What is the sequence of ventilated facades. Do-it-yourself device, design, technology and installation of a ventilated facade system. Installation of thermal insulation and wind protection

Installation of ventilated facades is necessary to increase the durability of the house and give it a more aesthetic appearance.

Thanks to this design, the walls are aligned and take on a beautiful appearance, and the house becomes warmer and more reliable.

The design of the ventilated facade is a sandwich made of a frame, a layer of insulation and a facing material, such as porcelain stoneware, fiber cement, metal siding and others.

Be sure to leave a hollow niche for ventilation.

A ventilated facade is a complex system, if even the slightest mistakes are made during its installation, the service life of the system will be significantly reduced.

Therefore, when carrying out work, it is necessary to strictly observe the installation technology of ventilated facades.

The preparatory work is as follows:

Preparation of technical documentation;
Designation of the boundaries of the danger zone at the facility;
Preparation and inspection of facade lifts;
Marking the points of mounting brackets on the wall of the building;
Carrying out the installation.

Installation of hinged ventilated facades is carried out in the following sequence:

Holes are drilled in the wall with a puncher;
A paronite gasket is installed under each bracket through an anchor dowel;
Install the supporting brackets by screwing the anchor dowels with a screwdriver;
Next, the installation of thermal insulation is carried out, which helps protect the building from noise, wind and precipitation.
The insulation plate is hung through the slots for the brackets.

The panels of the wind and hydroprotective membrane are hung from above and temporarily fixed.

According to the installation technology of ventilated hinged facades, the curtains must be hung with an overlap.

Holes are drilled in the wall through the plates and the film, into which plate-shaped dowels are installed.

Insulation plates are mounted starting from the first row from the base on which the first row is installed.

They are hung horizontally, trying to ensure that there are no through gaps between the plates. On this, the installation of ventilated facades has not yet been completed.

The profiles are installed in the grooves of the support brackets. They are fixed to the bearing brackets with rivets.

The profile must lie freely so that it can move vertically and compensate for thermal deformations. Then fire breaks are installed.

The next stage is the installation of an air conditioner on a ventilated facade. It will remove condensate and heated air.

The split system has recently become very popular, it helps to achieve ideal indoor conditions, but installing an air conditioner on a ventilated facade is a very laborious job.

Do-it-yourself installation

Many owners of private houses decide to install ventilated facades with their own hands. To do this, you need to choose the right materials.

An important element of the system are brackets and guide profiles. They must be made of galvanized or stainless steel and must withstand certain loads.

To do this, when choosing them, pay attention to the properties of the material, its thickness and the size of the stiffeners.

They must comply with the design requirements in all respects. You can't save on them. You can use aluminum products, they are much lighter than metal ones.

Do-it-yourself installation instructions for ventilated facades are the same as for professional installation. It is shown above.

When attaching the wind protection film, consider the following rules:

Fasten the film on the outside of the thermal insulation using dish-shaped dowels;
The overlap must be at least ten centimeters;
The inner side of the film is tightly attached to the insulation;
In places of overlap, the film is fastened with connecting and sealing tapes to avoid unwanted moisture condensation.

Install the cladding strictly according to the installation scheme of the ventilated facade.

Porcelain stoneware slabs or other facing materials are installed after arranging the end clasps and fixing them on the profile, after which rubber seals are inserted into the profile.

Porcelain tile installation is carried out from the bottom - top, from left to right. Porcelain tiles are fixed observing the gap.

If the design and installation of ventilated facades are done incorrectly, problems will inevitably arise.

The most common is blockage of the air gap due to a fallen insulation or detachment of the membrane.

They warp, get wet, and the owner subsequently has to redo everything and spend money on repairs.

Therefore, it is better to entrust the installation of the subsystem of ventilated facades to specialists, since if the technology for installing ventilated facades is observed and carried out in accordance with all the rules, then they will protect the walls of the house for at least twenty years.

Service prices

The price of installation of ventilated facades is determined from the total cost of the frame materials, the thermal insulation used, the type of cladding and the arrangement of additional elements.

If specialists are involved in the arrangement, installation work is also included here.

When arranging an outdoor air conditioner, the cost of installing a ventilated facade should increase significantly, since works of this level of complexity are quite expensive.

To find out how much it costs to install a ventilated facade, you need to know the number of windows in the house, the presence of bay windows and the number of external corners.

The more of them, the more difficult the arrangement will be and, therefore, the prices for the installation of ventilated facades in this case will be higher.

If you have decided to do the installation yourself, but at the same time you are purchasing a heater from a well-known company and other high-quality certified materials, then you will not get by with a budget amount.

The cheapest finishing materials are siding and corrugated board, and stone is the most expensive.

If you do all the arrangement work correctly, then the ventilated facade will serve you flawlessly for about fifty years.

Do not save on materials and work on the installation of facades, search for teams that agree to carry out insulation at the lowest cost, because of this, additional costs may soon be required.

This article will consider a ventilated facade. The technology of its device, the main design schemes. We will analyze the important points and main components of the ventilated facade.

