Opinion Poll Service. Polls of public opinion. Vciom spoke about the negative attitude of the majority of Russians to Sobchak
Society, 19 Mar, 18:28
VTsIOM reported an increase in the number of Russians fearing infection with the virus ... since February, according to published by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) results survey. In mid-March, a positive answer to the question about the fear of infection ... the question of the likelihood of infection. More than 80% of those participating in survey well informed about the pandemic. VTsIOM notes that there are 14 p.p. of them ... % of them suggested that, in their opinion, the growth will be significant. Poll was held on March 13 and 15 among 1600 citizens of Russia...Politics, Mar 05, 21:17
VTsIOM named the proportion of Russians who know about voting on the Constitution ... 83%. This is evidenced by the data VTsIOM). Thus, since February 12, the share of those who know about what is planned for... On February 12, their share has increased by 12 percentage points. AT survey, held on March 3 by telephone among adult Russians, was attended by ..., the Russian people and the union of a man and a woman At the end of January VTsIOM spent poll, which showed that of all the constitutional amendments that...Society, 05 Mar, 15:45
Almost two-thirds of Russian men planned to give flowers on March 8 ... March flowers. This is evidenced by the data survey, published by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). According to the results survey, flowers were chosen as a gift for girlfriends...Society, Feb 26, 11:30 am
The Russians called the most effective ways to protect against coronavirus ... defend yourself. Among the measures that will help protect themselves from the virus, participants survey called handwashing and hygiene (37%), refusing to visit ... or definitely "will not. The spread of the new coronavirus from China - GIF Poll was held on February 8 among 1.6 thousand Russians in...Society, Feb 18, 13:31
VTsIOM called the share of Russians who consider themselves kind ... % of Russians consider themselves kind, follows from the results survey, which was conducted by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). It is indicated that most often in their... good people. Poll was held on February 15 by telephone among 1,600 residents of the country over 18 years of age. In November VTsIOM assessed the level of happiness in Russia. According to the results survey, 81% of the country's inhabitants consider themselves happy ...Politics, 03 Feb, 00:00
The most popular amendments to the Constitution were supported by more than 90% of Russians ... pensions and fixing the minimum wage not lower than the subsistence level, showed poll VTsIOM VTsIOM spent poll about the attitude of Russians to the amendments to the Constitution proposed by Vladimir Putin ... positively, "rather negatively", "rather indifferently" and "I find it difficult to answer." All-Russian telephone poll was held on January 24, the sample was 1600 respondents. The most acclaimed... More than 10% of Russians declared distrust to artificial intelligence ... understand its essence. This follows from the results of the joint survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) and the project office for the implementation of the Digital Economy national program of the Analytical Center under the Government of Russia (RBC has a copy). Poll was held in... The Russians named the best universities in the country ... Poll conducted by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), showed that Russians consider Moscow State University to be the best university in the country. Lomonosov. ... is MGIMO, and on the third - MSTU. Bauman (Bauman). materials survey is at the disposal of RBC. Respondents were asked to name their choice... The Russians called their cherished dreams ... housing conditions - this was reported by 10% of respondents, the results say survey VTsIOM, reports TASS. Another 8% dream of traveling, and 7 ... managed to fulfill their cherished desires, said the majority of Russians - 89%. Telephone poll VTsIOM experts held on December 18. They called 1.6 thousand... New Year In November, sociologists counted the share of happy Russians. According to survey VTsIOM turned out to be the majority - 81%. The main signs of their happiness are Russians ... VTsIOM assessed Putin's ratings after the annual press conference ... VTsIOM estimated the trust and approval ratings of President Vladimir Putin after the annual... % more respondents (37.8%). The approval rate of the president's work, as shown poll December 19, was 64% compared to 62.5% on ... was at the beginning of October. Press conference of Vladimir Putin. Main B survey with a free answer, when people were asked to name the politicians themselves, who ... VTsIOM estimated the number of Russians approving the law on domestic violence ... we need a law on domestic violence. This follows from the published results survey VCIOM. At the same time, women attach to the law on the prevention of family and household ... . 39% are willing to forgive a single incident of violence. 40% of respondents during surveys admitted that the beatings happened in families they knew. About the absence... Almost 80% of Russians supported the participation of their children in volunteer projects ... and voluntary projects, said Head of Policy Analysis and Consulting Practice VTsIOM Mikhail Mamonov, reports TASS. According to him, 83% of the respondents identified ... themselves as volunteers On December 3, RBC wrote that according to the results survey about participating in volunteer projects of the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) 87 ... their people are always or often ready to help others, the study showed. Poll recorded that the most popular type of volunteer work are subbotniks. Except... VTsIOM discovered the request of the Russians for the replacement of the ruling party ... , as the "party of power", and many are in favor of its replacement, found out VTsIOM. According to the Russians, the "party of power" is responsible even for those regions... regarding the negative attitude towards the ideologization of political life. Initiative All-Russian poll « VTsIOM-Sputnik” was conducted on November 15 by the method of a telephone interview on a stratified ... this topic is not given. What is expected from the ruling "United Russia" VTsIOM also studied what Russians expect from United Russia. There is a serious... Sociologists have calculated the proportion of happy Russians ... . Only 17% of those polled by VTsIOM