characteristics, there are still disadvantages: biodegradable (the service life of products decreases), low softening point, dissolves in almost all solvents on the market today.


  • PLA+- has almost the same characteristics as conventional PLA, but has much greater strength.
  • PETG- very flexible and durable plastic, shrinkage is much less than that of ABS, does not crack, temperature from -40°C to +70°C, practically the most transparent plastic on the market. Of the minuses, solubility in benzene can be noted.
  • CoPET- plastic without harmful impurities in the composition, temperature from -40°С to +70°С, does not conduct electricity, impact resistant, does not dissolve in most solvents, but is not resistant to benzene.
  • Features of flexible plastics:
  • Elastan comes in two types: D70 and D100 and differ from each other in the degree of rigidity
  • Plastan is also plastic, however, if it is bent, it will no longer take its original shape.
  • Primalloy does not dissolve and is quite soft in texture.
  • TPU resembles rubber in its characteristics and prints very “cleanly”
  • Flex is an excellent flexible material, lends itself well to bending and returns to its original shape.

Plastic for 3D printer: types of filaments

  • POM- ideal for bushings, has a very high slip coefficient, is considered the most durable plastic, but rather unstable, which makes it difficult to print and does not accurately convey the shape of the product.
  • PET- a higher temperature plastic, but over time it begins to vitrify and thereby wear out the nozzle.
  • Carbon fiber- This is a mixture of PLA plastic and carbon powder (80%:20%). It is hard, matte and creates almost perfectly even models, on which layering is not visible. The disadvantages are the same as those of PLA plastic. Using the wrong temperature setting can clog the nozzle. To print this plastic, you need a 3D printer that can withstand very high temperatures.
  • PC- quite hard plastic, but has a strong shrinkage.
  • PA (Nylon)– able to withstand a wide range of temperatures and is resistant to most organic solvents.
  • PEEK- the highest temperature plastic for FDM printing, excellent for medical applications, as it can be sterilized.
  • PVA- water-soluble plastic, used for printing supports, however, it has non-permanent shrinkage and melts at a temperature of 180 ° C.
  • HIPS- also water-soluble plastic, durable polystyrene, dissolves.
  • Metal plastics- consist of 80% PLA plastic and 20% powdered metal (aluminum, copper, bronze or brass). Great for decoration, as they look almost identical to metal products. Due to their composition, the nozzle wears out quickly.
  • Wooden plastics- Great for decoration. At low temperatures, the color is lighter; at high temperatures, it is darker. Also, with prolonged use, the nozzle of a 3D printer wears out.

All of the above plastics for you can purchase in our store. Contact us, we will be happy to advise you!

28.03.2018

The concept of the strength of plastic from the point of view of the layman and the engineer is very different. If we are talking about everyday strength, then we mean a simple understanding on the basis of "breaks - does not break." The same characteristic for production, construction, design has many aspects, the study of which reveals that all materials have a number of features by which one can determine their purpose and the possibility of using them for certain purposes.

Unfortunately, it will not be possible to point to the most durable polymer for objective reasons. This is explained by the fact that physical and strength characteristics are classified according to a wide range of features, the totality of which determines the concept of strength. It depends on the properties of the plastic itself, its structure and response to changing external conditions. For example, it is considered "strong" for creating concrete monoliths, but exhibits extremely poor resistance to bending, breaks. Similar contradictions for a non-specialist can be found in the properties of any polymer and the material based on it - plastics.

Characteristics of strength, hardness, elasticity of plastic

In the concept of strength (the nature of the response to physical stress) it is customary to include the results of testing the material according to several criteria. Depending on what force was applied to the sample, it is possible to find out the characteristics of the polymer, its ability to resist a certain profile load:

    compressive strength - preservation of the physical structure and shape of the sample during compression;

    tensile strength characterizes the ability of the sample to resist tensile force;

    deformation strength - a criterion indicating the ability to resist deformation and return to its original position;

    plasticity limit - the minimum force at which the material "flows", stretches without returning to its original shape;

    impact strength - the ability to absorb impact energy without destroying the structure;

    hardness - the reciprocal of plasticity, the limit of shape retention under force.

Depending on what kind of loads will be perceived by the product in the process of production, processing and operation, a material with certain properties is selected. Therefore, it is useless to talk about the most durable polymer. ? - this is a question that requires a comprehensive answer, consideration of the totality of signs.

Strength of different types of plastics

Practical examples of evaluating the strength characteristics of different plastics and plastics show how difficult it is for their properties to intersect with deep professional consideration.

Deformation strength

Polystyrene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate are characterized as mechanically strong materials under various stresses, but the deformation load quickly causes their destruction. With a significant impact, the strength will be low, but a significant deforming force will be required to destroy a hard plastic. So, the hardness of plastic speaks of its strength, limited impact strength and brittleness during deformation. It's easy for a non-specialist to get confused.

Flexibility and plasticity

Polyethylene and polypropylene belong to the group of plastic materials - they slightly resist deformation, but at the same time they do not break under such a load for a long time. This ability is characterized by the initial modulus of elasticity - the initial resistance to the deforming force is quite large, but after overcoming a certain limit, deformation begins. Flexible plastics can be characterized as less durable, but with high impact strength. They well absorb energy from the outside, upon impact and load, change shape for a long time, do not "break". That is why it is used where high flexibility of the material is needed, the ability to withstand significant force while maintaining its shape.

Durable fiber plastics

Materials such as Kevlar, nylon and carbon fiber have high strength, comparable to hard plastics, they perceive shock loads to a limited extent, and are able to resist deformation for a long time. Their main advantage is the ability to resist tensile strength for a long time. That is why fibers are used where there is a high probability of tensile stress. An example of this is Kevlar, which can not break under the forces that tear steel.

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