Ventilated facade system, main design points

Figure 1 below shows the general layout of a ventilated façade.

Let's analyze what structural moments are typical for a wall with a ventilated facade. This must be understood in order to correctly carry out the wall and its outer part (facade). If the wall is a wall with a ventilated façade, then it must be properly constructed accordingly. If the wall is a wall without a ventilated facade, then it must also be structurally correct, so you need to understand the difference. We will talk about two types of ventilated facade:

without insulation, shown in Figure 2;
with insulation, shown in Figure 3.

A wall can be considered as a wall with a ventilated facade without insulation (Figure 2) if:

The wall is made of vapor-permeable materials (with vapor permeability not lower than 0.05 mg/(m*h*Pa)).
There is a ventilation gap between the wall and the cladding (3-4 cm).

A wall can be considered as a wall with an insulated ventilated facade (also known as a ventilated facade with insulation, Figure 3) if:

there is a vapor-permeable insulation in the wall outside (with a vapor permeability of at least 0.1-0.3 mg / (m * h * Pa));
this insulation is closed with a superdiffusion membrane (with a vapor permeability of 800 g / m 2 per day and above);
after the superdiffusion membrane, a ventilation gap was made, 4-6 cm.

For clarity, I will indicate the signs of a wall, in which the wall, although it resembles a ventilated facade, is NOT one. So if:

the wall is insulated from the inside and there is a gap between the insulation and the inner lining;
the wall is insulated from the outside with a vapor-tight insulation (with a vapor permeability lower than that of cotton wool, below 0.1 mg / (m * h * Pa));
the wall is insulated from the outside with a vapor-permeable insulation, and the insulation is covered with a material with a vapor permeability below 800 g / m 2 per day (these materials can be a vapor barrier film, a waterproofing film and a low-quality superdiffusion membrane);
the wall is insulated from the outside with a vapor-permeable insulation, the insulation is closed with a superdiffusion membrane, but there is no ventilation gap of 3-4 cm between the membrane and the cladding;

then the wall is not a wall with a ventilated facade by its design, and, accordingly, should be arranged as a completely different design.

The main layers of the ventilated facade (non-insulated and insulated)

Whether a ventilated façade is insulated or not will depend on its design (number of layers, lathing design, etc.). On a ventilated facade without insulation, let's analyze the main layers, and their features. On a ventilated facade with insulation, we will analyze the features, varieties of such a facade and the main layers. The device (how to perform) both types of ventilated facade will be discussed in a separate article.

The main layers of a ventilated facade without insulation:

Bearing wall made of wall materials.
Crate.
Ventilation gap.
Facing.

The load-bearing wall, ventilation gap and cladding for a ventilated facade without insulation are the same as for an insulated ventilated facade, you can read about them in the next paragraph. The crate for a ventilated facade without insulation will differ from a ventilated facade with insulation, and the design and arrangement of the crate will be described in detail in a separate article.

We found out above that we will consider a wall with an insulated ventilated facade only a wall insulated from the outside with a vapor-permeable insulation with a superdiffusion membrane on top of the insulation and a ventilation gap. Let us consider in more detail the components of an insulated ventilated facade. An insulated ventilated facade can be "with a wall" and "without a wall" (it is also a frame). A ventilated facade "with a wall" is shown in Figures 2 and 3. In Figure 2 - a non-insulated ventilated facade "with a wall", in Figure 3 - an insulated ventilated facade "with a wall". A ventilated facade "without a wall" (frame) will be considered in Figure 5.

That is, if the insulated ventilated facade is “with a wall”, then the insulation, membrane and cladding are attached to the load-bearing wall from wall materials. If the insulated ventilated facade is “without a wall”, it is also a frame one, then the insulation layer is the wall, and there is no load-bearing wall made of wall materials in the structure. The question of the device of the frame wall is disclosed in detail in the article. In this article, we will not consider a frame wall, but will consider only the design of an insulated ventilated facade “with a wall”, when all layers are attached to a load-bearing wall made of wall materials. Such a design can be provided initially, during the construction of the house, or it can be the result of facade reconstruction (if the finished load-bearing wall of wall materials is insulated or lined already during the operation of the house). From whether the ventilated facade was made immediately during construction or is the result of reconstruction, the design and rules for its construction do not change. Let's move on to the main layers of an insulated ventilated facade, consider how each layer affects the structure as a whole and highlight the points that are important for the correct design. First, I will list the main layers of an insulated ventilated facade, in the order in which they will be considered.

Bearing wall.
Crate.
Insulation.
superdiffusion membrane.
Ventilation gap (vent gap).
Sheathing (facing) of the facade.

Bearing wall

Such a wall can be made:

brick,
from blocks (any, aerated concrete, expanded clay concrete, foam concrete, shell rock, cinder block, etc.),
from a wooden beam or log, or from a board;
from adobe,
from stone.

The following parameters of the ventilated facade will depend on what the load-bearing wall is made of:

Insulation thickness. The “warmer” (the lower the thermal conductivity) of the wall material, the less thickness of additional thermal insulation will be needed.
Type of crate (wood or metal) and fasteners of the crate (dowels, self-tapping screws, and which ones, more on this later, in the paragraph about the crate).
The design of the crate will depend on how even the load-bearing wall is (how it will be attached to the wall, directly or through a U-shaped suspension, more on that later in the paragraph about the crate).

