Manual roller for soil compaction with your own hands. Vibratory plates and vibrorammers (rammers) Mechanical rammer

Earth tamping is required when equipping the foundations of buildings and carrying out road construction work. This process improves the bearing qualities of the soil and its resistance to moisture penetration. If the earth is loose and loose, you should use a special device - a vibrotamper to compact the soil.

Purpose and scope of equipment

The scope depends on the type of equipment. Thus, a vibratory roller helps to compact large volumes of earth in its surface layer. Soil compaction with a vibrating plate is carried out where it is necessary to fix a layer of sand, crushed stone or gravel of small thickness - up to 30 cm. Such equipment is also used for installing paving slabs and asphalt.

Vibratory rammers of the "vibro-leg" type compact deeper layers - up to 70 cm thick. The equipment is used where the functions of the two previous types of equipment are not enough, or their dimensions do not allow getting close to the area in need of processing. It could be:

arrangement of sidewalks, tram tracks;
entrance equipment;
tamping of the foot of supporting structures;
erection of a pile-strip foundation for private houses;
asphalt patching.

Both the vibrating plate for soil compaction and the vibrating leg can be used when installing communication lines underground.

Types of vibrorammers for soil compaction

The main classification of such equipment is based on the type of driving device. It could be:

electric motor;
gasoline internal combustion engine;
diesel.

Electric vibrorammer for soil compaction- equipment, although not too powerful, but mobile and low-noise. The frequency of the engine is up to 600 rpm, which makes it possible to work out 250 "squares" per hour. Additional advantages of electric models are environmental friendliness, budgetary cost, the ability to work indoors. The disadvantages include the mandatory presence of a nearby power source.

Diesel powered plant capable of delivering up to 700 rpm, which allows you to compact more than 250 square meters of soil. Diesel equipment is productive, durable and economical, but it is expensive and very noisy.

The most popular vibrorammers with a gasoline engine. At a frequency of up to 680 rpm, they are able to process about 200 square meters. Such equipment is not tied to power supply, has low noise levels, and is unpretentious to temperature changes. But you can work on it only in open space (due to toxic gasoline fumes).

Petrol vibrorammer for soil compaction - device

The principle of operation of the vibrotamper device

Different types of vibrorammers have different vibration amplitude and frequency. Usually, when the first indicator is low, the latter is high, and vice versa. If the emphasis is on amplitude, the equipment is used for compacting loose soils. In the second case, the device is suitable for working with viscous compounds, such as concrete.

The principle of operation of such equipment is simple. The transmission of torque occurs from the motor to the "unbalance" shaft - an eccentric, also called an inertial element.

The latter is rigidly fixed on the tamping plate, which receives energy. After that, the vibration passes to the ground, compacting it.

Almost all vibrorammers for soil compaction work in a forced oscillatory mode. To create it, you need a centrifugal vibration exciter. When the eccentric moves, a forced force is formed, which is the basis for the occurrence of vibration.

Features of popular models

Manufacturers offer many options for vibrorammers. They differ in characteristics and type of motor part. Efficiency depends on the weight, footprint, amplitude and operating frequency of the equipment. What are these indicators for popular models:

Model	Weight, kg)	engine's type	Base length and width (mm)	Vibration frequency (Hz)	Amplitude (mm)
	62	Petrol	345x280	680	65
	90	Electric	330x300	450	80
	75	Petrol	330x285	695	40–85
	68	Petrol	330x285	695	40–85
	82	Diesel	330x280	670	65

Comparing these data of different models, it is easier to choose the appropriate option.

Accents when buying

Anyone who decides to purchase vibrorammer equipment should pay attention to the presence of:

soles of different sizes included;
chassis for ease of movement;
special nozzles.

It is important that the device is equipped with handles to reduce the transmission of vibration to the operator's hands. Additional protection will be provided by the purchase of anti-vibration gloves.

Despite the simplicity of the design, a vibrorammer for soil compaction requires a responsible approach when working with it and compliance with safety rules:

How to properly compact asphalt with a vibratory rammer

The operator is only allowed to stand behind the rammer.
An electric vibrator for soil compaction requires periodic breaks, with simultaneous disconnection from the power grid.
Do not run the machine on rocky surfaces, so as not to damage the sole.
Do not forget to regularly clean the air filters of the rammer.

It is obligatory to use safety boots with metal reinforced socks, goggles and gloves, and when working with a diesel device - headphones.

Deep vibrotamper is not used when working with asphalt pavement or paving slabs - this can destroy them. For such work, only a vibrating plate is suitable.

Construction companies that regularly ram and compact soil, asphalt or gravel, as well as professionally lay paving slabs, will find vibrating plates and rammers on our website at low prices recommended by the direct manufacturer of this equipment. As an official dealer of this product, we constantly surprise our customers with high-quality technical products that facilitate the work of construction specialists. We'll show you how to choose the right one tamping machine for a specific purpose.

First, decide on the weight of the unit (it can vary from 54 to 321 kg). For example, works on landscape improvement, laying of small-ground paths, laying of paving slabs and polyurethane mats require small models of vibrating plates with a weight not exceeding 75-90 kg.

Repair of pits in the road surface, grinding of asphalt after engineering communication and laying works, manipulation of the soil, the thickness of which is about 25 cm, involves the use of rammers with a weight of up to 90 - 140 kg.

Compaction of trenches, compaction of erected roads and interaction with sufficiently thick soil requires a vibrating plate with a heavy mass. In this case you will need buy a vibrorammer from 140 kg and above.

