economic activity of people. The concept of economic activity of an enterprise, its economic legal relations, their characteristics

Types of economic activity

There are several types of business activities:

• A household is a household run by a group of people living together.
• A small enterprise is an economic unit, engaged in the manufacture of a relatively small amount of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, the owner uses his own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
• Large enterprises are enterprises that produce goods in bulk. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint-stock company.
• The national economy is the unification of economic activity throughout the country. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, is trying to ensure the sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the welfare of the entire population.
• The world economy is an economic system in which there are interconnections between different countries and peoples.

Forms of economic activity

Definition 1

The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the relationship of this enterprise with other counterparties and government agencies.

There are several forms of economic activity:

• Individual form;
• collective form;
• corporate form.

Under individual form of economic activity refers to an enterprise whose owner is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk from the implementation of his economic activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional hired labor, but in a rather limited amount (no more than 20 people).

If speak about collective form of economic activity, then there are three types of them: business partnerships, business companies, joint-stock companies.

Business partnerships can be in the form of: full partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership is an organization based on collective ownership. As a rule, it is an association of several individuals or legal entities. All participants in this type of partnership bear full unlimited liability for all obligations of the partnership. The property of a full partnership is formed at the expense of the contributions of its participants and the income received in the course of carrying out their activities. All property belongs to a participant in a general partnership on the basis of shared ownership.

A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners are fully liable for all the obligations of the partnership, the remaining investors are liable only to the extent of their capital.

To business companies include: limited liability company, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the contributions of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise this company will be transformed into a joint-stock company within a year.

Additional Liability Company is an organization whose authorized capital is divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This type of company is formed by one or more persons. For all obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in the amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.

Joint-stock company is a form of economic activity, all the funds of which are formed by combining the capital of the founders, as well as the issuance and placement of shares. Members of a joint-stock company are liable for all obligations of the company in the amount equal to the contributions.

In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of using the capital of an enterprise, various organizational and legal forms can be combined into so-called corporate forms of entrepreneurship. These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional unions.

Concern is an association of organizations that carry out joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concert music has scientific and technical functions, functions of production and social development, functions of foreign economic activity, etc.

Consortium- association of the organization for the solution of certain problems, created for a while. In our country, a consortium is being created for the implementation of state programs by the forces of organizations of any form of ownership.

Industry and regional unions are an association of organizations on contractual terms. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.

Organization of economic activity

The organization of economic activity goes through three stages:

1. Stage 1 - opportunity assessment. Initially, an objective assessment should be made of all the resources necessary for the production process. For these purposes, it is advisable to use scientific developments. The main advantage of this stage is that it helps to give a preliminary assessment of the potential for production of products precisely in those volumes and under those conditions that will be investigated, and on the basis of which the decision to launch the production of a particular product will be approved. After the production potential of the organization has been studied, the production line is launched within the framework of the formed plan.
2. Stage 2 - launch of ancillary production. The implementation of this stage takes place only if there is a need. Ancillary production is quite a necessary measure, since it helps to develop new market segments and increase the chance of the organization's financial development being effective. Maintenance of the organization can be carried out both on its own and with the help of third-party organizations and resources. At this stage, services are used to optimize the activities of production and evaluate the potential costs of funds. At the next stage, work is carried out aimed at studying the sales market and the possibilities of selling products.
3. Stage 3 - marketing of products. All stages affecting the sale of products are monitored. At the same time, a record of sold products is kept, forecasts are compiled and studied, which allow making competent decisions by the management of the organization. There are situations when it is necessary to develop a methodology for after-sales service. For example, when establishing a warranty period for their products.

An integral part of the economy of any society is economic activity, as a set of relations that develop in the social and production system of the country. Economic activity is the activity of individuals and various enterprises and organizations, carried out within the framework of the current legislation and associated with production or trade, the provision of services or the performance of a certain type of work in order to satisfy the social and economic interests of not only the owner, but also

The definition of the economic activity of an enterprise, as a key basis for the country's economy, was received back in ancient Greece, when the theory of creating various benefits for the life of society and its development first arose.

