What 5 states were part of the socialist camp. How the countries of the former socialist bloc are nostalgic for the life of the past

The countries of Europe and Asia, which fell away from the capitalist system after the Second World War, formed together with the Soviet Union a single and powerful socialist camp opposed to the camp of capitalism. The two camps - the socialist camp led by the USSR and the capitalist camp led by the USA - embody two lines of economic development. One line is the line of the growth of economic power, the continuous upsurge of the peaceful economy and the steady improvement in the well-being of the working masses of the Soviet Union and the people's democracies. The other line is the line of the economy of capitalism, the productive forces of which are marking time, this is the line of the militarization of the economy, the decline in the living standards of the working people in the conditions of the ever-growing general crisis of the world capitalist system.

The two camps - socialist and capitalist - embody two opposite courses of international politics. The ruling circles of the USA and other imperialist states are taking the path of preparing for a new world war and fascisizing the internal life of their countries. The socialist camp is fighting against the threat of new wars and imperialist expansion, for the eradication of fascism, for the strengthening of peace and democracy.

The Second World War and the formation of two camps in the international arena had as their most important economic consequence the disintegration of a single all-encompassing world market. “The economic result of the existence of two opposing camps was that the single all-encompassing world market collapsed, as a result of which we now have two parallel world markets, also opposing each other”1. This determined the further deepening of the general crisis of capitalism.

During the post-war period, the countries of the socialist camp joined together economically and established close economic cooperation and mutual assistance. The economic cooperation of the countries of the socialist camp is based on a sincere desire to help each other and achieve a general economic upsurge.

The main capitalist countries - the USA, Britain and France - tried to subject the Soviet Union to an economic blockade.

1 I.V. Stalin, Economic problems of socialism in the USSR, pp. 30-31.

Union, China and the European countries of people's democracy, counting on the strangulation of these countries. But by doing this, they contributed, against their will, to the formation and strengthening of a new, parallel (world market). Thanks to the crisis-free development of the economy of the countries of the socialist camp, the new world market does not know the difficulties of marketing, its capacity is constantly growing.

As a result of the collapse of the single world market, the relative stability of markets that existed at the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism came to an end. The second stage of the general crisis of capitalism is characterized by a reduction in the capacity of the world capitalist market. This means that the sphere of application of the forces of the main capitalist countries (USA, England, France) to world resources is inevitably shrinking and the conditions of the world market for these countries are deteriorating. The chronic underutilization of enterprises in the capitalist countries increased in the post-war period. This is especially true of the United States, despite the fact that after the end of the Second World War, huge production facilities in various industries in the United States were partially mothballed and partially destroyed.

The narrowing of the sphere of application of the forces of the main capitalist countries to world resources causes an intensification of the struggle between the countries of the imperialist camp for markets, for sources of raw materials, for spheres of investment of capital. The imperialists, and above all the American ones, are trying to overcome the difficulties that have arisen as a result of the loss of huge markets by increased expansion at the expense of their competitors, acts of aggression, an arms race, and the militarization of the economy. But all these measures lead to an even greater deepening of the contradictions of capitalism.

More on the topic The formation of two camps in the international arena and the collapse of the single world market.:

1. Fundamental changes in the international situation after the Second World War. Formation of two camps
Formation of the socialist camp after WW2. Monina Elena.
WEAKENING OF THE POSITION OF IMPERIALISM ON THE WORLD ARENA AND THE FOREIGN POLICY COURSE OF THE MAIN IMPERIALIST STATES

After the end of World War II, pro-Soviet regimes were established in Eastern Europe. Among the overwhelming majority of the population of the countries of this region, sympathies were on the side of the USSR as the state that saved them from fascism. The elections held in the first years after the end of the war were won by the communist and socialist parties. To confront the forces of the West, the countries of Eastern Europe united in a military-political bloc under the auspices of the USSR. This lesson is devoted to an overview of the relationship and development of the countries of Eastern Europe.

background

By 1947-1948. in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Albania), communist parties subordinated to Moscow came to power. All other parties were forced out of political life. A regime of autocracy was established and a course was taken to build socialism according to the model of the USSR.