called themselves unhappy. survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), 81% of Russian citizens consider themselves definitely or ... health (5%), low wages and salary arrears (5%). According to survey, almost half of the citizens of Russia (48%) believe that among their loved ones ... , that there are more happy people in their environment, 17% answered the opposite. Poll was conducted on November 15 in the form of a telephone interview. Respondents... The Russians called the qualities of movie heroes necessary for politicians ... moments of spring"). This opinion is shared by 20% of Russians, follows from the new survey VTsIOM and the Center for Political Conjuncture (CPC), the results of which I got acquainted with ... Vedomosti. In second place (12%) in the ranking of such movie characters, according to survey, is Professor Preobrazhensky ("Dog's Heart"). On the third line are Danila ... VTsIOM appreciated the trust of Russians in Putin ... rose to 73.3%. This follows from the data survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) published on his website. From 5, according to ... words, this is due to the increased attention of the president to domestic political issues. Poll was held from May to October of this year in 80 regions... . At the end of May VTsIOM changed the methodology for assessing trust in politicians. The head of the center, Valery Fedorov, explained to RBC that now in surveys ask directly... VTsIOM studied the feelings of Russians towards Thunberg, who became “kind” after Putin’s words ... 1% consider it indisputable. How was poll Initiative All-Russian poll « VTsIOM-Sputnik” was held on October 10. AT survey adult Russians, interviewed according to ... Fedorov, took part. Greenpeace Russia media coordinator Konstantin Fomin, on the contrary, saw in the results survey"an inspiring blow to stereotypes." “It is generally accepted that in Russia the majority ... The Russians named the most popular products for homemade preparations ... at home. This follows from the data survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). The most popular among products for home preservation are ... every tenth Russian (12%) buys products for preparations in a store. According to survey, 38% of respondents make homemade preparations, as they believe that this ...Politics, 16 Sep 2019, 05:47
The Russians called the advantages of women politicians over their male counterparts ... % of respondents). It is reported by Kommersant with reference to the results survey VTsIOM. In the telephone survey“Politics with a female face: the Russian version”, which was passed by 12 ... 81% of Russians, women should be present in politics on an equal basis with men. Poll also showed that the most famous representative of this profession is Valentina Matvienko ...Society, 03 Sep 2019, 13:23
The Russians considered the United States the main source of terrorist threat ... them from terrorist attacks. This is evidenced by the results surveyVTsIOM). At the same time, the relative ... decreased by 5% as the main source of the terrorist threat. At the same time, as the results show survey, among the population of the country is reduced concern about global terrorism. The proportion of those who...Society, 02 Sep 2019, 13:18
The Russians appreciated the quality of work of teachers in schools According to survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), the majority of parents (78%) positively assess the level of qualifications of teachers in Russian ... (41%), the development of individual abilities and talents (39%), ”the results say survey. VTsIOM named the proportion of Russians who consider themselves Orthodox As the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center found out ( VTsIOM), 63% of Russians consider themselves Orthodox. The highest proportion is those who... about being baptized on their own (the most common age is 30). As shown poll, the majority of Russians (75%) are convinced of the need for baptism for the Orthodox, for ... believers, but do not identify themselves with any denomination. All-Russian poll « VTsIOM Sputnik" was held on July 26 among 1600 Russians over 18 ... Most Russians have linked the reduction in the size of packages of goods with fraud ... while maintaining or increasing their price. This is evidenced by the data survey VTsIOM, published on the website of the center. The purpose of this measure, consider 65 ... on the price tags of the cost of goods in terms of kg/l (58%). Poll VTsIOM was held on August 3. It was attended by 1600 people... VTsIOM changed the schedule for publishing the rating of spontaneous trust in Putin ... FOM was negatively perceived by 80% of Russians. As published on Friday survey fund "Public Opinion", next Sunday for Vladimir Putin ready ... was at the level of 45%. At the end of May 2019 VTsIOM supplemented the methodology survey about Russians' trust in politicians. May 31st on the site... more prone to socially approved responses. Fedorov explained the addition of a new survey the fact that earlier sociologists "limited themselves to the extremely general, non-personalized" question of ... Every fifth Russian could not remember the bombing of Hiroshima ... Nagasaki. This follows from the results survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) published on the website of the center. According to survey, about real use cases ... % believe that none of the countries poses such a danger. Poll VTsIOM was held on July 3, 1600 respondents took part in it... The Russians called the main purpose of summer cottages ... grow agricultural products for your own consumption. This is evidenced by the data survey VCIOM. About a third of the respondents (34%) plant flower beds in their dachas and ... in their country houses no more than two or three times a season. Poll was held on July 10, 1600 respondents took part in it. 85% of Russians declared the importance of friendship with Ukraine ... . It is reported by "RIA Novosti" with reference to the data of the daily survey « VTsIOM-Satellite". 35% believe that friendly relations with ... relations with a neighboring country are very important for Russia. 78% are sure that such steps are necessary. Poll « VTsIOM-Sputnik about attitudes towards Ukraine was held on June 20 by respondents... 