Anatoly Kulikov - about the tragedy in Nice: this will continue until the anti-ISIS* coalition appears. The Federal Agency for Education Valery Doronkin believes that until a real system of work with drug addicts appears
State educational institution
higher professional education
PERM STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Discrete random variables
Individual tasks
Perm 2007
Solution of typical tasks
Before giving the solution of specific problems, we draw your attention to the fact that the solution of all tasks of variants is based on the same facts and properties of discrete random variables. Let us give several examples of their use in solving specific problems devoted to the study of this topic. one
Task 1. Find at
Decision., therefore, we find from the equation:
0.2+0.3+0.4+y=1 
y=0.1.
Task 2. D(X) = 0.4. Using the properties of the variance, find D(-2X+3).
Decision..
Task 3. An urn contains 2 white and 3 black balls. Balls are drawn at random from the urn without replacement until a white ball appears. As soon as this happens, the process stops. Make a table of the distribution of a random variable X - the number of experiments performed, find.
Decision: Denote by A - the appearance of a white ball. An experiment can only be performed once if the white ball appears immediately: 
. If the first time the white ball did not appear, but appeared during the second extraction, then X=2. The probability of such an event is equal. Similarly:, 
,
. Let's write the data to the table:
Let's find 
:
Option number 1
2729 30.11.2010
Valery Doronkin believes that until a real system of work with drug addicts appears, good intentions will lead nowhere
“We approach, introduce ourselves and offer syringes. No one refuses syringes, this is an effective way to make contact, ”they say. This is how the implementation of the Harm Reduction Program (HRP) and outreach work (English outreach - external contact), that is, work with members of socially excluded groups, looks like in reality. For almost four years now, every evening, someone from this volunteer group, consisting of only nine people, goes on an evening raid on "hot" places - to communicate with drug addicts. Why is this being done, the head of this group, psychologist, manager of the outreach team of the Andrey Rylkov Foundation, Arseniy Pavlovsky, explained.
Bridge between people and services
– Arseniy, first of all, tell us what is the Harm Reduction Program?
– Rather, harm reduction is a set of different practices aimed at solving problems that drug users face at a given time and which can be solved relatively easily. Most often, when talking about PSV, they mean the prevention of HIV infection among injecting drug users through the exchange of syringes. The spread of HIV is the main problem. The second problem is post-injection complications. The third is overdoses, for their prevention a special drug is distributed that stops the effects of drugs and brings a person out of an unconscious state. There are also non-injecting drug users, and other countries are also working with them. They have their own characteristics: the main problems are the sale of some chemicals to them, and for this there are special tests that allow you to understand what kind of substance you bought; overdoses and overheating, from which many die right on the dance floor, not realizing that the body is dehydrated. These are the problems that major harm reduction programs aim to prevent.
– It turns out that drug users voluntarily harm themselves, and they are created conditions so that they do not harm themselves even more - do not overheat, do not get sick ...
“In principle, harm reduction is not only directed at drug users, but at society as a whole. After all, this leads to a decrease in the negative consequences not only for drug users, but also for other members of society.
In our country, only the exchange of syringes, the prevention of overdoses and vein diseases are practiced. These are daily routine tasks. And the overall task that the PSV sets for itself is to ensure people's access to medical and social services and services. In the West, it has long been believed that drug users don't go there because they don't want to. But when the research began, it turned out that there are many barriers - people are afraid, they have wrong information about the methods of treatment, these services themselves are often not adapted for people. The reverse side of this situation is that drug addicts do not go there, and employees have erroneous ideas about the clients they should work with. And harm reduction serves as a bridge between drug users and services.
– Where can a drug user in Russia get help today?
The first is Narcotics Anonymous. The second is religious rehabilitation. Both of these are the initiatives of specific people. There are state "12-step" rehabilitation centers, but they are very few. For those who can pay money, there are paid centers, they also work according to the 12-step program.
It is essential that all these services be available because drug addicts often relapse. In a number of cities, to get free rehabilitation, you need to stand in line - it can be too difficult for a drug addict to wait for it. Another challenge is access to HIV treatment. Most of the people now receiving help are those who do not suffer from addiction, although the proportion of such people among those infected is only 30%, and 70% are drug users, who often do not even have access to testing.
Moscow: "stone age"
Who is your group working with?