The following features were characteristic of the countries of the socialist camp.

One party system.
Totalitarian socialism (totalitarianism).
Nationalization of industry, trade and finance.
State planning. Command-administrative distribution system.

Events

1947- The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) was created, through which Moscow led the countries of the socialist camp.

GDR

1953- uprising in the GDR due to a decline in living standards.

The establishment of pro-Soviet and socialist regimes in Eastern, Southeastern and part of Central Europe made it possible to include the countries located in these territories into the so-called. socialist camp. For states that are in USSR orbit in Europe, include: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Albania, Yugoslavia and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The establishment of Soviet-style political regimes entailed transformations and reforms copied from the USSR. So, in all of the above countries, in the late 1940s - early 1950s. agrarian reform was carried out, the persecution began dissidents (i.e. people who disagree with the political regime) Almost all spheres of society were subordinated to the state. To strengthen relations and maintain the economy, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was founded in 1949, which included all states, with the exception of Yugoslavia (Fig. 1). In 1955, in Warsaw, between the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the GDR, Romania and Bulgaria, an agreement was signed on the creation of a military bloc, largely to counter NATO, created in 1949. This bloc of socialist countries was called the Warsaw Pact Organization.

Rice. 1. CMEA building in Moscow ()

The first cracks in the united socialist camp occurred in 1948 when the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito, who wanted to conduct, in many respects, his policy without coordination with Moscow, once again took a masterful step, which served to aggravate Soviet-Yugoslav relations and break them. Before 1955 years, Yugoslavia fell out of a single system, and never returned there entirely. In this country, a peculiar model of socialism arose - Titoism based on the authority of the country's leader Tito. Under him, Yugoslavia turned into a country with a developed economy (in 1950-1970, production rates quadrupled), Tito's authority was strengthened by multinational Yugoslavia. The ideas of market socialism and self-government formed the basis of Yugoslav prosperity.

After the death of Tito in 1980, centrifugal processes began in the state, which led the country to disintegration in the early 1990s, the war in Croatia, and the mass genocide of Serbs in Croatia and Kosovo.

The second country that left the united socialist camp and was no longer part of it was Albania. The Albanian leader and staunch Stalinist - (Fig. 2) - did not agree with the decision of the 20th Congress of the CPSU to condemn Stalin's personality cult and severed diplomatic relations with the USSR, leaving the CMEA. The further existence of Albania was tragic. Hoxha's one-man regime led the country to decline and mass poverty of the population. In the early 1990s between Serbs and Albanians, national conflicts began to flare up, resulting in the mass destruction of Serbs and the occupation of primordially Serbian territories, which continues to this day.

Rice. 2. Enver Hoxha ()

For other countries socialist camps more stringent policies. So when in In 1956, unrest broke out among Polish workers, protesting against unbearable living conditions, the columns were shot by the troops, and the leaders of the workers were found and destroyed. But in the light of the political transformations taking place at that time in the USSR, associated with de-Stalinization of society, in Moscow they agreed to put the repressed under Stalin at the head of Poland Vladislav Gomulka. Power will later pass to General Wojciech Jaruzelski who will fight against the politically rising the Solidarity movement representing workers and independent trade unions. Movement leader - Lech Walesa- became the leader of the protest. Throughout the 1980s. The Solidarity movement was gaining more and more popularity, despite the persecution of the authorities. In 1989, with the collapse of the socialist system, Solidarity came to power in Poland.

In 1956 an uprising broke out in Budapest.. The reason was the de-Stalinization and the demand by the workers and the intelligentsia for fair and open elections, the unwillingness to be dependent on Moscow. The uprising soon resulted in the persecution and arrests of members of the Hungarian state security; part of the army went over to the side of the people. By decision of Moscow, ATS troops were brought into Budapest. Leadership of the Hungarian Workers' Party led by a Stalinist Matthias Rakosi, was forced to appoint to the post of prime minister Imre Nadia. Soon Nagy announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Department of Internal Affairs, which angered Moscow. Tanks were again brought into Budapest, and the uprising was brutally crushed. became the new leader Janos Kadar, who repressed most of the rebels (Nagy was shot), but began to carry out economic reforms that contributed to the fact that Hungary turned into one of the most prosperous countries in the socialist camp. With the collapse of the socialist system, Hungary abandoned its former ideals, and a pro-Western leadership came to power.