6 thousand Russians aged 18 and over. July 17th poll VTsIOM showed that more than two-thirds (68%) of Russians treat... Almost 70% of Russians said they had a good attitude towards Ukraine According to the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), more than two-thirds of Russian citizens (68%) have a good attitude towards Ukraine. ... some time on the territory of Ukraine. At the end of June the results survey Levada Center showed that a third of Russians began to treat... VTsIOM recorded a decrease in the belief of Russians in predictions and omens ... refer to belief in omens, divination and witchcraft, evidence suggests survey VCIOM. According to the results of the study, 31 ... souls of the dead believe in the ability to predict fate (13% compared to 16% in 2015). Poll « VTsIOM-Sputnik" was held on June 28 among 1600 respondents aged ... Three quarters of Russians called the current time unfortunate for loans According to the data survey All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), three-quarters of Russians assess the current time as unfavorable for large ... to spend their salaries or pensions as quickly as possible. June 10th VTsIOM published data survey, which showed the number of Russians satisfied with their lives. Almost half... VTsIOM recognized youth as the most satisfied part of society All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) conducted a study of the social mood of young people in Russia. As shown polls, young people are more likely than representatives of other age groups of society to be optimistic about the future. VTsIOM researched social mood... VTsIOM found out the attitude of Russians to the four-day working week ... , RIA Novosti reports, citing data survey VCIOM. This prospect was rated positively by 29% of participants survey, another 17% said they did not care, and 6% found it difficult to answer. According to survey, among the study participants who did not support the initiative, there are more residents of small ... %, this includes the opportunity to spend more time with family. Poll « VTsIOM-Sputnik" was held on June 13 among 1600 respondents aged ... VTsIOM appreciated the interest of Russians in a direct line with Putin ... Putin will be followed by the majority of Russians (75%). This is evidenced by the data survey VTsIOM, RIA Novosti reports. Among those who intend to follow ... 77% of respondents, while 22% of Russians do not show much interest. Poll was held on June 17 among 1.6 thousand adults according to ... The majority of Russians declared the ability of men to raise children ... children are no worse than mothers. This is evidenced by the data survey VTsIOM). Basically, this opinion is shared by women (71 ... keeping their word (27%), courage and bravery (24%), diligence (20%). survey, in the event of a divorce, it is unacceptable to limit the communication of the father or mother with the child (90%). Poll VTsIOM was held on June 14, 1600 people took part in it ... Most Russians are in favor of going to work before the age of 18 ... to work until the age of majority. This is evidenced by the data survey All-Russian Center for Public Opinion Research ( VTsIOM), according to the website of the organization. They do not support the desire ...%), the development of independence (16%) and discipline (12%). Nearly a third (31%) of participants survey they don't see the disadvantages of starting work early. According to 16 ... in adolescence, they worked as loaders (5%) and at a construction site (4%). Poll VTsIOM was held on June 13 among 1.6 thousand people over 18 ... VTsIOM named Pushkin's most famous work for Russians ... is "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", according to data survey conducted by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). The study showed that 85% of the respondents had read it... also Fyodor Dostoyevsky (18%) and Mikhail Lermontov (13%). Held in autumn poll VTsIOM showed that more than 90% of Russians read books, most of them ... VTsIOM counts Russians using plastic bags repeatedly ...or stop using them altogether. This is evidenced by the data survey conducted by VTsIOM. Sometimes they take new packages, and sometimes they use old ones... a bag or backpack, every tenth (9%) - in a special fabric bag. Poll 1.6 thousand adult respondents were conducted by phone 2 ... VTsIOM learned about the dream of a third of Russians to participate in the selection for astronauts ... childhood, according to another 21% of participants survey, their friends and acquaintances dreamed about it. VTsIOM notes that today's youth aged from ... considered 74% of the respondent, 21% do not agree with this point of view. Poll held on May 31 among 1,600 respondents aged 18 and over ... Russia is considered a leader in space exploration by 76% of respondents. 42% of participants survey declared the need to increase efforts and funds aimed at developing ... The head of VTsIOM explained the methodology of the survey on trust in Putin ... All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) Valery Fedorov, in an interview with Kommersant FM, told how the polls about trusting politicians or approving them ... there will be no serious discrepancies with the level of approval. Published VTsIOM results last week survey showed a decline in trust in Putin to a minimum of 13 ... 65.8% of respondents said they generally approve of the president's activities. VTsIOM reported a decrease in trust in Putin to a minimum in 13 years ...Public opinion, which is a manifestation of mass consciousness, includes an explicit or covert attitude of large social groups, the entire people to the facts of social, political, economic reality, to the activities of certain parties, groups, leaders, individuals. Such an opinion, which arises only on issues of public interest, is of permanent importance in the political life of any country. The internal attitude that such groups have is to a large extent predetermining, exerting a significant influence on various political procedures; it affects the results of voting in elections, referendums, and the adoption of political and other decisions. The existing opinion creates, as it were, an internal background in the minds of a person, a group, on which a decision is superimposed during the named procedures.
The study of public opinion can be carried out using various kinds of operations, various sociological methods: the study of documents, conducting observations, conversations, etc. Opinion is also revealed as a result of analyzing the results of elections, the final results of referenda, when bills are presented as a result of a people's legislative initiative and other procedures allowing citizens to participate in political life (petitions, etc.). Such studies make it possible to reveal not only the attitude of people to any problem, but also to establish ways, ways of solving such problems.
