Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Emotionally expressive coloring of words

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture), highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, forbidden, prescribe).

Bookish words are out of place in a casual conversation: “The first leaves appeared on green spaces”; “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we are in a hurry to replace alien words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake). Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting. Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “O my unforgettable comrade-in-arms and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!” If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.

As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings. There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. It is easy to verify this by comparing words that are close in meaning: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; handsome, charming. bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I don’t like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression. Expression- means expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask - pray, beg; to cry - to sob, to roar. Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), lofty (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). Reduced words sharply differ from all these words, which are marked with marks: playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, praised), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (painting), contemptuous (toady), derogatory ( squishy), vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool). Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an avid bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."

Expressive styles

Modern science of language distinguishes, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.

Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (reduced), as well as intimately affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.

The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished.

1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, pioneer; grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud; marvelous , miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief).

2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.

3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neat, near and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We have received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity, etc. positive color is fixed. Even the different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic tinge (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).

Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. And book vocabulary includes high words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (beautifulness, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (masque, corrupt). Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small, zealous, giggle, brag). In common speech, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker's negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, vulgar, etc.).

Conversational style

We do not speak the way we write, and if we write down colloquial speech, it will look so unusual that we involuntarily want to amend it in accordance with the norms of written speech. However, this should not be done, because conversational style obeys its own norms and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in a casual conversation.

The colloquial style performs the main function of the language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication, the absence of a preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, everyday content and dialogic form.

The situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation of speech. This allows you to reduce the statement to the maximum, in which individual components may be absent, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases. For example, in a bakery, the phrase does not seem strange to us: Please, with bran, one; at the station at the ticket office: Two to Odintsovo, children and adults etc.

In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style.

Like any style, conversational has its own special scope, a certain theme. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices ... It is possible, of course, to discuss the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics also obey the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.

For a relaxed conversation, a necessary condition is the lack of officiality, trusting, free relations between the participants in the dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers to language means.

In the colloquial style, for which the oral form is the original, the sound side of speech plays the most important role, and above all, intonation: it is it (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of colloquialism. Casual speech is distinguished by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the pace of speech. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic, strict) pronunciation style inherent in a lecturer, orator, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from the colloquial style, their texts are other book styles in oral speech!), From incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich We are speaking San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension of the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not hello, not He speaks, but "grit", not now, and "lose", instead of we will you hear "buim", instead of what -"cho", etc.). Such a “simplification” of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in vernacular.

Vocabulary colloquial style is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used words (day, year, work, sleep, early, you can, good, old); 2) colloquial words (potato, reader, real, nestle). It is also possible the use of colloquial words, professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, that is, various non-literary elements that reduce the style. All this vocabulary is predominantly everyday content, specific. At the same time, the range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced color here. Characteristic is the use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) - opener, goodie, nutcrackers(instead of nutcrackers), subdue(according to the model adopt).

In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - evening, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-storey building five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted and one word is used instead of two: forbidden zone - zone, Academic Council - advice, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - decree.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or indefinite meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, piece, thing, story.“Empty” words are close to them, acquiring a certain meaning only in the context (bagpipe, bandura, jalopy). For example: And where will we put this bandura?(about the closet); We know this music!

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are colloquial in nature. (at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; they differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Compare: go out of life- play catch, mislead- hang noodles on your ears (rub glasses, suck from your finger, take from the ceiling).

word formation colloquial speech is characterized by features due to its expressiveness and appraisal: here the suffixes of subjective assessment are used with the meanings of flattery, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, sweetie, sun, child; wimp, vulgarity, house; cold etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional coloring of colloquialism, for example, for nouns: suffixes -to- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove);-ik (knife, rain); -un(talker); -yaga(hard worker); -yatina(Yummy); -sha (for feminine nouns of job titles: doctor, conductor, usher etc.). Non-suffix formations are used (snoring, dancing) composition (couch potato, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning: eye-asty, spectacles-asty, tooth-asty; biting, brawling; thin, healthy and others, as well as verbs - prefix-suffix: to play pranks, to call, to play, to play, suffixes: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixed: is-lose weight, with-ku-drink etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling of words - adjectives is used, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is such a huge-huge; water black-black ; she is big-eyed-eyed ; smart-premium), acting in superlatives.

