What is environmental protection. Summary: Environmental pollution. her protection. environmental degradation

The Baltic Sea can no longer be used as a dumping ground. Water is essential to life. Only where it is in sufficient quantity and in good quality can people, animals and plants exist. This also applies to the salt water of the seas and fresh water in rivers, lakes, polar ice and glaciers. In general, water covers more than 70 percent of our land. Already a few years ago, experts in the field of environmental protection warned that the Baltic Sea would soon be a water desert without fish and plants. Almost 20,000 kilometers along the coast of the Baltic Sea are paper and pulp mills, shipyards and refineries, nuclear power plants, chemical and steel plants. The amount of sewage in cities on the coast is constantly growing. The rivers are supplying more and more mud to the Baltic Sea. The movement of tankers and passenger ships, water carriers and paper transport ships is growing further.

The consequences are more than sad: hundreds of thousands of tons of solid and liquid waste are annually discharged into the Baltic Sea - often only crushed, and most of them not cleaned. These wastes from households, industrial and economic enterprises, wastewater from cities and ships contain highly toxic harmful substances. Life in the Baltic Sea was under threat: hundreds of thousands of dead flounder and cod in the Nile fjord, places forbidden for swimming near Flensburg and near Lübeck, many places where fishing is prohibited. In this regard, the Baltic coastal states concluded an agreement in 1974. It was determined which harmful and toxic substances should not be discharged with sewage into the sea. The first successes in the struggle for a clean Baltic Sea have already been achieved. A particularly dangerous insecticide, DDT, was banned in all the Baltic countries. Factories had to stop their production if they could not comply with the order for improved wastewater treatment. Many large cities have built new purification plants. Particularly endangered places on the Baltic Sea are already under control. But even more effort must be added to finally secure it.

Pesticides threaten primarily to public health in Third World countries. The Washington-based World Resources Institute, an environmental researcher, said chemicals used in agriculture have the power to weaken the human immune system and promote the spread of infectious diseases and cancer. A particular danger comes from pesticides. The use of some of them in Europe and the USA has long been banned, in countries that are developing, on the contrary, they are used due to their low price. Nearly half of the world's pesticide production is consumed in Third World countries, and these countries also have particularly high rates of infectious disease. The results of the institute's study: "Death due to common infectious diseases in developing countries is partly due to the effects of pesticides."

Part of the area occupied by accommodation and transport roads in the west of the Federal Republic has been constantly increasing since the end of the 50s and until the end of the 80s. These territories make up from 8 to 12 percent of the total area. Part of the natural landscapes at the same time significantly decreased. The protection of native species, as well as the retention of natural living space, is an urgent task of nature conservation and landscape care. The Federation aims to declare 10-15 percent of the country's area as protected areas. 12 large areas with special protection have now been declared national parks. There are almost 5,200 nature reserves and 12 UNESCO-recognized biosphere reserves.

Germany actively participates in the implementation of the international treaty on nature protection. Of particular note:

the Bonn Agreement on the Conservation of Nomadic Wild Animals; the Berne Agreement on the Conservation of European Wild Animals and Plants, which has taken on special significance in connection with the cooperation between the eastern and western states of the European Union; the Washington Agreement on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Animals and Plants; Agreement on Biodiversity, signed in 1992 at the Conference on Development and Environmental Protection in Rio de Janeiro.

After a few years of absence, I am back in my homeland. I want to find places where I watched animals as a boy. A lot has changed: some of the forests have been cut down and converted into fields or built up with houses. Gone are the lawns that used to be overflowing with flowers. The streets are moving. Everything seems the same to me. The old quarry is breathing, it seems that it has remained the same as it was. Invariably, decrepit, moss-covered stone blocks lie in a pit that has not been used for a long time. But where are the lizards that used to bask on the rocks? There are no moths that rocked the flower heads. Even here, chemical pest control and artificial fertilizers have worked.

Report: Environmental Protection

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MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY

REPORT

"The essence and directions of environmental protection ..."