– Previously, we worked with consumers of pharmaceutical products, that is, with perhaps the most excluded layer of former street children and the homeless. For many of them, these drugs initially served as medicines to a greater extent: these people live on the street, they sleep badly, they are cold, hungry, they constantly have a headache, they feel unwell - they give these injections, and they get a little better, they can go somewhere go do something. It seems to me that the physiological dependence on these drugs is a far-fetched problem. I asked them about the consequences, if it turns out that the substance is suddenly gone - they said that there is no withdrawal. At the same time, they behaved like drug addicts, of course, and their main problems were the same as those of drug addicts, first of all they are associated with injecting.
Pharmacy drug users were our main target group, because substances illegally sold in pharmacies are not like drugs, and we did not fall under the close supervision of certain departments. There is article 230 "Declination to the consumption of narcotic drugs." But there is a note that says that this does not apply to HIV prevention programs and similar issues, where contact with drug users also occurs, provided that the work is coordinated with local departments. Now in any other city in Russia, the syringe exchange program actually exists on the basis of state institutions, usually AIDS centers. In Moscow, the situation is exceptional. In other regions, people work more legally and widely, participate in all sorts of meetings, and what we distribute on the street - syringes and information materials - are sent to us and given to organizations from other cities.
In October, drugs used by our patients were no longer sold without prescriptions. As a result, many of them began to use illegal drugs, including those synthesized artisanally, including heroin.
That is, our contingent remained the same, the working conditions have changed.
- In general, it's no secret to anyone that you can get infected through a syringe - everyone knows about it. Or not all?
- I started working in Tver, and there it seemed obvious to us that all our clients knew about disposable syringes. And in Moscow 3 years ago there was a "Stone Age". The “screw” is caustic, it is acid, and therefore some drug users believe that it kills the HIV infection, which means that syringes can be used several times. There is another myth that “the bones of Tajiks who died of AIDS” are deliberately added to heroin, which means that it doesn’t matter if a new syringe is used or not. People actually believe in it, such myths have a very negative impact on our customers and on the situation as a whole.
Chance not to die
– Distribution of syringes is not a method of combating drugs, it will not solve the problem of addiction of these people…
– And we do not fight with drugs, we want to help people.
What do people who don't use drugs know about drugs? That this problem is very difficult, that only 5% quit, and the rest are beyond their strength.
People who have some problems, often deeply insecure, begin to use. Even before that, no one considered them strong and strong-willed, and when they start to inject, everyone tells them, “pull yourself together,” but they can’t and finally give up on themselves, go with the flow, feel like a victim of circumstances. We help them regain some self-esteem, start with health care. If a drug addict can use clean syringes every time, we support this desire in every possible way, we support mutual assistance, independent decision-making. After all, if he himself makes a decision, isn't this a call of dependence? All these are the first steps to gaining control over the situation. We try to talk with them about maintaining health, about planning for the future. And practice confirms that PSV clients more often turn to rehabilitation later.
I believe that HIV, vein diseases, overdoses and police repression are not directly related to drug addiction problems, but rather a consequence of relationships with society. But when a person feels like a victim who has no future, then he does not see those problems that are directly related to the use. If you remove this external pressure, then the consequences of the action of drugs become noticeable, and you can start talking about them.
- Have there been cases in your practice when a person from PSV went to rehabilitation and stopped using drugs?
– Yes, I can tell a story that started for me back in Tver. I had a client - an interesting guy; In addition to drugs, he had other hobbies. When all Roma points were closed there and mobile communications appeared, the drug business became invisible, and it became very difficult to do outreach work. We began to involve drug users in our work: we gave them a bunch of syringes so that they could distribute them among their own, tell them about HIV infection, about everything else. And this guy became such a volunteer with us, while he continued to actively inject and did not want to hear anything about rehabilitation. He adhered to a radical position: it is necessary to legalize drugs and leave their users alone. When specialists in clinics come across people like him, they sign their impotence and say that such a person cannot be helped. Then I moved to Moscow, and he continued to actively participate in PSV. A year ago, he went to one of the rehabilitation centers, completed a course and has been living somewhere in another city for a year without using drugs. He has 10-15 years of experience in using heroin, "vint" and other hard drugs, of which he participated in the program for 5-6 years. I think that if he did not participate in harm reduction activities, then it would hardly be possible to change the situation in other ways. This happens often, and I never cease to be surprised.
- 5-6 years of participation in the program - during this time you can stop using, or you can not live up to this moment and die ...