The basis of any modern state is the economic activity of enterprises for the production of various products, as well as organizations that carry out various scientific developments and research. In addition to the main production, economic activities are also carried out by auxiliary production, which organize sales and provide marketing services, as well as after-sales service for products, numerous service and service organizations.

The modern economy as an economic activity includes various branches of material and non-material production, and is a very complex organism that constantly ensures the vital activity of the whole society and each person individually. The whole consists of two key points - production and distribution. These two areas of activity are inextricably linked, since only manufactured products can show the final result as a result of bringing it to the end consumer.

For the solution of the main country and economic activity in particular, the most important thing is to determine the most rational use of all resources and the correct organization of the distribution of the result obtained to meet the needs of the whole society. For this purpose, the main issues of the economy are being solved.

The first question is what to produce? This is the choice of basic goods to meet the needs of the population. Since resources, both natural and human, are limited and needs are unlimited, the task of public authorities and private corporations is to determine the optimal set of goods and services necessary to solve the problems of society.

The second question is how exactly to produce, with the help of what means? This is a matter of technological and scientific development. When solving this issue, the main thing is to choose the most rational one in order to get the results of the invested funds and resources with the greatest speed and efficiency.

The third question - for whom to produce? It is necessary to determine the end consumer, his goals, requests and possible consumption volumes. This is a key issue for conducting any production and economic activity, since it is he who reveals the entire efficiency of the use of resources and the costs incurred at all stages of the path to the final consumer.

These issues involve the conduct of planned economic activities, competent management, as well as the need to control the result. For this purpose, enterprises constantly conduct statistical, accounting and analysis of the results obtained.

Any enterprise operates in macro- and microenvironment. It has a whole set of resources that are used in the process of activity. These are technical and technological, spatial, informational, personnel, financial and many others. In this regard, the economic activity of the organization should be analyzed. This is a laborious process, but it is of great practical importance. It is useful to give a definition. The economic activity of the enterprise consists in the implementation of financial, production and investment processes, as well as in providing them with the necessary resources. This term is especially important for economic analysis, since it is precisely this term that is its subject.

Economic activity of the enterprise. Main types

The economic activity of any enterprise can be divided into main and reproduction. The first group includes processes and means directly related to the production process. The reproduction of fixed assets takes the form of capital investments. This includes capital construction, the process of purchasing and repairing fixed assets, and so on. In other words, the second group includes all business operations aimed at restoring, replenishing, and modernizing facilities.

Economic activity. Indicators for analysis

Any enterprise is studied from different angles to get a complete picture of its condition. For this purpose, different indicators are used. It is necessary to take into account the specifics of the organization, its industry and other factors. The volume of production costs, the cost of production, the volume of gross and marketable output, financial performance, the profit of the enterprise, its profitability, the presence or absence of an investment component, and many others can be used as indicators. There are complex relationships between all these elements. The economic indicator itself is not considered as a whole, but as a result of the influence of various factors on it. Management personnel have to constantly monitor the slightest changes in actual results in comparison with their planned values. Some emerging problems can be solved by applying a simple algorithm of actions, and some require serious and detailed study.

Any of us, living in a society, constantly encounters a wide variety of economic problems along the way. One of them is the satisfaction of needs (food, education, clothing, rest). It should also be mentioned the need to choose a particular field of activity, whether there are enough funds to purchase the desired product, and much more. So we can say that the economy is an integral part of the life of a modern person. We regularly use economic terminology in our speech without noticing it ourselves. For example, money, expense, income, salary level and many others. Enterprises, in turn, are the basis of the economy, as they produce various goods, perform works and services.

Classification of business firms

activities

The classification of firms according to various principles underlying it makes it possible to obtain, as a result of studying a particular firm, a complete picture of its organizational and legal status, the nature and scope of its activities, the firm's position in world commodity markets, intra-company relations in large firms.