Completed:

St-t gr. SP-981

Checked:

Kemerovo - 99

1. Essence and directions of environmental protection

§ 2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

2. Engineering protection of the environment

§ 2. Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

§ 1. System of standards and regulations

§ 2. Law on guard of nature

ENVIRONMENT

§ 1. TYPES OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIRECTIONS OF ITS PROTECTION

A variety of human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped into the following types of pollution, understanding them as any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:

Ingredient (ingredient - an integral part of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a set of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;

Parametric pollution (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;

Biocenotic pollution, which consists in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;

Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.

territories, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature coped with it on its own. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from pollution sources .

Of course, separate centers of nature degradation were observed earlier in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take for their needs and drain back polluted at least 3-4 times before how it gets from source to mouth.

complete harvesting from the fields of all parts of grown plants, etc.

§ 2. OBJECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, that is, if they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.

Since the task of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;

Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

The earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically substantiated combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;

The inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

2. ENGINEERING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

§ 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES

at the national level, activities to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organize scientific research, train ecologists and educate the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises for the purification of wastewater and waste gases from harmful substances, reduce the norms for the use of natural resources and etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.

completely stop the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, reducing the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to increased pollution of another.

And For example, the installation of wet filters in gas cleaning reduces air pollution, but leads to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and drain waters often poison large areas of land.

The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, drastically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the operation of these plants also produces waste, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy costs, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.

In addition, pollutants, for the neutralization of which huge funds are spent, are substances for which labor has already been spent and which, with rare exceptions, could be used in the national economy.

To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of recycling trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.

The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.

However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.

Taking care of improving the engineering protection of the natural environment, it must be remembered that no treatment facilities and waste-free technologies will be able to restore the stability of the biosphere if the permissible (threshold) values of the reduction of natural, untransformed by man natural systems are exceeded, which manifests the effect of the law of biosphere indispensability.

Such a threshold may be the use of more than 1% of the energy of the biosphere and the deep transformation of more than 10% of natural areas (rules of one and ten percent). Therefore, technical achievements do not remove the need to solve the problems of changing the priorities of social development, stabilizing the population, creating a sufficient number of protected areas and others discussed earlier.

§ 2. TYPES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding of substances, transportation of bulk materials. At the same time, part of the material turns into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage to the national economy due to the loss of valuable products.

For cleaning, various designs of apparatuses are used. According to the method of dust capture, they are divided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. Dry apparatuses (cyclones, filters) use gravitational settling under the action of gravity, settling under the action of centrifugal force, inertial settling, and filtration. In wet apparatuses (scrubbers), this is achieved by washing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on the electrodes occurs as a result of the electrical charge being imparted to the dust particles. The choice of devices depends on the size of dust particles, humidity, speed and volume of gas supplied for purification, the required degree of purification.

To purify gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. Methods of the first group are based on the removal of impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. Methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts. An even more complex and multi-stage process is wastewater treatment (Fig. 18).

Waste water is water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and subject to purification from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, wastewater is divided into domestic, atmospheric (stormwater, flowing down after rains from the territories of enterprises) and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in varying proportions.

Wastewater is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are divided into recuperative and destructive. Recovery methods provide for the extraction from wastewater and further processing of valuable substances. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Destruction products are removed from the water in the form of gases or precipitation.

Mechanical cleaning is used to remove solid insoluble impurities, using the methods of settling and filtering using gratings, sand traps, settling tanks. Chemical cleaning methods are used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents that enter into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. Physical and chemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered the main methods for neutralizing wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which implies a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water. These aerobic processes can occur both in natural conditions - in irrigation fields during filtration, and in artificial structures - aerotanks and biofilters.

groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (workshop), plant-wide, district or city cleaning systems.

After the grates and other devices have freed the water from mineral impurities, the microorganisms contained in the so-called activated sludge “eat up” organic contaminants, that is, the purification process usually goes through several stages. However, even after this, the degree of purification does not exceed 95%, i.e., it is not possible to completely eliminate the pollution of water basins. If, in addition, any plant discharges its wastewater into the city sewerage, which has not undergone preliminary physical or chemical treatment of any toxic substances at workshop or factory facilities, then the microorganisms in the activated sludge will generally die and it may take several years to revive the activated sludge. months. Consequently, the runoff of this settlement during this time will pollute the reservoir with organic compounds, which can lead to its eutrophication.

kg per year per capita. It is solved by organizing landfills, processing garbage into composts with subsequent use as organic fertilizers or into biological fuel (biogas), as well as burning in special plants. Specially equipped landfills, the total number of which in the world reaches several million, are called landfills and are rather complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.

3. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION

ENVIRONMENT

One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.

Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of a management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned the general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with protected objects. For example, 17.1 means “Nature Conservation. Hydrosphere", and group 17. 2 - "Nature protection. Atmosphere”, etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises for the protection of water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air and water quality.

MPC is approved for each of the most hazardous substances separately and is valid throughout the country.

In recent years, scientists have argued that compliance with MPC does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the long term and when interacting with each other is still poorly understood.

Based on MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are being developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.

Due to the fact that the number and power of pollution sources change with the development of the productive forces of the region, it is necessary to periodically review the MPE and MPD standards. The choice of the most effective options for environmental protection activities at enterprises should be carried out taking into account the need to comply with these standards.

Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic situation as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.

In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.

Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSA (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The amount and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the ESS.

It has already been noted earlier that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.

Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.

To ensure the possibility of practical implementation of the adopted laws, it is very important that they be backed up in time by by-laws adopted on their basis, which precisely define and clarify, in accordance with the specific conditions of the industry or region, to whom, what and how to do, to whom and in what form to report, what environmental regulations, standards and rules to follow, etc.

Yes, the law "On the Protection of the Environment" establishes a general scheme for achieving the coincidence of the interests of society and individual users of natural resources through limits, payments, tax benefits, and specific parameters in the form of exact values of standards, rates, payments are specified in resolutions of the Ministry of Natural Resources, industry instructions etc.

The objects of environmental legislation are both the natural environment as a whole and its individual natural systems (for example, Lake Baikal) and elements (water, air, etc.), as well as international law.

In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements, and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of his knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is divided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.

In cases of the most serious violations, for example, when a forest is set on fire, the perpetrator may be subjected to criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment, the imposition of large monetary fines, and confiscation of property.

However, more often administrative responsibility is applied in the form of fines both on individuals and on enterprises as a whole. It occurs in cases of damage or destruction of natural objects, pollution of the natural environment, failure to take measures to restore the disturbed environment, poaching, etc.

and non-compliance with environmental regulations.

In addition, the payment of a fine does not exempt from material civil liability, i.e., the need to compensate for the damage caused by pollution or irrational use of natural resources to the environment, health and property of citizens, and the national economy.

various objects, shows the economic mechanism of environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this field, etc.

It should be noted that the Environmental Legislation, although it is quite extensive and versatile, in practice is still not effective enough. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular, the low rates of fines levied. For example, for an official, it is equal to three to twenty times the minimum monthly wage (do not confuse with the actual salary received by the employee, which is always much higher). However, twenty minimum wages often do not exceed one or two real monthly salaries of these officials, since we are usually talking about heads of enterprises and departments. For ordinary citizens, the fine does not exceed ten times the minimum wage.

Criminal liability and compensation for damages are applied much less frequently than they should. And it is impossible to fully compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or cannot be measured in money at all.

poaching, do not exceed one and a half thousand per year, which is incomparably less than the actual number of offenses. However, in recent years there has been an upward trend in these figures.

Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises with technical means for the effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and inspection organizations with devices for monitoring environmental pollution.

Finally, the low ecological culture of the population, their ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, their condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as the lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in law, are of great importance. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, i.e., by-laws specifying this part of the law, and turn the flow of complaints to the press and higher administrative authorities into a flow of lawsuits to the judiciary. When every resident whose health has been affected by harmful emissions from an enterprise files a claim demanding financial compensation for the damage caused, valuing their health at a fairly large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.

Literature:

ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, the natural environment surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences are especially

They intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the action of global natural processes.

NATURE PROTECTION is a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily,

And the species of plants - weekly (over 20 thousand species are under the threat of extinction). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen.