Ventilated façade sheathing

I will call the crate a system of elements with which a heater and a membrane are fixed to the wall. The ventilated facade trim is also attached to the crate.

The figures above show that the “first” and “second” battens are involved in the design of the ventilated facade. This is the conventional designation of fasteners adopted in this article, Figure 5. The first crate I call the crate that is attached to the wall (regardless of its material, design). The second crate I call fasteners that are attached to the first crate, and to which the lining is attached (again, the name "second" does not depend on the material and design of the elements).

First crate may be:

from wooden blocks,
from U-shaped suspensions,
from a self-made fastener (cut from the CD 60 profile).

Second crate may be:

from a wooden block;
from profile CD 60.

The choice of the design of the crate (both the first and the second) will depend on the following parameters:

Is the wall insulated or not?
If the wall is insulated, then what is the thickness of the insulation (100 or 50 mm);
The wall is even, or there are irregularities (more than 1 cm per 1 m2).

How the first and second crates are selected in each case of the three above, I will describe in the article.

Sheath material. First of all, the material of the crate (wood or metal) is dictated by the chosen design of the crate (and the design depends on the three parameters given above). Once a design has been selected, the availability of that material must be taken into account to determine the material. It depends on the region of construction. In some regions it is easy to buy a normal dried bar for a crate, while in others it is easier to put metal profiles. It should also be borne in mind that when buying a non-dried bar, you need to fix it immediately so that it dries already in a fixed position, otherwise it will lead.

Note. When determining the material of the second crate, it is desirable to take into account such a moment. If the cladding is made of something wooden (for example, cladding from OSB or a blockhouse), then it is better to make the second crate from wood. This is not a mandatory requirement, it's just better (the second crate and cladding with the same material are easier to attach to each other and work better.

Insulation for a ventilated facade

For a ventilated facade, a heater with the following parameters is needed:

with a vapor permeability of 0.1-0.3 mg / (m * h * Pa) and above;
with a certain density. For mineral wool 30-50 kg/m 2 . For fiberglass wool - 20 kg / m 2 and above;
the insulation must be in slabs (not rolled).

The thickness of the insulation is determined by calculation and depends on the material of the wall and the construction area. The best choice for insulation is mineral wool or fiberglass wool. These heaters are used in 99% of cases.

Note. The thermal insulation performance of a ventilated facade is affected by those materials (and their thicknesses) that are located BEFORE the ventilation gap (from the inside). Any insulation, of any thickness, located after ventilation gap, for thermal insulation performance does not affect. For example, if OSB is located after the ventilation gap, then there were cases when builders advised to arrange polystyrene or XPS on top of the OSB, and plaster that it would be warmer. This is not true, by installing insulation after the ventilation gap, the facade cannot be additionally insulated. An example of such a design (with useless insulation after the ventilation gap) is shown in Figure 6.

Super diffusion membrane

As mentioned above, the membrane should be with a vapor permeability of 800 g / m 2 per day and above. The overlap of the membrane is 10-15 cm (both horizontally and vertically). Membrane joints can be fixed with a construction stapler; it is not necessary to glue them.

ventilation gap

The gap size is 4-6 cm. This gap can be performed:

1. Due to the additional crate (in the case of a wooden crate).

2. Due to the U-shaped profile (in a design with a crate made of a metal profile).

Figure 8 shows that the ventilation gap is formed due to the length of the U-shaped suspension, on which wool is put on, as well as due to the second crate from the CD 60 profile. This is the case when both the first and second crates are metal. Figure 9 below shows how the ventilation gap is formed when the first crate is metal and the second is wooden.

3. Due to the length of the self-made fastener metal element (in the design, when the first crate is a self-made fastener cut from the CD 60 profile). The second crate in this case can be from a metal profile (shown in Figure 10, below) and can be from a wooden block (shown in Figure 11, below).

You can read more about how exactly the ventilation gap is organized for various batten designs in the article. The design and implementation of a self-made fastener from a cut CD 60 profile will be discussed there.

Facing

The type of cladding depends on:

material of the second crate,
crate step (first and second),
details of fastening the cladding to the second crate.

How exactly it depends, we will analyze in the same paragraph, below.

Basic cladding options:

Siding (PVC).
A variety of plates: magnesite, glass-magnesium (LSU), OSB.
Block house.

Now about how exactly the material, step and details of fastening the crate depend on the type of cladding.