In area morphology colloquial style is distinguished by a special frequency of verbs, they are used here even more often than nouns. Indicative and especially frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. Personal pronouns are widely used because of the constant need to designate the participants in the conversation. Demonstrative pronouns and others are necessary for colloquial style due to their inherent breadth, generalization of meaning. Gesture specifies them, and this creates conditions for a very concise transmission of this or that information (for example: It's not here, it's there.) Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without first mentioning a specific word. (I This I will not take; Such it does not suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used. (mother's Job, old-fashioned gun), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, and for particles and interjections colloquial speech is a native element (What can I say! That's the thing! God forbid about this and remember something! On you, surprise!).

In colloquial style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns. (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshop, locksmith), numerals (fifty, five hundred) verbs (read, I don't read raise, instead of lifting not seen, not heard). In a live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found, which have the meaning of instantaneous and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve; And the grasshopper jumped- and into the grass. Colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives are used (better, shorter, harder than all), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently, most likely) and variants of pronoun endings (the mistress herself, in their house). Even colloquial forms are found here in playful contexts. (her boyfriend, evon comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive plural of nouns such as kilogram, gram, orange, tomato etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the colloquial style allows the use of material nouns in combination with numerals. (two milk, two ryazhenka- in the sense of "two servings"). Peculiar forms of address are common here - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Kat! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: here the nominative dominates, which in oral replicas replaces book controlled forms.

For example: He built a cottage- station near; I bought a fur coat- grey astrakhan; Porridge - look! (conversation in the kitchen); House shoes- where to go? (in the bus); Turn left, transition and score sporting goods. Especially consistently, the nominative case replaces all the others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles(instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three); had three dogs (three dogs).

Syntax colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in the speech, which is quite understandable to the speaker: Please show in line(when buying notebooks); I don't want a taganka(when choosing theater tickets); To you from the heart?(in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: AT hat did not pass here? They love to look up sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of speech, connecting constructions appear in it: Must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to remember the details and completes the statement.

Compound sentences are not typical for colloquial speech, non-union ones are used more often than others: I'm leaving- you will feel better; You talk, I listen. Some non-union constructions of a colloquial type are not comparable with any book phrases. For example: And there that, a rich choice or you were not?; And for the next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is put in the first place: A computer buy me; currency paid off; Worst of all it is that nothing can be done; Palace Square /are you leaving?; These are the qualities I appreciate it. At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don't know where to get water anyway; And I know hunger, and what cold is; Are you asking about her and what did I do? Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by weakening the function of the subordinate clause, merging it with the main one, structural reduction: You could talk about whatever you wanted; You will work with whom they will order; Call whoever you want; I live as I please.

In a number of conversational types of sentences, question-answer constructions can be combined and the structural features of dialogic speech can be reflected, for example: Whom I respect on the course is Ivanova; What I need is you.

The following features of colloquial syntax should also be noted:

The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Faith, she is comes late; precinct, is he noticed it.

Putting at the beginning of the sentence an important word from the subordinate clause: I love bread, always fresh.

The use of sentence words: Okay; It's clear; Can; Yes; Not; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Well no! Maybe.

The use of insert structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was young then) he is joking; And we, as is known, a guest is always welcome; Kolya- he is generally a good person - wanted to help...

Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say so, you know.

Wide spread of lexical repetitions: So-so, just about, barely, far, far, fast, fast etc.

Conversational style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be reckoned with. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Stylistic coloration

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "stylistic coloring" is in other dictionaries:

stylistic coloration- units In lexical stylistics: the expressive properties of a language unit, superimposed on its main, or subject-logical, meaning. * sail (neutral coloring) sail (sublime coloring); hit (neutral coloring) kick… …

functional and stylistic coloring- See the article stylistic coloring ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Functional-stylistic coloring- - see Stylistic resources of vocabulary, or lexical stylistics ...