In 1968 in Czechoslovakia A new communist government was elected, led by Alexander Dubcek who wanted to carry out economic, social and political transformation. Seeing an indulgence in domestic life, all of Czechoslovakia was engulfed in rallies. Seeing that the socialist state began to gravitate towards the world of capital, the leader of the USSR L.I. Brezhnev ordered the introduction of ATS troops into Czechoslovakia. The balance of power between the world of capital and socialism, which cannot be changed under any circumstances, after 1945 was called "The Brezhnev Doctrine". In August 1968, troops were brought in, the entire leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was arrested, tanks opened fire on people on the streets of Prague (Fig. 3). Soon Dubcek will be replaced by a pro-Soviet one. Gustav Husak, which will adhere to the official line of Moscow.

Rice. 3. Riot in Prague ()

Bulgaria and Romania throughout the entire period of the existence of the socialist camp will remain faithful to Moscow in their political and economic transformations. The Bulgarian communists, led by Todor Zhivkov, will strictly conduct their domestic and foreign policy, looking back at Moscow. Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu made the Soviet leadership nervous from time to time. He wanted to appear as an independent politician, in the manner of Tito, but quickly showed his weakness. In 1989, after the coup and the overthrow of the communist government, Ceausescu and his wife were shot. With the collapse of the common system, pro-Western forces will come to power in these countries, which will be set up for European integration.

Thus, the countries People's Democracy"or country" real socialism” over the past 60 years have experienced a transformation from a socialist system to a capitalist system led by the United States, being largely dependent on the influence of a new leader.

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Encyclopedia of world historical names, names, events ().

1. Read Chapter 18 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-6 on p. 213.

2. How did the consolidation of the countries of the socialist bloc manifest itself in the economy and politics?

3. Describe the Brezhnev Doctrine.

It turns out that it is the Soviet Union of the 70-80s of the 20th century that is perceived by many today as a fair society. And most importantly, this opinion is shared not only by former citizens of the former Soviet republics ... Those who were called representatives of the socialist camp 30 years ago also want to live or, at least, feel like in the USSR.

It turns out that nostalgia for the past is also growing in Eastern Europe ...

Nostalgia for the USSR

25 years after the collapse of the Union, experts note the obvious nostalgia of former Soviet citizens for that country. The most amazing thing is that today some elements of this seemingly long-forgotten past are returning: for example, the legendary soda machines, Soviet TRP standards, and even construction sites of the century. In the USSR, the BAM was built by the whole country, and today the construction of the Kerch Bridge is an all-Russian construction site. After all, builders and engineers from different parts of the country work here.

The opening and closing ceremonies of the Sochi Olympics were also not without Soviet symbols.

Once upon a time, the entire Union proudly followed the launches at Baikonur. Now Russia has Vostochny. And our ballet, like many years ago, wins the hearts of its fans around the world ... At the end of July, the Bolshoi Ballet is back in London with an anniversary tour. And the first performance on the stage of the Royal Covent Garden took place 60 years ago.

The most amazing thing is that even those who have never lived in the Soviet Union dream of being in the times of the USSR. Those who know about that country only from the stories of their parents.

It's no secret that today's university graduates are frankly jealous of those who studied in Soviet times. After all, today, after graduating from the institute, no one guarantees a job for graduates. While in the Soviet Union there was a distribution system. And after the university, young specialists immediately got a place and began to work off the money invested in them by the state. By the way, this system allowed to forget about such a term as unemployment.

Few people remember this now, but until 1967 in the Soviet Union there was a six-day work week, with one day off. And the vacation was only 15 calendar days. It is indicative, but even in the USSR there were no such New Year holidays that are already familiar to Russians. The holiday lasted only one day. And on the second of January, everyone went to work ...