Vibratory plate price largely depends on the type of its engine. Our vibrotechnics have petrol and diesel engines, which equally well cope with the tasks assigned to them. The type of the motor mechanism does not affect the productivity of the vibrating plate, but has its own characteristics in its operation. For example, gasoline exhaust plate has a low cost, impressive power and low noise level during operation. Such a unit is able to function in any conditions, since it does not need power supply. The diesel version of the vibrating plate is less popular, since it costs much more and has a high noise threshold, however, it allows its owner to save a lot on fuel consumption. An important criterion for choosing this equipment is the size of its working platform. It ranges from 430x310 mm to 890x670 mm. When evaluating the vibrating plate model, do not forget about its additional options. The presence of an irrigation system, a folding handle and transport wheels will greatly facilitate your work.

Buy vibrating plate and you can place an order for its prompt delivery by phone or by sending a message to our e-mail.

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Vibratory plates are quite suitable for more complex and large-scale work in order to compact construction trenches and sites, as well as other facilities under construction, such as courts.

Vibrating plates - have a lot of advantages and operational advantages, which include:

long service life;
compactness;
excellent constructive ergonomics;
presence of anti-vibration protection of the operator;
ease of use and maintenance;
availability of comprehensive service, as well as consumables and spare parts;
quality assurance.

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Masalta is a Chinese manufacturer of a wide range of equipment and components for the construction industry. Our main products include concrete compaction equipment, vibrating screeds, trowels, floor saws, concrete mixers and light towers. Masalta has gone through a period of rapid growth and expansion in recent years. In 1996, our company began to produce cutters for milling machines. In 1999, we started the production of plate compactors, and in 2005, the first vibrating rammers rolled off our assembly line. In 2008, our single and double drum vibratory rollers entered the world market.

Our company presents a wide range of products under the Masalta brand, which are specially designed to meet the growing demands of the market. We offer ergonomic machines that are characterized by high stability and productivity.

Tamping is required when building on the ground, backfilling a pillow under the foundation (on any soil), arranging a sand layer for the floor, laying paving slabs. It is performed either manually (using a home-made or factory-made tool), or mechanized, using various vibration devices. When working with equipment that operates by transmitting strong mechanical vibrations, it is mandatory to use protective equipment for hearing and vision organs, as well as special gloves, shoes and clothing.

The goal is to obtain a dense layer that is not subject to heaving, shrinkage, compression, to create a reliable support for the foundation, floor, and road surface. According to the technology, several passes are usually made over the entire surface, then the quality of the seal is visually assessed. Well-compacted material does not fall through when stepped on.

Where is sand compaction needed?

1. Sandy soil.

The main distinguishing feature is that it does not retain water well. Therefore, this type of soil is not subject to frost heaving, which means it is suitable for buildings, including residential ones, but only one-story or very light ones. Heaving soils in winter begin to push out the foundation. This is because the water they contain freezes and expands. Such soils, unlike sandy ones, are little or completely unsuitable for construction. They, as well as weak soils, are often completely removed and replaced with sand. In any case, in preparation for the installation of the foundation, careful tamping by hand or using special tools is required.

In the process, the site is passed three times. If after the third time it was not possible to achieve the desired result, then the layer is made thinner. When compacting sand, including when preparing the soil, it is necessary to wet it, but moderately. Dry bulk material does not hold together, and too wet material cannot be compacted with high quality. It is easy to check the degree of moisture - if, when squeezed in your hand, it does not stick together into a lump and does not crumble, then you can get to work. In the hot season, you will have to constantly wet the surface, as it dries quickly.

2. Sandy foundation pad.

Foundation bedding is used in the construction of light structures: frame, foam block or one-story from heavier materials. It is not suitable for mounting the foundations of multi-storey buildings, since it does not have a high bearing capacity.

Coarse river or washed quarry sand is suitable for building a foundation cushion. Buying a cheaper (unwashed) is not worth it. The difference in price is insignificant, but at the same time, the dirty one has a high content of impurities, primarily clay, which adversely affects the strength of the foundation of the structure.

Positive characteristics of the foundation pillow:

ease of manufacture - ordinary backfill, without the use of complex equipment;
availability - sand is easy to buy with delivery in any region;
low price;
well reduces the load on the soil;
easy sealing even by hand.

Not recommended for soils with high water levels. If this material is the only possible option, then geotextiles are laid on the bottom of the trench or pit. The thickness of the reservoir is selected taking into account the expected load, type of soil. Sand is poured in layers, moistened (but not filled with water) and compacted tightly.

3. Underlayment for the floor.

When arranging in houses on the ground, a non-rigid underlying layer is necessarily arranged. It includes two layers. They are poured over gravel or rubble, each layer is moistened and rammed. For backfilling, as well as under the foundation, river sand or washed quarry sand is used. To achieve uniformity of thickness, pegs are installed, after which they are removed.

4. Laying paving slabs.

When paving pedestrian roads, alleys and platforms with paving slabs, sand is also necessarily used. The first and final layers of the pillow under the paving stones are made from it. Between them, crushed stone is used as a layer. According to the requirements of technology, all layers of the cake under the tile are tightly tamped, and periodically moistened to achieve the best result.

For backfilling, sifted river material is taken. The thickness of its layers is determined depending on the depth of the trench, the height of the pavement element. Often it is necessary to remove the soil to a great depth due to heaving, other problems that do not allow the soil to become a reliable basis for the installation of paving slabs. In these cases, it is necessary to add a lot of sand and carefully compact it. The final layer is made about 7 cm, dry cement is often added to it.

Rammer accessories

1. Manual.

Made of metal, it weighs from 5 to 10 kg. It consists of a handle and a base ("paw") - a plate about 20 x 25 cm in size or a channel (the smaller the dimensions of this part of the device, the greater the impact force). The handle of the tool is straight (in the form of a pipe) or T-shaped, with two handles on the sides. If necessary, a manual rammer with a channel can be weighted by pouring cement.