Of particular importance is public opinion polls, which aim to find out the views of large groups of people on any issue of current reality on the basis of identifying the opinion of a certain part of it. As a result of surveys of respondents (interviewees), primary information about the studied phenomena and processes is collected; the next stage is the analysis of the received information. A selective survey, if carried out in accordance with the rules developed by sociological science, makes it possible to obtain sufficiently reliable information, which is often impossible to obtain in other ways.
Surveys can be national, regional and local in nature, or they can address a particular social group. Theoretically, it is possible to interview the entire population, and the results in this case will be the most accurate. Such a procedure, however, would be extremely cumbersome and expensive, and besides, a more or less significant part of the people would completely avoid participating in the survey.
The survey presents the identified opinion as the sum of individual agreement or disagreement with the proposed judgments. Surveys are based on a probabilistic approach and the law of large numbers.
The subjects of the polls are very diverse - from acute political problems (prediction of election results, the popularity of political figures, etc.) to minor issues that do not have serious social significance. Of course, when determining the subject of the survey, there must be restrictions dictated primarily by ethical standards and logic. It is hardly appropriate to ask citizens questions about their attitude to the personal lives of politicians, candidates for various representative institutions, or in general to ask about what can be known only to specialists (for example, is Rembrandt a great artist or who should be considered the inventor of the radio).
The result of the survey does not always adequately reflect the opinion of the social group to which the respondents belong. The difference can fluctuate quite strongly if the research methodology is not chosen very well. The risk of errors is especially great in case of random selection of respondents. In the 1920s and 1930s, for example, polls conducted by the American magazine Literary Digest and aimed at predicting the winner in the presidential election gained worldwide fame. As a result of these polls, the persons who were to take the presidency of the United States as a result of the elections of 1924, 1928 and 1932 were correctly identified. But in the elections of 1936, the prediction did not come true, and the deviation was 19.6%. The magazine believed that A. Landon would receive 57.1%, and F. Roosevelt - 42.9% of the vote. However, F. Roosevelt won, receiving 62.5% of the vote. The error was caused by the fact that although several million questionnaires were sent out, the distribution was made to the owners of telephones and cars at addresses taken from the corresponding directories. This contingent, which had an average and high income, was more inclined in favor of the Republicans than the majority of society, whose standard of living was lower and which sympathized with F. Roosevelt*.
* See details: Petrovskaya M.M. US Public Opinion: Polls and Politics. M.: MO. 1977, pp. 15–17.
For the success of the survey, in addition to the wording of the questions, the qualifications and personal qualities of the interviewers, the correctness of the sample, that is, the definition of the circle of respondents. Sociological science has developed a significant number of such samples: quota, regionalized, multistage, random and non-random, systematic, etc. Their detailed consideration is the subject of sociological science; we are only interested in the political and legal aspects of public opinion polls.
As a general rule, the most accurate results are obtained by a sample that takes into account the demographic, geographical, social and other structure of the contingent whose opinion is revealed, although in this case the respondents may not quite adequately reflect the opinion prevailing in the group. One of the most well-known conditions used in public opinion polls is the direct relationship between the number of respondents and the quality of the result. Currently, the world famous firm of J. Gallup predominantly uses a sample of 1.5 thousand people, although in some cases the range is from 3 thousand to 60 thousand people. With a sample of 1.5 thousand people, the possible deviation can reach about 4%, with a sample of 5 thousand - about 2.5%. The L. Harris firm uses a sample of 1,600 people, and the deviation of voting results in the presidential election from its predictions is 2.4%. It uses six different national sampling options, using national census data and interviewing at least 100 different locations in the country*. However, in the United States more than in other countries, there are organizations involved in public opinion polls. In France, such an institution was established only in 1938.
* See more: American Public Opinion and Politics. M.: Nauka, 1978. S. 89–91.
Currently, there are voluntary international associations of organizations of this kind. For example, in 1947, the European Commission for the Study of Public Opinion and Markets was formed, around the same time the World Association for the Study of Public Opinion was established, holding its congresses annually.
Public opinion polls are used for various purposes - political, economic, social, etc. In the political sphere, they serve as a tool political intelligence, which makes it possible to reveal the reaction of the population on many issues: attitudes towards government events, the positions of political parties and individual leaders, electoral expectations of certain social groups.
Another function of surveys is to serve as a tool feedback from society to political forces. Revealing the opinions of strata of society, determining their trends, the dynamics of people's behavior are important for checking the attitude towards the measures of the authorities and for their possible adjustments. At the same time, foreign literature recognizes the presence spillover effect public opinion polls, which lies in the fact that the published data of the polls become a means of influencing public opinion, can influence the consciousness and behavior of people. Both aspects of the polls - direct and reverse - complement each other and are taken into account when making power decisions.