If the cladding is made of something wooden (for example, cladding from OSB, wall paneling, or blockhouse), then it is better to make the second crate from wood. It's not a requirement, it's just better that way.
The step of the crate depends on the cladding, on its material and size. I will give a crate step for the main cladding materials. These are indicative, recommended values, since for an accurate determination it is necessary to consider each case separately. So:
The above dimensions are general guidelines. For greater certainty, before mounting, it is advisable to check empirically how suitable the pre-selected pitch is. To do this, fill the bars with the selected step on the wall of the house or even on the wall of any outbuilding and fix 1-2 elements of the facing material. Try to lean on. It happens that the step can be increased (and at the same time save materials and installation time) or the step needs to be reduced, since the cladding sags.
The type of cladding depends on how it will be attached to the crate.
To the wooden crate:

Siding. Can be fixed with a professional (not simple) stapler. This is a pneumatic stapler with large staples, it is also used in the manufacture of furniture.

OSB, LSU. With a sheet thickness of up to 12 mm - self-tapping screws 25 mm, with a sheet thickness of more than 12 m - self-tapping screws 35 mm.

Block house. With a blockhouse thickness of 2 to 2.5 cm - a thick self-tapping screw. With a blockhouse thickness of 1.6 to 2 cm - a thin self-tapping screw with a narrow sunk head or a sunken nail with a thin head. Self-tapping screws are yellow or galvanized, black is not recommended, as they rust. Fastening can be carried out "on the spike" so that the screws are not visible, or you can "on the forehead", then the screws will be visible. And since the screws are visible, it is better to fasten them along the lace (we pull the lace along the line of the location of the screws and then we fasten the screws strictly along the line of the lace).

For metal profile:

Siding. Self-tapping screws 9 mm long (popularly called "flea") with a drill at the end.

OSB, LSU. An ordinary self-tapping screw (without a drill at the end) 25 or 35 mm long, better for metal, but it is also possible for wood.

Block house. Self-tapping screw for wood 25 or 35 mm.

To a homemade fastener:

A beam (section 40x30, 40x20) or a metal profile is inserted into this element at the end, as can be seen in Figures 10 and 11 above. If the profile, then it (the profile) is attached to the fastener with a self-tapping screw with a drill (flea) 9 mm long. If a wooden block, then it (the block) is attached to the fastener with a wood self-tapping screw 25 mm long. And already to the cladding, the profile or bar is attached as described above, in the paragraphs "to the metal profile" and to the "wooden crate".

Note. I deliberately do not give in this article the step of fastening the cladding to the second crate (through what distance the self-tapping screws are attached). The fact is that the value of this step varies greatly depending on the material of the cladding. And for each type (for OSB, siding, etc.), you can make a separate article with installation details.

On the vapor permeability of a wall with a ventilated facade

I would like to analyze this point in more detail, since there are many different misconceptions about this. In the very name "ventilated facade", some "promise of vapor permeability" is hidden ("vent" means ventilated, which means it breathes, etc.). Let's see if that's the case. This is important to understand, since the required ventilation power depends on which walls (facade) in the house. For vapor-permeable walls, this power is less, for vapor-tight walls it is more (on average by 15-20%, it must be determined by calculation for each situation). So, a wall with a ventilated facade is vapor-permeable if all layers of this wall are vapor-permeable. That is, if the wall contains no materials with vapor permeability lower than the values \u200b\u200bgiven by me, I repeat: lower than 0.1-0.3 mg / (m * h * Pa) for insulation and vapor permeability not lower than 0.05 mg / (m *h*Pa) for the remaining layers of the wall. For example, a wall with such a design (from the inside to the outside) drywall, brick, insulation, superdiffusion membrane, ventilation gap, cladding. This is a vapor permeable wall, shown in Figure 15.

Figure 16. Example of a vapor barrier wall with a ventilated façade

Thus, the presence of a vapor barrier material from within the wall or within the thickness of the wall can render a wall with a ventilated façade vapor permeable (if there is no vapor barrier material) and vapor barrier (if such material is present). The very meaning of the ventilated facade does not change. In short, the meaning of a ventilated facade is to ventilate the material in which the dew point is located. This material can be a wall (in the case of a non-insulated ventilated facade), or it can be a heater (in the case of an insulated ventilated facade).

Note: In this article, we do not touch on the structure of the frame wall, which, most often, is a ventilated facade. But it should be noted that in the frame wall, the presence of vapor barrier is mandatory, which means that properly executed walls of the frame house are vapor-tight. You can read more about the walls of a frame house in the article.

It took root in Russia at the end of the last century. Early adopters praised the design's performance benefits, aesthetics and versatility. The main advantage of the ventilation facade is its ability to ensure the removal of condensate in the free space between the cladding and the wall. Despite the popularity of this design, the question remains: "Ventilated facade - what is it?" Of course, this is not only a hinged frame and panels fixed on it. The installation involves a whole range of additional fasteners. At the same time, there are various installation schemes and approaches to the choice of materials for component parts.

Ventilated facade design

The design of the ventilation facade system is focused on ensuring reliability, visually attractive appearance and optimal humidity conditions. All of these qualities are achieved thanks to the outer cladding, the base in the form of a frame, as well as layers of insulation. It turns out reliable, efficient in use and undemanding in the care of the "pie", the components of which may vary.