The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, the regulation of the use of pesticides, the cessation of the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compiling the world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, the quality of the environment in certain regions has been significantly improved (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

The main substances polluting the environment, their sources.

Carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.

Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.

Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.

Sulfur dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.

Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.

Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.

Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.

Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man.

Essays on topics:

Nature is everything that surrounds us: flowers, trees, ponds, forests and much more. Thanks to nature, a person is alive, because ...

Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause adverse changes. Pollution can take the form of chemicals or energy such as noise, heat or light. Pollution components can be either foreign substances/energy or natural pollutants.

The main types and causes of environmental pollution:

Air pollution

Coniferous forest after acid rain

Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles, or from burning wood and coal makes the air toxic. The effects of air pollution are also obvious. The release of sulfur dioxide and dangerous gases into the atmosphere causes global warming and acid rain, which in turn increase temperatures, causing excessive rainfall or droughts around the world, and making life difficult. We also breathe every polluted particle in the air and as a result, the risk of asthma and lung cancer increases.

Water pollution

It caused the loss of many species of flora and fauna of the Earth. This was due to the fact that industrial wastes dumped into rivers and other water bodies cause an imbalance in the aquatic environment, which leads to serious pollution and death of aquatic animals and plants.

In addition, spraying insecticides, pesticides (such as DDT) on plants pollute the groundwater system. Oil spills in the oceans have caused significant damage to water bodies.

Eutrophication in the Potomac River, USA

Eutrophication is another important cause of water pollution. Occurs due to untreated sewage and fertilizer runoff from the soil into lakes, ponds or rivers, due to which chemicals enter the water and prevent the penetration of sunlight, thereby reducing the amount of oxygen and making the reservoir uninhabitable.

Pollution of water resources harms not only individual aquatic organisms, but the whole, and seriously affects people who depend on them. In some countries of the world, due to water pollution, outbreaks of cholera and diarrhea are observed.

Soil pollution

soil erosion

This type of pollution occurs when harmful chemical elements enter the soil, usually caused by human activities. Insecticides and pesticides absorb nitrogen compounds from the soil, after which it becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Industrial waste, and also adversely affect the soil. Because plants cannot grow as they should, they are unable to hold the soil, resulting in erosion.

Noise pollution

Occurs when unpleasant (loud) sounds from the environment affect a person's hearing and lead to psychological problems, including tension, high blood pressure, hearing loss, etc. It can be caused by industrial equipment, aircraft, cars, etc.

Nuclear pollution

This is a very dangerous type of pollution, it occurs due to failures in the operation of nuclear power plants, improper storage of nuclear waste, accidents, etc. Radioactive contamination can cause cancer, infertility, loss of vision, birth defects; it can make the soil infertile, and also negatively affects the air and water.

light pollution

Light pollution of planet earth

Occurs due to noticeable over-illumination of the area. It is common, as a rule, in large cities, especially from billboards, in gyms or entertainment venues at night. In residential areas, light pollution greatly affects people's lives. It also interferes with astronomical observations by making the stars almost invisible.

Thermal/thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes the temperature of the surrounding water. The main cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a refrigerant by power plants and industrial plants. When water used as a refrigerant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature reduces the supply of oxygen and affects the composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to a particular temperature range can be killed by sudden changes in water temperature (or rapid increases or decreases).

Thermal pollution is caused by excess heat in the environment creating unwanted changes over long periods of time. This is due to the huge number of industrial enterprises, deforestation and air pollution. Thermal pollution increases the Earth's temperature, causing drastic climate change and extinction of wildlife species.

Visual pollution

Visual pollution, Philippines

Visual pollution is an aesthetic problem and refers to the effects of pollution that impair the ability to enjoy the outside world. It includes: billboards, open dumps, antennas, electrical wires, buildings, cars, etc.