The mentioned secondary effect results in the fact that in a number of countries the publication of survey results has been subject to special constitutional and legal regulation. Thus, in France, since 1977, it has been prohibited during the week preceding each round of voting, as well as on voting day, to publish, distribute and comment on the results of polls relating to elections to the Parliament, regional, general and municipal councils and the European Parliament. And in case of earlier publication of survey results, in each case, the organization that conducted the survey, the customer of the survey, the number of persons interviewed and the date of the survey should be indicated. The government appoints a special commission of members of the Council of State (the highest body of administrative justice), the Court of Cassation and the Chamber of Accounts to oversee the conduct of the polls. It has the power to set certain conditions in survey contracts and to ensure that persons or bodies conducting surveys, the results of which are to be published or otherwise disseminated, do not coordinate, enter into an agreement, expressly or tacitly associate or enter into any conspiracy that has the purpose or may have the effect of preventing or restricting the similar activities of other persons or organizations.
However, the regulation of opinion polls is infrequent in foreign countries. Usually this activity is brought under the rules on freedom of dissemination of information. As for attempts to introduce the said regulation, we can recall the proposal made in the USA in 1968 that the results of the survey, documents about it, information about the method used, be submitted to the Library of Congress within 72 hours; in 1978, similar provisions were adopted in New York State (within 48 hours, documents must be submitted to state authorities to determine the quality of the survey). In Great Britain, a bill was proposed in 1968 to prohibit the publication of public opinion poll results 72 hours before voting in an election; The government did not support the project. In Germany, in July 1979, a rule was introduced into the electoral legislation prohibiting, under the threat of a significant fine, the results of polls on voting intentions to be published during elections.
Public opinion polls, methods of conducting them are in the sphere of relations existing in each country. The influence of social order in conducting surveys is undoubted, which affects the choice of their methodology, the selection of interviewers and other aspects. In addition, the order is manifested in the establishment of a sample, the methods of posing questions, emphasizing or hushing up any problems, developing and conducting even the research plan itself. It seems that M. Grawitz, one of the leading French political scientists, is right: “The conditions in which the institutions of public opinion operate indicate that they meet the requirements of those who pay them. The concepts and issues that govern research, the choice and formulation of questions, the right to publish or not to publish the results are all too tied to political conditions for freedom of questioning to be preserved. A public opinion poll is a political instrument.”*
In addition, public opinion polls can be subjected to various kinds of manipulation, which can be carried out by the actions of the organizers and performers of the polls, the subjective nature of the sample. Skillfully presented in the media, the results of public opinion polls create a certain mood around the relevant problems or people, or political parties, etc.
In general, polls are, of course, a tool for revealing the moods and desires of society, however, like any tool, it can be used both in strict accordance with its purpose, and contrary to it, given the counter-effect noted above. Therefore, the corresponding publications in the media should be treated with caution, and legislative restrictions such as the French ones seem to be quite justified.
Control questions and tasks
1. What is a state? What meanings of this concept do you know? In what senses is it used in the sources of the constitutional law of foreign countries?
2. What is the meaning of the constitutional characteristics of the state as democratic, social, legal, secular?
3. What is the meaning of the constitutional establishment of the principles of domestic and foreign policy of the state?
4. What is the difference between the state mechanism and the state apparatus?
5. How to distinguish a state body from a state institution? Army - body or institution? And the general staff?
6. What is the legal status of a public body? What elements does it consist of? Analyze the constitutional status of any state body contained in the constitution of any country.
7. What is representative government?
8. How do you understand the separation of powers?
9. What is constituent power? Why do we speak of optional constituent bodies in relation to some countries?
10. What is depoliticization? To what parts of the state mechanism does this concept apply? In what constitutional and legal forms is it expressed?
11. What is a political party? How does it differ from other political public associations?
12. What is the difference between confessional and clerical parties?
13. How does the name of the party correlate with its politics, its social base? Give examples.
14. What is the institutionalization of political parties? In what way does it manifest itself?
15. What is political pluralism? How does it relate to party systems?
16. What are non-political public associations? What is their political role? Give examples of their institutionalization.
17. What is the legal nature of a chamber of commerce and industry?
18. What do you know about the political role of religion, religious communities and the church? What is a church? What can be said about the institutionalization of religion, religious communities and the church? Give examples.
19. What is the political role of the media? What is their constitutional and legal status?
20. Why is there a fight against monopoly in the media market? What is the role of constitutional law in this?
21. What is the political role of opinion polls? Why do they need legal regulation?
Literature
Barnashov A.M. The theory of separation of powers: formation, development, application. Tomsk: Tomsk Publishing House. un-ta, 1988.
Belsky K.S. Separation of powers and responsibility in public administration (political aspects): Textbook. M.: VYUZI, 1990.
The rule of law. Moscow: Progress-Univers, 1992.
Zubov A.B. Parliamentary democracy and the political tradition of the East. Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
Mishin A.A. The principle of separation of powers in the constitutional mechanism of the United States. Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
Chernysheva O.V. Church and Democracy. The Swedish experience. Moscow: Nauka, 1994.
Chetvernin V.A. Democratic constitutional state: an introduction to theory. M.: IGP RAN, 1993.
Chirkin V.E. Fundamentals of Comparative State Studies: Training Course. M.: Article, 1997.
Entin V.L. Mass media in the political system of modern capitalism. M.: MO, 1988.
Entin L.M. Separation of powers: the experience of modern states. M.: YuL, 1995.
Yudin Yu.A. Political parties and law in the modern state. Moscow: Forum-Infra. M, 1998.