- PSV makes it possible for the addict not to die from an infection or an overdose. And without such a program, he does not have this chance.
Gulag for drug addicts
- Drug addicts are adults, let them choose!
– When there is a choice whether to use or not, then we can say that a person is independent. The problem arises when there is no choice. Society does not understand this and raises the question as follows: can people who use drugs exist on this earth at all, or should they be confronted with a fact: either you become different, or we send you to the Gulag.
State medicine in Russia offers to treat drug addicts with antipsychotics. They do not treat drug addiction anywhere, only in our country! These drugs were used to fight dissidents. After the third or fourth course of treatment, a person refuses the help of official medicine, and doctors say that these are his personal characteristics.
Drug users are more likely to end up in jail. I've been to the "zone" twice. The first time, when very little was known about HIV infection, then it seemed incredible that it would appear in our country. Together with those who were imprisoned for serious crimes - murders and robberies - there were about 40% of the guys who were imprisoned on drug-related cases. Many of them were HIV-infected. Never in my life have I faced such doom, such deep despair. They had terms of 10-15 years, and none of them hoped to be released at all: they knew that they would die here. Basically, 20-25 year olds were sentenced to death for two glasses of marijuana. I was shocked.
And the second time, when I got to the zone, they gathered everyone in the hall, it was a little scary, I sat in the front row. And suddenly someone taps me on the shoulder. I turn around, and there is my classmate - in a robe, like everyone else. For buying one-tenth of a gram of heroin from a gypsy woman, he was given three years of strict regime. I don't know if this gave him more chances in life?
We now meet on the street those who were imprisoned in 1999, in 2000, now they have been released. From 20 to 30 they were sitting. Now they have been released and have started using drugs again. Previously, they had at least a house, a mom and dad who accepted them, some chances to get an education and find a job. Now they don't have all that.
- Do you ever encounter aggression from your customers on the street?
“In all my harm reduction work, I have never been attacked by anyone, and nothing has been stolen from me. If any unpleasant situations arise, we immediately leave, because we do not want to impose anything on anyone. In Tver, despite the fact that we worked under an agreement with the administration, it happened that the operatives took us away, but on the way to the department they understood that they had to let go. It hasn't happened here yet, but I'm afraid it might. I also fear implacable fighters against drug addiction. Last year we worked at Voykovskaya, and some group of fans appeared there, which began to catch all the junkies in the evenings: they would drive up in cars, jump out and start bludgeoning them. Two people died. But when we started shouting about it, then these fans began to express more sympathy than us.
Links of one chain
Do you feel any benefit from your work?
“I am learning to appreciate the little things. First, there is feedback from customers. I see they need us. They come, talk to us, tell more or less true stories about themselves. Some do not admit that they use drugs, they say about injection marks that the cat scratched. They say that a “friend” is faced with such and such a problem, we tell what to do to a “friend”. We focus on prevention first: it has been proven that the more access to syringes and information, the lower the risk of infection, the consequences of abscesses and overdoses. And for me now the main task is to at least declare that something needs to be done!
– Do you see any prospects in Russia?
- I hope that social work with this category of citizens will develop. In fact, in Europe, everything also began with the fact that some separate groups appeared and simply handed out syringes on the streets.
But we could use not even Western, but Eastern experience. Despite the strictness of Islamic laws, substitution therapy, needle exchange, and "12 steps" exist in Iran. And our approach is either-or. Or rehabilitation, or harm reduction. And it should be like this: harm reduction for a person while he uses drugs, and rehabilitation after he has stopped using them. These are links in the same chain.
PRIEST ANDREY DERYAGIN: "Helper or accomplice?"
The Orthodox community has a sharply negative attitude towards harm reduction programs. At the same time, it is often the church communities that offer drug addicts to undergo a rehabilitation course, but there is no place in it for a person who has not yet made a decision on his own - I want to quit using drugs. There aren't enough places for those who want it.
Priest Andrei Deryagin has been working with drug addicts for more than a year. Since 1994, at the church in the village of Erino, Podolsky District, Moscow Region, where he is pastor, assistance to people suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction has been provided together with specialists from the Old World Foundation. Today, six people live in the rehabilitation center at the temple. All twelve could have been accommodated, but the parish could not feed more than six, and could not warm them in winter.
– Father Andrei, the Church has a negative attitude towards harm reduction programs. Why?