If there is a need to save money, then it is easy to make the device yourself. Two manufacturing options:

Make a handle from a heavy wooden beam about 1 m long and nail a “paw” from a solid board to it from below.
Buy a separately finished plate (costs about 1000 rubles) and plant it on a shovel handle or a metal stick.

2. Vibrorammer.

For compaction of soil and bulk materials, including sand, in a limited space, a “vibronog” is used. The engine of this device runs on gasoline or diesel fuel. At the base of the device there is a “heel” plate with a width of 15 to 30 cm and a length of about 33 cm. Vibratory rammers also differ in power. The principle of operation is based on a vertically directed force, like a manual device, but the efficiency is much greater. This type of equipment is used on sites where it is impossible to operate large-sized equipment: vibratory plates and vibratory rollers.

2.1. Vibrating plate.

For work on a large area, subject to the possibility of free movement, a rammer using a vibrating plate is suitable. This apparatus consists of an engine, a basket with a central shaft, a "heel" or "shoe" and a guide handle. The unit moves back and forth, transmitting a strong mechanical vibration (vibration) to the sand particles, due to which compaction occurs.

Types of equipment for soil and bulk materials with a slab base:

gasoline;
diesel;
hydraulic;
electrical;
with remote control.

Vibrating plates vary in weight. The lightest ones are suitable for sand.

2.2. Vibratory roller.

For the largest volumes of work, vibratory rollers are used. Their types:

with manual control due to the guide handle;
self-propelled with a cabin for the operator single-drum (rear on wheels);
with cab 2-roller;
trench with remote control.

The device of a high-quality vibratory roller allows compaction also along the edges of the site, that is, the use of additional equipment (manual or vibrorammers) is not required.

Price

The price of the services of professional builders for compacting sandy soil or sand bedding is from 90 to 600 rubles per m2. If the area to be compacted is large, or if we are talking about permanent work, then you need to compare these prices with the cost of the equipment. In many cases, it is advisable to purchase a fixture or rent it and do it yourself.

Renting a device for compaction by hand costs about 500 rubles per week, rental of a vibrating plate or vibrating rammer (depending on the model) - from 700 to 3000 per day.

Depending on the type of equipment, either a vertically directed impact force or vibration transmitted from the roller shaft or the plate base acts. In any case, the technology does not include any secrets and complexities.

We make a manual roller weighing 100-200 kg. for rolling asphalt or soil under the lawn with your own hands. You can make it from 300 mm. in the diameter of the pipe or, if under the lawn, from the gas cylinder.

We need this tool:

Electric welding, grinder.

We need the following material:

1 meter pipe 300 mm. or gas cylinder, 50 mm. corner 2 meters, 2 bearings, shaft for bearings 10 cm, 30 mm. pipe 2.5 meters, 2 pieces of 5 mm. metal 30x30 cm, sand or screenings, electrodes, cutting and grinding wheels.

Do-it-yourself manual roller from a pipe:

Such a roller is suitable for both asphalt compaction and soil compaction for lawn. We weld 1 piece of metal 30x30 to one side of the pipe, cut off the excess, and the metal should not be larger than the circumference of the pipe, scald well and grind. We turn the pipe over and pour sand into it, while ramming it well. Here we also weld a piece of metal, cut and grind. On one side, you can make a threaded plug, in case the sand in the rink is better compacted, you can add more. We drive the shaft 5 cm into the bearings and weld it. From the corner we make a pe-shaped frame 0.4x1.1x0.4 and weld the outer parts of the bearings to the edges. We calculate the center of the pipe circumference and weld the shaft, which is welded to the bearing. It is possible, of course, without a bearing, by drilling holes in the corner and inserting the shaft, but it will be harder to push. Now in the middle of the pe-shaped frame we weld 30 mm. a pipe of 2 meters and at its end we weld a half-meter piece of pipe, this will be a handle. It is possible to strengthen the seam of the pipe by welding spacers from the reinforcement to the frame. All our ice rink is ready. When rolling asphalt, do not forget to lubricate the roller with diesel fuel so that the asphalt does not stick.

Do-it-yourself manual roller from a gas cylinder:

This roller will be light and suitable only for compacting soil under the lawn. In principle, we do everything the same here, only we need to prepare a balloon. First you need to completely bleed the remaining gas and drain the gasoline away from the fire, because. it's explosive. Then unscrew the valve from the cylinder and fill it with water, drain and fill again, drain and leave for a couple of days to ventilate. Pour water at a level of 1 meter and cut off the top that we do not need. You also need to sand the seam on the cylinder so that it does not leave any marks when rolling.

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I must say that the problem of how to manually tamp rubble can be quite relevant in private construction.

No, of course, we are not talking about global projects, such as, for example, ramming a crushed stone cushion under the foundation of a house with an area of over 100 square meters. m. here you will definitely need special tools in the form of an asphalt roller or a building vibrating plate, since the amount of work is too large, and it will resemble a “manual sunset”. Let's talk about small forms: a parking lot in the country, a path in the garden, or the like. When you can really cope - and this is real and verified by the experience of many - on your own, without resorting to the help of expensive teams!

How to manually compact crushed stone? The problem is not easy: in a sense, physically.

Its technical resolution has several options, invented by our mighty inventive and savvy people. We’ll talk about them in today’s article, but first, about some general principles of tamping.

Why do you need to ram gravel?

Frankly, the problem is quite interesting and not entirely clear to some.

And among beginners in the construction business, this is the most common question. It would seem that he covered the surfaces with this durable and strong material, leveled it and that's it - you can cover it with a final coating, what can happen, because a stone is a stone?
But not everything is so simple. As you know, crushed stone is not a simple, natural stone (like gravel), but artificially crushed. It is durable, but has sharp corners due to the technology of its production.

