Environmental problems causes negative consequences solutions. Global environmental problems and ways to solve them

According to world studies, the country is included in the list of the most polluted countries in the world. The difficult ecological situation entails a poor quality of life and adversely affects the general condition of citizens. The reason for the emergence of problems of environmental pollution is the dynamic desire of a person to influence the environment. In response to the selfish actions of the most rational being, nature aggressively repays what they deserve. The ecological situation in Russia needs to be resolved as soon as possible, otherwise there will be a serious imbalance between the person and the environment.

The geographic environment needs to be divided into two component categories. The first includes the habitat of living beings, the second - nature as a colossal storehouse of resources. The task of mankind is to learn how to extract minerals without violating the integrity of the objective environment.

Pollution of the environment, irrational use of materials, thoughtless extermination of flora and fauna - these mistakes are top-priority for the Russian Federation and have existed for a long time. Large industrial enterprises, agricultural corporations and the individual desire of a person to maximize the provision of needs become the main argument in the case of an extremely alarming environmental situation (see). Insufficient desire to resolve a difficult situation involves the state in a greater crisis. The main environmental problems in Russia are as follows:

The government has practically left the activities of corporations involved in uncontrolled. To date, the situation has deteriorated sharply in the north-west of the country and in the regions of Siberia, where hundreds of hectares of trees are being destroyed. Forests are being modified in order to create agricultural plots in their place. This provokes the displacement of many species of flora and fauna from the areas that are their real home. With any form of cutting down the green zone, 40% of wood is an irretrievable loss. Reforestation is difficult: a planted tree needs 10 to 15 years to fully grow. In addition, legislative permission is often required for restoration (see).

Energy objects are among the bases that intensively depress the biosphere. Currently, the methods of extraction of electrical or thermal resources are focused on the prospect of operation, while in the former periods the course was directed towards minimizing financial costs. Each energy facility accumulates a huge risk of causing significant injury to our planet. Even the regulation of the limits of negative impacts is not able to fully eliminate the danger.

Extracting useful resources, a person clogs groundwater, soil and atmosphere. Animals and plants are forced to live in unsuitable conditions. Oil being transported on ships spills, resulting in the death of many creatures. A colossal amount of harm is caused by the process of mining coal and gas. Radiation pollution pose a threat and change the environment. These environmental problems in Russia will cause irreparable damage to the country if no significant measures are taken.

Interesting! On the territory of the Gulf of Finland is the largest oil "dump" of the country. Pollution covers nearby soils and groundwater. There are alarming statements: a large percentage of drinking water in the territory of the state is no longer suitable for consumption.

Polluted reservoirs do not allow the use of the life-giving element to feed creatures. Industrial enterprises dump waste into the aquatic environment. In Russia, there are a small number of treatment facilities, and much of the equipment is out of order, and this exacerbates the problem. As water is polluted, it becomes scarce, which leads to the death of ecosystems.

Industrial facilities are the main sources of air pollution. According to the testimony of special services, a quarter of the waste of all production is thrown into the environment. Most residents of large metallurgical cities daily breathe air overflowing with heavy metals. A fly in the ointment in this case is added by vehicle exhaust gases.

There are more than four hundred nuclear reactors in the world, 46 of them are located on the territory of the Russian Federation. Nuclear explosions that irradiate water, soil, and organisms produce radioactive contamination. The danger also comes from the operation of stations, and leakage is possible during transportation. Dangerous rays also come from certain rocks (uranium, thorium, radium) that lie deep under the ground.

Only 4% of all garbage in Russia is recycled, the rest is transformed into huge landfills that provoke the emergence of epidemics and infectious diseases in animals living nearby. People do not strive to keep their own home, city, country clean, so there is a huge risk of infection (see).

Poaching in Russia is the most important problem, the essence of which is the unauthorized extraction of natural resources. Criminals, despite the attempts of the state to suppress any falsehood, cleverly disguise themselves with false licenses and avoid punishment. Fines for poaching are fundamentally inconsistent with the harm done. Many breeds and varieties of nature are difficult to restore.

How are environmental problems solved in Russia?

In our state, supervision over the extraction of minerals has been significantly weakened, despite the fact that the preservation and improvement of the environment is in the first place. The developed laws and local documentation do not have sufficient power to work effectively, completely leveling or reducing the main environmental problems in Russia.

Interesting! The Ministry of Ecology of the Russian Federation, reporting directly to the government, has existed since 2008. It has a large amount of activity towards improving the quality of local systems. However, there is no body in the country that would control the implementation of laws, so the ministry remains in a suspended and passive state.

The government, however, is carrying out organized measures aimed at resolving the situation in the most unfavorable industrial regions of the Russian Federation. It uses innovative technologies, strengthens the monitoring of large-scale facilities, and introduces energy-saving procedures into production.

A comprehensive approach to the problem is needed, including promising actions in all areas of human life and society. The cardinal resolution of the environmental situation in the Russian Federation includes the following categories:

The legal system creates a large body of environmental laws. International experience plays an important role here.

Eliminating the consequences of the irrational use of the planet's resources requires considerable financial support.

The use of new technologies in industry will reduce environmental pollution. The main goal of development is the creation of environmentally friendly energy. Special plants allow you to dispose of waste with the highest percentage of utility. Consequently, the extra territory is not occupied, and the energy from combustion is used for the needs of industry.

Landscaping of settlements will bring benefits. It is necessary to plant trees near places of high pollution, as well as carry out measures to protect the soil from erosion. (cm. )

The plans consider reducing the amount of household waste, wastewater treatment. Modern technologies make it possible to achieve a transition from oil and coal to sources based on solar and hydropower. Biofuels significantly reduce the concentration of harmful elements in the atmosphere.

