Moon dimensions. Our natural satellite is the moon

Correctly. The earth is larger than the moon. How much more? We see the moon as very small. Actually it is not. The Moon is only six times smaller than the Earth. For comparison, you can imagine a one-story house and a house with six floors. So the moon is huge! The Earth is separated from the Moon by a distance of 384,000 kilometers by a space rocket, this distance can be overcome in two to three days. Since the Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, scientists are constantly watching it. Now any student can explain why it is so different.

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Moon

"Nature of the Moon" - Lunar craters. Physical conditions on the moon. Tides. Surface change. The formation of the moon. The Moon is the largest satellite in the solar system. The moon is an ideal place for astronomical observations. Lunar rocks. Moon movements. Exploration of the Moon by spacecraft. Internal structure. Surface. The nature of the moon.

"Phases of the Moon" - The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384 thousand km. Conversely, when we see a full moon on Earth, a "new earth" can be observed from the Moon. Luna is the only natural satellite of the Earth. Earth's only natural satellite. What are the phases of the moon? Phases.

"Description of the Moon" - What phase is the moon today. We fly over the moon. The first lunar rover. Flight preparation. Flight. Why didn't the traces of the astronauts disappear? Why are there so many craters on the moon. Why do we only see one side of the moon. Telescope. Moon. Can the Moon be observed in the constellation Cepheus. Start. The sun. Let's fly home.

"Characteristics of the Moon" - Solar eclipse. Moon map. Lunar seas. Lunar eclipses. Spaceship. Self propelled vehicle. Air. Earth above the horizon of the moon. Automatic station. Shadow lunar eclipse. The moon is smaller than the earth. Moon. Part of the lunar surface. Scientific bases. Copernicus. Hemisphere. Our neighbor Luna. Expedition "Apollo 15".

"Observations of the Moon" - Automatic station. An ideal place for astronomical observations. Italian astronomer. The surface of the moon. The study of lunar rocks. Moon occultation of planets. Dark areas. 12 astronauts have landed on the moon. Galileo Galilei. Crater formation. Station "Luna-17". The internal structure of the moon. The nature of the moon.

"The moon is a satellite of the Earth" - The sky on the moon is not like the earth. The moon rotates around its axis. Why don't people live on the moon? The earth is larger than the moon. He grew up, grew up, was horned - he became round. From the Earth to the Moon, you always see the same thing. Scientists today know more about the Moon than about any other planet. Man has created artificial satellites that he launches into space.

In total there are 8 presentations in the topic

> > > Dimensions of the Moon

What is the size of the moon- Earth satellite. Description of mass, density and gravity, real and apparent size, supermoon, illusion of the Moon and comparison with the Earth in the photo.

The Moon is the brightest object in the sky (after the Sun). To a terrestrial observer, it seems gigantic, but this is only because it is located closer than other objects. In size, it occupies 27% of the earth (ratio 1: 4). If compared with other satellites, then ours is in 5th place in terms of size.

The average lunar radius is 1737.5 km. The value doubled will be the diameter (3475 km). The equatorial circle is 10917 km.

The area of ​​the Moon is 38 million km 2 (this is less than any total area of ​​​​the continent).

Mass, density and gravity

• Mass - 7.35 x 10 22 kg (1.2% of the earth). That is, the Earth exceeds the lunar mass by 81 times.
• Density - 3.34 g / cm 3 (60% of the earth). According to this criterion, our satellite ranks second, losing to Saturn's moon Io (3.53 g/cm3).
• The force of attraction grows only up to 17% of the earth, so 100 kg there will turn into 7.6 kg. That is why astronauts can jump so high on the lunar surface.

Supermoon

The moon wraps around the Earth not in a circle, but in an ellipse, so sometimes it is much closer. The closest distance is called perigee. When this moment coincides with the full moon, we get a super moon (14% larger and 30% brighter than usual). It repeats every 414 days.

horizon illusion

There is an optical effect that makes the apparent size of the moon appear even larger. This happens when it rises behind distant objects on the horizon. This trick is called the moon illusion or the Ponzo illusion. And although it has been observed for many centuries, there is no exact explanation yet. In the photo you can compare the size of the Moon and the Earth, as well as the Sun with Jupiter.

