Understand homonyms. Homonyms (from the Greek homos - the same, onyma - name) are words that are different in meaning, but the same in sound

What are "homonyms"? What are homonyms for?

Words that are pronounced and spelled the same but have completely different meanings.

Examples of homonyms are: braid. The word is used in several meanings. Girl's hair. Mow with a scythe.

Salt. Salt substance, sprinkle salt. And salt is a note. Take the note salt with your voice.

There are many more words that are spelled the same but have completely different meanings.

All words can be well understood only in context.

And that's what homonyms are for. Really there were not enough words to name objects with different words. But perhaps that's how it happened historically.

Take a look around. And you will find many words that have completely different meanings, but we write them the same way. But at the same time, we understand both the meaning of these words.

The Russian language is very rich, but it can also contain such incidents as homonyms.

Homonyms are quite widely used in the Russian language, and denote words that are completely different in meaning, but the same in spelling and sound. There are quite a lot of examples of homonyms, for example: brush (it can be painting, grape or hands)

Homonyms are words that have exactly the same spelling and sound, but have different meanings. Homonyms can be:

1) full, example: onion (plant) - onion (weapon)

2) partial, which in turn are divided into:

homophones, when only the sound matches, example: fruit - raft;
homographs, when words have the same spelling, but differ in sound, for example: Organ (in humans) - organ (instrument).
Homoforms, when the sound of different forms of the word coincides, for example: saw (verb) - saw (noun)

Homonyms are words that sound or are spelled the same but have completely different meanings. The difference between homonymy and polysemy lies in the fact that even at the greatest distance from the lexical core, there is still some connection in it, while in the case of homonymy there is no connection at all.

What are homonyms? Full and partial. With full sun, everything is clear: they are written and pronounced the same in all their forms, for example onion which is a plant, and onion which weapon.
Partial homonyms show their mismatch in different ways.

I. Homophones are pronounced the same but spelled differently:

II. a) They are often homoforms, that is, homonyms only in some specific grammatical forms. We constantly use the rule, such veiled homonyms, even from elementary grades, when we check the spelling of a consonant at the very end of a word:
- lu to lu to- lu to a l to b
- lu G lu to- lu G a l G b
The most insidious form of homophony-homoformy- this is a coincidence in the pronunciation of the forms of the 3rd person is one. numbers and infinitives for reflexive verbs:
- (what to do?) like tc i like it cъ - he (what is he doing?) like ts i like it c b
II. b) Are homoforms always homophones? No. The simplest examples:

Without context, you will never understand what is in front of us: numeral three or verb in command. incl. three(from rub); comparative adjective vile or again the verb in the imperative (from add); noun in creation. case field or a 3rd person plural verb. numbers (from weed) etc.

III. In the case when homonyms are only spelled the same, but pronounced differently, they are called homographs.

Usually in such cases they say that the difference in pronunciation is only in stress. For the high school level, this is enough, but in fact these homographs are pronounced differently. For example:
- vin vin vin a wines b
- vr about n vr b n in about ph ph
- in St. I h and f_svz and in St. I h and f_sv and h and
A special case: interlingual homonymy when words from different languages sound the same:
- bill (account, eng.) - beat
Homonyms are words that have the same spelling or pronunciation, but have completely different meanings. A classic example is onion - vegetable and onion - means for shooting, meadow - something like a lawn. Many more other examples

Before giving examples of homonyms, let's define the concept of homonymy.

What kind of phenomenon is this in the Russian language - homonyms?

And now some more examples:

horse (in chess and animal),

month (years and celestial body),

key (speech, from the lock, violin),

chanterelle (mushroom and animal),

mushroom and flu.

What are homonyms for?

Greek term homonym translated into Russian as same name. A number of words in the Russian language have an absolute match in spelling and sound, and differ only in their lexical meaning. Homonyms, words of one part of speech, are lexical homonyms or complete. These are the following pairs of words:

tour (bull) - tour (waltz);

light (bulbs) - light (world, universe);

drying (mushrooms) - drying (flour product);

beam (ravine) - beam (in the house).