The proposed classification distinguishes firms by type and nature of economic activity; legal status; the nature of the property; ownership of capital and control; field of activity.

Type and character

economic

activities

On the nature of economic activity, the following types of firms are distinguished: industrial, trade, transport, insurance, freight forwarding, engineering, tourism, rental, etc.

Industrial firms the basis of their activities are the production of goods (usually industrial firms include those with more than 50% of the turnover accounted for by the production of industrial products). As a result of the huge concentration and internationalization of production, the vast majority of output and a significant part of international trade are concentrated in the hands of a small group of the largest industrial giant firms, among which transnational corporations (TNCs) stand out in terms of size and scale of activity.

The decisive role of giant firms in the world market is determined by the fact that they occupy a dominant position not only in production and commercial exports, but also in the trade in patents and licenses, the provision of technical services, since the bulk of scientific and technological achievements and production are concentrated in their hands. experience of developed countries.

The largest industrial firms are, as a rule, also the main exporters of productive capital directed to the creation of their own network of branches and subsidiaries abroad, while they import a significant part of the products from their foreign enterprises. Export from the largest industrial firms is increasingly being replaced by production at foreign enterprises and is included in the concept of "foreign operations". Under foreign operations is meant both export from the country where the parent company of an industrial firm is located, and the sale of products manufactured by foreign enterprises owned by it. Under these conditions, the importance of individual firms in international trade is determined not so much by their exports, but by their shares in the world production of individual goods.

A large number of large industrial companies in the USA, Germany, Japan and some other countries are characterized by their transformation into complex diversified complexes, uniting a large number of industrial enterprises of various industries and various production profiles, as well as trading and transport companies, research institutes and laboratories, design bureaus. The formation of diversified complexes is a consequence of the process production diversification, widely used in many developed countries. The essence of this process is to connect within the framework of the complex an ever wider range of industrial production sectors by penetrating one company into completely new industries for it and areas of activity that are technologically unrelated to each other. Diversification is carried out in order to expand the range of manufactured heterogeneous products, which ensures the economic stability of the company. At the same time, the concentration of products belonging to different industries in one firm makes it difficult to determine the firm structure of specific industries on a global scale and by country, as well as the share of individual firms in world commodity markets. Therefore, the attribution of the company to any one industry is conditional and refers mainly to the types of products that prevail in terms of share in the turnover of the company.

trading firms engaged in the implementation of operations for the purchase and sale of goods. They can either be part of the sales system of large industrial companies, or exist independently legally and economically from other firms and carry out trade and intermediary operations. Trading firms are either highly specialized or trading in a wide range of products. Among trading firms, large monopolistic associations stand out, occupying a dominant position in the world market for individual goods or in the foreign trade turnover of individual countries. Thus, the vast majority of international trade in sugar, non-ferrous metals, grain, rubber, cotton, furs, timber, and hides is concentrated in the hands of a small number of large specialized trading firms.

Among the universal trading firms, the largest trading companies stand out, which, in terms of scale of activity and financial power, are at the level of industrial giant firms. By the nature of their activities, such trading companies are usually international. Through an extensive network of foreign branches and subsidiaries, they penetrate the markets of many countries, create their own procurement apparatus (at home and abroad), acquire their own production enterprises for cleaning, primary processing, and sorting of goods. Many large trading firms carry out production activities related not only to the processing of the commodities they trade, but also to the products of other industries, both in their own country and abroad.

Transport companies carry out international transportation of goods and passengers. Typically, transport companies specialize in certain types of transportation, in connection with which shipping, road, air, and rail are distinguished among them.

Shipping companies carry out sea transportation of goods. Maritime transport in Western countries is characterized by an extremely high level of concentration. Linear shipping has the highest concentration. Aviation companies have developed significantly due to the rapid growth of air transport, which is increasingly being used for the transport of goods. The degree of concentration in air transport is extremely high. In the United States, there are five largest airlines that carry out about 2/3 of the total air traffic within the country and 1/3 of the world.