An important task is to teach the population of the Russian Federation to take care of the environment.

The decision to switch vehicles to gas, electricity and hydrogen will reduce emissions of toxic exhaust. A technique for obtaining nuclear energy from water is under development.

Expert Opinion - Environmental Issues and Corporations

Nowadays, the topic of environmental protection is heard more and more often, many countries are concerned about water, soil and air pollution, deforestation and global warming. In Russia, new norms in the field of construction and regulation of emissions, social movements and programs are emerging. This is certainly a positive trend. However, all this solves only part of the problems. It is necessary to develop and stimulate voluntary efforts to reduce the burden on the environment, including among large companies.

Environmental responsibility of mining and manufacturing corporations

Mining and manufacturing corporations have a particularly high potential for causing environmental damage, therefore, as a rule, significant resources are directed to the implementation of an environmental program.

For example, the SIBUR corporation holds numerous subbotniks throughout Russia, and the Gazprom group invested more than 22 billion rubles last year. on environmental protection, the AVTOVAZ group reported on its success in reducing harmful production emissions and reducing the volume of solid waste. Environmental responsibility is an international practice.

For the last 5 years, 3M International Corporation has been conducting an annual environmental audit to assess the effectiveness of its sustainable development policy. One of its first points is the economical use of wood and mineral resources, including by increasing the use of recycled materials. 3M, a member of the international association The Forest Trust, also motivates many other companies to protect the bowels of the Earth by raising environmental requirements for their suppliers.

On the other hand, manufacturing corporations can help conserve the environment by inventing and introducing sustainable products. An example is special coating for solar panels, invented by 3M, to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these renewable energy sources.

Application of an integrated approach while preserving the environment

Tangible results are achievable with the implementation of an integrated approach, which implies the leveling of all manageable factors that negatively affect the environment.

For example, it is not enough to organize tree planting in the fight against global warming. Companies must also reduce the consumption of greenhouse gases that live in the atmosphere for years, including halon used in refrigeration, fire fighting and chemical production.

Example. An adult tree on average absorbs 120 kg of CO2 per year, and the release of 1 cylinder with fire extinguishing freon will be several tons of CO2 equivalent. That is, the choice of an ecological fire extinguishing system, for example, with Novek® 1230 FOFS, which has a minimum global warming potential, will be equal in effect to planting a small park of trees.

The complexity of an effective nature conservation program lies in taking into account and prioritizing all factors affecting the environment. The task of the professional community is to form a center of competence, a set of ready-made environmental solutions that will be convenient for companies to implement and use.

International environmental organizations in Russia

A whole complex of specialized structures for environmental protection operates in the country. These organizations coordinate security specifics regardless of the political situation. Russia participates in the work of a large number of international structures for the protection of the environment. These organizations are strictly divided into areas of interest. Below is a list of systems operating in the Russian Federation.

The UN has developed a special UNEP program that protects nature from inappropriate use.
WWF - International is the largest organization protecting biological resources. They provide financial support for the protection, development and training of such structures.
GEF - created to help developing countries in solving environmental problems.
Active since the beginning of the 70s, UNESCO supports peace and environmental security in the country, and also deals with regulations on the development of culture and science.
The FAO organization functions in the direction of improving the quality of agricultural crafts and the extraction of natural resources.
Arc is an environmental movement that promotes the idea of selling food and goods that do not litter or pollute the environment.
WCP is a program that develops methods for long-term climate change and its improvement.
WHO is an organization whose goal is to achieve the best living conditions for humanity on the planet by monitoring the use of resources.
WSOP - the program accumulates the experience of all states and builds ways to resolve problems.
WWW is a service that collects information on meteorological conditions in all countries.

The work of international environmental organizations in Russia helps to increase the national interest in cleansing the native land and to increase the overall level of cleanliness of the environment.

Interesting! Distrust of the authorities, accusations of espionage, the ban on obtaining proper information hinder the activities of these structures. Domestic systems do not want to spend money on environmental protection activities and do not accept the essence of environmental management, for which international institutions are convened.

Specialists of the social structure conducted a survey on this topic. Based on the results, lists of favorable and unfavorable cities were compiled. The course of the study was formed on the opinions of residents who distributed 100 items. Respondents rate the situation as a whole at 6.5 points.

The most environmentally friendly city in Russia is Sochi. Second place goes to Armavir. These settlements have excellent climatic features with clean air, sea and a lot of vegetation. In these cities, the desire of the inhabitants themselves to build gazebos, flower beds or front gardens is noted.
Sevastopol took the third place. The metropolis is distinguished by a variety of flora, a small amount of transport and a fresh atmosphere.
The top ten environmental favorites include: Kaliningrad, Grozny, Stavropol, Saransk, Nalchik, Korolev and Cheboksary. The capital is located on the 12th place, and St. Petersburg - in the middle of the third ten.

Rating of Russian cities by ecology 2017 - the dirtiest megacities

Here are the settlements, which were originally planned as industrial. Despite the efforts of the authorities, the situation in these cities remains virtually unchanged.

The respondents placed Bratsk on the last, 100th place in the list. Respondents note the huge amount of garbage on the streets and the minimum number of green spaces. People living here constantly smell emissions.
Novokuznetsk is on the 99th place. The "coal capital" of Russia is experiencing a glut of heavy metals in the atmosphere. It is difficult for residents to breathe in calm weather, there is always a thick smog.
Chelyabinsk closes the top three outsiders of the environmental rating. Respondents note poor water quality and dirty oxygen. Magnitogorsk, Makhachkala, Krasnoyarsk and Omsk are next to each other on the list.