Incomplete homonyms include homophones, homographs, and homoforms.

Homophones coincide only in sound appearance, being words of different parts of speech, for example:

winter frost - autumn frost;

forest hunting - I want to swim;

boiled rice - opened the gate.

homographs, as can be seen from the term itself (the same + I write), they are only written the same way, but differ in sound and meaning, for example:

about human organ - org a n in the church;

wheat flour a- m at ka.

homoforms coincide in spelling and sound in some forms of words, but are different in meaning and grammatical form.

Meli flour. (the verb grind in the form of an imperative mood)

wipers stranded street after a heavy snowfall (the verb revenge in the indicative mood, the form of the past tense plural).

Here are examples of omoforms:

the fever has not yet subsided - the child has not slept;

blue distances are visible - they gave him advice;

Russian oven - we will bake pies;

sharp saw - the dog drank water.

Homonyms are words that are the same in sound, but at the same time do not match in meaning. For example: key - a spring springing from under the ground and key from the castle. Chemical element boron and pine forest borquot ;.

Homonyms are often used to make puns. For example, A small children's hand clumsily still holds a pen;;

A scythe rings in the meadow,

question in my head:

Where is the blond braid,

what drove me crazy?

These are full homonyms, they coincide in all possible forms in sound and spelling.

The word homonym comes from the ancient Greek identical. It means words that sound the same but have different meanings. There are a lot of such words in Russian. Here are some of them: outfit (clothes and order), bow (vegetables and weapons), lock (door or building), rook (ship and chess piece), ambassador (preparation method and diplomat).

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different lexical meanings.

Homonyms are words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Bow weapon, bow food. Chanterelle beast, fox mushroom. What are they for? Not for what. Just eat and sun. It so happened.

Homonyms are words that sound and are spelled the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - "same", onima - "name". Let's say onion- plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove and sink ships.

Consider types of homonyms.

1. Some words are spelled the same but pronounced differently: lock and lock, p'arit(linen, vegetables) and steam(in the clouds), st`oit(bread in the store) and worth it(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which in Greek means "spelling the same way."

2. There are words that are pronounced the same way, but they need to be written differently. For example, pond and rod, metal and metal, five and span. it homophones , translated from Greek - "the same sounding".

Among the homophones there are many such pairs that do not coincide in all their forms, but in some or even one. If you start changing words by cases and numbers, then you immediately find a difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod. Word " three" can also be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and verb ( three strong!). But not all forms of these words will match: rub, ter – three, three. The same forms of different words are called homoforms .

Homonyms can be a hindrance in linguistic communication, they are especially difficult for a translator. In this case, the context helps, because in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. From the context, it is easy enough to guess what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. - Simple equipment is quite expensive.

§ 51. Homonymy and its types

The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem, various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular, the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically conditioned. With the development of the language, “the same inner shell of the word is overgrown with shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V. V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in a number of cases arise from a polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist- hand with clenched fingers and fist- a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist - peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex; linguists offer various criteria for breeding these phenomena. There are several approaches.

O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship of the word with objective reality. If each of the meanings is an independent name of a certain object of the surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonymous words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); scythe (hairstyle), scythe (shallow) and scythe (tool).

E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be carried out by selecting synonyms. If the synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: boron (drill) - boron (coniferous forest) - boron (chemical element).

A number of scientists, without rejecting the named criteria, also suggested taking into account derivational features: for example, reaction as a term of different sciences has different derivational rows: reaction (biol., chem.) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(polit.) - reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.

Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different forms of control: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan, but change homeland. However, these delimitation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are as follows:

Homonyms are a product of the breakdown of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (steering wheel).

Derivative homonyms: to buy (from the verb "buy") and (from the verb "to bathe").