By the way, in this so-called "era of stagnation" it was absolutely normal to work in production in three shifts. And Soviet women came out of maternity leave six months after the birth of a child. But it wasn't a disaster. In the USSR, parents had no problems with kindergartens and nurseries. Moreover, it was for those who worked in the factories on the third shift that night gardens worked.

Another undoubted advantage of the Soviet system, of course, was free medicine available to everyone.

Nostalgia for the GDR

The fall of the Berlin Wall is perhaps the most striking event of the late twentieth century. It is well known what happened in the two Germanys before the fall of the wall, but few people know what happened after. And today, East Germans shrug their hands in confusion and say - "when we dismantled the wall - we did not think that in a year - our country - would not be." Today, German historians compare the liquidation of East Germany with the Ukrainian Maidan. The new government first of all created a humiliating Department for the guardianship of the former GDR, all government officials, almost all officers, lawyers were fired. Two and a half million people of the former GDR almost immediately became unemployed. Special qualification commissions identified ideologically unstable workers. Denunciations were encouraged, purges were carried out, and incorrect textbooks were destroyed in schools.

Therefore, memories of socialism are very strong among East Germans today.

Every year on October 3, the inhabitants of the former GDR celebrate the so-called "ostalgia". Experts call this term today nostalgia for the German Democratic Republic.

Parades are also regularly held in East Germany. Dozens, hundreds of "Trabants" appear on the streets. The owners exhibit cars, recognized in Western Europe as the worst examples of the global automotive industry, with indescribable pride.

Indeed, by buying GDR cars, the current residents of Germany are trying to touch their past, which they remember with warmth.

And in the mid-2000s, the Ostel Hotel opened in Berlin. And it's still the 80s. The owners of the hotel once worked in the system of the GDR state circus, therefore they know and remember the country well. They say they have caught how much the Germans are nostalgic for socialism, and decided to please the people. They opened a hotel designed exactly in the style of socialist Germany. Here is furniture and appliances of that era, real GDR wallpaper bought at a flea market. And Erich Honecker himself looks at the guests from the walls. Portraits of the former chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany hang in all hotel rooms. The visitors are delighted. The owners of "Ostel" assure that they often hear the phrase: "Oh, we had the same furniture in our parents' apartment."

In Bremen, one of the nightclubs has been holding the so-called "Ostalgie Party" for many years. At the entrance, guests are met by border guards from the GDR. They inspect every visitor with passion and change money for them: after all, the euro is not in use on the territory of the socialist republic. Music, food and entourage, everything here corresponds to the era ...

Nostalgia for Yugoslavia

Another address of modern Europe, where nostalgia also settled, is the former republics of the once united Yugoslavia. Like the East Germans "OSTALGIA", in the Balkans memories also have their own name - "Yugostalgia" - longing for socialist Yugoslavia ...

One of the most visited museums in Belgrade is the Yugoslav History Museum. There are few tourists here, visitors are mostly locals. Recently, there has been interest in an exhibition dedicated to the life of Josip Broz Tito. And if in the early 90s Tito was scolded a lot for authoritarianism, today T-shirts with portraits of Tito, souvenirs with red stars and other socialist symbols can be found on every corner in Belgrade.

While pensioners go to the museum for memories, young people are nostalgic for Yugoslavia in the Krasnaya Banda cafe, located in the courtyard of a house in the center of Belgrade. There are red tablecloths on the tables, portraits of Lenin and Marx on the walls, and an image of a hammer and sickle on the cover of the menu.

You can understand these people. Yugoslavia at the time of its socialist existence was indeed one of the richest, most stable and successfully developing countries. As in other states of the socialist world, the Yugoslavs did not know what unemployment was. They got free apartments. The institution of lending was well developed in the country: citizens borrowed money from the state at ridiculous interest rates. All this made it possible to buy cars, summer cottages, and travel around Europe. But in the 1990s, the situation changed dramatically as soon as the US intervened with NATO.