One of the theories suggests that we are accustomed to watching the clouds at a height and understand that on the horizon they are miles away from us. If the clouds on the horizon reach the same size as those overhead, then, despite the distance, we remember that they must be huge. But since the satellite appears at the same size as overhead, the brain automatically aims to zoom in.

Not everyone agrees with this formulation, so there is another hypothesis. The moon appears close to the horizon because we can't compare its size to trees and other terrestrial objects. Without comparison, it seems larger.

To check for an illusion of the moon, you need to put your thumb on the satellite and compare the size. When she returns to height again, then repeat this method again. It will be the same size as before. Now you know how big the moon is.

The closest celestial body to our planet - the Moon - we can observe every evening with the naked eye. In ancient times, people invented many legends related to its pale radiance, spots on its surface, etc.

But what do we generally know about the Moon, its size, properties, etc.? In fact, not so little.

Comparison of the sizes of the Earth and the Moon

As you know, the Moon is our Earth. This means that the Moon is much smaller in mass and size than the Earth. Let's compare some of their sizes.

- The average diameter of the Moon is 3474 kilometers, while the diameter of the Earth is 12742 kilometers. That is, the size of the Moon in diameter is only 3/11 of the Earth's diameter, it is 3.67 times smaller than the diameter of the Earth.

- The surface of the moon covers an area of ​​37.9 million square meters. km, and the area of ​​​​the earth's surface, as you know, is 510 million square meters. km. If we compare these figures, it turns out that the surface area of ​​the moon is 13.5 times less than the earth's. Even if we compare the area of ​​the Moon with the earth's land, it turns out that the lunar surface occupies 4 times less area than the continents and islands of our planet.

- The volume occupied by the Moon is almost 50 times smaller than the Earth's. In percentage terms, the Moon occupies only 2% of the volume of the Earth.


- The mass of the Moon is about 80 times less than the mass of our Earth. This means that the average density of the rocks that make up the Moon is much less than the density of terrestrial rocks (about 60% of the earth). Perhaps there are many empty spaces inside the Moon.

- The gravity on the moon is only 1.6 m/sq. sec, this is 6 times less than the earth's gravity, which, as we remember, is 9.8 m / sq. sec. Therefore, on the moon, every person can become a jumping champion.

Indeed, the Earth turns out to be much larger in all respects. That is why the Moon is a satellite of our Earth, and not vice versa.

Some interesting facts about the moon

- If you visually compare the sizes of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, then you need to put an ordinary pea (Moon), a five-ruble coin (Earth) and an entrance double door (Sun) side by side.

- A full lunar day is 29 Earth days, and the Moon around the Earth takes 27 of our days.

The moon has no satellites of its own.

- There is practically no atmosphere on the Moon that protects our Earth from the impact of random meteorites. Therefore, the surface of the Moon is riddled with large and small craters, which remained after numerous collisions with celestial rocks of various sizes.


- Due to the absence of an atmosphere on the surface of the moon, cosmic cold reigns at night. Therefore, the water there can only be in a frozen state. No living organism can withstand such conditions. If once and on the Moon, now it is all dead.

Moon exploration

The moon is the most studied celestial body by people. To study it, researchers from different countries launched more than 100 different spacecraft. Most of them simply flew around the moon and transmitted the information they received.

Back in 1959, the Soviet Union was the first in the world to launch the Luna-1 research apparatus, which flew close to the lunar surface and made the first direct measurements of its physical parameters. Then it was discovered that the Moon, unlike the Earth, does not have its own magnetic field.

The Soviet space program for launching automatic stations was quite successful, although there were also unsuccessful launches. However, even those lunar modules that failed to land on the moon transmitted images of the surface, i.e. provided some benefit.

For the first time, it was the Soviet apparatus that in 1966 made a soft landing on the surface of the Moon and transmitted images from the surface of our satellite. The unmanned research complex "Luna-16" in 1970 was able to land on the surface of the moon, take soil samples and return to Earth.

In addition, the USSR delivered two automatic Lunokhod modules to the lunar surface. The first worked for about 10 months, having traveled over 10 kilometers on the surface of the Moon, the second for about 4 months, having traveled 37 kilometers.