Expert opinion – Experience of other countries in addressing environmental problems

Alexander Levin, Executive Director of the Fund for Support of Foreign Economic Activity of the Moscow Region

In my opinion, when solving environmental problems in our country, it is necessary to adopt the experience, first of all, of the countries of the European Union, especially such as Denmark, Germany, Austria. These states are focusing on improving the efficiency of enterprises, cleaning emissions into the atmosphere and recycling wastewater.

In addition, in Europe a lot of attention is paid to the recycling of raw materials, as well as the creation of renewable energy sources. In Russia, the problem is the elementary lack of industrial treatment facilities and storm water treatment facilities. There is also a technological backwardness of the existing reconstruction processes. I think that now we need to increase funding for activities related to the reconstruction of such facilities in the structure of housing and communal services and the road sector, as well as to subsidize the creation of a new treatment infrastructure where it does not exist. This is the only way we can save water resources on the territory of our country.

Solving environmental problems in Russia is a top priority not only for government agencies, but also for the population, which must reconsider their own views on the preservation and protection of the surrounding world.

SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: THREE MAIN WAYS.

But humanity not only litters its "nest". It has developed ways to protect the environment and has already begun to implement them.

The first way is to create various kinds of treatment facilities, the use of low-sulphur fuel, the destruction and processing of waste, the construction of chimneys 200-300 m or more high, land reclamation, etc. However, even the most modern facilities do not provide complete purification. And ultra-high chimneys, reducing the concentration of harmful substances in a given place, contribute to the spread of dust pollution and acid rain over much larger areas: a 250 m high chimney increases the dispersion radius to 75 km.

The second way is to develop and apply a fundamentally new environmental ("clean") production technology, in the transition to low-waste and waste-free production processes. Thus, the transition from direct-flow (river-enterprise-river) water supply to circulation, and even more so to "dry" technology, can first ensure a partial, and then a complete cessation of wastewater discharge into rivers and reservoirs.

This path is the main one, because it not only reduces, but prevents environmental pollution. But it requires huge expenditures, unsustainable for many countries.

The third way is in a deeply thought out, most rational distribution of the so-called "dirty" industries that have a negative impact on the environment. Among the "dirty" industries, first of all, are the chemical and petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries, thermal power engineering, and the production of building materials. When locating such enterprises, geographical expertise is especially necessary.

Another way is to reuse raw materials. In developed countries, the reserves of secondary raw materials are equal to the explored geological ones. The centers for the procurement of recyclable materials are the old industrial regions of Foreign Europe, the USA, Japan, and the European part of Russia.

Table 14. The share of waste paper in the production of paper and cardboard in the late 80s, in%.

Tasks and tests on the topic "Solving environmental problems: three main ways."

India - Eurasia 7th grade
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
The Age of Discovery - Development of geographical knowledge about the Earth Grade 5
Lessons: 8 Assignments: 10 Tests: 2

Leading ideas: the geographical environment is a necessary condition for the life of society, the development and distribution of the population and the economy, while the influence of the resource factor on the level of economic development of the country has recently been decreasing, but the importance of the rational use of natural resources and the environmental factor is increasing.

Basic concepts: geographic (environment) environment, ore and non-metallic minerals, ore belts, pools of minerals; structure of the world land fund, southern and northern forest belts, forest cover; hydropower potential; shelf, alternative energy sources; resource availability, natural resource potential (NRP), territorial combination of natural resources (RTSR), areas of new development, secondary resources; environmental pollution, environmental policy.

Skills and abilities: be able to characterize the natural resources of the country (region) according to the plan; use various methods of economic evaluation of natural resources; characterize the natural prerequisites for the development of industry and agriculture of the country (region) according to the plan; give a brief description of the location of the main types of natural resources, single out the countries "leaders" and "outsiders" in terms of availability of one or another type of natural resources; give examples of countries that do not have rich natural resources, but have reached a high level of economic development and vice versa; give examples of rational and irrational use of resources.

Human activity in relation to nature is aggressive. Unfortunately, Russia is no exception. It remains one of the most polluted countries in the world and faces many serious environmental problems. The main threats to the country's environment, as well as the necessary steps to address them, are described below.

Deforestation

Large-scale fires in and broadleaved forests lead to increased carbon release and an increase in rates. After cutting down, the nature of the lighting changes. Due to the abundance of sunlight, plants that prefer shade die. Fertility is reduced, the process of erosion occurs. When the root system decomposes in the soil, a lot of nitrogen is released. It prevents the growth of new trees and plants. Swamps often form in place of pine and cedar forests.

Wood loss has been proven to reach 40%. Every second tree is cut down in vain. It will take at least 100 years to fully restore the destroyed forest areas.

Energy production and the environment

Thermal power plants are the largest source of environmental pollution. Their boilers burn fossil fuels. CHP emits solid particles into the air and. Due to the large release of unused energy, thermal pollution occurs. The operation of power plants leads to acid rain, the accumulation of greenhouse gases, which negatively affects nearby settlements.

Nuclear power plants bear a high risk of catastrophes. In normal mode, they emit a lot of heat into the reservoirs. During NPP operation, radiation emissions do not exceed permissible limits. But radioactive waste requires complex processing and disposal procedures.