Overcrowding of the territory with a large number of objects causes visual pollution. Such pollution contributes to distraction, eye fatigue, loss of identity, and so on.

plastic pollution

Plastic pollution, India

Includes the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that have adverse effects on wildlife, animal or human habitats. Plastic products are inexpensive and durable, which has made them very popular among people. However, this material decomposes very slowly. Plastic pollution can adversely affect soil, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. Living organisms, especially marine animals, become entangled in plastic waste or are affected by chemicals in plastic that cause interruptions in biological function. People are also affected by plastic pollution, causing a hormonal imbalance.

Objects of pollution

The main objects of environmental pollution are such as air (atmosphere), water resources (streams, rivers, lakes, seas, oceans), soil, etc.

Pollutants (sources or subjects of pollution) of the environment

Pollutants are chemical, biological, physical or mechanical elements (or processes) that harm the environment.

They can be harmful both in the short and long term. Pollutants originate from natural resources or are produced by humans.

Many pollutants have a toxic effect on living organisms. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is an example of a substance that harms humans. This compound is taken up by the body instead of oxygen, causing shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, and in severe cases can lead to serious poisoning, and even death.

Some pollutants become hazardous when they react with other naturally occurring compounds. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides are released from impurities in fossil fuels during combustion. They react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Acid rain adversely affects aquatic ecosystems and leads to the death of aquatic animals, plants, and other living organisms. Terrestrial ecosystems also suffer from acid rain.

Classification of pollution sources

According to the type of occurrence, environmental pollution is divided into:

Anthropogenic (artificial) pollution

Deforestation

Anthropogenic pollution is the impact on the environment caused by the activities of mankind. The main sources of artificial pollution are:

industrialization;
the invention of automobiles;
the growth of the world's population;
deforestation: destruction of natural habitats;
nuclear explosions;
overexploitation of natural resources;
construction of buildings, roads, dams;
the creation of explosive substances that are used during military operations;
use of fertilizers and pesticides;
mining.

Natural (natural) pollution

Eruption

Natural pollution is caused and occurs naturally, without human intervention. It can affect the environment for a certain period of time, but it can be regenerated. Sources of natural pollution include:

volcanic eruptions, with the release of gases, ash and magma;
forest fires emit smoke and gas impurities;
sandstorms raise dust and sand;
decomposition of organic matter, during which gases are released.

Consequences of pollution:

environmental degradation

Left photo: Beijing after the rain. Right photo: smog in Beijing

The environment is the first victim of atmospheric pollution. An increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog, which can prevent sunlight from reaching the earth's surface. As a result, it becomes much more difficult. Gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of an oil spill can lead to the death of several species of wild animals and plants.

Human health

Lung cancer

Decreased air quality leads to some respiratory problems, including asthma or lung cancer. Chest pain, sore throat, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease can be caused by air pollution. Water pollution can create skin problems, including irritation and rashes. Similarly, noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

Global warming

Male, the capital of the Maldives, is one of the cities facing the prospect of being flooded by the ocean in the 21st century.

The release of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, leads to global warming. Every day new industries are created, new cars appear on the roads, and the number of trees is reduced to make room for new homes. All these factors, directly or indirectly, lead to an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere. Rising CO2 causes the polar ice caps to melt, which increases sea levels and endangers people living near coastal areas.

Ozone layer depletion

The ozone layer is a thin shield high in the sky that prevents ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activity, chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere, which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Badlands

Due to the constant use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil can become infertile. Various types of chemicals from industrial waste end up in water, which also affects soil quality.

Protection (protection) of the environment from pollution:

International protection

Many of these are particularly vulnerable as they are subject to human influence in many countries. As a result, some states unite and develop agreements aimed at preventing damage or managing human impact on natural resources. They include agreements that affect the protection of the climate, oceans, rivers and air from pollution. These international environmental treaties are sometimes binding instruments that have legal consequences in case of non-compliance, and in other situations are used as codes of conduct. The most famous include:

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), approved in June 1972, provides for the protection of nature for the present generation of people and their descendants.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed in May 1992. The main goal of this agreement is "stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
The Kyoto Protocol provides for the reduction or stabilization of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. It was signed in Japan at the end of 1997.