Thus, additional tamping of the material creates a tighter fit of individual fractional fragments to each other, and excessive voids between them disappear or are reduced in volume. This creates an additional margin of stacking strength.

Let's hear the opinions of professionals. They confirm that tamping of crushed stone during construction is a must.

Exceptions may be such options when the natural soils on which the work is carried out are rocky. Then it will be sufficient to carefully level the rubble before the subsequent laying of concrete, tiles or asphalt on it. In all other cases, the idea is this: crushed stone as a base should not just lie in the ground, but form with it such a mixture compacted by tamping with dense filling of the cracks between the fractional fragments with soil.

The thickness can vary for various purposes from 50 to 250 or more mm (this depends on what load the final coating will experience in the future). Now that with the theory - why tamping is necessary - more or less everything is clear, we move on, so to speak, to practical exercises.

Manual rammer

When a vibrating plate and a roller are not at hand, tamping tools can be made by hand.

But we repeat, these mechanisms, set in motion by the muscular strength of a person, invented by craftsmen, are relevant only for tamping not too large fragments of surfaces, or those that subsequently will not experience too powerful loads on themselves.

There are quite a few options on how to make a device for manual tampering. The simplest one looks like this. We take a wooden beam with a section of at least 100x100 mm, or better - 150x150, then we get a wider grip on the rammed surface.

The height of the beam should be convenient for work (usually - about the chest of the person performing the tamping).

From a bar rounded 50x50 mm we make handles, which we nail to the base with nails and fasteners made of iron or galvanized sheet. We also sheathe the bottom of the fixture with a galvanized sheet to increase strength.

In principle, the simplest device, probably known back in the time of the pharaohs, is ready for use. Of course, the surface area for tamping was not too large for him, but with free time and desire, they can even tamp a crushed stone pillow under the foundation, for example, of a small outbuilding.

True, it will take more time and effort than when using a gasoline vibrating plate, but as an option, it is actually quite widely used.

Using such a manual mechanism is quite simple, however, a certain physical preparation is required, because you really get tired.

Making your own lawn roller

We lift the device by the handles and forcefully lower it, for example, onto a garden path covered with rubble. We repeat the movement many times, moving in a given direction.

Thus, you need to go all the way several times.

One note: There are many variants of such a device. There are more durable ones made of a metal pipe of about the same diameter with a metal “leg” welded to the base.

True, this design creates too much vibration when used (which, for example, a wooden device dampens), and then work should be done with special gloves.

Do-it-yourself ice rink

The same applies to a manual asphalt roller, which is also used with might and main for compacting small fractions of crushed stone (especially for various track options).

It is not difficult to make it, in the presence of a grinder and a welding machine, as well as certain materials. We cut a metal pipe with a diameter of at least 30 cm to a length of a meter. On the one hand, we brew with a metal sheet and cut it in a circle with a grinder. Exactly in the middle of the sheet there should be a hole for attaching the handle later.

We turn the pipe over with the open end up and pour sand inside. We also weld the other end with a sheet and cut it around the circumference.

We put a handle from a curved pipe on the device for manual tampering. It turned out to be a universal device that, due to its weight, can be used for compacting small gravel, and for laying asphalt in the yard, and for sand and soil to make them denser. Using it is quite easy, but it will also require some skill and good physical development from you.

More options

If, for example, you need to tamp a small area for parking your car in the country, then you can use the following method, invented by the people and successfully used, since there is nothing particularly complicated in the technology.

So, we scatter crushed stone over the territory measured in advance and marked with pegs (be sure to leave some of it for backfilling).

Level with a shovel so that the layer is the same thickness everywhere. Then we sit behind the wheel of a car and methodically begin to park in the future parking lot in various places - either in the center, then to the left, then to the right, then sideways - trying to cover the space covered with rubble as much as possible. We do the procedure many times (20, 30, 50) until we make sure that the rubble is compacted over the entire plane by the weight of the car.

Shallow ruts may appear in some places. We pour pre-prepared crushed stone into them and continue. Here is such a simple, but effective way, however, not entirely manually obtained, but using the weight of your car.

Crushed stone compaction coefficient: how is the bulk density of granite and gravel calculated

The compaction coefficient of any bulk material shows how much it is possible to reduce its volume with the same mass due to tamping or natural shrinkage. This indicator is used to determine the amount of aggregate both during the purchase and in the actual construction process.

Since the bulk density of crushed stone of any fraction after tamping will increase, it is necessary to immediately lay down a supply of material. And in order not to buy too much, a correction factor is useful.

What is the degree of tamping?
Sealing during transport and on site
Laboratory tests
Self-determination of the indicator

What does it affect?

The compaction coefficient (Ku) is an important indicator that is needed not only for the correct formation of an order for materials.

Knowing this parameter for the selected fraction, it is possible to predict further shrinkage of the gravel layer after loading it with building structures, as well as the stability of the objects themselves.

Since the tamping ratio is the degree of volume reduction, it varies under the influence of several factors:

Loading method and parameters (for example, from what height is backfilling performed).

2. Features of transport and the duration of the journey - after all, even in a stationary mass, a gradual compaction occurs when it sags under its own weight.

3. Fractions of crushed stone and the content of grains of smaller size than the lower limit of a particular class.

4. Flakiness - needle-shaped stones do not give as much draft as cuboid ones.

The strength of concrete structures, building foundations and road surfaces depends on how accurately the degree of compaction was determined.

However, do not forget that ramming on the site is sometimes performed only on the top layer, and in this case the calculated coefficient does not quite correspond to the actual shrinkage of the pillow.