Some time ago it was believed that hydroelectric power plants are incapable of causing harm. However, the damage to the environment is still noticeable. For the construction of a power plant, artificially created reservoirs are needed. A large area of such reservoirs is occupied by shallow water. It causes overheating of water, collapse of banks, flooding and death of fish.

Pollution of water and reservoirs

According to scientists, diseases of people living in ecologically disadvantaged areas are associated with poor water quality. Most of the harmful substances flowing into water bodies are completely dissolved in water, which is why they remain invisible. The situation is constantly getting worse. It can turn into an ecological catastrophe at any moment.

A difficult situation has developed in large metropolitan areas, standing on the rivers. Industrial enterprises that are concentrated there poison nearby areas, and even remote areas, with effluents. penetrates deep into the soil and makes underground sources unusable. Environmental damage is caused by agricultural regions. Reservoirs in these places are polluted with nitrates and animal waste.

Every day, water comes from sewage, which contains the remains of detergents, food and feces. They allow pathogens to develop. Once in the human body, it provokes a number of infectious diseases. Most of the treatment facilities are outdated and cannot cope with the increased load. This negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies.

Air pollution

Industrial enterprises are the main source of pollution. There are about thirty thousand plants and factories in the country that regularly emit harmful impurities, a large amount of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde and sulfur oxide into the atmosphere.

In second place are exhaust gases. The main source of the problem is used cars, lack of special filters, poor road surface and poor traffic organization. Carbon dioxide, lead, soot, nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere. Most of the rest of the exhaust gases suffer large cities with extensive road networks.

The European part of Russia is flat. From the west, polluted air masses from other states freely penetrate here. Due to industrial emissions from neighboring countries, tons of oxidized nitrogen and sulfur regularly enter Russia. Siberia suffers from harmful substances of Kazakhstani industry. Factories in the Chinese provinces are poisoning the Far Eastern regions.

The problem of radioactive contamination

Radioactivity is associated with ore mining, peaceful nuclear explosions, and waste disposal. Quite recently, the natural radiation background was 8 microroentgens per hour. Weapons testing, mining of minerals and nuclear reactions in the energy sector have significantly increased these figures. Leakage of harmful substances can occur during the transportation or storage of sources of radioactive elements. The most dangerous of them are strontium-90, cesium-137, cobalt-60 and iodine-131.

The service life of a nuclear power plant is 30 years. After that, the power units are decommissioned. Until recently, waste was disposed of like ordinary garbage, which caused enormous damage to the ecology of Russia. Today, there are special containers for storage and burial grounds for them.

Household waste

Garbage is conditionally divided into plastic, paper, glass, metal, textiles, wood and food residues. Some materials are not exposed. The country has accumulated billions of tons of waste and the numbers are constantly growing. Unauthorized landfills are a big problem for the environment.

Thousands of hectares of land suitable for agriculture remain under the rubble. Dumping, that is, the disposal of waste in the sea, pollutes the water. Factories constantly emit waste, including radioactive waste. Smoke from garbage burning contains heavy metals.

environmental protection

The State Duma began to actively adopt laws in the field of ecology in 2012. They are aimed at combating illegal logging, provide for tougher penalties for the trade in rare animals and plants, and also strengthen the protection of natural areas. Realization is practically invisible.

The Russian environmental movement is of great importance. The All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature regularly conducts raids, inspections of enterprises and various examinations. It is engaged in cleaning recreation areas, planting forests and much more. The Wildlife Conservation Center solves environmental problems.

And are of great importance. They not only protect flora and fauna. Their activities are aimed at creating a culture of responsibility for the environment among ordinary people.

Solving environmental problems

Partially deforestation will be solved by planting new trees. In the field of logging, control over the activities of companies is necessary. State environmental organizations need to monitor the forest fund. Significant forces should be directed to the prevention of spontaneous fires. Businesses should start recycling wood.

Increasingly, plants and factories are trying to improve equipment. On the territory of Russia, the activities of an organization with high levels of pollution emissions have been suspended. Public transport and cars have been converted to EURO-5 fuel standards with low emission standards. Supervision of the activities of hydroelectric power plants is being strengthened.

In the regions, a waste separation program is being actively introduced. Solid residues will subsequently become recyclable. Large hypermarkets offer to abandon plastic bags in favor of eco-bags.

The state needs to take care of the education of the population. People should be aware of the real scale of the problems and the exact numbers. Advocacy for the conservation of nature should be carried out at school. Children should be taught to love and care for the environment.

The ecological situation is rapidly deteriorating. If you do not start to solve problems now, you can completely destroy forests and water bodies, deprive yourself and your children of normal conditions for existence.

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Most scientists who have studied environmental problems believe that humanity has about 40 more years to return the natural environment to the state of a normally functioning biosphere and resolve issues of its own survival. But this period is extremely short. And does a person have the resources to solve at least the most acute problems?

To the main achievements of civilization in the XX century. include advances in science and technology. The achievements of science, including the science of environmental law, can also be considered as the main resource in solving environmental problems. The thought of scientists is aimed at overcoming the ecological crisis. Mankind, states should make maximum use of the available scientific achievements for their own salvation.

The authors of the scientific work "The Limits to Growth: 30 Years Later" Meadows D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J. believe that the choice of mankind is to reduce the burden on nature caused by human activity to a sustainable level through reasonable policy, intelligent technology and intelligent organization, or wait until the changes in nature reduce the amount of food, energy, raw materials and create an environment completely unsuitable for life.