COLORING, coloring, pl. no, female 1. Action according to Ch. paint and color paint. Painting of the house and outbuildings. 2. Color, shade of color of something. A bird with a variegated coloration. 3. trans. A special tone, an expressive shade of something (bookish). ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Stylistic connotation- (coloring, stylistic meaning) is usually defined as additional in relation to the subject-logical and grammatical meaning of a language unit, its expressive emotionally evaluative and functional properties. More broadly… … Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

COLORING, and, for women. 1. See dyeing and dyeing. 2. Color 1 or combination of colors 1 on what. Protective about. in animals. Brightly colored fabrics. 3. trans. Semantic, expressive shade of something. Make the story humorous. Stylistic about. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Additional stylistic shades that are superimposed on the main, subject-logical meaning of the word and perform an emotionally expressive or evaluative function, giving the statement the character of solemnity, familiarity, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

stylistic coloring- An expressive or functional property of a language unit, determined either by the properties of the unit itself (proshlyga - expressive coloring), or by the context of use (outgoing, debit - functional coloring) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

AND; well. 1. to Color to color (1 sign). O. buildings. O. hair. Take furs for coloring. Butterfly with brownish yellow wings. Gentle about. foliage. 2. Color, shade of something. Autumn about. foliage. The clouds are soft blue. / About the characteristic color ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

coloring- and; well. see also painting 1) to paint 1) to paint Painting / ska buildings. Coloring / ska hair. Take furs for coloring ... Dictionary of many expressions

Books

• Dictionary of Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological reference book, A. K. Birich, V. M. Mokienko, L. I. Stepanova. The dictionary is the first attempt in Russian lexicography to give the most complete information about the history and etymology of Russian phraseological units. Revealing the original image of each sustainable…
• The stylistic aspect of Russian word-formation, Vinogradova V.N. This book discusses the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive coloring of word-formation models characteristic of book, colloquial and artistic speech. ...

The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (realistic, blurt out, a little); some give speech solemnity (predestinate, will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). “The whole variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics,” wrote academician. V.V. Vinogradov. The stylistic characterization of a word takes into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication. “Functional style,” emphasizes M.N. Kozhin, is a peculiar character of the speech of a Thai or its other social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and a correlative form of consciousness to it, created by the peculiarities of the functioning of language means in this sphere and a specific speech organization that creates its certain general stylistic coloring.

In modern Russian, book styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business. They are stylistically opposed to colloquial speech, usually speaking in its characteristic oral form.

A special place, in our opinion, in the system of styles is occupied by the language of fiction, or artistic (fictional) style. The language of fiction, or rather artistic speech, is not a system of linguistic phenomena, on the contrary, it is devoid of any stylistic isolation, it is distinguished by a variety of individual authorial means.

1.7.1. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary

The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used. The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with the scientific language (quantum theory, assonance, attributive); we attribute to the journalistic style words related to political topics (world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy); we single out as official business words used in office work (the following, proper, victim, residence, notify, prescribe, forwarded).

In the most general terms, the functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

Bookish and colloquial words are most clearly contrasted (cf .: intrude - get in, meddle in; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster).

As part of book vocabulary, one can distinguish words characteristic of book speech as a whole (subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, presled), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litote, emission, denomination tend to scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to journalistic; action, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, forbidden - to official business).

The functional fixedness of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech. Book words are not suitable for casual conversation (the first leaves have appeared on green spaces), scientific terms cannot be used in a conversation with a child (It is very likely that dad will come into visual contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day), colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in official - business style (On the night of September 30, racketeers ran into Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars).

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its general use. Thus, the word house is appropriate in various styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is to be demolished; The house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our fighters, who selflessly fought against the Nazis in the slots of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire (March.). In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the background of common language.

1.7.2. Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive assessment contained in them distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called (white-haired). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment is their very lexical meaning (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary (bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon being called.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud, marvelous, miraculous , irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; in a figurative sense, verbs are used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close, and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but stronger words can be found: I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights the words solemn (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, sing, incessant). vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, mooing, whispering). Expressive shades delimit the words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), scornful (painting, pettiness), contemptuous (sneak, servility, sycophancy), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), swear words (boor, fool ).

Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.