This is especially true for home craftsmen and semi-professional construction teams from neighboring countries. Although, according to the requirements of technology, each layer of backfill must be rolled and checked separately.

Another nuance is that the degree of compaction is calculated for a mass that is compressed without lateral expansion, that is, it is limited by walls and cannot spread.

At the site, such conditions for backfilling any fraction of crushed stone are not always created, so a small error will remain. Take this into account when calculating the settlement of large structures.

Transport seal

Finding some standard compressibility value is not so easy - too many factors affect it, as we talked about above. The crushed stone compaction coefficient can be indicated by the supplier in the accompanying documents, although GOST 8267-93 does not directly require this.

But the transport of gravel, especially large quantities, reveals a significant difference in volumes at loading and at the end point of material delivery. Therefore, a correction factor that takes into account its compaction must be entered into the contract and controlled at the point of reception.

The only mention by the current GOST is that the declared indicator, regardless of the fraction, should not exceed 1.1. Suppliers, of course, know about this and try to make a small margin so that there are no returns.

The measurement method is often used during acceptance, when crushed stone for construction is brought to the site, because it is ordered not in tons, but in cubic meters.

With the arrival of transport, the loaded body must be measured from the inside with a tape measure in order to calculate the volume of delivered gravel, and then multiply it by a factor of 1.1. This will allow you to roughly determine how many cubes were loaded into the machine before shipment. If the figure obtained taking into account the compaction is less than that indicated in the accompanying documents, then the car was underloaded.

Equal or greater - you can command unloading.

Site compaction

The above figure is taken into account only during transportation.

In the conditions of a construction site, where crushed stone is compacted artificially and with the use of heavy machines (vibrating plate, roller), this coefficient can increase to 1.52.

How to make a compactor

And performers need to know the shrinkage of the gravel backfill for sure.

Usually the required parameter is specified in the project documentation. But when the exact value is not needed, they use the average indicators from SNiP 3.06.03-85:

On strong crushed stone of fraction 40-70, a compaction of 1.25-1.3 is given (if its grade is not lower than M800).
For rocks with a strength of up to M600 - from 1.3 to 1.5.

For fine and medium size classes of 5-20 and 20-40 mm, these indicators have not been established, since they are more often used only when the upper bearing layer is ripped from 40-70 grains.

Laboratory research

The compaction factor is calculated based on laboratory test data, where the mass is subjected to compaction and testing on various fixtures.

There are methods here:

1. Substitution of volumes (GOST 28514-90).

2. Standard layer-by-layer compaction of crushed stone (GOST 22733-2002).

Express methods using one of three types of density meters: static, water balloon or dynamic.

Results can be obtained immediately or after 1-4 days, depending on the selected study.

One sample for a standard test will cost 2500 rubles, in total they will need at least five. If data is needed during the day, express methods are used based on the results of the selection of at least 10 points (850 rubles each).

for each). Plus, you will have to pay for the departure of a laboratory assistant - about 3 thousand more. But in the construction of large facilities, one cannot do without accurate data, and even more so without official documents confirming that the contractor complies with the requirements of the project.

How to find out the degree of tamping yourself?

In the field and for the needs of private construction, it will also be possible to determine the required coefficient for each size: 5-20, 20-40, 40-70.

But for this, you first need to know their bulk density. It varies depending on the mineralogical composition, albeit slightly. The crushed stone fractions have a much greater influence on the volumetric weight. For the calculation, you can use averaged data:

More accurate density data for a particular fraction is determined in the laboratory.

Or by weighing a known volume of building rubble, followed by a simple calculation:

Bulk weight = mass / volume.

After that, the mixture is rolled to the state in which it will be used on the site, and measured with a tape measure. Again, the calculation is made according to the above formula, and as a result two different densities are obtained - before and after tamping. By dividing both numbers, we find out the compaction coefficient specifically for this material. With the same sample weight, you can simply find the ratio of the two volumes - the result will be the same.

Please note: if the indicator after tamping is divided by the initial density, the answer will be more than one - in fact, this is the material safety factor for compaction.

In construction, they are used if the final parameters of the gravel cushion are known and it is necessary to determine how much crushed stone of the selected fraction to order. The reverse calculation results in a value less than one. But these figures are equivalent, and in the calculations it is only important not to get confused which one to take.

Do-it-yourself manual rammer for soil compaction

On the farm, there is often a need to compact soil or crushed stone in a small area. For example, you need to repair the path, raise the floor in the barn, or fix the fence posts.

A hastily put together hand tamper does not last long and is usually sent after the rest of the construction debris. Do not waste time and effort every time, set aside two hours and make a good tool for compacting the soil with your own hands.

Materials used

A suitable material for a homemade manual rammer is a square beam with a side of 100 or 150 mm. A round log will not work well in the corners and will have to be compacted with a significant overlap of the previous impact.

It is not necessary to take new lumber, a used bar will do.

The main thing is that the wood is free of rot and splits. Choose a piece of timber that you can lift. The height of the manual rammer can be waist or chest height - proceed from ease of use. In the absence of experience with this tool, take a longer bar, try it in action and shorten it if necessary.

Drawing of a manual rammer for soil compaction.

You will also need:

A piece of 2mm steel plate.
Round birch stick 450 mm long (an old shovel handle will do).
Wood screws.
Joiner's glue.

Materials for the manufacture of manual soil compaction.

Prepare the timber

Saw off the ends of the workpiece according to the dimensions exactly at a right angle.

Use a planer to fit the planes of the lower end of the beam under the square. Remove 5 mm wide chamfers from sharp edges.

We are preparing a timber for tamping.

Decide how high quality finish you want to see.

For painting, the bar will have to be sharpened and sanded. When a beautiful view is not needed, it is enough to clean the surface a little so that there are no splinters.