Taking into account the shortage of time, humanity must determine what goals it faces, what tasks need to be solved, what should be the results of its efforts. In accordance with certain goals, objectives and expected, planned results, humanity develops the means to achieve them. Given the complexity of environmental problems, these funds have specifics in technical, economic, educational, legal and other areas.

Implementation of environmentally efficient and resource-saving technologies

The concept of non-waste technology, in accordance with the Declaration of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1979), means the practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to ensure the most rational use of natural resources and protect the environment within the framework of human needs.

In 1984 the same UN commission adopted a more specific definition of this concept: “Wasteless technology is a method of production in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in a cycle: raw materials production consumption secondary resources, and any environmental impact does not violate its normal functioning.

This formulation should not be taken absolutely, i.e. one should not think that production is possible without waste. It is simply impossible to imagine absolutely waste-free production, there is no such thing in nature, it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics (the second law of thermodynamics is considered to be an empirically obtained statement about the impossibility of building a periodically operating device that does work by cooling one source of heat, i.e. eternal engine of the second kind). However, waste should not disrupt the normal functioning of natural systems. In other words, we must develop criteria for the undisturbed state of nature. The creation of non-waste industries is a very complex and lengthy process, the intermediate stage of which is low-waste production. Low-waste production should be understood as such production, the results of which, when exposed to the environment, do not exceed the level permissible by sanitary and hygienic standards, i.e. MPC. At the same time, for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials may turn into waste and be sent for long-term storage or disposal. At the present stage of development of scientific and technological progress, it is the most real.

The principles for the establishment of low-waste or waste-free production should be:

1. The principle of consistency is the most basic. In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of the dynamic system of the entire industrial production in the region (TPC) and at a higher level as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, which includes, in addition to material production and other economic and human activities, the natural environment. (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as man and his environment.

2. The complexity of the use of resources. This principle requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex, and on average, more than a third of their number are related elements that can be extracted only with its complex processing. Thus, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinoids, as well as more than 20% of gold, are already obtained as a by-product during the processing of complex ores.

3. Cyclicity of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclic material flows include closed water and gas circulation cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it.

4. The requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the planned and purposeful growth of its volumes and environmental excellence. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, and public health.

5. Rationality of the organization of low-waste and non-waste technologies. The determining factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment and causing damage to it, including related industries of the national economy. economy.

In the whole set of works related to the protection of the environment and the rational development of natural resources, it is necessary to single out the main directions for the creation of low-waste and waste-free industries. These include: integrated use of raw materials and energy resources; improvement of existing and development of fundamentally new technological processes and industries and related equipment; introduction of water and gas circulation cycles (based on efficient gas and water treatment methods); cooperation of production using the wastes of some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free TPK.

On the way to improve existing and develop fundamentally new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements: the implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them and raw materials are lost; the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy; increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units; intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation; creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy with technology makes it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large - scale production of ammonia according to the energy - technological scheme .

Rational use of natural resources

Both non-renewable and renewable resources of the planet are not infinite, and the more intensively they are used, the less of these resources remain for the next generations. Therefore, decisive measures are required everywhere for the rational use of natural resources. The era of reckless exploitation of nature by man is over, the biosphere is in dire need of protection, and natural resources should be protected and used sparingly.

The basic principles of such an attitude to natural resources are set out in the international document "The concept of sustainable economic development", adopted at the second UN World Conference on Environmental Protection in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

With regard to inexhaustible resources, the "Concept of sustainable economic development" of development urgently requires a return to their widespread use and, where possible, the replacement of non-renewable resources with inexhaustible ones. First of all, this concerns the energy industry.

For example, wind is a promising source of energy, and the use of modern "wind turbines" is very appropriate in flat open coastal areas. With the help of hot natural springs, you can not only treat many diseases, but also heat your home. As a rule, all the difficulties in the use of inexhaustible resources lie not in the fundamental possibilities of their use, but in the technological problems that have to be solved.

With regard to non-renewable resources, the "Concept of Sustainable Economic Development" states that their extraction should be made normative, i.e. reduce the rate of extraction of minerals from the bowels. The world community will have to abandon the race for leadership in the extraction of this or that natural resource, the main thing is not the volume of the extracted resource, but the efficiency of its use. This means a completely new approach to the problem of mining: it is necessary to extract not as much as each country can, but as much as is necessary for the sustainable development of the world economy. Of course, the world community will not come to such an approach immediately; it will take decades to implement it.

With regard to renewable resources, the "Concept of sustainable economic development" requires that they be exploited at least within the framework of simple reproduction, and their total amount does not decrease over time. In the language of ecologists, this means: how much you have taken from nature of a renewable resource (for example, forests), return so much (in the form of forest plantations). Land resources also require careful treatment and protection. To protect against erosion, use:

Forest protection belts;

Plowing without turning over the layer;

In hilly areas - plowing across the slopes and tinning the land;

Regulation of livestock grazing.

Disturbed, polluted lands can be restored, this process is called reclamation. Such restored lands can be used in four directions: for agricultural use, for forest plantations, for artificial reservoirs and for housing or capital construction. Reclamation consists of two stages: mining (preparation of territories) and biological (planting trees and low-demanding crops, such as perennial grasses, industrial legumes).

The protection of water resources is one of the most important environmental problems of our time. It is difficult to overestimate the role of the ocean in the life of the biosphere, which carries out the process of self-purification of water in nature with the help of the plankton living in it; stabilizing the planet's climate, being in constant dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere; producing huge biomass. But for life and economic activity, a person needs fresh water. Strict saving of fresh water and prevention of its pollution are necessary.