The sociological company was founded in 1987 as the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion, since 1992 - All-Russian. VTsIOM conducts research both at the regional and federal levels, as well as in the post-Soviet space and in the countries of the “far abroad”. Among the main activities of the company: politics (electoral research, monitoring of satisfaction with the authorities), social sphere (education, medicine, family, housing and communal services, fight against corruption), business (finance and insurance, real estate market, development of product and corporate brands, corporate reputation development, trademark examination, information technology market, media measurement, sports industry, automotive market).
VTsIOM has the status of a scientific institution. Since 1993, the company has been publishing its own scientific journal, Public Opinion Monitoring: Economic and Social Change. The journal is published 6 times a year and has been in the public domain since 2009 (both archive and latest issues). In addition, VTsIOM manages the work of its own department at the Higher School of Economics and a research center at the RSSU. The Center also regularly holds meetings of its own scientific and expert council, which includes leading sociologists of the country. In addition, VTsIOM regularly publishes individual and collective monographs on the state of public opinion in Russia. Among the latter: "From Yeltsin to Putin: Three Epochs in the Historical Consciousness of Russians" (2007), "Political Russia: Election Guide 2007", "Political Dictionary of Our Time" (2006), "Russia at the Crossroads of the Second Term" (2005) .
VTsIOM is the leader among Russian sociological services in terms of citation in the media. Materials based on his research are published in leading Russian and foreign media such as Reuters, Financial Times, BBC, Kommersant, Vedomosti.
FOM
The Public Opinion Foundation was established as an independent public organization in 1991. At first, the fund worked under the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center, and from mid-1992 it became completely independent. In 1996, the FOM acted as the basic sociological organization of B.N. Yeltsin. Since then, the main customer and consumer of the Foundation's research results has been the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. The results of public opinion polls are a kind of feedback between the country's leadership and the population. The Fund played a similar role in the campaign headquarters of V.V. Putin in 1999-2000 and in 2004. In addition, the Foundation conducted extensive political science research for most of the election campaigns in modern Russia. Among them are the parliamentary campaigns of 1995, 1999, 2003; presidential 1996, 2000, 2004, as well as a series of election campaigns in 1996, 2000, 2004 in the regions of Russia.
In addition to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, FOM's customers are the following large organizations: the Government of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, MOST-Bank, GAZPROM, VAZ, ORT, VGTRK, NTV, NTV +, Yukos, Interros, VIDEO INTERNATIONAL, INTERFAX, RIA Vesti.
All research of the Foundation is aimed at studying subjective ideas in the areas of socially relevant problems (public opinion), politics, power, mass media, economics, consumption, culture and everyday life. The results of the research can be found on the official website www.fom.ru, as well as in the weekly bulletin “Dominants. Field of opinion.
Levada Center
The Yuri Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center) is a non-governmental research organization. The Center regularly conducts its own and commissioned sociological and marketing research, being one of the largest Russian organizations in its field. The staff of the Levada Center began to take shape in 1987 as part of the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM). In 2003, the leadership of the Center changed. The research team, who disagreed with the changes made, left the organization in its entirety, creating the Analytical Service of VTsIOM (VTsIOM-A). However, by decision of the court, the name was changed. Today, the organization continues to work under the name "Yuri Levada Analytical Center" (Levada-Center) in honor of the Russian sociologist Yuri Levada (1930-2006).
The Levada Center has its own interview network of 67 regional offices and maintains partnerships with public opinion research centers in the CIS and Baltic countries. The research results of the center are used by the media both in Russia and abroad.
Levada Center is actively engaged in scientific activities. The Center publishes the journal Public Opinion Bulletin, which is published 6 times a year. In addition, once a year a collection of the main results of mass public opinion polls in Russia is published, which is distributed free of charge. Articles are published in scientific journals and books by leading employees of the center, reports are made at Russian and international conferences. And in 2008, at the Faculty of Sociology of the Higher School of Economics, the department of the Yuri Levada Analytical Center began its work.
Romir
ROMIR is a large holding specializing in the research of various markets and spheres of social life. Marketing research accounts for 95% of the total volume of ongoing projects. The organization was founded in 1987 as a sociological cooperative "Potential". In 1989, the ROMIR research center was established, which was the first of the domestic agencies to present the results of its research to the international market.
The Center conducts research in three main areas: specialized marketing research (Ad-Hoc), the SCIF (Shopper-Centric Information Flow) research platform based on Russian household consumption panel data, and research using the Mystery Shopping technology.
ROMIR has a developed research network. It includes more than 20 branches and joint companies from the main regions of Russia and the countries of the Eurasian zone. In addition, the center actively cooperates with major international networks Gallup International, GlobalNR and Worldwide Independent Network (WIN) . This allows the center to receive information about advanced sociological methods, as well as conduct research in more than 70 countries around the world.
The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, VTsIOM (until 1992 - All-Union) is the oldest Russian research organization that regularly conducts sociological and marketing research based on public opinion polls. One of the largest Russian companies in this market. Created in 1987.
"Description"
The oldest sociological company in the post-Soviet space (founded in 1987 by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the State Committee for Labor of the USSR as the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion, since 1992 - All-Russian). VTsIOM conducts marketing, social and political research of the full cycle - from the development of a concept and tools to the preparation of analytical reports and presentation of results.