Combining words close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We have received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost, etc. positive color is fixed. Even the different meanings of the same word can diverge markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic tint (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as paths get a vivid expression: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (under adverse conditions), flaming (eye), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. d. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The expressive coloring of words in works of art differs from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In an artistic context, vocabulary acquires additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. Modern science attaches great importance to the expansion of the semantic volume of words in artistic speech, associating with this the appearance of a new expressive coloring in words.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary directs us to distinguish different types of speech depending on the nature of the speaker's influence on listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to make laugh or touch, to arouse the disposition of the listeners or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it is clear how different language means will be selected, mainly creating a different expressive coloring. With this approach to the selection of language means, several types of speech can be identified: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate affectionate, playful . They are opposed to neutral speech, using linguistic means, devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of types of speech, dating back to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists either.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using various emotional and expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, "methods for selecting speech means ... are not universal, they are of a particular nature." Solemn coloring, for example, can be received by publicistic speech; “Rhetorical, expressively saturated and impressive can be one or another speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.).”

At the same time, it should be noted that the expressive types of speech are not well studied, and there is no clarity in their classification. In this regard, the determination of the relationship between the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary also causes certain difficulties. Let's dwell on this issue.

The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (beautifulness, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (masque, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small, zealous, giggle, brag).

In common speech, words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them, there may be words containing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, vulgar).

Functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades can intersect in a word. For example, the words satellite, epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, with the journalistic style, in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign origin. Such affectionately ironic words as sweetheart, motanya, zaleka, drolya combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

1.7.3. The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of the vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style tool that stands out by its expression against the background of other language tools.

The use of terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance, deserves special attention. Terms - words or phrases that name special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the content of the concept, and the features of the designated object. In the most general terms, this division is reflected in the distinction between general scientific terms (they constitute the general conceptual fund of science as a whole, it is no coincidence that the words denoting them are the most frequent in scientific speech) and special ones, which are assigned to certain areas of knowledge. The use of this vocabulary is the most important advantage of the scientific style; terms, according to S. Bally, "are those ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives."

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

The use of terms in works of scientific style is seriously investigated by modern linguistic science. It has been established that the degree of terminology of scientific texts is far from the same. The genres of scientific works are characterized by a different ratio of terminological and interstyle vocabulary. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation.

Modern society demands from science such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest achievements of the human mind the property of everyone. However, it is often said that science has fenced itself off from the world with a language barrier, that its language is “elitist”, “sectarian”. In order for the vocabulary of a scientific work to be accessible to the reader, the terms used in it must first of all be sufficiently mastered in this field of knowledge, understandable and known to specialists; new terms need to be clarified.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech that is not bound by the norms of scientific style, the researchers point out the distinctive features of the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings have become widespread and are used without any stylistic restrictions (radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization). Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Thus, the word mountain, which in its broad, inter-style usage means “a significant hill rising above the surrounding area”, and which has a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the concepts of mountain and hill is essential, a clarification is given: a hill over 200 m in height. Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

Special features highlight the terminological vocabulary used in a figurative sense (virus of indifference, sincerity coefficient, the next round of negotiations). Such a rethinking of terms is common in journalism, fiction, and colloquial speech. A similar phenomenon lies in line with the development of the language of modern journalism, which is characterized by various kinds of stylistic shifts. The peculiarity of such word usage is that “not only a metaphorical transfer of the meaning of the term takes place, but also a stylistic transfer”.

The introduction of terms in non-scientific texts must be motivated, the abuse of terminological vocabulary deprives speech of the necessary simplicity and accessibility. Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The advantage of "non-terminological", clearer and more concise options in newspaper materials is obvious.

The stylistic coloring of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional attachment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. The mutual influence and interpenetration of styles, characteristic of the modern development of the Russian language, contributes to the movement of lexical means (along with other linguistic elements) from one of them to another. For example, in scientific works one can find journalistic vocabulary next to terms. As M.N. Kozhin, "the style of scientific speech is characterized by expressiveness not only of the logical, but also of the emotional plan." At the lexical level, this is achieved by using foreign-style vocabulary, including high and low.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign-style vocabulary. You can often find terms in it. For example: “Canon 10 replaces five traditional office machines: it works like computer fax, a fax machine that uses plain paper, jet printer(360 dpi), scanner and photocopier). You can use the software included with the Canon 10 to send and receive PC faxes directly from your computer screen” (from gas).

Scientific, terminological vocabulary here can be close to expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but enhances its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment in a newspaper article: There are thirty-two laboratories at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: "Do not enter: experience!" But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here is a researcher picking up a Corydalis. It turns it upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens newspaper speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the book styles, only the formal business style is impervious to foreign-style vocabulary. At the same time, one cannot ignore “the undoubted existence of mixed speech genres, as well as situations where the mixing of stylistically heterogeneous elements is almost inevitable. For example, the speech of various participants in the trial is hardly capable of presenting any stylistic unity, but it would also hardly be legitimate to attribute the corresponding phrases entirely to colloquial or entirely to official business speech.