The United States launched 6 expeditions to the Moon with astronauts who reached the surface of the Moon and were able to return back. Prior to the start of the Apollo manned program, American researchers had several unsuccessful attempts at soft landing of automatic stations - the vehicles crashed when they collided with the lunar surface.


All manned launches took place between 1969 and 1972, all without exception were successful. Today it is believed that the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon was the American astronaut Neil Armstrong in 1969.

In 1609, after the invention of the telescope, humanity was able to examine its space satellite for the first time in detail. Since then, the Moon has been the most studied cosmic body, as well as the first one that a person managed to visit.

The first thing to be dealt with is what is our satellite? The answer is unexpected: although the Moon is considered a satellite, technically it is the same full-fledged planet as the Earth. She has large dimensions - 3476 kilometers across at the equator - and a mass of 7.347 × 10 22 kilograms; The moon is only slightly inferior to, the smallest planet in the solar system. All this makes it a full-fledged participant in the Moon-Earth gravitational system.

Another such tandem in the solar system is also known, and Charon. Although the entire mass of our satellite is a little more than a hundredth of the mass of the Earth, the Moon does not revolve around the Earth itself - they have a common center of mass. And the proximity of the satellite to us gives rise to another interesting effect, tidal capture. Because of it, the Moon is always turned to the Earth with the same side.

Moreover, from the inside, the Moon is arranged as a full-fledged planet - it has a crust, a mantle and even a core, and volcanoes existed on it in the distant past. However, nothing remains of the ancient landscapes - over the course of four and a half billion years of the Moon's history, millions of tons of meteorites and asteroids fell on it, which plowed it, leaving craters. Some blows were so strong that they broke through her bark right down to her mantle. The pits from such collisions formed the lunar seas, dark spots on the Moon, which are easily distinguishable from. Moreover, they are present exclusively on the visible side. Why? We will talk about this further.

Among the cosmic bodies, the Moon influences the Earth the most - except, perhaps, the Sun. The lunar tides, which regularly raise the water level in the world's oceans, are the most obvious, but not the strongest impact of the satellite. So, gradually moving away from the Earth, the Moon slows down the rotation of the planet - a sunny day has grown from the original 5 to the modern 24 hours. And the satellite also serves as a natural barrier against hundreds of meteorites and asteroids, intercepting them on approach to the Earth.

And without a doubt, the Moon is a tasty object for astronomers: both amateurs and professionals. Although the distance to the Moon has been measured to within a meter using laser technology, and soil samples from it have been repeatedly brought to Earth, there is still room for discoveries. For example, scientists are hunting for lunar anomalies - mysterious flashes and auroras on the surface of the moon, not all of which have an explanation. It turns out that our satellite hides much more than what is visible on the surface - let's figure out the secrets of the moon together!

Topographic map of the moon

Characteristics of the Moon

The scientific study of the moon is over 2200 years old today. The movement of a satellite in the Earth's sky, the phases and distance from it to the Earth were described in detail by the ancient Greeks - and the internal structure of the Moon and its history are being studied to this day by spacecraft. Nevertheless, centuries of work by philosophers, and then by physicists and mathematicians, have provided very accurate data about how our Moon looks and moves, and why it is the way it is. All information about the satellite can be divided into several categories, mutually following from each other.

Orbital characteristics of the Moon

How does the moon move around the earth? If our planet were motionless, the satellite would rotate in an almost perfect circle, from time to time slightly approaching and moving away from the planet. But after all, the Earth itself around the Sun - the Moon has to constantly "catch up" with the planet. And our Earth is not the only body with which our satellite interacts. The Sun, which is 390 times farther from the Earth than the Moon, is 333,000 times more massive than the Earth. And even taking into account the inverse square law, according to which the intensity of any energy source drops sharply with distance, the Sun attracts the Moon 2.2 times stronger than the Earth!

Therefore, the final trajectory of our satellite resembles a spiral, and even a difficult one. The axis of the lunar orbit fluctuates, the Moon itself periodically approaches and moves away, and on a global scale it completely flies away from the Earth. The same oscillations lead to the fact that the visible side of the Moon is not the same hemisphere of the satellite, but its different parts, which alternately turn towards the Earth due to the "swaying" of the satellite in orbit. These movements of the Moon in longitude and latitude are called librations, and allow you to look beyond the far side of our satellite long before the first flyby of spacecraft. From east to west, the Moon rotates 7.5 degrees, and from north to south - 6.5. Therefore, from the Earth it is easy to see both poles of the Moon.