Make a shoe

Transfer the workpiece dimensions from the drawing to the steel sheet.

Cut out the plates for the shoe.

You can simply align the timber vertically mounted on the metal and circle the outline with a pencil.

We make a soil compactor shoe.

Depending on the thickness of the plate, cut the workpiece with metal scissors or cut out the excess with a grinder.

Remove the burrs with a file, holding the part in a vise.

Mark and drill holes for the screws, make recesses for the caps with a countersink or a larger diameter drill.

Sand the surface with sandpaper.

Shoe for ramming.

Bend the wings of the workpiece in a vise, which will be easy to do with the first two opposite sides.

Do-it-yourself lawn roller

When bending the two remaining sides, the jaws of the vise may be wider than the shoe, then use a bar prepared for tamping.

Fasten the shoe

Check the fit of the steel pad on the beam, if necessary, knock out the metal or undermine the wood.

The shoe should fit snugly against the end face in all planes.
Make holes for the screws in one wing with a drill, directing the drill at a slight inclination into the wood, and tighten the screws.

We fasten the shoe to the prepared beam.

Turn the beam over to the opposite side and fasten the other wing in the same way.

Make sure that the shoe does not move away from the end.

When drilling subsequent holes, direct them past the already screwed screws.

Shoe attached to a manual rammer.

Set the handle

Mark the center of drilling at a distance of 100 mm from the top end.

Pick up a spade drill with a diameter of 2 mm less than the cross section of the handle. Make a through hole perpendicular to the surface of the beam.

We make a hole for the rammer handle.

Even with careful drilling, the outer parts of the hole will be slightly larger than the inner diameter.

Sharpen the wood with a file, periodically trying to insert the handle into place.

At the same time, correct the possible skew of the hole relative to the plane of the beam.

Achieve a tight (but without significant effort) entry of the handle, if necessary, slightly chip the stick. Do not try to hammer the handle with a hammer - the wood may crack. Place the stick in the timber and mark it.

Installation of the handle on the rammer for soil.

Apply glue to the walls of the hole.

Put the pen on the marks and wipe off excess glue.

Drill a pilot hole and secure the handle with a long screw.

Fixing the handle on the rammer.

Photo of a homemade manual rammer for soil.

After use, clean the device from dust and store it in a place protected from rain and snow.

Over time, the bottom of the rammer wears out, monitor the condition of the metal lining and change it in a timely manner.

When laying pavement layers from loose materials such as sand, sand-gravel mixture or crushed stone, it is necessary to carefully compact the layer using road rollers.

The roller is a road construction machine designed for soil compaction and layer-by-layer compaction of layers of pavement from bulk materials. Rollers are used in road and airfield construction, in the construction of hydraulic facilities and railways.

The principle of operation of rollers may vary, depending on this, the principle used to compact this or that type of material also differs.

The compaction can be static, i.e. only the weight of the roller itself is used. If the roller is vibratory, the vibration of the working compacting body is added to the weight of the machine, which increases the efficiency of rolling the material.

There are trailed and self-propelled rollers. The working bodies of the rollers - rollers are also of several types: cam, smooth steel, lattice and on pneumatic rubber tires, single-drum, two-roll and three-roll.

But there is one characteristic that is basic for all types of skating rinks - this is their weight. But the large weight of the roller does not mean that it is an effective compaction of the material.

If the material used in construction is crushed stone, then a number of features must be taken into account when compacting it. Usually, in the construction of roads, crushed stone of small fractions is used: 2-10 mm and large - from 40 mm to 70 mm.

A finer one (wedge) is poured over the surface of the coarse fraction, and in the process of rolling, the penetration of smaller grains of crushed stone between the larger ones is formed. There is a so-called spell.

When the roller passes through the crushed stone layer, due to friction, the upper layer begins to shift and waves or swells can form on the surface of the crushed stone base. Thus, to form an absolutely even and compacted surface, the cyclic load must be applied repeatedly.

When compacting the crushed stone layer of pavement, it is important to choose the optimal weight of the rink itself.

If the weight of the road machine is too high, the compacted layer may be pressed through and the underlying layers of the pavement may be deformed, which, of course, is unacceptable.

To compact a layer of crushed stone from less durable rocks, such as limestone, it is more efficient to use rollers on pneumatic tires or not too heavy weights.

Lawn device - is a skating rink really necessary?

Under heavy smooth rollers, weak, fragile gravel may begin to crumble. It should be noted that when compacting the crushed stone layer with rollers on pneumatic tires, it is allowed to increase the speed of the passage of such a roller, in comparison with a smooth-roller one.

The speed of the roller in the operating mode can vary from 2 km/h. up to 12 km/h The first passes over the crushed stone layer are made at minimum speed, and after preliminary compaction, the operator increases the speed.

Also in the case of a roller with pneumatic tires, the tire pressure on the last passes can be increased.

Before compaction and in the process of compacting the crushed stone layer, it is necessary to moisten the material with water (from 10 l to 25 l in each stage of rolling).

Compaction of crushed stone with rollers is divided into three stages:

1 - stage: 3 - 6 passes of the rink along one track;

2 - stage: 10 - 40 passes;

Stage 3: 10 - 20 passes.

After rolling, the heavy roller should not leave any marks on the surface of the crushed stone layer.

Empirically, summarizing many years of experience in the construction of crushed stone layers, the optimal parameters of the rollers (mass, type), which ensure maximum compaction of the layer, as well as their operating modes (static, vibration, high-speed) depending on the rock, strength and grain composition of crushed stone, and also the layer thickness.

It has been established that a sign of complete compaction of the layer is the absence of a trace from the passage of a heavy smooth roller in a static mode.