The appeal to emotional-evaluative vocabulary in all cases is due to the peculiarities of the individual author's manner of presentation. Reduced evaluative vocabulary may be used in book styles. Publicists, scientists, and even criminologists writing for the newspaper find in it a source of strengthening the effectiveness of speech. Here is an example of mixing styles in an informational note about a traffic accident:

Having moved into the ravine, "Ikarus" ran into an old mine

The bus with Dnepropetrovsk shuttles was returning from Poland. Exhausted from the long journey, the people slept. At the entrance to the Dnepropetrovsk region, the driver also dozed off. Lost control "Ikarus" went off the road and landed in a ravine. The car rolled over through the roof and froze. The blow was strong, but everyone survived. (...) It turned out that in the ravine "Ikarus" ran into a heavy mortar mine ... The "rusty death" turned out of the ground rested right on the bottom of the bus. The sappers were waiting for a long time.

(From newspapers)

Colloquial and even vernacular words, as we see, coexist with official business and professional vocabulary.

The author of a scientific work has the right to use emotional vocabulary with vivid expression if he seeks to influence the feelings of the reader (And the will, but the open space, nature, the beautiful surroundings of the city, and these fragrant ravines and swaying fields, and the pink spring and golden autumn were not our educators Call me a barbarian in pedagogy, but from the impressions of my life I learned a deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such a huge educational influence on the development of a young soul that it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher.-KD Ushinsky). Even in a formal business style, high and low words can penetrate if the topic causes strong emotions.

Thus, in a letter sent from the administrative apparatus of the Security Council to the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin says:

According to information received by the apparatus of the Security Council of Russia, the situation in the gold mining industry, which forms the country's gold reserves, is approaching critical […].

The main reason for the crisis is the inability of the state to pay for the gold already received. […] Paradox and absurdity The situation is that the money in the budget for the purchase of precious metals and precious stones is laid down - 9.45 trillion rubles for 1996. However, these funds are regularly go to darn holes in the budget. Gold miners have not been paid for the metal since May - since the beginning of the flushing season.

... Only the Ministry of Finance, which manages budgetary funds, can explain these tricks. The debt for gold prevents miners from continuing to produce the metal, as they unable to pay off for "fuel", materials, energy. […] All this not only exacerbates the crisis of non-payments and provokes strikes, but also disrupts the flow of taxes to the local and federal budgets, destroying financial fabric of the economy and normal life entire regions. The budget and incomes of residents of about a quarter of the territory of Russia - the Magadan region, Chukotka, Yakutia - directly depend on gold mining.

In all cases, no matter what stylistically contrasting means are combined in the context, the appeal to them must be conscious, not accidental.

1.7.4. Unjustified use of words with different stylistic coloring. Mixing styles

A stylistic assessment of the use of words with different stylistic coloring in speech can only be given bearing in mind a specific text, a certain functional style, since the words necessary in one speech situation are out of place in another.

A serious stylistic shortcoming of speech can be the introduction of publicistic vocabulary in texts of a non-publicistic nature. For example: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided: to build a playground of great importance in educating the next generation. The use of journalistic vocabulary and phraseology in such texts can cause comical, illogical statements, since words of high emotional sounding act here as an alien style element (one could write: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided to build a playground for children's games and sports.).

In the scientific style, errors arise due to the inability of the author to use terms professionally and competently. In scientific works, it is inappropriate to replace terms with words of similar meaning, descriptive expressions: air-actuated control with weight-resistant operator handle, was designed ... (necessary: ​​hydrant coupling with pneumatic control system...).

Inaccurate reproduction of terms is unacceptable, for example: The driver's movements must be limited seat belt. The term seatbelt is used in aviation, in which case the term seatbelt should have been used. The confusion in terminology not only damages the style, but also reveals the author's poor knowledge of the subject. For example: Cardiac peristalsis is noted, followed by a stop in the systole phase - the term peristalsis can only characterize the activity of the digestive organs (it should have been written: Cardiac fibrillation is noted ...).