Saving fresh water should be carried out in everyday life: in many countries, residential buildings are equipped with water meters, this is a very disciplined population. Pollution of water bodies is detrimental not only for humanity in need of drinking water. It contributes to a catastrophic reduction in fish stocks both at the global and Russian levels. In polluted waters, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases and fish die. Obviously, tough environmental measures are needed to prevent pollution of water bodies and to combat poaching.

Waste recycling

The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of polymer materials processing in the world. Interest in obtaining cheap resources, which are secondary polymers, is very tangible, so the world experience in their recycling should be in demand.

In countries where environmental protection is of great importance, the volume of recycling of recycled polymers is constantly increasing. Legislation obliges legal entities and individuals to dispose of plastic waste (flexible packaging, bottles, cups, etc.) into special containers for their subsequent disposal. Today, the agenda is not only the task of recycling various materials, but also the restoration of the resource base. However, the possibility of using waste for re-production is limited by their unstable and worse mechanical properties compared to the original materials. The end products with their use often do not meet aesthetic criteria. For some types of products, the use of secondary raw materials is generally prohibited by the current sanitary or certification standards.

For example, some countries have banned the use of certain recycled polymers in food packaging. The process of obtaining finished products from recycled plastics is associated with a number of difficulties. The reuse of recycled materials requires a special reconfiguration of the process parameters due to the fact that the recycled material changes its viscosity, and may also contain non-polymer inclusions. In some cases, special mechanical requirements are imposed on the finished product, which simply cannot be met when using recycled polymers. Therefore, for the use of recycled polymers, it is necessary to achieve a balance between the desired properties of the final product and the average characteristics of the recycled material. The basis for such developments should be the idea of creating new products from recycled plastics, as well as partial replacement of primary materials with secondary ones in traditional products. Recently, the process of replacing primary polymers in production has intensified so much that more than 1,400 items of products from recycled plastics are produced in the USA alone, which were previously produced only using primary raw materials.

Thus, recycled plastic products can be used to produce products that were previously made from virgin materials. For example, it is possible to produce plastic bottles from waste, i.e. recycling in a closed cycle. Also, secondary polymers are suitable for the manufacture of objects whose properties may be worse than those of analogues made using primary raw materials. The latter solution is called "cascade" waste processing. It is successfully used, for example, by FIAT auto, which recycles the bumpers of end-of-life cars into pipes and floor mats for new cars.

Protection of Nature

Nature protection - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of natural resources and the environment, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters, forests and the Earth's atmosphere. Nature conservation has economic, historical and social significance.

Environmental protection methods are usually divided into groups:

Legislative

organizational,

Biotechnical

Educational and propaganda.

The legal protection of nature in the country is based on all-Union and republican legislative acts and the relevant articles of the criminal codes. Their proper implementation is supervised by state inspectorates, nature conservation societies and the police. All these organizations may create groups of public inspectors. The success of legal methods of nature protection depends on the efficiency of supervision, strict adherence to principles in the performance of their duties by those who carry it out, on the knowledge of public inspectors of ways to take into account the state of natural resources and environmental legislation.

The organizational method of nature protection consists of various organizational measures aimed at the economical use of natural resources, their more expedient consumption, and the replacement of natural resources with artificial ones. It also provides for the solution of other tasks related to the effective conservation of natural resources.

The biotechnical method of nature protection includes numerous ways of directly influencing the protected object or the environment in order to improve their condition and protect them from adverse circumstances. According to the degree of impact, passive and active methods of biotechnical protection are usually distinguished. The first include commandment, order, prohibition, protection, the second - restoration, reproduction, change in use, salvation, etc.

The educational and propaganda method combines all forms of oral, printed, visual, radio and television propaganda to popularize the ideas of nature conservation, instilling in people the habit of constantly taking care of it.

Activities related to nature protection can also be divided into the following groups:

natural science

technical and production,

economic,

Administrative and legal.

Measures for the protection of nature can be carried out on an international scale, a national scale or within a particular region.

The world's first measure for the protection of animals living freely in nature was the decision to protect chamois and marmots in the Tatras, adopted in 1868 by the Zemstvo Sejm in Lvov and the Austro-Hungarian authorities on the initiative of the Polish naturalists M. Nowicki, E. Yanota and L. Zeisner.

The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth (including humans) required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Among such measures are cleaning up the environment, streamlining the use of chemicals, stopping the production of pesticides, restoring land, and creating nature reserves. Rare plants and animals are listed in the Red Book.

In Russia, environmental protection measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other federal legislation.

In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

Increasing the level of human ecological culture

Ecological culture is the level of people's perception of nature, the world around them and the assessment of their position in the universe, the attitude of a person to the world. Here it is necessary to immediately clarify that it is not the relation of man and the world that is meant, which also implies feedback, but only the relation of man himself to the world, to living nature.

Under ecological culture, the whole complex of skills of being in contact with the natural environment is commemorated. An increasing number of scientists and specialists are inclined to believe that overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only on the basis of ecological culture, the central idea of which is the joint harmonious development of nature and man and the attitude to nature not only as a material, but also as a spiritual value.

The formation of ecological culture is considered as a complex, multidimensional, long process of affirmation in the way of thinking, feelings and behavior of residents of all ages:

Ecological outlook;

Careful attitude to the use of water and land resources, green spaces and specially protected areas;

Personal responsibility to society for the creation and preservation of a favorable environment;

Conscious implementation of environmental rules and requirements.

“Only a revolution in the minds of the people will bring the desired changes. If we are to save ourselves and the biosphere on which our existence depends, everyone... young and old alike must become real, active and even aggressive fighters for the preservation of the environment,” concludes his book with these words, William O. Douglas, Dr. law, former member of the United States Supreme Court.