Railway companies are significantly inferior in size to shipping and aviation companies; in most countries, they carry out a smaller part of the transportation, are unprofitable or even unprofitable. Railways are in the hands of the state and are managed by special state organizations or companies. Railway companies act on the world market mainly as buyers of railway rolling stock and various types of equipment.

insurance companies, providing cargo insurance for international maritime, air, road and other transportation, play a significant role in the world market. The vast majority of insurance operations are concentrated in the hands of giant insurance companies, dominated by US companies. The latter account for over 60% of the volume of insurance operations performed on the world market.

Freight forwarding companies specialize in carrying out operations for the delivery of goods to the buyer, carrying out orders from industrial, commercial and other firms. The functions of transport-forwarding companies are very diverse. This includes checking the condition of containers and packaging, labeling, issuing shipping documents, paying the cost of transportation on behalf of the cargo owner, loading and unloading operations, storage, insurance, selection and assembly of small shipments, informing the consignee about the arrival of the cargo, obtaining a commercial act (if the cargo has been damaged), implementation of customs formalities, organization of container transportation, provision of cargo shipments with quarantine, sanitary and veterinary supervision documents, etc.

Legal status

firms

But it determines who, to what extent, is responsible for the obligations of the company, i.e. who will pay the company's debts in the event of bankruptcy. It depends on the legal status of the company who is granted the right (authority) to conclude transactions on behalf of the company. In relations with counterparties, a transaction is considered valid even when it goes beyond the statutory purpose or is made by a person in excess of the powers granted to him by the company. Going beyond the scope of the subject of activity provided for in the charter or the powers granted may serve as a basis for holding liable persons acting on behalf of the company, but cannot affect the validity of the transaction in relation to the persons with whom it was concluded.

The legal status of the company also determines who is in charge of resolving certain issues related to the economic activity of the company.

The legal status of firms in foreign countries is very different and is determined by the civil and commercial law of each country. Usually, all firms registered in the trade register of a given country are legal entities, i.e. act in civil and commercial circulation as an independent subject of law.

Legal entities - these are associations of persons and associations of capitals, endowed with their inherent rights and obligations, which have property isolation (the property of a legal entity is separated from the property of its members).

The presence of own property is a necessary prerequisite for the independent property liability of a legal entity for the obligations it enters into. The amount of property liability is determined by the legal status of a legal entity registered as a company with an established name. The legal status of the company as a joint-stock company implies the property liability of all owners of capital - shareholders. In some countries, the creation of such legal entities is allowed, the founders of which can be one natural or legal person.

Legal entities are divided into two types - legal entities of public law and legal entities of private law. Legal entities of public law have a public nature of the goals pursued, powers of authority, a special nature of membership. These include state bodies, institutions and organizations, chambers of commerce and industry, unions of entrepreneurs who are not engaged in entrepreneurial activities.

Legal entities of private law - these are associations of persons and associations of capital registered as firms, regardless of the nature of activity, nature of ownership, ownership of capital and control. k

A legal entity as a bearer of property rights and obligations acts on its own behalf as a business entity. A legal entity is characterized by the following features:

Achievement of a common goal determined by the members of the association;

The presence of an organizational structure that ensures unity in the process of economic activity;

Independent property liability for the obligations it enters into;

Existence regardless of the persons included in its composition;

The independence of the existence of the association from the change of persons included in it.

Legal entities engaged in entrepreneurial activities have the right to enter into such legal relations with other market entities that are necessary to achieve the goal specified in the law or in the charter of the company.