The inclusion of terminological vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style requires the author to have a deep knowledge of the subject. An amateurish attitude to special vocabulary is unacceptable, leading not only to stylistic, but also to semantic errors. For example: At the Central German Canal, they were overtaken by frantically racing cars from a bluish tint with armor-piercing glass - there may be armor-piercing guns, shells, and glass should be called impenetrable, bulletproof. Strictness in the choice of terms and their use in strict accordance with the meaning is a mandatory requirement for texts of any functional style.

The use of terms becomes a stylistic flaw in the presentation if they are incomprehensible to the reader for whom the text is intended. In this case, the terminological vocabulary not only does not perform an informative function, but also interferes with the perception of the text. For example, in a popular article, the accumulation of special vocabulary is not justified: In 1763, the Russian heating engineer I.I. Polzunov designed the first multi-strength two-cylinder steam-atmospheric the car. Only in 1784 was D. Watt's steam engine implemented. The author wanted to emphasize the priority of Russian science in the invention of the steam engine, and in this case the description of Polzunov's machine is redundant. The following variant of stylistic editing is possible: The first steam engine was created by the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov in 1763. D. Watt designed his steam engine only in 1784.

Passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudo-scientific presentation. For example, in a pedagogical article we read: Our women, along with work in production, perform and family function which includes three components: childbearing, educational and economic. And it could have been written in a simpler way: Our women work in production and pay a lot of attention to the family, raising children, and household chores.

The pseudo-scientific style of presentation often causes inappropriate comic speech, so you should not complicate the text where you can express the idea simply. So, in magazines intended for the general reader, such a selection of vocabulary cannot be welcomed: Staircase - specific interfloor communications room preschool institution - has no analogues in none of its interiors. Wouldn't it be better to abandon the unjustified use of bookish words by writing: The staircase in preschool institutions connecting the floors is distinguished by a special interior.

The cause of stylistic errors in book styles can be the inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in an official business style, for example, in the minutes of meetings: Effective control over the prudent use of feed on the farm has been established; In the district center and villages, the administration has done some work, and yet there is no end to the improvement of work. These phrases can be corrected as follows: ... Strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm; The administration began to improve the district center and villages. This work should be continued.

In the scientific style, the use of foreign-style vocabulary is also not motivated. With the stylistic editing of scientific texts, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is consistently replaced by interstyle or bookish.

The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary sometimes leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of journalistic speech. The modern journalistic style is experiencing a strong expansion of vernacular. In many magazines and newspapers, a reduced style dominates, saturated with evaluative non-literary vocabulary. Here are examples from articles on various topics.

As soon as the wind of change breathed, this praise of the intelligentsia was absorbed into commerce, parties and governments. Pulling up her pants, she abandoned her disinterestedness and her big-nosed Panurges.

And here is 1992... Philosophers flooded out of the ground like russula. Quell, stunted, not yet accustomed to daylight ... Seems to be good guys, but they are infected with eternal domestic self-criticism with a masochistic bias ... (Igor Martynov // Interlocutor. - 1992. - No. 41. - P. 3).

Seven years ago, everyone who was considered the first beauty in the class or in the yard came to the Miss Russia contest as applicants ... When it turned out that the jury had not chosen her daughter, the mother brought her unfortunate child into the middle of the hall and arranged a showdown... Such is the fate of many girls who are now working hard on the catwalks in Paris and the Americas (Lyudmila Volkova // MK).

The Moscow government will have to fork out. One of his latest acquisitions, a controlling stake in AMO - ZiL - needs to unfasten 51 billion rubles in September to complete the program for the mass production of the ZiL-5301 light-duty vehicle (Let's ride or ride // MK).

The passion of journalists for vernacular, expressive reduced vocabulary in such cases is often stylistically not justified. Permissiveness in speech reflects the low culture of the authors. The editor should not be led by reporters who do not recognize stylistic norms.

The stylistic editing of such texts requires the elimination of lowered words, the revision of sentences. For example:

A characteristic feature of modern journalistic texts is the stylistically unjustified combination of book and colloquial vocabulary. A mixture of styles is often found even in articles by serious authors on political and economic topics. For example: It is no secret that our government is heavily in debt and, apparently, decides to take a desperate step by starting the printing press. However, Central Bank experts believe that collapse is not expected. Unsecured money is being issued even now, therefore, if bills are drawn, this is unlikely to lead to a collapse of the financial market (“MK”) in the near future.