The consequence of the historical change in the sound image of different words: IS (available) and ЂST (to eat) coincided in sound by the middle of the 18th century: the sound “ê” (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong “ie” (transmitted in writing by the letter Ђ “yat”) became pronounced like [e], so the pronunciation of words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's take another example. Word lynx(animal) in ancient times it sounded “ryd” and was the same root with the words blush, red; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word lynx how the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian “rist” (cf. the lists), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the “r” hardened.

The richest source of homonymy are borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.

Homonyms are divided into full, or proper lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. To proper lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 – crack; flaw2 – gust of wind; Russian: light1 - energy; light2 - the world, the universe. These words have the same sound, spelling and refer to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:

1. Homophones - words and forms of different meanings, coinciding in sound, but differing in spelling:

meadow (field) - bow (shooting tool), ball (dance party) - score (score).

2. homographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but the same in spelling:

atlas (fabric) - atlas (a collection of geographical maps), castle - castle.

3. homoforms (morphological homonyms) - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:

swarm (n.) of bees - swarm (vb.) pit, expensive (n.) - expensive (adj.), new saw (n.) - drank (vb.) coffee, tourniquet (v.) grass - medical tourniquet ( n.).

Adjacent to homonyms paronyms – words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: a subscription (the right to use something) and a subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (productive) and spectacular (conspicuous); a secretive (closed) person and a hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.

Homonyms are words that are different in meaning but have the same sound and spelling.

Word homonym came from the Greek homos - identical + onima - name.

Most homonyms are among nouns and verbs.

Example:

1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).

2. DEFEND - to stand (to stand in line).

3. DEFEND - to be at some distance from someone, something. (the airport is five kilometers away from the city).

Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language

random word match:

Example:

1. ONION - loans. Garden plant with a spicy taste.

2. ONION - claim.-rus. A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, resilient rod (usually wooden) tied into an arc with a bowstring.

coincidence in the formation of new words:

Example:

SEND - send with an order. The person doing the task 1. AMBASSADOR .

SALT - preserve something in a salt solution. Method of salting products - 2. AMBASSADOR .

loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.

Example:

This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :

LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.

These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection. Now they are two different words.

1. LIGHT - radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.

2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.

Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it becomes clear what is at stake:

Example:

ancient genus , male genus .

Types of homonyms

Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.

Example:

You are NOT MINE this umbrella, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it MUMB.

Use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech should be very careful. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.

Example:

Yesterday I visited the Poetry DAY. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?

Homonymy and polysemy

In relation to words related to the same parts of speech, linguistics often distinguishes between homonymy and polysemy. homonymy is a random match of words, while polysemy- the presence of a word of different historically related meanings. For example, the words "boron" in the meaning of "pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning of "chemical element" are homonyms, since the first word is of Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian "Bur" - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, the words "ether" in the sense of organic matter and "ether" in the sense of "broadcasting and television" linguists call the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from other Greek. αἰθήρ - Mountain air.

However, another part of linguists draws the line between polysemy and homonymy in a different way. Namely, if most people see a common shade of meaning in two coinciding words (as linguists say, “a common semantic element”), then this is polysemy, and if they do not see it, then this is homonymy, even if the words have a common origin. For example, in the words "braid" (tool) and "braid" (hairstyle), the common semantic element noticed by most people is "something long and thin."

Finally, some linguists consider all separate meanings of polysemantic words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.

Coinciding words related to different parts of speech, all or almost all Russian linguists unconditionally refer to homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are "flow" (flow) and "flow" (flow).

Classification

Full (absolute) homonyms are homonyms that have the same entire system of forms. For example, attire (clothes) - outfit (order), forge (forge) - bugle (wind instrument).
Partial homonyms - homonyms for which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) and affection (show of affection) diverge in the genitive plural form ( weasels - caresses).
Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms, are words that coincide only in separate forms (of the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).

Homomorphemes

Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.