The legislation and practice of developed countries proceed from the fact that the legal capacity inherent in legal entities is exercised by the bodies of a legal entity that make transactions within the limits of their competence. Bodies (divisions) of the company act as representatives of a legal entity and by their actions create rights and obligations for it. Classification of property on types and sources of education Abstract >> Accounting and audit

... Classification property on types and sources of education. The purpose of the task is to master the order of grouping property on types ... on travel expenses 530 Debt firm"Argon" on ... View activities car manufacturing on... executing economic ...

Back to Economic activity

More than 10 thousand years ago, people produced almost nothing, but only scooped everything they needed from the natural environment. Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As humanity has matured, people's occupations have changed greatly. What is a modern economy? The economy is the production by people of everything necessary for their livelihood and improvement of living conditions. The modern economy consists of three large parts that appeared sequentially in the course of human development: agriculture, industry (industry) and the service sector.

About 10 thousand years ago, people learned to produce, and not just appropriate, the gifts of nature. Then man began to grow plants and domesticate animals. Thus, the types of economic activities that form the basis of modern agriculture arose - agriculture and animal husbandry. With the beginning of the widespread use of minerals for the production of various equipment and household items, another important link in the modern economy arose - industry. Nowadays, a variety of services are of great importance. They are provided by such a division of the economy as the service sector. In modern conditions, the flow of goods is increasing, the movement of people between countries and regions is activated. The exchange of information plays an increasingly important role. Therefore, in the service sector, a special place belongs to transport and communications. Geography of the main types of economic activity.

With the advent of new types of economic activity of people, the geography of their economy also changed. Agriculture is concerned with growing plants (plant growing) and raising animals (animal husbandry). Therefore, its placement strongly depends both on the characteristics of these living organisms and on natural conditions: relief, climate, soils.

Agriculture employs the largest part of the world's working population - almost 50%, but the share of agriculture in total world production is only about 10%. Industry is divided into mining and manufacturing. The mining industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, catching fish and sea animals.

It is obvious that its location is due to the location of the extracted natural resources. Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws, depending on what products and how they produce. The service sector is a special link in the economy. Its products, unlike those of agriculture and industry, are not things. Services are activities that are important for modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communication. The enterprises of this sphere - shops, schools, cafes - are focused on serving people. Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises.

Financial activities
financial dependence
Financial independence
financial policy
Financial system
Financial support
financial regulation

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1. Why is population density different in different parts of the world?

For a long time, humanity settled on the territory of the Earth, gradually accumulating in places of the most favorable habitation (for example, the Nile Valley, Indus, Ganges, Tigris and Euphrates, forming the so-called "river civilization"). Further development of the company showed that, despite the desire of the country to coordinate the population density of the country, people should live where the climate is more convenient for human existence.

The main population of Russia is concentrated in the central and southern part of the European part of the population of Canada - and the southern regions of China - in the East and Southeast (Great Plain).

2. What types of economic activities do people change their natural systems?

During his economic activity, a person violates the natural interaction between natural ingredients in natural complexes.

In places with the highest population density, these effects are most important.

3. How has the economic activity of the population changed your natural complexes in your village?

Using various sources of information (newspapers, magazines, radio and television reports,

etc.), to determine which economic activity of the population in your area causes the greatest damage to nature. Suggest your own ways of optimizing (smoothing out contradictions) in the interaction of nature and man in the process of economic activity of society.

4. Which continents have many countries? Why?

At present, people live on all continents (with the exception of Antarctica, where only scientific stations and populations change from time to time).

People on all other continents live in the territories of different countries.

Different countries have formed on each continent. Compare the number of countries in Eurasia and Africa - these continents have the largest number of countries and countries to form and form these countries. At the same time, there was only one country in Australia.

The geographic location of countries on the same continent can vary greatly.

It can be an island or a peninsula, a country without an island without access to the sea.

5. The name of the country that is currently undergoing the construction of natural phenomena (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc.), as well as important events in the life of nations.

Give examples of countries that are most prone to natural disasters and use them in the contour map.

Find and label active volcanoes, mark the years of the last destructive earthquakes.