The specific orbital characteristics of the Moon are useful not only to astronomers and astronauts - for example, photographers especially value the supermoon: the phase of the moon in which it reaches its maximum size. This is a full moon during which the moon is at perigee. Here are the main parameters of our satellite:

• The Moon's orbit is elliptical, its deviation from a perfect circle is about 0.049. Taking into account fluctuations in orbits, the minimum distance of the satellite to the Earth (perigee) is 362 thousand kilometers, and the maximum distance (apogee) is 405 thousand kilometers.
• The common center of mass of the Earth and the Moon is located 4.5 thousand kilometers from the center of the Earth.
• A sidereal month - the complete passage of the Moon in its orbit - takes 27.3 days. However, for a complete revolution around the Earth and a change in the lunar phases, it takes 2.2 days more - after all, during the time that the Moon goes in its orbit, the Earth flies by the thirteenth part of its own orbit around the Sun!
• The moon is in a tidal lock on the Earth - it rotates around its axis at the same speed as around the Earth. Because of this, the Moon is constantly turned to the Earth by the same side. This condition is typical for satellites that are very close to the planet.

• Night and day on the Moon are very long - half an Earth month.
• In those periods when the Moon comes out from behind the globe, it can be seen in the sky - the shadow of our planet gradually slides off the satellite, allowing the Sun to illuminate it, and then closes it back. Changes in the illumination of the Moon, visible from the Earth, are called her. During the new moon, the satellite is not visible in the sky, in the phase of the young moon its thin crescent appears, resembling a curl of the letter “P”, in the first quarter the moon is exactly half lit, and during the full moon it is noticeably best. Further phases - the second quarter and the old moon - occur in reverse order.

An interesting fact: since the lunar month is shorter than the calendar month, sometimes there can be two full moons in one month - the second is called the “blue moon”. It is as bright as an ordinary full - it illuminates the Earth at 0.25 lux (for example, normal lighting inside a house is 50 lux). The Earth itself illuminates the Moon 64 times stronger - as much as 16 lux. Of course, all the light is not your own, but reflected sunlight.

• The Moon's orbit is inclined to the plane of the Earth's orbit and crosses it regularly. The inclination of the satellite is constantly changing, varying between 4.5° and 5.3°. It takes more than 18 years to change the inclination of the moon.
• The moon moves around the earth at a speed of 1.02 km/s. This is much less than the speed of the Earth around the Sun - 29.7 km / s. The maximum spacecraft speed achieved by the Helios-B solar probe was 66 kilometers per second.

Physical parameters of the Moon and its composition

In order to understand how big the Moon is and what it consists of, it took people a long time. Only in 1753, the scientist R. Boskovic managed to prove that the Moon does not have a significant atmosphere, as well as liquid seas - when covered by the Moon, the stars disappear instantly, when the presence would make it possible to observe their gradual “fading”. It took another 200 years for the Soviet Luna-13 station in 1966 to measure the mechanical properties of the lunar surface. And nothing was known about the far side of the Moon until 1959, when the Luna-3 apparatus failed to take its first pictures.

The crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft brought the first samples to the surface in 1969. They also became the first people to walk on the moon - until 1972, 6 ships landed on it, and 12 astronauts landed. The reliability of these flights was often doubted - however, many points of criticism came from their ignorance in space affairs. The American flag, which, according to conspiracy theorists, “could not fly in the airless space of the Moon,” is in fact solid and static - it was specially reinforced with solid threads. This was done specifically to make beautiful pictures - the sagging canvas is not so spectacular.

Many of the distortions in colors and landforms in the reflections on the helmets of the spacesuits in which counterfeiting was sought were due to the gold plating on the UV-protective glass. Soviet cosmonauts, who watched the broadcast of the landing of the astronauts in real time, also confirmed the authenticity of what was happening. And who can deceive an expert in his field?

And complete geological and topographic maps of our satellite are compiled to this day. In 2009, the LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) space station not only delivered the most detailed images of the Moon in history, but also proved the presence of a large amount of frozen water on it. He also put an end to the debate about whether there were people on the moon by filming the traces of the Apollo team from low orbit of the moon. The device was equipped with equipment from several countries of the world, including Russia.