Out of respect for the author, the editor does not correct the text, trying to convey to the reader the originality of his individual style. However, mixing different styles of vocabulary can give speech an ironic tone that is unjustified in the context, and sometimes even inappropriate comedy. For example: 1. The management of a commercial enterprise immediately seized on a valuable offer and agreed to an experiment, chasing the profits; 2. Representatives of the investigating authorities took a photojournalist with them in order to arm themselves with irrefutable facts. The editor should eliminate such stylistic errors by resorting to synonymous substitutions for reduced words. In the first example, you can write: Managers of a commercial enterprise got interested a valuable offer and agreed to the experiment, hoping for a good profit; in the second, it is enough to replace the verb: they didn’t take it, but took it with them.

Mistakes in the use of stylistically colored vocabulary should not be confused, however, with a deliberate mixing of styles, in which writers and publicists find a life-giving source of humor and irony. The parodic collision of colloquial and official business vocabulary is a tried and tested method of creating a comic sound of speech in feuilletons. For example: “Dear Lyubanya! Spring is coming soon, and in the little garden where we met, the leaves will turn green. And I love you still, even more. When, finally, is our wedding, when will we be together? Write, I'm looking forward to it. Your Vasya. “Dear Vasily! Indeed, the territory of the square where we met will soon turn green. After that, you can begin to resolve the issue of marriage, since the season of spring is the time of love. L. Buravkina.

1.7.5. Stationery and speech stamps

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns, formed with the help of suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, blowing up, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become fixed: to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, to fulfill, to exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of formal business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along a line, in a section, in part, in a deed, in force, in order, in an address, in an area, in a plan, at a level, due to, etc. They are widely used in book styles, and under certain conditions their use stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: In order to increase turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay citizens' pensions, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city ).

Any frequently repeated speech means, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses) can become a stamp. However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech clichés that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; Currently the payment of wages to miners was taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is carried out, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, phrases such as household service (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the period of "Brezhnev's stagnation" and the 1990s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are more easily found in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of workers of all masses based on the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own order.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in state institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

Functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary primarily includes words that are most or exclusively used in a particular speech area corresponding to one of the functional styles. The tradition of use, attachment to a certain situation and the purpose of communication lead to the appearance of functional and stylistic coloring in these words. From the point of view of functional and stylistic, such types of stylistic coloring as bookish and colloquial can be distinguished, which stand out against the background of neutral, stylistically uncolored units.

In each type of speech, words characteristic of it are used, which have the corresponding stylistic coloring. And only neutral words are used everywhere, in all its varieties, since they have zero stylistic coloring. And they form the basis, the background of any speech. If we take neutral words as a starting point, then bookish words will be higher than neutral ones, since they elevate the style of presentation, give it a bookish and even high color, and colloquial (and colloquial) words will be lower than neutral ones - they reduce the style, give reduced speech and often rough coloration:

(high coloration)

Neutral words

(null coloration)

colloquial

(reduced coloration)

For example, girl is a word that can be used in any speech, it is neutral; the maiden is bookish, tall, characteristic of book contexts, and the maiden has a clearly reduced coloration - colloquial and even colloquial.

Book words, unlike neutral and colloquial ones, have a stylistic coloring that elevates the style of presentation. These are words that are used exclusively in the written and book sphere; their introduction into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring "bookish" and layers of words with a double coloring: "bookish and official-business", "bookish and scientific", "bookish and journalistic", "bookish and poetic". At the same time, book vocabulary can also have various types of expressive and emotional coloring. Book words are associated with the sphere of intellectual communication (dissent, immanent, nihilism, level). A significant part of them is left by borrowed words (sarcasm, phenomenon, extreme, dominant, skepticism), as well as words of Church Slavonic origin (reverent, beneficence, repay, exalt, lover of power, overthrow, clergyman).

Examples of book vocabulary: analogy, abnormal, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, persecution, statehood, disorientation, declarative, like-mindedness, for, isolation, impulse, etc. In part, this category of words is close to general scientific vocabulary, and partly common.