Homonyms, homophones, homographs, and homoforms

Homonyms are words that sound the same at the same time. and in spelling but different in meaning.
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same but are different in spelling and meaning.
Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that have the same spelling but are different in sound and meaning.
Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in separate grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the form of the 1st person singular of the present tense - I fly.

Examples

The words

3: Spit - on the girl's head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a reservoir or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
7: Key - musical sign; key from door; the key is a natural source of water; key - wrench; key - information that allows decrypting a cryptogram or verifying a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to the task, key - closing device in the electrical circuit
3: Butterfly - insect; the bow tie; butterfly knife.
2: Onion - plant; bow weapon.
3: Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); pen - human hand; handle - doorknob.
4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; wrist; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for drawing).
2: Trot - running (eg horses); lynx is an animal.
4: Troika - horses; triple - mark; troika - the judicial body of the NKVD; threesome - suit.
2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, enmity.
2: Messenger - giving a message, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: private for parcels on business.
3: Beam - a part of a structure, a bar resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms.
2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
2: Zebra is an animal; zebra - pedestrian crossing.
Mowed with an oblique oblique oblique (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners).

Homonyms in poetry

You are white swans fed,
Throwing back the weight of black braid…
I swam nearby; agreed fed;
The sunset beam was strange braid.
Valery Bryusov

Sitting in a taxi, asked dachshund:
"For what kind of fare dachshund?»
And the driver: "Money from dachshunds
We do not take at all, here since».
Yakov Kozlovsky

Inside like a ball chamber,
I burst, but hardly verse,
if my partner chamber
hears my prison verse
and motive from the heart chamber.
Aidyn Khanmagomedov

Homonymy in taxonomy

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Synonyms:

See what "Homonym" is in other dictionaries:

Greek homonymos, from homos, similar, and onoma, name. A word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but a different meaning. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D.,… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

homonym- a, m. homonyme m. gr. homonyma homos same + onyma name. 1. A word that has the same sound as another word, but differs from it in meaning. MAS 2. The Game of Homonyms .. consists in the fact that one leaves the company in which without him ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

homonym- (incorrect homonym) ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

Homonym, homonym, husband. (from Greek homos the same and onima name) (ling.). A word that is identical with another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. hail city and hail meteorological phenomenon. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Homonym, a, husband. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. "leak 1" and "leak 2", "mow 1" and "mow 2". | adj. homonymous ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov Terms of botanical nomenclature

homonym- Loans. from the French lang., where omonyme lat. homonymus, which transmits the Greek. homōnymos, addition of homos "one and the same, the same" and onyma "name". Homonym literally "of the same name" (meaning the same sound of words denoting different ... ... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language

Example:

Vulture1 - a fantastic animal in ancient mythology; neck2 - for musical instruments, for example: for a violin; vulture3 - a seal, a stamp with the image of someone's signature, as well as an imprint of this signature.

In lexicology, two types of lexical homonyms are studied: complete and incomplete, or partial.

Full lexical homonyms are words of the same grammatical class, they have the same entire system of forms:

Example:

a scythe - “a type of hairstyle”, a scythe - an “agricultural implement” and a scythe - “a cape, a shallow”; to force - “to block something set” and to force - “to force someone to do something”, etc.

The phenomenon of partial (or incomplete) homonymy is characterized by the fact that words of different meanings do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms:

Example:

fell - “a forest, field or steppe fire” and fell - “a pile or a cast-iron pedestal, to which a ship is attached with ropes during parking (from the word paal - pillar, pile)”. In the plural, these words have different stress: fell - fell and fell - fell.

Incomplete lexical homonyms also include many verbs that coincide in sound and spelling:

Example:

to dig in - carry. view from the verb to drip (medicine) and to bury - carry. view from the verb to bury (something in the ground). The perfective forms of these verbs are different.

The reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language are different. Homonyms can be words that entered the Russian language from other languages and accidentally coincided in sound.

Example:

Raid1 - a body of water at the entrance to the port, convenient for mooring ships (from the head. reed) and raid2 - a raid of mobile military forces behind enemy lines (from the English raid).