- There is no single church opinion on this issue, since the Council did not meet, and no general decision was made. But there is a Christian understanding of what addiction is. This is a passionate state, slavery to sin. Dependence is unnatural for a person, staying in this state entails the destruction of the personality.
Do not confuse a helper in trouble and a partner in sin. You can not simultaneously sympathize with drug addicts and provoke them to use drugs. Real assistance to addicts can only be comprehensive, consistent from a methodological point of view.
– How does the Church feel about the fact that often the attempts of a drug addict to quit drugs turn into a long, seemingly endless series of ups and downs? Can a drug addict be allowed to take communion?
- If a drug addict struggles with his addiction, that is, he shows his repentance by deed (by the way, in Greek "repentance" is "metanoia", literally - "change of lifestyle"), he can certainly be admitted to communion. If he stops fighting, he is excommunicated from communion, like any Christian who has come to terms with sin.
For a person who is trying to overcome sin in himself, the fall is a stage of struggle. The sacraments of the Church help him in this struggle, and that is why they were given to us by Christ. This struggle can continue until death. In this sense, the drug addict is no different from other sinners, that is, from all of us penitent Christians.
– The purpose of social work with drug users is to help them take a different path. PSV is simply an extension of the life of a drug addict. After all, if someone is dead, then his life can no longer be changed ...
- The goal is great. But the other way is not a syringe in your pocket. If there is a syringe in your pocket, it is he who will determine the path. Like a cartridge in a boy's pocket: if there is, then it is almost impossible to resist and not blow it up ...
Syringes for drug addicts, condoms for prostitutes, baseball bats for gopniks, etc. prolong not their life, but their sinful state. “We believe that someday you will conquer your passion, we wish you health, we love you, but for now, here’s a syringe for you - go and hit it!”
Personally, I do not understand the very name "Harm Reduction Program". You need to twist your mind to understand what lies behind this name. The content of these programs becomes much clearer if we call it the “Program for creating an enabling environment for satisfying addictions.”
Life extension by creating favorable conditions for its speedy completion is a very dubious occupation.
- Now the methods of work of the City Without Drugs Foundation are being actively discussed. If, in the opinion of a large part of Russian society, such a method has the right to exist, then why can't PSV be used, at least as a public initiative?
– Because handcuffing to the bed allows you to decisively stop the very possibility of using drugs, gives a person who has been in a normal state for some time a chance to come to his senses. And “harm reduction” only supports the destructive effect of passion in the soul and body of a person.
VALERY DORONKIN: "This is the road to nowhere"
In a country where public policy does not offer solutions to issues related to drug addiction, various popular initiatives will arise. Some of them will be more successful, some less. And the initiators of foundations and volunteer groups, each of which works according to its own ideas about drug addiction, may continue to be judged by the laws existing in the state for their attempts to save the country, society and specific people from a terrible disaster.
Valery Doronkin, an employee of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service, an expert of the Department of the State Anti-Drug Committee for the Central Federal District, believes that until a real system of working with drug addicts appears, good intentions will lead nowhere:
- The idea of the so-called "harm reduction", apparently, is based on the selfishness of society: let them take their drugs, as long as they do not touch us, behave decently and do not act like hooligans. We do not need to show care, attention, love, patience, strictness.
I would like to draw an analogy. We have a group to help the homeless, its leader, Deacon Oleg Vyshinsky, believes that it is wrong to feed people on the street. Because if they are fed, they live well there. That is, on the one hand, they have no desire to leave the street. On the other hand, we actually have nowhere to lead them. There are no conditions in our country, we do not have a system of social rehabilitation - both for the homeless, and for alcoholics, people released from prison, drug addicts.
Supporters of harm reduction programs justify their activities by encouraging drug users to contact social services in order to leave the criminal environment. But in fact, now in Russia it is all work for the public, nothing more. The people with whom this contact is established simply have nowhere to go. Abroad, syringes are also exchanged because they can only be bought with a prescription, where this work is part of a full-fledged rehabilitation system. And here I was talking to a doctor who opposes distributing syringes on the street, and he believes that if you distribute syringes, then you need to do it indoors, for example, at a drug treatment hospital. So that drug addicts themselves come and can get further help. Otherwise, until a rehabilitation system is created in the country, it will be a manifestation of excessive tolerance, a road to nowhere and open propaganda of drug use. Some kind of promotion.
Alexandra OBOLONKOVA