As new space nations like China and private companies get involved in lunar exploration, new data is coming in every day. We have collected the main parameters of our satellite:

• The surface area of ​​the Moon is 37.9 x 10 6 square kilometers - about 0.07% of the total area of ​​the Earth. Incredibly, this is only 20% more than the area of ​​​​all human-inhabited areas on our planet!
• The average density of the Moon is 3.4 g/cm3. It is 40% less than the density of the Earth - primarily due to the fact that the satellite is deprived of many heavy elements like iron, which our planet is rich in. In addition, 2% of the mass of the Moon is regolith - a small crumb of stone created by cosmic erosion and meteorite impacts, the density of which is lower than ordinary rock. Its thickness in some places reaches tens of meters!
• Everyone knows that the Moon is much smaller than the Earth, which affects its gravity. The acceleration of free fall on it is 1.63 m/s 2 - only 16.5 percent of the entire force of gravity of the Earth. The astronauts' jumps on the moon were very high, even though their spacesuits weighed 35.4 kilograms - almost like knightly armor! At the same time, they were still holding back: falling in a vacuum was quite dangerous. Below is a video of the astronaut jumping from a live broadcast.

• The lunar seas cover about 17% of the entire Moon - mainly its visible side, which is covered by them by almost a third. They are traces of impacts of especially heavy meteorites, which literally tore off its crust from the satellite. In these places, only a thin, half-kilometer layer of hardened lava - basalt - separates the surface from the Moon's mantle. Since the concentration of solids increases closer to the center of any large cosmic body, there is more metal in the lunar seas than anywhere else on the Moon.
• The main landform of the Moon is craters and other derivatives of impacts and shock waves, which are thorasteroids. Lunar mountains and circuses were built huge and changed the structure of the surface of the moon beyond recognition. Their role was especially strong at the beginning of the history of the Moon, when it was still liquid - the falls raised whole waves of molten stone. This was also the reason for the formation of the lunar seas: the side facing the Earth was more hot due to the concentration of heavy substances in it, which is why asteroids affected it more than the cool reverse side. The reason for this uneven distribution of matter was the attraction of the Earth, especially strong at the beginning of the moon's history, when it was closer.

• In addition to craters, mountains and seas, there are caves and cracks in the moon - surviving witnesses of those times when the bowels of the moon were also hot, like, and volcanoes acted on it. These caves often contain water ice, as do the craters at the poles, which is why they are often considered as sites for future lunar bases.
• The real color of the Moon's surface is very dark, closer to black. All over the moon, there are a variety of colors - from turquoise blue to almost orange. The light gray hue of the Moon from the Earth and in the pictures is due to the high illumination of the Moon by the Sun. Due to the dark color, the surface of the satellite reflects only 12% of all rays falling from our star. If the moon were brighter - and during full moons it would be as bright as day.

How was the moon formed?

The study of the minerals of the Moon and its history is one of the most difficult disciplines for scientists. The surface of the Moon is open to cosmic rays, and there is nothing to retain heat near the surface - therefore, the satellite heats up to 105 ° C during the day, and cools down to -150 ° C at night. The two-week duration of day and night increases the effect on the surface - and as a result, the minerals of the Moon change beyond recognition with time. However, we managed to find out something.

Today, the Moon is believed to be the product of a collision between a large planetary embryo, Theia, and the Earth, which occurred billions of years ago when our planet was completely molten. Part of the planet that collided with us (and it was the size of ) was absorbed - but its core, along with part of the surface matter of the Earth, was thrown into orbit by inertia, where it remained in the form of the Moon.

This proves the deficiency of iron and other metals on the Moon already mentioned above - by the time Theia tore out a piece of terrestrial matter, most of the heavy elements of our planet were attracted by gravity inward, to the core. This collision affected the further development of the Earth - it began to rotate faster, and its axis of rotation tilted, which made possible the change of seasons.

Further, the Moon developed as an ordinary planet - it formed an iron core, mantle, crust, lithospheric plates and even its own atmosphere. However, the small mass and composition poor in heavy elements led to the fact that the bowels of our satellite quickly cooled down, and the atmosphere evaporated from the high temperature and the absence of a magnetic field. However, some processes are still taking place inside - due to movements in the lithosphere of the Moon, moonquakes sometimes occur. They represent one of the main dangers for future colonizers of the Moon: their scope reaches 5 and a half points on the Richter scale, and they last much longer than the earth's - there is no ocean capable of absorbing the impulse of the movement of the earth's interior.