Homonyms can arise as a result of sound changes that occur in a language.

Example:

So the homonyms onion (plant) - onion (tool) appeared; peace (universe) - peace (silence, absence of war); in Old Russian, these words were pronounced and written differently.

The disintegration of polysemy leads to the formation of homonyms: the meanings of a polysemantic word can diverge so far from each other that we begin to perceive them as different words.

Example:

Shop (bench) - shop (shop); paper (cotton, yarn) - paper (writing paper), etc.

In addition to lexical homonyms (always belonging to the same part of speech), other varieties of homonymy are distinguished, namely:
Homoforms are words that have the same sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms.

Example:

stove (n.) - stove (vb.); my (local) - my (led, incl. verb); saw (n.) - saw (past temp. v. drink); simple (adj.) - simple (n.); I fly (treat) - I fly (fly).

Homophones are words that are spelled differently but pronounced the same.

Example:

meadow - bow, pond - twig, frost - frost, mushroom - flu, mixed - mixed, tank - barrel, flutter - develop, company - campaign.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same but are stressed on different syllables.

Example:

flour - flour, lock - lock, arrows - arrows, fall asleep - fall asleep, cry - cry.

The context helps to distinguish between homonymous words. The phenomenon of homonymy is often used for artistic purposes as a means for creating puns.

Example:

Fishing prowess baubles

And in the river near the forest

I'll catch a pike with a lure.

Eh, I would have withstood the forest!

Homonyms

Plan

1. Reasons for the appearance of homonyms. The nature of homonymy.

2. Varieties of homonyms.

3. Ways to distinguish between homonymous words.

4. Stylistic use of homonyms in speech.

5. Dictionaries of homonyms of the Russian language.

With polysemy (polysemy), sound unity is always combined with greater or lesser semantic unity. No matter how many meanings a word has, something in common must remain between all the meanings. However, in Russian there are many similar-sounding words that have nothing in common in meaning. For example, club (smoke) – club (university); onion (plant) – onion (tool);outfit (clothes) – outfit (document); salt (substance) – salt (note) etc.

Words that sound the same but have different, unrelated lexical meanings are called homonyms(from the Greek homos - the same, onima - name). The phenomenon of coincidence in the sound of unrelated words is called homonymy.

Taking into account the lexico-morphological and phonetic features, the following are conditionally distinguished:

1) lexical homonyms;

2) morphological, or grammatical, homonyms (homoforms);

3) phonetic homonyms (homophones);

4) graphic homonyms (homographs).

1. Lexical homonyms words are called with different meanings, but the same sound and spelling in all correlative forms, for example: key (spring) – key (master key), outfit (clothes) – outfit (business document) and others.

There are two types of lexical homonyms: complete (absolute) and incomplete (partial).

Full lexical homonyms words are called that coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms: cell (avian) – cell (nervous), shop (bench) – shop (small commercial space) etc.

Incomplete lexical homonyms- these are words that belong to one part of speech, but for which not all grammatical forms coincide: tact (metric musical unit) – tact (a sense of proportion that creates the ability to behave decently, appropriately) - the second member of the homonymous series does not have a plural form; bury (from verb . bury- put in the ground, fall asleep: bury a treasure ) – bury (from verb. drip, drip- for example, enter somewhere, dripping: put medicine in the nose ).

Homonymous verbs have the same imperfective forms ( I'm burying, I've been burying, I'll be burying); forms of real participles of the present and past tense ( digging, digging); but there is no match in the forms of the perfect form ( bury - bury etc.).

Lexical homonyms belong to words of the same part of speech.

2. Phonetic homonyms (homophones from the Greek homos - the same + phone - sound) – These are words that have the same sound shell, but different spelling:

company (a group of people) – campaign (event); not mine (possessive pronoun with a negative particle not) – dumb (adjective); pine (noun dream with a pretext co in the form of a genus. P.) - pine (evergreen coniferous tree with small cones) etc.