Both the cladding, the metal for the frame, and the means of thermal insulation are selected from a wide range of materials based on the requirements of a particular building. One way or another, this set of components allows you to better understand the answer to the question: "Ventilated facade - what is it?" This is a structure designed to protect walls with high-strength decorative cladding and a metal frame. At the same time, the configuration of the placement of these layers can be different and depend on the climatic conditions and technical requirements of the project. For example, if it is necessary to increase the resistance of the facade to vapor permeability, technologists reduce the presence of heat transfer elements.

Ventilated facade subsystems

The subsystem in the design of the ventilation facade is the basis, which is formed by brackets and profiles. This component provides direct fixation to the building and serves as the basis for mechanical fastening of decorative panels. The profile for ventilated facades takes on the greatest loads, which can be represented by aluminum alloy, galvanized or stainless steel. For private cottages, as a rule, an aluminum subsystem is used. It is an inexpensive and easy-to-install material with optimal strength characteristics for small houses. Galvanized steel is also advantageous for the price, but its durability leaves much to be desired. Under the influence of corrosion, such profiles become unusable after 6-7 years, requiring replacement. Aluminum and stainless steel are more profitable in this sense.

Not the last place in the frame is occupied by fasteners, including rivets, and various clamps. In this case, hardware cannot be considered as universal methods of fastening, since each subsystem requires an analysis for the compatibility of component parts - including the calculation of a profile-fastener combination. In addition, the subsystem of ventilated facades is responsible for the formation of an air gap between and the heat insulator layer. The gap is a necessary condition in the installation of ventilated facades, ignoring which you can get a finish with characteristics that are contrary to the project.

Units of a ventilated facade

For each system, corresponding architectural and structural key points are developed. They also involve the use of fasteners, the technical design of which may vary. Due to the presence of such elements, high strength of the subsystem is achieved. At the same time, the choice of technology for its execution depends on the method of installation, which implements a specific ventilated facade. Nodes for standard structures can be of the following types:

Mounting unit to the carrier base. It is carried out using a bracket that fixes the profiles to the wall of the building.
Knot for fastening profiles to brackets.
Knot for fastening the slopes of the ventilation facade - this system can be represented as a frame for the door and window openings of the house.
Fixing points for building corners. Such fastening of ventilated facades involves the use of special corner hardware and racks.
Socle knots - are located in the lower and upper parts of the walls.

Cladding material

From the point of view of decorative properties, this is the main part of the facade, which represents the shell of the house. The cladding elements are fastened to the profiles in such a way that an air niche remains between the panels and the insulation layer. Again, we can return to the question of ventilated facade - what is it? Of course, in the eyes of ordinary users of the building, this is just the external design. Designers and installers think about the technical device and fastening systems, and at the output, the aesthetic merits of the facing material are first of all evaluated. Metal panels, stone slabs, siding and even glass with wood can cope with this function.

Porcelain stoneware still won the greatest popularity. The mechanical strength of ceramic granite determined its organic place in ventilation facade systems. It protects the surface of the building from atmospheric influences and is wear-resistant in itself, and the variety of textures makes it the best solution for such tasks. Serious competition for porcelain stoneware is made up of composite materials based on lightweight concrete and synthetic fiber. In addition to high strength, ventilated composite facades based on fiber cement also provide a decorative effect. With their help, they imitate rocky and stone surfaces, as well as recreate the texture of traditional cladding - for example, tiles, bricks, plaster and other coatings.

Wooden ventilation facades

In such a responsible enterprise, the use of metal structures is quite justified. However, ultra-high strength is not always the main requirement for the exterior design of the house. So, the cost of the structure, the ease of its execution and environmental properties may come to the fore. For example, for frame-panel buildings, engineers are increasingly recommending the use of a wooden ventilated facade. What it is in terms of economy - the answer is clear (cost reduction on profiles and brackets), but in relation to strength, conflicting judgments still arise. The basis of the design is a beam, which, of course, is inferior in many respects to the same aluminum. Nevertheless, the wooden lathing is subjected to special treatment before use, which brings it closer to the optimal characteristics required for ventilated facades.

Ventilated facade installation

Work begins with marking the attachment points of the brackets on the wall surface. This is followed by the direct installation of supporting fasteners for the subsystem: creating holes, introducing anchor dowels and fixing the brackets. After that, proceed to the installation of a wind and hydroprotective film and insulation. Insulating panels are hung on the surface through the slots for the brackets. Thermal insulation boards are mounted in combination with foil using dowels. At the next stage, the installation of facades involves the installation of guides. To do this, the profiles are installed in the grooves of the brackets and finally fixed with rivets. The work is completed by installing facing plates to the guide profiles - this is done with clamps or

Ventilated facade and solar energy

The way the panels are arranged is beneficial for solar energy processing. This innovative solution is implemented using photovoltaic batteries. Already today there are many projects for private use that provide for "solar" cladding. Despite the apparent complexity of such technologies, the installation of facades with photovoltaic cells is quite simple. The only difference from traditional technology is the integration of solar cells incorporating a photovoltaic system. According to the developers of such models, the facades will be able to generate up to 200% of the energy required to maintain the house.