The crushed stone thrown under the roller is crushed. The above method of control is today the only one standardized by the relevant technical documents.

It should be noted that this method is of a qualitative nature, therefore, all the years attempts have been made to find a quantitative method for assessing the degree of layer compaction.

Previously, the so-called "hole method" was proposed to control the density of the built crushed stone layer. The essence of the method is to measure the mass and volume of crushed stone taken out of the hole in the constructed layer.

From the measured values, the density is calculated, which can be compared with the density of the first built section of the layer of the same material using the same rollers.

The absence of a standard density, as well as the complexity of the method, did not allow it to be used in construction practice.

There are known attempts to equip the rollers with various sensors, which were supposed to record the degree of compaction of the rolled layer. So far, such methods have not found practical use in the construction of crushed stone layers.

There are proposals for assessing the quality of crushed stone layer compaction by determining its bearing capacity.

It should be said that the methods for determining the bearing capacity are normalized by BSN 46-83 and are described in this instruction and involve two methods: measuring the deflection of the constructed structure under the wheel of a truck with a deflection gauge or measuring the deflection of the constructed structure loaded through a stamp of standard diameter from the pressure of a truck. Based on the measured deflection, the total modulus of elasticity of the constructed structure is calculated (crushed stone + sand + earth.

canvas). If you ask or also measure the deflection of the underlying sandy layer and subgrade, then you can calculate the actual modulus of elasticity of the crushed stone layer according to VSN 46-83 and compare it with the calculated (normative). As can be seen from the above, these proposals for quality control of compaction are laborious and in their pure form do not show the density of the controlled crushed stone layer.

In recent years, dynamic deflection meters have been developed and are increasingly being used, which measure the deflection of a constructed structure loaded by the impact of a falling weight on a stamp mounted on the structure under test.

This method is more efficient than the methods described above for determining the deflection according to VSN 46-83. However, the device is very expensive, and when calculating the elastic modulus of the test layer, it has the same disadvantages as those described above. Therefore, its most appropriate area of application is the assessment of the quality of the entire constructed structure (crushed stone-sand-soil). An analysis of the known proposed methods for assessing the quality of a crushed stone layer made it possible to develop a reliable, simple, lightweight and cheap device for quantitative control of the degree of compaction of a crushed stone layer under construction.

The above distinctive features make it possible to say about the possibility of its use in all field road construction laboratories. Below are its parameters and test results.

The device was developed by Federal State Unitary Enterprise Soyuzdor Research Institute in collaboration with CJSC Dorstroypribor and is designed to control the density (quality of compaction) of crushed stone layers of pavement.

The operation of the device is based on a loaded and flat stamp installed on the surface of the tested layer of material, by impacts of a freely falling load.

The value of the rebound of the falling weight from the surface of the compacted layer was taken as the controlled parameter characterizing the degree of compaction of the material layer.

When working with the device, it is necessary to install the stamp 8 of the device on a crushed stone base.

Having moved the load to the uppermost position, fix it with the load locking handle 2. Then, using the vertical handle 1, press the stamp against the crushed stone base to be tested and release the load locking handle. The weight falls freely on the anvil. The size of the load rebound is fixed with a rebound locking tongue.

All the main parameters of the device (die diameter, load weight, load lifting height, spring stiffness, load rebound height registration system) were established empirically.

The criterion for selecting the parameters of the device was to ensure the required sensitivity of the device to the measured parameter (the degree of compaction - the stiffness of the crushed stone layer), the reliability of measurements and the creation of a device of minimum weight and the simplest design.

The diameter of the device stamp, equal to 150 mm, was chosen on the basis of the need to fulfill two conditions: first, the diameter of the stamp exceeds the maximum size of the crushed stone by 2-3 times, which allows us to consider the well-known condition that the device measures the elasticity of the layer, and not an individual crushed stone; the second is based on the well-known theoretical principles that the dynamic load is transmitted through the stamp to a depth of 1.5-3.0 diameters, which in our case is 22.5-45 cm and corresponds to the actual thicknesses of the crushed stone layers being arranged.

The mass of the weight is 2.5 kg, the lifting height is 45 cm, and the applied spring stiffness is established experimentally, based on providing the necessary sensitivity of the device from the dynamic - kinetic energy it creates when the weight hits the stamp through the spring and the elastic characteristics of the measured crushed stone layer.

Several systems for registering the rebound height of a load have been tested.

The most reliable and simple one was chosen.

The use of the device makes it possible to establish a quantitative assessment of the degree of compaction of the layer and its relationship with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85. The results of assessing the degree of compaction in accordance with the requirements of SNiP are given in the table.

At each measurement point, five determinations of the rebound height of the striker (load) of the device are carried out without displacement of the device stamp. The first two measurements in the calculation of the average rebound are not used, because.

at the first blow
there is a change in the contact of the lower surface of the stamp of the device with the tested surface of the crushed stone
grounds. The last three measurements are used to determine the arithmetic mean value of the rebound of the falling weight of the device, which characterizes the quality of compaction of the test layer.

Due to the fact that the rebound value of the density meter load for different materials is not the same, it is necessary to determine the required rebound value of a particular material on the first experimental section of the base before starting construction.

Lawn roller - do it yourself

This determined rebound value will further characterize the compliance of compaction of the base sections with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85.

When building foundations for houses, garages, country paths and much more, great attention is paid to the substrate, consisting of gravel and sand. In order for the concrete monolith to be laid evenly and not begin to move over time, it is important to carefully level the underlying layer. For these purposes, you can use specialized vibro-rammers or rolling equipment, but manual rammers will be much cheaper.

The principle of do-it-yourself processing is that with the help of a home-made tool, blows are applied to the surface, due to which sand and gravel are compacted. In this case, tamping is performed after laying each of these layers.