3. Grammatical homonyms (homoforms)- these are words that coincide in sound and spelling only in separate grammatical forms:

saw (noun) - saw (from the verb drink- in the form of the past tense of the feminine gender); flying (from the verb fly in the form of the indicative mood of the 1st person singular) - flying (from the verb treat);bet (noun) - bet (from the verb soar in the singular imperative), etc.

4. Graphic homonyms (homographs from the Greek homos - the same + grapho - I write) - these are words that have the same spelling, but differ in stress:

road (feminine noun) – expensive (short form of the adjective from dear); se ́ lo (from the verb sit down form of the indicative mood of the past tense of the neuter gender) - village (noun); parit (from the verb P á rut) - soars (from the verb bet ́ be) etc.

The distinction between homonymous words and polysemantic words presents great difficulties, since both of them have the same sound shell. One of the ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy is the selection of synonyms for words, the selection of words with the same root and the comparison of word forms; establishing the lexical compatibility of words, as well as their syntactic compatibility; An important role is played by etymological information about the words-homonyms:

platform (apron; new, under construction, high) – platform (action program; political, old); braid(pigtail, braid - root "kos") – braid (mow); teak (French - nervous disease) - teak (English - tree species) - teak (Dutch - fabric), etc.

The existence of polysemy and homonomy creates certain difficulties in the use of words. The specific meaning of the word is revealed in the context, so the context must ensure the correct understanding of the word, otherwise it may lead to ambiguity, inaccuracy.

For example: Paying attention tocanvas , he [the restorer] studied it for several days ... It is not clear to the reader whatcanvas the restorer studied - a work of painting, a picture or a fabric on which a picture is written.

Another example: sightseerslistened to group leader's clarification. (It is not clear whether they listened carefully to the leader or skipped his explanations.)

Polysemy and homonymy are used to make the text expressive.

One of the most common techniques based on the use of polysemy and homonymy is pun, play on words. As a rule, a pun is a means of creating humor and satire, because in a pun there is an ambiguity of the statement as a result of combining several meanings in one word, as well as playing around with words with different meanings:

It's who's arrowed out Luke

Shot off the head Luke?

I am not words, I am dumb ,

It was definitely a shot not mine . (Y. Kozlovsky)

Rain goes. Snow goes. Goes rumor on earth. controversy go . Conversations ... (F. Krivin).

Polysemy and homonymy are quite fully represented in explanatory dictionaries. However, not all cases of homonymization of words are given in them equally consistently and clearly. Yes, the word agent in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by D.N. Ushakov is interpreted as one polysemantic word, and in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" in 4 volumes, in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov (starting from the 9th edition) and "Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language" by O.S. Akhmanova - as two different words-homonyms. Another example, words basis, surface in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov and in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov are given as polysemantic words (that is, one dictionary entry is given for each), and in the "Dictionary of Russian Homonyms language" by O.S. Akhmanova - as homonyms (four articles are given for two articles).

All of the above testifies, first of all, to the complexity of the very problem of distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy, and sometimes to an insufficiently rigorous and consistent approach to this issue.

In 1974, the first "Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language" was published, compiled by O.S. Akhmanova.

In 1976, N.P. Kolesnikov's Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language was published in Tbilisi. In 1978, the second edition of this dictionary was published, which differs significantly from the previous one.

The journal "Russian Language at School" (1983-1985) published for the first time the "Concise Derivative-Etymological Dictionary of Russian Polysemy and Single-Root Homonymy" by N.M. Shansky, N.N. Romanov, A.V. Filippov.

Homonyms(ancient Greek ὁμός - the same + ὄνομα - name) - words, morphemes and other units of the language that are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling. The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones, homographs, homoforms and paronyms.