The main chemical elements on the Moon are silicon, aluminium, calcium and magnesium. The minerals that form these elements are similar to those of the earth and are even found on our planet. However, the main difference between the minerals of the Moon is the absence of exposure to water and oxygen produced by living beings, a high proportion of meteorite impurities and traces of cosmic radiation. The ozone layer of the Earth was formed quite a long time ago, and the atmosphere burns most of the mass of falling meteorites, allowing water and gases to slowly but surely change the face of our planet.

The future of the moon

The Moon is the first cosmic body after Mars, which claims to be the first human colonization. In a sense, the Moon has already been mastered - the USSR and the USA left state regalia on the satellite, and orbital radio telescopes hide behind the far side of the Moon from the Earth, the generator of many interferences on the air. However, what awaits our satellite in the future?

The main process, which has already been mentioned more than once in the article, is the distance of the Moon due to tidal acceleration. It happens quite slowly - the satellite flies away by no more than 0.5 centimeters per year. However, something completely different is important here. Distancing itself from the Earth, the Moon slows down its rotation. Sooner or later, a moment may come when a day on Earth will last as long as a lunar month - 29–30 days.

However, the removal of the moon will have its limit. After reaching it, the Moon will begin to approach the Earth in turns - and much faster than it moved away. However, it will not succeed in completely crashing into it. For 12-20 thousand kilometers from the Earth, its Roche cavity begins - the gravitational limit at which a satellite of a planet can maintain a solid shape. Therefore, the Moon on approach will be torn into millions of small fragments. Some of them will fall to Earth, setting up a bombardment thousands of times more powerful than nuclear, and the rest will form a ring around the planet like . However, it will not be so bright - the rings of gas giants are made of ice, which is many times brighter than the dark rocks of the Moon - they will not always be visible in the sky. The Ring of the Earth will create a problem for the astronomers of the future - if, of course, by then there is someone left on the planet.

Moon colonization

However, all this will happen in billions of years. Until then, mankind considers the Moon as the first potential object for space colonization. But what exactly is meant by "exploring the moon"? Now we will look at the nearest prospects together.

Many imagine space colonization to be similar to the New Age colonization of Earth - finding valuable resources, extracting them, and then bringing them back home. However, this does not apply to space - in the next couple of hundred years, the delivery of a kilogram of gold, even from the nearest asteroid, will be more expensive than its extraction from the most difficult and dangerous mines. Also, the Moon is unlikely to act as a “dacha sector of the Earth” in the near future - although there are large deposits of valuable resources, it will be difficult to grow food there.

But our satellite may well become a base for further space exploration in promising directions - for example, the same Mars. The main problem of astronautics today is the restrictions on the weight of spacecraft. To launch, you have to build monstrous structures that need tons of fuel - after all, you need to overcome not only the gravity of the Earth, but also the atmosphere! And if this is an interplanetary ship, then you also need to refuel it. This seriously constrains designers, forcing them to prefer parsimony over functionality.

The moon is much better suited for the launch pad of spacecraft. The absence of an atmosphere and the low speed to overcome the Moon's gravity - 2.38 km/s versus 11.2 km/s of the Earth - make launches much easier. And the satellite's mineral deposits make it possible to save on the weight of fuel - a stone around the neck of astronautics, which occupies a significant proportion of the mass of any apparatus. If you expand the production of rocket fuel on the Moon, it will be possible to launch large and complex spacecraft assembled from parts brought from Earth. And assembly on the Moon will be much easier than in Earth orbit - and much more reliable.

The technologies that exist today make it possible, if not completely, then partially, to implement this project. However, any steps in this direction require risk. The huge investment will require research for the right minerals, as well as the development, delivery and testing of modules for future lunar bases. And one estimated cost of launching even the initial elements is capable of ruining an entire superpower!

Therefore, the colonization of the Moon is not so much the work of scientists and engineers as the work of people around the world to achieve such a valuable unity. For in the unity of mankind lies the true strength of the Earth.