"Owners"
100% of the company's shares are owned
"Management"
"News"
The army and the Russian Orthodox Church topped the rating of institutions approved by Russians
The conflict of the Russian Orthodox Church with Constantinople did not affect its rating in the country - along with the army and law enforcement agencies, it remains one of the most approved public institutions, follows from the data of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center
VTsIOM recorded a decrease in Russians critical of migrants
In recent years, Russians have begun to treat migrants better in a number of areas, but in general this attitude remains negative. This is evidenced by the results of a survey by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), received by RBC.
VTsIOM recorded a decrease in the rating of "United Russia" against the backdrop of the elections
The confidence rating of the United Russia party fell from 36.3% over the month (before the start of the election campaign before the elections on September 9) to 35.5%, according to a report by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), which RBC has.
VTsIOM named the most memorable questions at Putin's press conference
The most memorable question at President Vladimir Putin's big press conference on December 14 was the question of electoral competition and the opposition, asked by TV presenter Ksenia Sobchak. The data was presented by VTsIOM based on the results of a survey among Russians who followed Putin's answers. Sobchak's question was remembered by 19% of the press conference viewers.
VTsIOM determined the unemployment rate is twice the official
Unemployment in Russia is twice the official data of Rosstat and is 11%, follows from a survey by VTsIOM. The gap in indicators could be even larger if the criteria of state statistics were used in the calculations, sociologists say
VTsIOM recorded a record confidence of Russians in the police
VTsIOM sociologists spoke about the record growth of Russians' trust in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the year since last November, the number of respondents who trust the police has grown from 47% to 67%.
The Russians named the main tasks of the army and assessed Shoigu
The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) conducted a survey on the attitude of Russians towards the army. The respondents named the main tasks of the armed forces and spoke about their attitude towards the army. The survey materials were received by RBC.
VTsIOM spoke about the negative attitude of the majority of Russians to Sobchak
95% of respondents know well or have heard something about TV presenter Ksenia Sobchak, who announced her presidential ambitions, but 60% of respondents rather have a negative attitude towards her, VTsIOM reported
VTsIOM found out the attitude of Russians to Zeman's idea about payments to Ukraine for Crimea
Most Russians did not like Czech President Milos Zeman's offer to compensate Ukraine for Crimea. Only 6% of respondents considered this idea reasonable.
VTsIOM found the most opponents of vaccinations among people aged 35-44
Speaking about the reasons for refusing vaccinations, Russians mention side effects, distrust of doctors and the quality of vaccines, as well as the possibility of turning a child into a disabled person.
VTsIOM revealed the absence of savings among the majority of Russians
The majority of Russians (60%) do not have financial savings, 22% of Russians who did save money prefer not to take it to the bank, but keep it “with them”. This is evidenced by the results of VTsIOM, received by Izvestia.
VTsIOM noted the fall in Russians' confidence in doctors
Russians' trust in doctors is falling. If in 2010 54% of citizens trusted health workers, now their number has dropped to 36%. This is evidenced by the survey data of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM). The results of the study are available from RBC.
VTsIOM found Russians lack understanding of historical processes
In connection with the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution, sociologists tested the knowledge of Russians in history. The results, VTsIOM found out, demonstrated that it is not necessary to talk about the understanding of deep historical processes by the inhabitants of Russia.
VTsIOM found out the political motives of young Russians
Young Russians come to politics and social movements for "drive and career", they consider justice to be the main thing in the development of the country and they want to be subjects, not objects of politics. This is evidenced by the data of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), received by RBC.
VTsIOM cited data from a study of the attitude of Russians to Udaltsov
More than half, 61% of the inhabitants of Russia, do not know anything about the recently released opposition politician Sergei Udaltsov. 39% of Russians have not heard anything about him. This is evidenced by the data received by RBC from the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) on the study of the attitude of Russians to the oppositionist.
TASS: "There are revolutionary moods in Russia"
Russian government media published the results of a survey conducted by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center. Surprisingly, the sociological survey commissioned by the Russian government revealed a picture that was unpleasant for the authorities - pre-revolutionary moods in society.
VTsIOM: provinces need renovation more than Moscow
A VTsIOM poll showed that 70% of Russians had heard about the housing stock renovation program. At the same time, 73% of respondents believe that renovation is much more relevant for the provinces than in Moscow.
VTsIOM: Most Russians still get their information from TV
The number of Russians who learn the news while watching TV is falling, but still exceeds the Internet audience by 23 percent.
According to a survey by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center, the results of which were published on August 7, 69% of the population often receive information from central television broadcasts, 22% rarely watch the news, and 9% do not do so at all. At the same time, a year ago, the permanent audience of television was 2% more.
VTsIOM: 81% of Russians under 24 prefer to get news from social networks
81% of Russians aged 18 to 24 prefer to get news from social networks. Such a result was shown by the VTsIOM poll.
VTsIOM: Most Russians are not afraid of new US sanctions
Only 28% of our fellow citizens admitted that they were afraid of their possible negative impact on our country.