Features of crushed stone compaction

Any novice builder sincerely wonders why ram an already strong stone. However, there are a few important things to keep in mind:

Since crushed stone is obtained by crushing, its particles are obtained in different sizes with free-form faces. Because of this, when laying the underlying layer, the particles of the material do not completely adjoin each other, forming a large number of air voids, the appearance of which, ultimately, leads to a decrease in the level of load resistance. If the crushed stone fragments fit snugly together, the volume of the material will be reduced, but a stronger base will be formed.
If crushed stone is laid on rocky soil, then tamping can be dispensed with. In this case, it is only necessary to level the gravel.
After compacting the gravel, the thickness of the layer can be from 50 to 250 mm, depending on the loads that will be applied to the base.

In addition, when processing crushed stone, it is recommended to perform a base buckling. To do this, you need to divide the gravel into fractions. First, the larger material is laid, which is compacted by hand. Then the smaller material is backfilled, which is also compacted. The final top layer should consist of the finest material itself, which must be carefully leveled and recompacted.

Thanks to this, the finished base will be distinguished by increased strength. If you make a similar manual tamping of sand, the effect will be even better.

Features of sand compaction

Do-it-yourself sand tamping is distinguished by some nuances that should be considered when creating a solid foundation for a concrete slab.

First of all, it is worth deciding on the type of sand that is best suited for these purposes. It is better to use gravelly material, but it is not recommended to fill in fine-grained sand for tamping. The larger the grains, the greater the compressive strength of the base will be, so that shrinkage of the future house or parking lot can be avoided.

If you are planning to build a monolithic structure, then it is best to give preference to river or quarry sand of medium fraction. However, even in this case, the underlying layer will be affected by groundwater. Therefore, in order to prevent the process of erosion of the base, it is necessary to lay geotextiles on the bottom of the trench, and only then fill in the sand.

In addition, before filling sand, it must be sieved, since the presence of impurities (especially clay) can affect its properties. Watch the moisture level of the material, the ideal consistency will be if you can roll a small ball out of the sand, which will not crumble immediately. Accordingly, the moisture content of the sand should be in the range of 8-14%.

Accordingly, 50% of the successful laying of a gravel-sand cushion depends on the material itself, the remaining 50% falls on the equipment. As mentioned earlier, specialized machines can be used for these purposes, but it is much cheaper to make a manual rammer yourself.

Making a manual rammer

There are many options for making a do-it-yourself rammer. Someone makes massive structures made entirely of iron, but in this case, welding will be required. Others prefer to get by with improvised materials. Consider the best option for manufacturing a manual rammer for compacting soil, sand and gravel.

This will require a standard square beam of 100 - 150 mm. It should not be rotten or exfoliated.

Healthy! Some use round logs, but with the help of such rammers it is impossible to fully compact the base in the corners.

You will also need to prepare:

Steel plate with a thickness of at least 2 mm.
A round stick about 450 mm long (it will act as a handle for the future rammer). To do this, you can use an unnecessary stalk from a shovel.
Screws and wood glue.

We make blanks

We will prepare the design according to the drawing shown below.

After preparing everything you need, saw off the ends of the timber at a right even angle, according to the dimensions. After that, it is necessary to level the plane of the lower end of the bar with a planer and remove chamfers of about 5 mm in size from the edges of the workpiece.

In order not to get numerous splinters during the work, it is recommended to sand and grind the surface of the bar.

We make a "shoe"

The next step in creating a do-it-yourself tamping tool is the manufacture of a metal "shoe" from a sheet of steel. To cut the plate, use the following template.

Or, you can simply install the beam with the lower end on a sheet of metal and circle it with a pencil.

After that you need:

Cut the workpiece, as in the picture, using special metal scissors or using a grinder.
Remove metal burrs from the "shoe". To do this, it is most convenient to clamp the workpiece in a vice and remove the excess with a file.
Without removing the “shoe” from the vise, drill holes for the screws at the previously marked points.
Clean the surface with sandpaper.
Bend the "wings" of the workpiece and install the beam in the "shoe". If the workpiece turned out to be a little wider, it is necessary to knock out the “wings” with a hammer.
Place the drill bit in the screw holes and drill through the wood at a slight angle.
Fix the screws on all sides.

Installing the handle

Stepping back 100 mm from the top edge of the bar, it is necessary to outline the center of the future handle. To do this, you must first measure the diameter of the handle from the shovel. Let's say it is 36 mm. In order for the handle not to dangle, you need to use a drill, the diameter of which will be several mm smaller than the diameter of the handle. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the outer part of the hole in the bar will be slightly larger than the inner diameter, therefore, in the process of work, it is necessary to periodically insert the handle into the bar and check how tightly it sits.

If the handle does not fit into the hole, in no case should you try to hammer it with a hammer. Otherwise, the beam may crack and the manufacture of a rammer for earth, sand and gravel with your own hands will have to be started anew. It is much easier to slightly plan the cutting to the required diameter.

After the hole is ready, it is necessary to apply glue to its walls and install the handle. Excess adhesive can be removed with a cloth. In order for the handle to hold tightly, you need to fix it with a long screw, which must be screwed in from one side of the beam.

When the glue gains strength, you can start using the tamper. It is best to store a homemade tool in a dry place, or you can pre-paint the workpiece so that it lasts longer. If necessary, the steel nozzle can be easily replaced with a new one.

In custody

Using a hand tool, you can compact sand, gravel or soil. However, it should be borne in mind that in this case, human muscle strength is used, so it will be expensive to use such a tool to compact large areas. Such rammers are recommended for use when building a foundation for small buildings or when arranging garden areas.

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