The revolution in people's minds, which is so necessary to overcome the ecological crisis, will not happen by itself. It is possible with purposeful efforts within the framework of state environmental policy and an independent function of public administration in the field of the environment. These efforts should be aimed at the ecological education of all generations, especially the young, the education of a sense of respect for nature. It is necessary to form ecological consciousness, individual and social, based on the idea of harmonious relationships between man and nature, man's dependence on nature and responsibility for its preservation for future generations.

At the same time, the most important prerequisite for solving environmental problems in the world is the targeted training of ecologists - specialists in the field of economics, engineering, technology, law, sociology, biology, hydrology, etc. Without highly qualified specialists with modern knowledge on the entire spectrum of issues of interaction between society and nature, especially in in the process of making environmentally significant economic, managerial and other decisions, the planet Earth may not have a worthy future.

However, even having organizational, human, material and other resources to address environmental issues, people must acquire the necessary will and wisdom to adequately use these resources.

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State budgetary professional educational institution

Stavropol Territory "Kislovodsk Medical College"

on the topic: "Global environmental problems and ways to solve them"

discipline "Ecology"

Made by Saidova D.K.

checked by teacher Kodzhakova S.Z.

mr. Kislovodsk 2016

Introduction

Global Environmental Issue #2: Ozone Depletion

Global Environmental Issue #4: Acid Rain

Environmental Issue #5: Soil Pollution

Conclusion

Introduction

Continuous technological progress, the continuing enslavement of nature by man, industrialization, which has changed the surface of the Earth beyond recognition, have become the causes of the global environmental crisis. Currently, the population of the planet is particularly acute environmental problems such as atmospheric pollution, ozone depletion, acid rain, greenhouse effect, soil pollution, pollution of the world's oceans and overpopulation.

Global Environmental Issue #1: Air Pollution

Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air, which contains, in addition to vital oxygen, a whole list of harmful suspended particles and gases. Atmospheric pollutants, polluted air causes many chronic diseases.

Atmospheric pollution is an environmental problem that is familiar to residents of absolutely all corners of the earth.

It is especially acutely felt by representatives of cities where ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical, petrochemical, construction and pulp and paper industries operate. In some cities, the atmosphere is also heavily poisoned by vehicles and boilers. These are all examples of anthropogenic air pollution. As for the natural sources of chemical elements that pollute the atmosphere, they include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion (dispersal of soil and rock particles), the spread of pollen, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radiation.

Consequences of air pollution. Atmospheric air pollution adversely affects human health, contributing to the development of heart and lung diseases (in particular, bronchitis).

In addition, atmospheric pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide destroy natural ecosystems, destroying plants and causing the death of living creatures (particularly river fish).

Solving an environmental problem. The global environmental problem of atmospheric pollution, according to scientists and government officials, can be solved in the following ways:

Limiting population growth;

Reducing the volume of energy use;

Improving energy efficiency;

Waste reduction;

Transition to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources;

Purification of air in especially polluted territories.

Global Environmental Issue #2: Ozone Depletion

The ozone layer is a thin strip of the stratosphere that protects all life on Earth from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the sun.

causes of environmental problems. Back in the 1970s. environmentalists have discovered that the ozone layer is destroyed by exposure to chlorofluorocarbons. These chemicals are found in coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as well as solvents, aerosols/sprays, and fire extinguishers. To a lesser extent, other anthropogenic influences also contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer: the launch of space rockets, the flights of jet aircraft in high layers of the atmosphere, nuclear weapons testing, and the reduction of the planet's forest lands. There is also a theory that global warming contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer.

Consequences of the destruction of the ozone layer. As a result of the destruction of the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation passes unhindered through the atmosphere and reaches the earth's surface. Exposure to direct UV rays adversely affects people's health by weakening the immune system and causing diseases such as skin cancer and cataracts. Ways to solve the problem of ozone depletion

Awareness of the danger leads to the fact that the international community is taking more and more steps to protect the ozone layer. Let's consider some of them.

1) Creation of various organizations for the protection of the ozone layer (UNEP, COSPAR, MAGA)

2Conferences.

a) Vienna Conference (September 1987). It discussed and signed the Montreal Protocol:

The need for constant monitoring of the manufacture, sale, and use of the most hazardous substances for ozone (freons, bromine-containing compounds, etc.)

The use of chlorofluorocarbons, compared with 1986 levels, should be reduced by 20% by 1993 and by half by 1998.

b) At the beginning of 1990. scientists came to the conclusion that the restrictions of the Montreal Protocol are insufficient and proposals were made to completely stop production and emissions into the atmosphere as early as 1991-1992. those freons that are limited by the Montreal Protocol.

The problem of preserving the ozone layer is one of the global problems of mankind. Therefore, it is being discussed at many forums of various levels, including Russian-American summit meetings.

It remains only to believe that a deep awareness of the danger threatening humanity will inspire the government of all countries to take the necessary measures to reduce emissions of substances harmful to ozone.

World Environmental Issue #3: Global Warming

Like the glass walls of a greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor allow the sun to heat our planet and at the same time prevent infrared radiation reflected from the earth's surface from escaping into space. All these gases are responsible for maintaining the temperature acceptable for life on earth. However, an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere is another global environmental problem called global warming (or the greenhouse effect).

Causes of global warming. During the 20th century, the average temperature on earth increased by 0.5 - 1?C. The main cause of global warming is considered to be an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to an increase in the volume of fossil fuels burned by people (coal, oil and their derivatives).