A question of price

Many factors affect the cost of the structure, but the main ones are the material for the subsystem and the cladding, with which ventilated facades are designed. The price of systems based on aluminum is 500-600 rubles. for 1 m 2. The very same porcelain stoneware for the facade can cost 300-400 rubles. More affordable structures from galvanized subsystems - payment for 1 m 2 rarely exceeds 200 rubles. But it is important to take into account that the cost goes down quite justifiably, since a less strong and durable galvanized steel frame may require reconstruction or a complete renovation of the facade in the future.

Conclusion

Among the facade design technologies, ventilated structures rightly occupy a leading position. In many ways, this is facilitated by a set of materials from which such systems are mounted. High-strength fasteners, aluminum and stainless steel, reliable and aesthetic porcelain stoneware - these are just some of the advantages that ventilated facades have. The price of a quality design is 500 rubles. for 1 m 2, of course, it is not a plus, but it is almost impossible to get a facade similar in characteristics at a lower cost. Ventilated facades have gone far from competitors not only in terms of strength and decorativeness, but also in terms of ease of maintenance, which reduces operating costs.

The façade forms the exterior of the building. New systems and modern facing materials can change the face of any building. There are special requirements for external decor. In addition to aesthetics, safety and functionality are important here. The ventilated facade gained its popularity relatively recently. In the domestic market, the active introduction of technology began to be engaged in the late 90s. During this time, methods of using it in various climatic conditions were worked out. Let us consider in more detail the concept of a ventilated facade, what kind of construction it is and what are its advantages.

What is a ventilated facade

A ventilated facade system, or ventilated facade, is an external cladding and protective structure. It is a highly efficient two-stage building-physical system for isolation from environmental influences. The design consists of facing materials fixed on the frame and fixed on the bearing layer of the wall or the monolith floor. A gap is formed between the wall and the cladding, through which air moves freely in a circle. It removes condensate and moisture from structures.

The whole building consists of:

Substructures.
anchor elements.
fasteners.
Insulation.
Moisture and windproof membrane.
Air layer.
Facings.
Adjacency elements to common building structures.

The classification is based on the materials used for the substructure (framework) and cladding.

Types of ventilated facades

The metal structure of the system allows you to create two types of external facades of this type:

Vertical.
Horizontal-vertical.

Depending on the materials used for external cladding, it is customary to distinguish the following types of ventilated building facades:

porcelain stoneware;
from stone and brick;
from planken (wooden board);
lined, using metal cassettes made of painted galvanized steel;
with lining ;
with decorative cladding with aluminum composite panels, terracotta, concrete, Polyalpan thermal panels.

Types of facades are divided depending on the material of the substructure frame into

wooden;
galvanized;
painted galvanized steel;
aluminum (using aluminum-based alloys);
stainless (premium class, base - stainless steel).

Materials for ventilated exterior finishes are selected based on the budget and construction features. The most popular types of ventilated facades for a private house, in addition to functionality, take into account the style of the entire site. The following requirements are imposed on the ventilation facade of low-rise buildings:

waterproofing;
thermal insulation;
soundproofing.

For facing cottages, siding, porcelain stoneware, clinker tiles, natural or artificial stones, as well as sandwich panels are most often used. As a frame, you can choose a wooden crate. Such a substructure is appropriate when sheathing a house with light material.

Requirements for ventilated facade structures according to SNiP

Fire safety is one of the main requirements for ventilated facades, however, as well as for other systems for external insulation. Regulates the process of developing a project for a ventilated façade. It establishes the requirements for all elements and for the system as a whole. Legislatively, the requirements for structures are enshrined in SP 23-101-2000. The document deals with the design of thermal protection of various types of buildings. SNiP 23-02-2003 also regulates the thermal protection of buildings.

Without fire testing, structures of this type cannot be considered safe. After passing special tests, the possible height of buildings is determined for their installation. Based on the results of the checks, a conclusion is issued on the fire safety of the system.

Design and estimate documentation for ventilated facades is developed for each object separately. The basis for it is a task with information on the compliance of the SNiPam system. The task is approved by the customer and includes:

List of architectural drawings of the facade.
Construction drawings of external walls.

The durability of the cladding depends on the quality of installation. The ventilated exterior finish is a layered construction of interconnected elements. When one of them fails, the others quickly fall into disrepair. Deviations from the installation rules can provoke:

distortion of the carrier system of the frame;
wetting of the heat-insulating material or its delamination from the wall;
water leakage;
leveling of the ventilation duct.

Ventilated facade technology

The placement of material layers in the façade structure depends on the heat transfer performance and vapor resistance. The optimal installation scheme is carried out in the following sequence:

wall;
thermal insulation;
layer of air;
protective screen.

To standardize construction work, technological maps for the installation of ventilated facades are used. A separate map is drawn up for each species.

Special requirements are imposed on the complex arrangement of ventilated facades made of porcelain stoneware, facade concrete and aluminum panels. The advantage of these materials is their durability and high wear resistance. The small sizes of facing materials and the complex masonry scheme, on the contrary, greatly complicate the work. If we are talking about facing with inclined tiles, then the professionalism of the master is required. Otherwise, problems cannot be avoided.