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• how the economic activity of the population in your area has changed natural complexes
• the name of the country in which special natural phenomena currently exist
• what types of economic activities people change dramatically in their natural complexes
• why population density is not the same in different parts of the world
• countries currently experiencing specific natural events

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Study of the biological diversity of the Altai region.

Conducting efficient economic activity in the territory of Eurasia. Geoeconomic stability of Altai. Study of the ethnic character of the region. Formation of a single continental market.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Recreational potential of the Altai Territory

General characteristics of the region. Recreational resources and the basic principles of their development of the Altai Territory.

Museums and scientific and technical facilities of the region. Archaeological and ethnographic monuments of Altai. Folk crafts and tourist infrastructure of Altai.

abstract, added 12/13/2009

Deserts of Eurasia

Features of the emergence of deserts. Geographical position of Eurasia. Types of deserts: clay, rocky, sandy. The concept of transverse dunes. The climate of the deserts of Eurasia. Flora and fauna of the deserts of Eurasia. The use of the deserts of Eurasia by man.

test, added 10/09/2009

Physical and geographical characteristics of Eurasia

Physico-geographical position and landforms of Eurasia.

Distribution on the territory of all major natural zones of the Earth. Inland waters and climatic conditions. Uneven precipitation. Features of the animal and plant world of Eurasia.

term paper, added 03/21/2015

Region, space, territory

Characterization of the concept of a region, an integral system with its structure, functions, connections with the external environment, history, culture, living conditions of the population.

Study of political and administrative authorities, complexity and specialization of the region.

abstract, added 11/07/2011

Fauna of Eurasia

Faunistic zoning of Eurasia. The history of the settlement of the mainland. Modern distribution of typical representatives of the fauna: mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians in Western and Southern Europe, Eastern and Central Asia.

abstract, added 04/13/2010

Deserts of Eurasia

Geographical position of Eurasia - the largest continent of the Earth.

Climate, flora and fauna of the deserts of Eurasia. Desert dwellers: camels, wild donkeys, Przewalski's horses. Difficulties in the use of desert soils in the national economy.

presentation, added 04/23/2014

Natural zones of Eurasia

Natural zones of the arctic and subarctic climatic zones in Eurasia.

Reducing the number of animals, a ban on shooting. Territories occupied by the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Fertility of chernozem soils of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts.

presentation, added 02/17/2012

Flora and fauna of Altai

Study of the geographical position, relief and water resources of Altai.

The influence of the geological history of the development of the territory and climate on the flora. The study of the animal world of the Altai Territory. Descriptions of the majestic Sinyukha Mountains and the Big Monastery.

presentation, added 11/19/2014

Plains of Eurasia

Study of the geology, vegetation and geographical zoning of the largest plains of Eurasia: East European, West Siberian, Central Siberian plateau, Indo-Gangetic and East China.

Methods of economic use of the plains.

presentation, added 12/04/2011

Economic characteristics of the Altai Territory

Characteristics of the Altai Territory: climatic conditions, population and its national structure, the largest enterprises. Features of the public sector of the region, revenues and expenses of the regional budget. The level of innovative activity in the industry of the region.

abstract, added 02/28/2010

Geography of the main types of economic activity With the advent of new types of economic activity of people, the geography of their economy also changed. Agriculture is concerned with growing plants (plant growing) and raising animals (animal husbandry). Therefore, its placement strongly depends both on the characteristics of these living organisms and on natural conditions: relief, climate, soils. Agriculture employs the largest part of the world's working population - almost 50%.

But the share of agriculture in the total world production is only about 10%. Industry is divided into mining and manufacturing.

The mining industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, catching fish and sea animals. Obviously, its placement is due to the location of the extracted natural resources. Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws, depending on what products and how they produce. The service sector is a special link in the economy. Its products, unlike those of agriculture and industry, are not things.

Services are activities that are important for modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communication. The enterprises of this sphere - shops, schools, cafes - are focused on serving people.

Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises.

Variety of hosts activity is determined by the level of economic development of the country,

More than 10,000 years ago, people produced almost nothing, but attracted everything they needed from the environment. Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As the "rise" of humanity, the occupation of humans has changed a lot.

What is the modern economy?

The economy is the production of people from everything that is necessary for their livelihood and improvement of living conditions.

The modern economy consists of three main parts that constantly appear in the process of human development: agriculture, industry (industry) and services.

About 10 thousand years ago, people learned to produce and not only give nature a gift. Then man began to grow plants and domestic animals.

Thus, there were economic activities that formed the basis of modern agriculture - agriculture and animal husbandry. With the beginning of the expanded use of minerals for the production of various household appliances and household items, another important element of the modern economic industry appeared. At present, various services are very important.

They are provided by such a subdivision of the economy as the service sector. In modern conditions, the movement of goods is increasing, and the movement of people between countries and regions is intensifying. The exchange of information is playing an increasingly important role. Therefore, the service sector is a special place for transport and communications.

Geography of the main types of economic activity

With the advent of new types of economic activity, the geography of their economy has changed.

Agriculture is concerned with growing plants (growing plants) and breeding animals (livestock). Therefore, its placement largely depends on the characteristics of living organisms and natural conditions: relief, climate, soil. In agriculture, most of the world's population fluctuates - almost 50%, but the share of agriculture in total world food production - is only about 10%.

The industry is divided into mining and processing.

Extractive industries include mining (ores, oil, coal, gas), harvesting, fishing, and marine animals. Obviously, its location is due to the location of the extracted natural resources.

Manufacturing companies are subject to certain laws, depending on what types of products and how they are produced.

The service sector is a special link in the economy.

Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not subject matter. Services are activities related to modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communication. Companies in these industries, schools, cafes are focused on serving people. Therefore, the population density, more such companies.

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What are the main prerequisites for the formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

Compare the location, the main types of economic activity, the political structure of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Novgorod land in the XIII - XIV centuries. Point out what was common and what was different.

Historians who put forward and supported the Norman theory believed that statehood was brought to Russia from outside, by the Varangians.

In the middle of the 13th c. The Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give rise to new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by the Russian principalities and lands in the middle of the 13th century to pursue a policy different from the one described above in relation to the Horde.

What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them. The Mongols never “fought” Novgorod, but the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Why did the Mongols "not fight" Novgorod? Give at least two reasons. Why did the Novgorodians have to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three sentences.

A number of historians sharply negatively assess the consequences of the political fragmentation of Russia in the 12th and early 13th centuries.

What other point of view on the issue of the consequences of political fragmentation do you know?

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and cite at least three facts and statements that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Name at least three main activities of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.

Give at least two examples that reveal the implementation of these directions.

Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In the 50s - 60s.

12th century Unrest and uprisings began in the Novgorod land, directed against the Horde Baskaks and the collection of tribute. Alexander Nevsky took part in the suppression of these uprisings.

What reasons led to such a position of the prince? Give at least two reasons. What concessions did the Golden Horde have to make? List at least two facts.

What are the main reasons for the rise of the Moscow principality.

Describe the struggle of Moscow for the role of the center in the unification of Russian lands in the XIV century.

What were the main results of the activities of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich in the field of state building? Name the territories annexed to the Moscow principality in the 15th - early 16th centuries.

Compare the views of the Josephites and non-possessors at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries.

Show what they had in common, what was different.

Tasks of part C "Kievan Rus"

What are the main prerequisites for the formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

Prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state.

- private property;

- property inequality;

- the tribal community is replaced by the neighboring one;

- the need to repulse external enemies.

Compare the location, the main types of economic activity, the political structure of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Novgorod land in the XIII - XIV centuries. Point out what was common and what was different.

3. Historians who put forward and supported the Norman theory believed that statehood was brought to Russia from outside, by the Varangians.