However, according to Aleksey Kokorin, head of climate programs at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia, “the largest amount of greenhouse gases is generated as a result of the operation of power plants and methane emissions during the extraction and delivery of energy resources, while road transport or the combustion of associated petroleum gas in torches do relatively little harm to the environment.”

Other prerequisites for global warming are overpopulation of the planet, deforestation, ozone depletion and littering.

However, not all ecologists place the responsibility for the increase in average annual temperatures entirely on anthropogenic activities.

Some believe that the natural increase in the abundance of oceanic plankton also contributes to global warming, leading to an increase in the concentration of the same carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Consequences of the greenhouse effect. If the temperature during the 21st century increases by another 1 ? C - 3.5 ? C, as scientists predict, the consequences will be very sad:

The level of the world ocean will rise (due to the melting of polar ice), the number of droughts will increase and the process of land desertification will intensify,

Many species of plants and animals adapted to existence in a narrow range of temperatures and humidity will disappear,

Hurricanes will become more frequent.

Solving an environmental problem. To slow down the process of global warming, according to environmentalists, the following measures will help:

Rising prices for fossil fuels,

Replacing fossil fuels with environmentally friendly ones (solar energy, wind energy and sea currents),

Development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies,

Taxation of emissions into the environment,

Minimization of methane losses during its production, transportation through pipelines, distribution in cities and villages and use at heat supply stations and power plants,

Implementation of carbon dioxide absorption and sequestration technologies,

Tree planting,

Reducing the size of families

environmental education,

The use of phytomelioration in agriculture.

Global Environmental Issue #4: Acid Rain

Acid rain containing fuel combustion products also pose a threat to the environment, human health, and even to the integrity of architectural monuments.

The effects of acid rain. Solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids, aluminum and cobalt compounds contained in polluted precipitation and fog pollute the soil and water bodies, adversely affect vegetation, causing dry tops of deciduous trees and oppressing conifers. Due to acid rain, crop yields are falling, people are drinking water enriched with toxic metals (mercury, cadmium, lead), marble architectural monuments are turning into gypsum and eroding.

Solving an environmental problem. In order to save nature and architecture from acid rain, it is necessary to minimize the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Global Environmental Issue #5: Soil Pollution

Every year people pollute the environment with 85 billion tons of waste. Among them are solid and liquid waste from industrial enterprises and transport, agricultural waste (including pesticides), household waste and atmospheric fallout of harmful substances.

The main role in soil pollution is played by such components of industrial waste as heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, thallium, bismuth, tin, vanadium, antimony), pesticides and petroleum products. From the soil, they penetrate into plants and water, even spring water. In a chain, toxic metals enter the human body and are not always quickly and completely removed from it. Some of them tend to accumulate over many years, provoking the development of serious diseases.

Solutions:

Development of environmental technologies or non-waste production.

Disinfection of hazardous waste, sewage.

Combating toxic emissions from various types of equipment.

Destruction or recycling of garbage.

Disinfection of contaminated soil, water and air.

Global Environmental Issue #6: Water Pollution

pollution atmosphere water greenhouse

Pollution of the oceans, underground and surface waters of land is a global environmental problem, the responsibility for which lies entirely with man.

causes of environmental problems. The main pollutants of the hydrosphere today are oil and oil products. These substances penetrate into the waters of the oceans as a result of the collapse of tankers and regular discharges of wastewater from industrial enterprises.

In addition to anthropogenic oil products, industrial and domestic facilities pollute the hydrosphere with heavy metals and complex organic compounds. Agriculture and the food industry are recognized as the leaders in poisoning the waters of the oceans with minerals and biogenic elements.

The hydrosphere does not bypass such a global environmental problem as radioactive contamination. The prerequisite for its formation was the disposal of radioactive waste in the waters of the oceans. From the 1949s to the 1970s, many powers with a developed nuclear industry and atomic fleet purposefully stockpiled harmful radioactive substances into the seas and oceans. In the places of burial of radioactive containers, the level of cesium often goes off scale even today. But "underwater polygons" are not the only radioactive source of pollution of the hydrosphere. The waters of the seas and oceans are enriched with radiation as a result of underwater and surface nuclear explosions.

Consequences of radioactive contamination of water. Oil pollution of the hydrosphere leads to the destruction of the natural habitat of hundreds of representatives of oceanic flora and fauna, the death of plankton, seabirds and mammals. For human health, the poisoning of the waters of the oceans also poses a serious danger: fish and other seafood “infected” with radiation can easily get on the table.

Mankind, realizing that as a result of its life activity sometimes causes irreparable damage to the aquatic biosphere, is trying to find effective ways to purify natural waters from various kinds of pollution. Activities of this kind include the following types of actions:

Purification of industrial and household sewage;

Disinfection of natural waters with the help of chemical reagents;

Pumping of polluted waters into special reservoirs or aquifers;

Development in production of recycling water supply technologies that do not require additional water intake and water runoff.

Conclusion

Global problems are a challenge to the human mind. It is impossible to get away from them. They can only be overcome. To overcome with the efforts of each person and each country in close cooperation for the sake of the great goal - to preserve the possibility of living on Earth.

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Global Environmental Issue #1: Air Pollution

Global Environmental Issue #2: Ozone Depletion

World Environmental Issue #3: Global Warming

Global Environmental Issue #4: Acid Rain

Global Environmental Issue #5: Soil Pollution

Global Environmental Issue #6: Water Pollution

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