State protection

The discussion of environmental issues often focuses on the level of government, legislation and law enforcement. However, in the broadest sense, the protection of the environment can be seen as the responsibility of the whole people, and not just the government. Decisions that affect the environment will ideally include a wide range of stakeholders, including industrial sites, indigenous groups, representatives of environmental groups and communities. Decision-making processes in the field of environmental protection are constantly evolving and becoming more active in different countries.

Many constitutions recognize the fundamental right to protect the environment. In addition, in various countries there are organizations and institutions dealing with environmental issues.

While protecting the environment is not simply the responsibility of government agencies, most people consider these organizations paramount in creating and maintaining basic standards that protect the environment and the people who interact with it.

How to protect the environment yourself?

Population and technological advances based on fossil fuels have seriously affected our natural environment. Therefore, now we need to do our part to eliminate the consequences of degradation, so that humanity continues to live in an ecologically safe environment.

There are 3 main principles that are still relevant and important more than ever:

use less;
reuse;
recycle.

Create a compost heap in your garden. This helps to recycle food waste and other biodegradable materials.
When shopping, use your eco-bags and try to avoid plastic bags as much as possible.
Plant as many trees as you can.
Think about how you can reduce the number of trips you make with your car.
Reduce car emissions by walking or cycling. These are not just great alternatives to driving, but also health benefits.
Use public transport whenever you can for your daily commute.
Bottles, paper, waste oil, old batteries and used tires must be properly disposed of; All this causes serious pollution.
Do not pour chemicals and used oil onto the ground or down drains leading to waterways.
If possible, recycle selected biodegradable waste, and work to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste used.
Reduce the amount of meat you consume or consider a vegetarian diet.

1.2 State environmental protection policy
1.3 Environmental legislation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

Glossary

Introduction

The problem of environmental protection arose before humanity relatively recently. In our time, there is a huge amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and ocean, the destruction of forests. All this brings the world closer to self-destruction. Ozone holes, climate warming, the extinction of many animal species clearly indicate that our habitat has been depleted to the limit. The life of the planet and its inhabitants will depend on the further activity of people.
Relevance. One of the main problems of the socio-economic development of our country is to ensure the environmental safety of citizens, the protection of the natural environment and the rational use of natural resources. In recent years, a number of documents have been adopted aimed at improving the environmental situation in Kazakhstan.
The object of the study is the legal regime of the environment.
The subject of the study is natural resource and environmental legal relations.
The purpose of this work is to study the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which regulates the legal regime of the natural environment.
In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the work:
1. Consider categories and types of environmental pollution.
2. Describe the legislative framework of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life.
3. To reveal the legal regime of specially protected natural objects and their rational use.

1.1 Causes and consequences of environmental pollution

In the 20th century, pressure on nature from human society increased dramatically. So, over the past 30 years, as many natural resources have been used in the world as in the entire previous history of mankind. In this regard, there was a threat of depletion and even exhaustion of some types of resources. This primarily applies to mineral raw materials, water and other types of resources.
At the same time, the scale of the return of waste to nature increased, which caused the threat of environmental pollution. According to scientists, today there are (conditionally) 200 kg for every inhabitant of the planet. waste. Nowadays, anthropogenic landscapes already occupy 60% of the earth's land.
Society does not just use natural resources, but transforms the natural environment. The interaction of man and nature becomes a special area of activity, which is called "nature management".
Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
It can be:

Examples of rational nature management can be - the creation of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, specially protected areas, the construction of treatment facilities, the use of recirculating water supply technologies, the complex processing of raw materials, the development and use of new environmentally friendly types of raw materials, waste processing.
Unfortunately, there are many more examples of irrational nature management - deforestation, waste disposal into rivers and lakes, air and hydrosphere pollution, extermination of animals, and much more.
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties that leads or may lead to a harmful effect on the natural complexes of the planet and a threat to human health.
And although environmental pollution can occur as a result of natural disasters, most of them occur as a result of human activities.
The main types of pollution are:

Pollution of the soil cover can occur as a result of illiterate farming, disturbance of land, in the process of construction and mining, the ingress of pesticides and heavy metal compounds into it. As a result, little productive and unproductive lands, the so-called "badlands" (bad lands) appear.
Pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge of wastewater into rivers and seas. Their total volume reaches 1 thousand km. in cube in year. The most polluted rivers are: Rhine, Seine, Danube, Tiber, Mississippi, Volga, Dnieper, Nile, Ganges.
Pollution of the World Ocean is growing, into which up to 100 million tons of waste enters, the ocean is especially affected by oil pollution. According to some estimates, from 4 to 16 million tons of oil enter the ocean every year.
The most polluted are the Mediterranean, North, Baltic, Black, Japanese and Caribbean seas.
The atmosphere is polluted primarily as a result of the combustion of mineral fuels. The main pollutants of the atmosphere are oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere are associated with the formation of acid rain, which cause great harm to flora and fauna, destroy structures, and adversely affect human health.
Currently, environmental pollution has reached such a level that it is necessary to take urgent measures.
It is necessary to build treatment facilities, use low-sulfur fuel, waste processing, land reclamation, the use of "clean" technologies and circulating water supply systems.

1.2 State environmental protection policy

The need for a careful attitude to nature, its protection was understood in ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus back in the 4th century. BC. came to the conclusion: “One should not force nature, one should obey it ...” - which has not lost its relevance at the present time.
There was another concept of approach to nature - giving the right to unlimited domination over it. Some modern researchers call the founder of this approach Friedrich Engels, who believed that, unlike an animal that only uses external nature, "... man ... makes her serve his own goals, dominate over her." At the same time, Engels explains the idea of domination over nature as follows: "... all our domination over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other beings, are able to cognize its laws and apply them correctly." This is the great scientific value of the theory and the humanism of F. Engels as a thinker.
Currently, to protect the habitat in each country, environmental legislation is being developed, in which there is a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life. The United Nations Organization (UN) in the Declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) legally enshrined two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation.
States should introduce effective environmental legislation. The norms related to environmental protection, the tasks and priorities put forward should reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development, in which they will be implemented.
The state should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those who suffer from this.
In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were solved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations.
Such natural objects as water and air were under the jurisdiction of several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no common coordinating body that would unite environmental activities.
The solution of environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special state bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.
The legal protection of the natural environment consists in the creation, substantiation and application of normative acts that define both the objects of protection and measures to ensure it. These are questions of environmental law that regulates the relationship between nature and society.

1.3 Environmental legislation

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution is associated with the regulation of the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them to a certain system of laws, instructions and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.
The legal protection of nature is a set of legal norms established by the state and legal relations arising as a result of their implementation, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, improve the human environment for the benefit of present and future generations. This is a system of state measures enshrined in law and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving the conditions necessary for people's lives and the development of material production.
The system of legal protection of nature in Kazakhstan includes four groups of legal measures.
Legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources.
Organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support for environmental protection activities.
State and public control over the fulfillment of environmental protection requirements.
Legal responsibility of offenders.
In accordance with environmental legislation, the object of legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside of a person and regardless of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, condition and means of his existence.
There are a large number of legal provisions that determine the legal regulation of environmental relations. The totality of environmental norms and legal acts, united by a common object, objects, principles and goals of legal protection, in Kazakhstan forms environmental (environmental) legislation.
Sources of environmental law are legal acts that contain legal norms that regulate legal relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations.

Conclusion

The main goal of environmental protection is ultimately to establish harmony between the development of mankind and a favorable state of the environment.
Achieving this goal in a theoretical aspect requires answering a number of difficult questions, such as:

The intensive exploitation of natural resources has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection activity - the rational use of natural resources, in which protection requirements are included in the very process of economic activity for the use of natural resources.
Environmental protection is a new form in the interaction between man and nature, born in modern conditions, it is a system of state and social measures (technological, economic, administrative-legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, preservation and reproduction of existing, ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations.
At the present, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is born - environmental safety, which is understood as the state of protection of the natural environment and the vital environmental interests of man, primarily his rights to a favorable environment.
Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.
The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technological progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which not the last place is occupied by a consumer, and often a predatory attitude towards nature, disregard for fundamental environmental laws.

Bibliography

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