What other views on the problem of the origin of the state in Russia do you know? Which point of view do you find more convincing? Give the facts and provisions that serve as arguments for your chosen point of view.

Norman theory:

- 862 calling of the Varangians to Russia (Rurik, Sinius, Truvor.

- 882 Novgorod prince Oleg united the East Slavic lands into a single state;

- Prince Rurik became the founder of the ruling dynasty.

The formation of the state is a consequence of the internal development of society; it is not possible to “teach” the state.

- the Eastern Slavs already had bodies that were the prototype of state institutions (prince, squad, veche);

- inviting a foreigner as a ruler is an indicator of readiness to form a state;

- large tribal unions had already developed among the Eastern Slavs by the 8th - 9th centuries.

(around Novgorod and Kyiv);

- an external threat pushed for unification (Khazar Khaganate, Scandinavian tribes);

- the Varangians, having given the ruling dynasty, quickly merged with the Slavs (Rurik's grandson bore the Slavic name Svyatoslav).

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and cite at least three facts and statements that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Alternative point of view:

BUT.

Princely strife intensified

B.

In the middle of the 13th c.

The Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give rise to new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by the Russian principalities and lands in the middle of the 13th century to pursue a policy different from the one described above in relation to the Horde. What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Attempts:

- at the beginning of the 50s.

In the 13th century, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Andrei Yaroslavich, in alliance with Daniil of Galicia and the Prince of Tver, prepared a campaign against the Horde and was defeated

- in the same years, Daniil Galitsky tried to resist the Horde, but was defeated and was forced to recognize dependence on the Horde khans

In 1257, the anti-Horde uprising in Novgorod was brutally suppressed.

Causes:

- devastated and fragmented Russia did not have sufficient strength to resist the Horde

Nevsky sought to concentrate the main forces on countering the aggression of the crusaders from the West - the policy chosen by Al. Nevsky allowed the Russian lands to restore the destroyed agriculture, crafts, trade

- it allowed to avoid new devastating invasions of the Horde armies.

Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them.

The Mongols never “fought” Novgorod, but the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Why did the Mongols "not fight" Novgorod? Give at least two reasons. Why did the Novgorodians have to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three sentences.

The Mongols "did not fight" Novgorod, because:

- Batu's army suffered significant losses, was weakened by the resistance of Russia;

- wooded and swampy terrain and spring thaw created great difficulties for the Mongolian horsemen

Judgments that the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute in favor of the Horde, because:

- The Horde sent its "numeraries" to Novgorod for the census and taxation of the Novgorodians;

- Prince Al.

Nevsky believed that it was not yet possible to challenge the Horde of Russia;

- under the threat of the appearance of the Horde troops, the Novgorodians were forced to come to terms with the demands of the Horde and agree to the payment of tribute.

A number of historians sharply negatively assess the consequences of the political fragmentation of Russia in the 12th and early 13th centuries.

What other point of view on the issue of the consequences of political fragmentation do you know?

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and cite at least three facts and statements that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Alternative point of view:

Political fragmentation was an inevitable phenomenon, along with serious negative consequences, it also had positive consequences.

BUT. When choosing the point of view set out in the task:

- weakened the defense of Russia in front of external enemies

Princely strife intensified

- Russian princes could not agree on joint actions even on the eve of the invasion of Batu, which led to the establishment of more than two hundred years of the Horde yoke.

B. When choosing an alternative point of view:

- in the conditions of fragmentation, the economy of individual principalities and lands developed rapidly

- in the conditions of fragmentation, the culture of Russian principalities and lands flourished

- the collapse of a single state did not mean a complete loss of the principles that united the Russian lands (the seniority of the Grand Duke of Kyiv was formally recognized; church and linguistic unity was preserved, the norms of Russkaya Pravda lay at the heart of the legislation of the destinies, in the popular consciousness up to the 13th-14th centuries lived ideas of unity lands that were part of Ancient Russia).

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