About a new round of anti-Russian sanctions, initiated by the US Congress, heard 68% of Russians, but most of them took this information calmly, sociologists say. According to the results of the VTsIOM poll, only 28% of Russians fear the negative consequences of the restrictions imposed, and 48% are convinced that they do not expect any changes after the imposition of sanctions. Moreover, 9% of respondents believe that, on the contrary, they will have a positive effect on the country's economy.
VTsIOM CEO: In Russia, the request for stability has disappeared and a request for change has appeared
In Russia, there was a public demand for change. This, according to TASS, was stated by the general director of the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center Valery Fedorov, speaking at the forum "Territory of Meanings on the Klyazma".
According to Fedorov, a phase of “uncertainty about the future” is now observed in society, which is dangerous, since, according to the sociologist, “revolutionary moods do not appear in a crisis situation, but when the crisis is over and things are getting better.”
VTsIOM assessed how happy the Russians are
Most Russians - almost 85% - consider themselves happy. This is stated in the report of the regular monitoring of the level of happiness of the inhabitants of Russia of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM).
VTsIOM: 72% of Russians hope that the West will lift sanctions itself
According to VTsIOM, 72% of Russians believe that the Kremlin should not seek the lifting of Western sanctions against Russia. In their opinion, the West will soon cancel them itself, as it also suffers from them. Only 20% of respondents do not agree with them, RBC reports.
VTsIOM recorded a sharp disappointment of Russians in Trump
After the next sanctions, the number of Russians dissatisfied with the US president exceeded the number of those who sympathize with him, follows from a new poll by VTsIOM. But respondents still believe in the imminent lifting of sanctions
The majority of Russians (70%) are more or less afraid of becoming infected themselves or of infecting their loved ones with a new coronavirus infection, which is 18 percentage points (pp) higher than last month, while every second is sure that ...
11.03.2020
The Levada Center published the results of a sociological survey, during which over the years people answered what they think about those who are in power. The researchers presented a cross-section of opinions over a thirty-year period - the earliest data is from March 1990 ...
02.03.2020
The rating of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and his Servant of the People party is falling. Most voters believe that the head of state does not act in the interests of the country. Irritation is also caused by the head of the government Oleksiy Goncharuk. Cabinet sources predict it...
29.02.2020
The other day, six years have passed since the change of power in Ukraine as a result of the Maidan events. The barometer of citizens' moods during this time has not changed as much as it could, given the situation in the country. Held for the anniversary…
25.02.2020
On February 25, the head of VTsIOM, Valery Fedorov, informed the public and the media that more than half of the citizens polled by his center were going to vote on amendments to the Constitution - 66%. At the same time, about the specific proposals that will be made ...
21.02.2020
More than half of Polish citizens are grateful to the Red Army for delivering the country from German occupation and believe that it was the Soviet troops that liberated Auschwitz, according to the results of a Sputnik.Opinion poll. According to 73 percent of the survey participants, the prisoners of the concentration camp were saved by the Red ...
21.02.2020
In connection with the likely resignation of Vladimir Putin from the presidency, Russians are most afraid of the intensification of the struggle for power, the redistribution of property, and the loss of the country's prestige. This is stated in the report of the Center for Political Conjuncture, available to RBC. Strong…
14.02.2020
Truly sensational were the data of one of the recent opinion polls conducted in the United States. Citizens of the "most democratic country in the world" do not totally believe in the honesty of the elections. And not at all because the American electoral system is allegedly influenced by ...
13.02.2020
The government hastily chooses the dates of the “nationwide poll” on amending the Constitution, various options are voiced in the cabinets - either April 12, or April 22, for which it is even planned to allocate a special day off. Due to such haste, the vote is likely to pass ...
12.02.2020
The American media are sounding the alarm: it turns out that approximately 65 million US citizens trust Vladimir Putin. It is these figures that correspond to the "trust rating" of the Russian leader among the Americans surveyed. Political publication Axios draws readers' attention to another trend. Between political...
11.02.2020
According to a Monmouth University poll, two-thirds of American voters are confident that US President Donald Trump will win the November 2020 election. 66% of American voters predicted victory for him in the elections, only 28% believe that Trump will lose, ...
05.02.2020
The “social” amendments to the Constitution, which have already been submitted to the commission and are being discussed today, are supported by more than 90% of Russian citizens polled by VTsIOM. At the same time, almost half, 47% of those polled by the Levada Center, are sure that now the authorities need amendments to the Constitution in order to…
05.02.2020
Putin, in addition to power, really needs popular love On February 4, President Vladimir Putin, during a meeting with members of the public in Cherepovets, commented on the amendments to the Constitution. In his opinion, they are "dictated by life." The introduction of amendments is not connected with the personal ambitions of the head of state, Putin said, answering questions from members of the public….
03.02.2020
The amendments to the Constitution proposed by Vladimir Putin are supported by the majority of Russians. On February 3, this was reported by the RBC agency, citing a survey by VTsIOM. The amendments of a social nature received the greatest approval. 91% of Russians support the proposal to enshrine regular indexation of pensions and other social benefits in the Basic Law, 90% support the establishment of a minimum wage...
03.02.2020
About 80% of Russians consider it important and support the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Vladimir Putin, follows from the data of the VTsIOM poll published by RBC. Social initiatives received the greatest approval. About a rather positive attitude towards proposals to consolidate in ...