As in the USSR, the once friendly republics announced a divorce. But the breakup turned out to be painful, if not bloody. But today, former citizens of Federal Yugoslavia are more likely to remember the good things: economic recovery and friendship between the republics.

background

The following features were characteristic of the countries of the socialist camp.

One party system.
Totalitarian socialism (totalitarianism).
Nationalization of industry, trade and finance.
State planning. Command-administrative distribution system.

Events

1947- The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) was created, through which Moscow led the countries of the socialist camp.

GDR

1953- uprising in the GDR due to a decline in living standards.

Rice. 1. CMEA building in Moscow ()

Rice. 2. Enver Hoxha ()

Rice. 3. Riot in Prague ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

2. Encyclopedia of world historical names, names, events ().

1. Read Chapter 18 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-6 on p. 213.

2. How did the consolidation of the countries of the socialist bloc manifest itself in the economy and politics?

3. Describe the Brezhnev Doctrine.

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The defeat of fascist Germany had a huge impact on the post-war processes in the economic, political, and social life of European countries. The peoples of many countries rose up to fight for the revival of their statehood and for the democratization of public life. After the war, the authority of the communist parties in Europe greatly increased. End of the Great Patriotic War

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The USSR and Europe in 1945 The revolutionary nature of the changes was due primarily to the presence of favorable external and internal conditions. The most important among them were the defeat of fascism, the liberation of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria by the Soviet Army. In these countries, people's bodies of power were created, independence and foreign policy sovereignty were restored, and reforms were carried out.

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Hungary Albania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Poland Romania Czechoslovakia East Germany (East Germany) Formation of the world system of socialism The countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe in the 20th century were called the countries of Eastern Europe or the "socialist camp", immediately after the war they fell into the sphere of influence of the USSR. In most of them, Soviet-type regimes were established. Reforms were carried out and a planned economic model was established with all the advantages and disadvantages.

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While assisting in the implementation of democratic reforms, the USSR at the same time sought to bring the communists to power and impose the Soviet model of development on these countries. In a number of countries, people's bodies of power were created, which by their nature became forms of power of the working class, acting in alliance with the peasantry. Communist parties enjoyed great popularity among the population of these states. Socialist Hungary in the 1960s

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Yugoslavia and Bulgaria announced their entry into the socialist path of development immediately after liberation. In 1948, in Czechoslovakia, power in the country passed to the communists, who proclaimed a course towards "socialist construction." The countries that had fallen away from the world system of capitalism and formed a socialist camp together with the Soviet Union, united economically and established close cooperation among themselves. In parallel with the world capitalist market, a new world democratic market arose. Socialist Czechoslovakia in the 1960s

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A distinctive feature of the agrarian reforms in the people's democracies was the absence of land nationalization. The land was confiscated and distributed among the peasants on the terms of redemption into private property. Another important reform was the nationalization of large capitalist property in industry and banking. Socialist Romania in the 1970s

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The socialist states gradually switched to long-term economic treaties and agreements on mutual deliveries of goods. Such treaties and agreements provided each country for long periods with the receipt of certain types of machinery, equipment, raw materials and other goods necessary for the fulfillment of its national economic plans. These countries had a planned (command) economy. Socialist Bulgaria in the 1980s

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Socialist states The broad development of economic cooperation between the countries of the socialist camp not only did not exclude the growth of their trade relations with the countries of the capitalist part of the world, but also created favorable prerequisites and conditions for such growth. The socialist countries used trade ties with the capitalist countries to further develop their economies and raise the living standards of the population.

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The socialist states of the countries of the socialist camp strove to develop business ties with the countries of the capitalist camp on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and strict observance of the obligations assumed, proceeding from the fact that the difference in socio-economic systems should not serve as an obstacle to the development of mutually beneficial trade and other economic relations.

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Expansion of the socialist camp In addition, a number of Third World countries in the 1960-80s declared their "socialist orientation" and the beginning of the construction of a socialist society: Nicaragua, Grenada, Algeria, Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, the People's Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Guinea , Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Benin, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, PDRY, Afghanistan, Burma.