Colloquial vocabulary - these are words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. These are words used by people who speak a literary language in a relaxed atmosphere, in the field of informal communication. Being introduced into book-written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: gasp, joke, joke, chase, shattered, fidgety, grumble, waddle, cry, dress up, inventor, reveler, flu, cheap, snide, greedy, hitch, sucker, misbehave, like hot cakes, caress, smear, get sick, push through, get sick, cartoon, calm down, physiognomy, etc.

The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they are available) against the background of neutral vocabulary.

Vocabulary of colloquial style coloring (characteristic at the same time predominantly of the oral form of the everyday sphere of communication) is correlated with the colloquial everyday functional style and has its coloring.

Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: “The first leaves appeared on the green spaces”, “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we are in a hurry to replace alien words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.

Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a comrade with a tirade on such an occasion: “O my unforgettable comrade-in-arms and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!”

If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

They belong to the branch of science that deals with teaching the differentiated use of language in communication, as well as providing knowledge regarding the language itself and the corresponding tools necessary for its use. It is called "stylistics" and its predecessor was rhetoric (the concept of oratory), which dealt exclusively with the public style of speech. Stylistics as a science covers all systems of speech means. This is a kind of teaching regarding the most effective forms of expression of thoughts and feelings.

What are stylistically colored words?

They are used exclusively in specific styles, in particular:

1. Scientific vocabulary. It includes words that are used in the field of education, science and technology (for example, range, laser, etc.).
2. Political vocabulary. This includes words used in the public, political field (candidate, dissertation, Duma, etc.).
3. It is represented by words that are used mainly in everyday communication, orally (large, pictures, Internet, etc.). Within the framework of works of art, it is used to characterize the main characters.

Summarizing the above, we can formulate what stylistically colored words are. These are words that have an additional meaning, more precisely, they name an object and convey its corresponding assessment (neglect, approval, irony, etc.), as well as certain emotions in relation to it.

Variety of stylistic coloring

It is represented by two components:

1. Functional-target stylistic coloring (coloring of individual units of the language), which, in turn, is divided into three main types:

• colloquial;
• book;
• neutral.

The first two types can be:

Grammatical forms (for example, contracts (neutral) - contracts (colloquial);

Words (for example, place (neutral) - location (book);

Phraseological units (for example, stretch your legs (colloquial) - rest in eternal sleep (book);

Sentences (for example, due to bad weather conditions, the flight is delayed (neutral) - due to fog, I did not fly away (colloquial).

2. Expressive-evaluative stylistic coloring (not tied to a specific style, contained in the word itself) includes three types:

• reduced;
• increased;
• neutral.

Example: life (neutral) - life (reduced) - life (increased).

Neutral and stylistically colored words

Vocabulary in the literary language is usually divided into two main components: stylistically colored and neutral vocabulary.

Neutral vocabulary - words that are not tied to any of the existing styles of speech, that is, they can be used in any system of speech means, because they are not expressively and emotionally colored. However, these words have stylistic synonyms (colloquial, bookish, vernacular).

According to the theory of M. V. Lomonosov (“Three Calms”), all other words refer either to a high system of speech means (for example, rest, fatherland, etc.) or to a low one (for example, the other day, belly, etc.) .).

In this regard, there is colloquial vocabulary (grey gelding, tsyts, etc.) and book vocabulary, which, in turn, is divided into the following types:

Directions of linguistic stylistics

There are two in particular:

• language style;
• style of speech (functional style).

The first direction studies the stylistic means of vocabulary, grammar and phraseology, as well as the stylistic structure of the language.

The second is different types of speech and their conditionality by various goals of the utterance.

Linguistic stylistics should contain the principle of consistency and functionality and reflect the relationship of various types of speech with the purpose of the statement, its subject matter, communication conditions, the author's attitude and the addressee of the speech.

Styles are various combinations of the use of language in the process of communication. Each system of speech means is characterized by the originality of the language means used, as well as their unique combination with each other.

Thus, it is worth formulating a definition of what linguistic stylistics is. This is, first of all, a section of linguistics that studies various styles (language, speech, genre, etc.). Also, the subject of her research is the emotional, expressive and evaluative properties of language units both in the paradigmatic sense (within the framework of the language system) and in the syntagmatic aspect (in various areas of communication).

The structure of the considered section of linguistics

These include combinations that are sustainable (employment service, public sector workers, international, etc.). They are widely used by journalists due to the fact that it is impossible to constantly invent fundamentally new means of expression.