The technology for constructing a ventilated facade made of siding (plastic or wood), light OSB-type slabs or a blockhouse may involve the use of wooden batten structures. Such a facade is installed on private cottages.

Installation technology for a ventilated facade made of porcelain stoneware and other materials. Video instruction

In order for such a functional finish to be reliable and functional, the requirements of the technological process must be strictly observed. According to statistics, new buildings are damaged or fail in the first 5 years of operation. The main reason for this phenomenon is installation errors. To avoid such situations, quality control of the assembly will help. It should be carried out in stages.

The technology of installation of ventilated facades can be divided into stages:

Preparatory stage. Passes according to SNiP 3.01–85 and SNiP 3.03.01–87.
Marking points for fixings and brackets. The operation is carried out on the wall of the building according to the project. Mark everything with indelible paint.
Installation of brackets and fixtures. Technological sequence: drill holes in the wall; install a paronite gasket on the brackets; install brackets.
Installation of protective membranes. The insulation is fixed on the wall through the slots for the brackets. The protective membrane panels are hung with an overlap and temporarily fixed. Dowels are installed through the insulation boards and the membrane. Installation starts from the bottom. The first row is mounted on a base or starting profile.
Installation and fastening of consoles and vertical guides to the walls of the building. Each console is fixed with at least 2 rivets. One of them is fixed rigidly, the other, to compensate for possible linear temperature deformation, is mounted freely. Leave a gap at the joints. Install fire breaks.
Cladding installation. This stage depends on the type of cladding. For a porcelain stoneware facade, holes for clamps are marked, they are drilled in guides. Then the facing plate is installed. Quality control is mandatory at every stage. It is carried out in accordance with the technological map of the ventilation facade.

Details of the installation process can be studied by watching the video.

Estimate for a ventilated facade

The funds spent on arranging such an exterior finish will pay off very quickly. The technology helps to save on heating and air conditioning at home. The cost of different types of external cladding differs from each other. Facades made of galvanized steel and porcelain stoneware are considered inexpensive.

An example estimate for a ventilated facade will help determine the cost items. It should include basic and supporting materials. That is, the stage of preparatory work must be taken into account when compiling it.

The main distinguishing properties of ventilated facades are considered to be:

universality;
installation speed;
functional protection;
aesthetic variety;
ease of repair;
possibility of restoration of old buildings;
durability (from 30 years).

If we add to this also the economy, then the popularity of this technology becomes clear. It should be remembered that these advantages are possible with strict adherence to installation technologies.

Ventilated facade systems are widely used for finishing the walls of private houses, industrial buildings and high-rise buildings. There are several types of such systems that are used in modern construction. They are used by both private craftsmen and reputable construction organizations. The installation technology of the crate depends on the type of facing material that will decorate and protect the structure from negative factors. The device of a ventilated facade can be either with insulation or without it.
Note - this method of finishing can be used in summer and winter.

Types of popular facade panels

Porcelain slabs - used on large facades, plinths and entrance groups. Used with or without insulation. Mounted on a metal frame with special clamps. They serve up to 60 years, do not fade. These slabs are heavier than other finishing materials, so they are mounted on a reinforced subsystem in high-rise buildings. Its parameters can be calculated using a special calculator.
Composite panels are aluminum cassettes that are cut and folded from a sheet of composite material. Standard sheet sizes are different for each thickness. So for a sheet with a thickness of 3mm - 1.5 * 4m, for a sheet with a thickness of 4mm - 1.25 * 2.5. They have a low weight of about 7 kg per 1 m2, flexibility and a variety of color options. Such hinged panels provide protection of walls from aggressive natural influences. They are mainly used in industrial buildings, shopping centers, and as a finishing material for residential buildings.
Fiber cement boards are extremely strong and durable. Are made in various flowers.
Natural stone - used for finishing the basement of buildings, or as a facing material for large, municipal buildings. Unlike porcelain stoneware, this material is harder and more resistant to impacts.

What is a ventilated facade

To ensure a favorable microclimate in the room and protect the outer walls of the building, the design of the ventilation facade consists of various materials. It consists of: insulation, membrane, subsystem, facing material and fasteners. As a result of finishing the facade, a system is obtained that provides wall insulation and ventilation between the insulation and the facing material. When installing materials on the walls of a building, the technology must be observed, which we will discuss later.

Compliance with installation technology

Ventilated facade systems work in conjunction with insulation. In the case when the installation was carried out with violations of technology, the system loses its effectiveness. For example, when the insulation layer does not fit snugly against the wall and has gaps, cold bridges appear, which reduce the effectiveness of the insulation. . There must be an air buffer between the membrane and the facing material. Some types of facade panels have a high coefficient of thermal expansion, so it is necessary to properly fasten these elements.

Many private customers make the same mistake: they buy materials for finishing their home on their own. At the same time, they rely on the advice of incompetent sellers from the construction markets, who “push” them with extra additional elements or make calculations based on the size of the customer. In fact, it turns out that the customer purchased extra elements or did not purchase any materials. It would be more reasonable to entrust the calculations to an organization or a private master who will sheathe the facade.