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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was established for the purpose of systematic economic cooperation between the countries of the socialist camp. The CMEA organized the exchange of economic and technical experience, provided mutual assistance in raw materials, foodstuffs, machinery, and equipment, carried out planned linkage and coordination of the development of the economies of the states of the socialist camp on the basis of a rational division of labor between them.

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The Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD) The Warsaw Pact of 1955 is a document that establishes the creation of a military-political union of socialist states. The agreement was signed by representatives of 8 states of the socialist camp - the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia. The military alliance of the socialist states was called the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD).

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The Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) The Warsaw Pact was concluded in order to counteract the growing danger of a new world war and the emergence of a threat to the security of the socialist countries. The Warsaw Pact had a defensive character and was fundamentally different from the aggressive blocs.

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Allies of the USSR in the Cold War The Cold War was fought between military-political blocs, which included many states. Leading roles in each of the blocs were played by 2 superpowers. The USSR was the organizer and leader of two organizations - the Department of Internal Affairs and the CMEA. Socialist states: 31. Rwanda 32. Djibouti 33. Cameroon 34. Sri Lanka 35. Tunisia 36. Iraq 37. Madagascar 38. Cape Verde 39. Zimbabwe 40. Burundi 41. Suriname 42. Gambia 43. Sudan 44. Mauritania 45 Guyana 1. China (PRC) 2. Vietnam 3. North Korea 4. Cuba 5. Mongolia 6. Egypt 7. Syria 8. Libya 9. Algeria 10. Ethiopia 11. Laos 12. Nicaragua 13. Kenya 14. Senegal 15. Cambodia 16. Czechoslovakia 17. Hungary 18. Germany (GDR) 19. Poland 20. Yugoslavia 21. Romania 22. Bulgaria 23. Albania 24. Angola 25. Yemen 26. Bangladesh 27. Myanmar 28. Tanzania 29. Congo 30. Guinea-Bissau

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Arms race between the USSR and the USA Military equipment of the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp

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Thus, at the end of the 1940s, the world system of socialism took shape. This system included European, Asian, African and South American states. The main socialist state was the USSR. By 1982, 40% of the world's population lived in the socialist countries. The creation of the world socialist system was a major foreign policy success for the USSR. World System of Socialism World System of Socialism (1945-1991)

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Crises of the socialist camp The Soviet leadership recognized the right of each country to follow its own path to socialism. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the thesis about the diversity of forms of transition of various countries to socialism was substantiated. Under the influence of a whole range of decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, political crises began in some socialist countries.

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Hungary (1956) It all started shortly after the 20th Congress of the CPSU in Moscow. In October 1956, students took to the streets in Budapest demanding democratic reforms, but the peaceful demonstrations soon turned into riots. The leader of the country, Imre Nagy, wanted to restore order on his own. The crowds disarmed the militia, took out hidden weapons from somewhere, then began to attack military depots. The Hungarian army offered practically no resistance to them.

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Hungary (1956) Massacres began against communists and state security officers. They were hung by the legs and burned alive in the streets, and family members were thrown from the windows of the upper floors of buildings. On November 4, Soviet troops entered Budapest and after 4 days of street fighting, the uprising was crushed. Imre Nagy took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy, but was extradited and hanged two years later.

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Czechoslovakia (1968) The Prague Spring is a period of tumultuous transformations in Czechoslovakia in 1968. A reformist wing arose in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the main slogan of which was proclaimed "socialism with a human face." In January 1968, the president of the country and the 1st secretary of the Central Committee of Czechoslovakia A. Novotny was removed. A. Dubcek, a representative of the liberal wing of the Communist Party, was elected head of the Communist Party, and L. Svoboda became president. This caused an extremely negative reaction from the leadership of the USSR.

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Czechoslovakia (1968) But political pressure did not give the expected results, and on August 21, troops were introduced into the territory of Czechoslovakia by five countries participating in the Warsaw Pact. The leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was arrested and taken to Moscow. There they were forced to sign an agreement on the deployment of Soviet troops on the territory of Czechoslovakia on a permanent basis. Upon returning to Prague, A. Dubcek and his associates were removed from power. The purge of the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia began.

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