In relation to words belonging to the same parts of speech, linguistics often distinguishes between homonymy and polysemy. homonymy is a random match of words, while polysemy- the presence of a word of different historically related meanings. For example, the words "boron" in the meaning of "pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning of "chemical element" are homonyms, since the first word is of Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian "borax" - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, the words "ether" in the sense of organic matter and "ether" in the sense of "broadcasting and television" are called by linguists the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from other Greek. αἰθήρ - mountain air.

Finally, some linguists consider all separate meanings of polysemantic words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.

Coinciding words related to different parts of speech, all or almost all Russian linguists unconditionally refer to homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are "flow" (flow) and "flow" (flow).

Full (absolute) homonyms - homonyms that have the same entire system of forms. For example, attire (clothes) - outfit (order), forge (forge) - bugle (wind instrument).

Partial homonyms - homonyms that do not have the same form. For example, weasel (animal) and affection (show of affection) diverge in the genitive plural form ( weasels - caresses).

· Grammar homonyms, or homoforms - words that coincide only in separate forms (of the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and verb rub coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three, three apples - three are stronger!).

Homomorphemes

Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, that is, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide in spelling and pronunciation, but have different meanings. For example, ending - a in Russian means:

1. plural nouns of the second declension ( city - cities),

2. genitive case of nouns ( house - at home),

3. feminine past tense verbs ( began - start).

In linguistics, homonyms are words that have different meanings, but are identical in both sound and spelling. The term "homonym" was introduced by Aristotle. Homonyms should be distinguished from homophones, homoforms, homographs and paronyms.

Homonymy is the fact of the existence of homonyms, that is, the sound coincidence of different lexical units whose meanings are not related to each other, that is, the phenomenon when words belonging to the same part of speech coincide (in spelling and sound) by chance. Polysemy is a similar phenomenon, differing in that the words subject to it have different but historically related meanings.

Where is homonymy used?

Both homonymy and polysemy can act as a resource for enhancing the expressive and visual properties of speech.

1. In the case of homonymy, the emphasis is on the semantic side of the word, because the expressive possibilities of homonyms primarily affect the semantic side of the statement, or even the entire text. Thus, the indistinguishability of homonyms and consonances can lead to the most unexpected consequences of not guessing, "not recognizing" the true meaning.

2. Homonyms, as well as consonances, together with ambiguity, form the basis for creating puns. The pun is often used in satirical and comic poems, satirical literature, anecdotes, humoresques.

3. After all, homonymous words are often used in poetry, acting as a means to create a rhyme.

Varieties of sound matches

If we talk about words that belong to the same part of speech, in linguistics linguists distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. If homonymy implies a random coincidence of words, then polysemy is the presence of different historically related semantic meanings in linguistic units.

But some linguists present the line between polysemy and homonymy differently, namely: if most people notice the so-called “common semantic element” in words, then this is nothing more than polysemy, otherwise it is homonymy, even if the words are in reality have common "roots" in origin. As an example, in the words "braid" as a tool and "braid" as a hairstyle, for most people there is a noticeable similarity - the element "something oblong and thin."

Some linguists believe that all separate semantic meanings of polysemantic language units are homonyms. Considering this point of view, polysemy is only a special case of homonymy.

Words that coincide and at the same time do not belong to the same part of speech are unconditionally referred to as homonyms.

Examples of homonymy

An example of such unconditional homonyms from different parts of speech are the verb "flow" (flow) and the noun "flow" (flow).

The words "boron" as "forest" and "boron" denoting "chem. element" are considered homonyms, because the first example has Slavic roots, and the second arose from the Persian "borax" - the name of the boron compound.

But the words "ether" as an organic substance in chemistry and "ether" as "broadcasting and television" are considered the meanings of the same word, that is, they refer to polysemy, since both language units come from the ancient Greek word meaning mountain air.

A paradoxical situation, provoked by homonymy, underlies the story of Yuri Tynyanov "Lieutenant Kizhe".

Mikhail Lermontov's unfinished fantasy story "Shtoss" boasts absolutely unexpected coincidences of homonyms, which enhances the effects of mystification and mystery that distinguish this literary work.

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