Add 3-4% stock to materials. Add at least 5% to the total length of the profile

Most large construction organizations have qualified engineers and estimators on their staff who will correctly calculate the amount of materials, select the appropriate insulation and curtain panels. But what about the owner of a small private house who wants to make his home beautiful and warm. After all, not every large organization takes on small volumes. Hiring private craftsmen, but you should not count on their statement when choosing materials that “it has already been done” and “everything is fine”.

How to choose material?

This question is about insulation. Other facade elements can be used in any conditions and can be selected based on your taste and wallet size. In order to choose the type of insulation and its thickness, you need to do the same as qualified engineers. Familiarize yourself with the SNiP for insulation that matches your climate zone.
SNiP - a set of norms and rules used in construction.

In these documents you will find information on which layer of insulation must be laid under the cladding panels. When doing this, consider the type of building. Brick house or wooden, panel or frame. The materials from which these houses are made have a different coefficient of thermal conductivity, so the layer of filling under the cladding will be different. Having recharged with information from competent sources that you can find on the Internet, you will be able to make your home very warm, attractive with the observance of technology.

Frame for hinged facades

The frame is a structure that is a lattice of metal profiles or wooden bars. It consists of fasteners for facing material, bearing guides and brackets, which differ in shape and ability to withstand loads (load-bearing capacity). For example, to finish walls with natural stone, you will need reinforced brackets, and to finish a small building with siding or metal cassettes, you will need a direct suspension (lightweight bracket).

Metal carcass

Depending on the type of finishing material, a certain distance between the profiles and suspensions is observed in the manufacture of the frame. For example, for porcelain stoneware when using a galvanized subsystem, the distance between vertical and horizontal profiles is 60 cm. The same step between suspensions. In the design of such a frame there are clamps, through which the tile is attached. Fasteners are selected depending on the type of wall. Self-tapping screws are used for wood, and for brick dowels. Such a frame provides high reliability of the entire facade structure. For the manufacture of such a frame, a professional tool and the skills of a builder are required.

wooden frame

It is made from bars with a section of 50–50 mm. Fastening to the wall is carried out using direct hangers or screws 100 mm long. The design of such a frame is quite simple and can be made by a novice installer. It should be noted that heavy finishing materials should not be attached to such a crate. On such a frame structure, vinyl or metal siding should be used.

Fastening hinged panels to the frame

Porcelain stoneware is attached to the facade with clamps, aluminum composite panels are mounted on skids - these are special fasteners. Clamps are fastened to the frame with rivets, and then a porcelain stoneware slab is mounted on them.
The instructions that come with the finishing panels contain all the necessary information to help carry out a quality installation. The screws used to fasten the panels are selected depending on the material from which the frame is made. For a metal frame, self-tapping screws are used for metal, and for a wooden frame, for wood. But for fixing vinyl siding, it is better to use screws with a press washer. . This will ensure the reliability of the facade structure.

As a rule, the essence of the assembly of the subsystem for all types of facing material is the same, only the fastening elements, clamps, sleds or profiles that are used for fastening differ. Next, consider the installation of porcelain stoneware, as it is one of the most common finishing materials.

Installation of ventilated facades with porcelain stoneware slabs

Before starting work, mark the wall. At the locations of the brackets, marks are applied and holes are drilled. The diameter and length of the drill used for drilling must correspond to the size of the anchor dowel. After attaching the brackets, proceed to the installation of insulation. It should cover the entire surface of the wall in a continuous layer and be securely fixed to it. For this, rondos are used. They are a plastic dowel with a large diameter cap. During the installation of rondolas, the insulation is covered with a vapor barrier membrane and fastened through it. Thus, the membrane is securely held on the insulation.

The structure of the ventilated facades includes metal profiles, which must be fixed on the brackets and at the same time, using them to create one plane. To do this, fix the first profile at the corner of the building and the second at the opposite. When installing profiles, control the vertical with a level. In order to create a single plane between the profiles, nylon threads are pulled, the distance between them should be no more than one meter. After that, they proceed to the installation of the following profiles, which are mounted on brackets with blind rivets.

Advice from the "facade"

Note - for the sake of economy, the use of screws is allowed, but this type of fastener is not recommended, since the screw fastener is unscrewed over time under the influence of acoustic effects.

According to the installation technology of porcelain stoneware panels, special clamps should be used, which are designed for fixing plates on the frame and are included in the facade system. This configuration allows you to assemble a ventilated facade very quickly and efficiently. The clamps are attached to the frame with rivets. Before starting to fasten these elements, you can pull a thread along the frame, which will determine the location of the lower clamps.

It should be noted that the complete set of facade systems includes several types of clamps.

It consists of clamps, which are located on the bottom of the plate, on the side and on top. After mounting the lower fasteners, install the first plate at the corner and fix it with a side clamp. This is how the installation of the entire lower row of facade plates is carried out. After that, the upper clamps are fixed, which are the lower ones for the second row of plates and repeat the steps described above. If everything is done according to this instruction, it will be warm in your house, and the facade system will last for many years.

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