Stationary fire extinguishing systems. Ship fire protection system Ship fire extinguishing systems
ship systems- this is a complex of pipelines with fittings, mechanisms serving them, tanks, apparatus, instruments and means of control and control over them.
Provide:
struggle for unsinkability - removal of water from flooded compartments, reception or pumping of water ballast in order to straighten the damaged ship;
fire fighting;
- maintaining the required temperature and humidity in the living and service areas of the vessel - habitability conditions;
- supply of fresh and sea water for the crew's domestic needs;
– removal of dirty water from the vessel;
– supply of compressed air;
- loading and unloading operations on tankers.
Ship systems by purpose and function performed.
Bilge group:
drainage - to remove masses of water from the flooded compartments after sealing the hole, pumping out filtration (flowing through loose connections) water;
drainage - to remove bilge water, to drain the double-bottom and side compartments;
ballast - to change the roll, trim and draft of the vessel by receiving or draining special compartments or tanks.
The fire department includes:
- stationary fire extinguishing systems are mounted during the construction of the vessel. They are divided into linear and circular. Stationary installations allow you to quickly apply a fire extinguishing agent to the fire, take it under control and ensure extinguishing;
- water fire extinguishing system - the main system for protection, equipped regardless of the presence of other systems. The piping system consists of a main line with a pipe diameter of 100-150 mm and branches with a diameter of 38-64 mm. All sections of the water fire main passing through the open decks must have drain valves for draining the main in case of a dangerous drop in temperature;
- sprinkler fire extinguishing systems are used on ferries and passenger ships to protect residential premises, adjacent corridors and public premises. Their purpose is to limit the spread of fire and reduce the temperature in the protected premises, which makes it possible to organize a reliable evacuation of passengers and crew members.
In all protected premises, a sufficient number of sprinklers are installed - special valves with fusible inserts that ensure the closed position of the valves. When the temperature in the premises rises, the fusible insert melts, the sprinkler valve opens, and water begins to spray around the room. On ships, sprinklers are usually used, triggered at a temperature of 60-75 ° C;
- the deluge fire extinguishing system is similar to the sprinkler in terms of the layout of the lines and the installation of spray heads. Pipelines are normally not filled with water. When the system is turned on, the pump starts and supplies sea water to the line to all sprayers - finely sprayed water covers the protected area. Drencher fire extinguishing installations
used for irrigation of the cargo deck of ships with horizontal loading and tankers, pipelines and open surfaces of gas carrier tanks. In the event of a fire, the deluge unit cools the metal decks and other ship structures, preventing the spread of fire.
Foam fire extinguishing system used in case of fires in engine rooms and pump rooms. All tankers are equipped with deck foam fire extinguishing systems.
Air-mechanical foam installations are recommended on ships.
Powder fire extinguishing systems all ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk must be equipped. There may be several installations on the ship, mounted on skids so that the areas they protect overlap each other.
Foam as a fire extinguishing agent has a high insulating property and partially cooling. When the installation is put into operation, water and a foaming agent begin to be supplied to the mixer. The foam solution formed in the mixer enters the fire. At the outlet of the foam solution, air ejectors are installed, in which the pricing process is completed due to air leakage.
The operating time of the installation depends on the stock of foam concentrate in the tank. When all the foaming agent is used up and water begins to flow through the outlet holes, the installation is turned off to prevent the destruction of the foam. An important condition for extinguishing a fire is the maximum supply of foam during the first 3 minutes. Stationary foam extinguishing nozzles are located so that
so that any point of the protected premises is no more than 9 m away.
CO2 fire extinguishing system used to protect cargo, engine and pump rooms, storerooms, galley. Stationary CO2 fire extinguishing installations are equipped with machine and
ship's cargo spaces. The installation of CO2-fire extinguishing in engine rooms is put into operation if the measures taken earlier did not allow to localize the fire. Carbon dioxide is supplied in the liquid phase under pressure along the main line, expands at the outlet and dense gas is supplied to the fire zone, effectively displacing oxygen and reducing its content in the air to 15% or less. Carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent is neutral and does not damage expensive goods and mechanisms.
Before commissioning the CO2 fire extinguishing installation, the protected room must be sealed, 20 seconds before the gas is supplied, an automatic alarm is activated, at the same time as a light panel lights up, warning people of the danger. At the alarm signal, all people must leave the premises. The chief mechanic is obliged to make sure that people are evacuated from the engine room. Without a breathing apparatus, it is dangerous to enter a room where carbon dioxide has been supplied, even for a short time.
Sanitary group includes systems for the following purposes:
- fresh water - for supplying drinking water to catering units, cold and hot to baths, showers, laundries, washbasins and other consumers;
- outboard water - to sanitary facilities and for washing decks;
- waste - to remove dirty water from baths, washbasins, baths, etc.;
- fan and fecal - to remove fecal water from latrines; to collect dirty water from the fan and waste systems into fecal tanks and discharge these waters into a special vessel or overboard outside the territorial waters;
- scuppers - to remove water from decks, bridges, etc.
Air conditioning group for maintenance in the winter and summer in rooms of the set parameters of air: temperature, relative humidity.
In winter, the supplied outdoor air is heated and humidified, and in summer it is cooled and dehumidified by automatic control. This group includes systems:
– electric heating;
- ventilation - for the exchange of air in the premises;
- air refrigeration - to maintain the set temperature in the premises by removing warm and supplying cooled air;
- refrigerated - for cooling provisional chambers and refrigerated holds.
Compressed air group consists of low, medium and high pressure air systems that supply air for the operation of ship devices or mechanisms, for the operation of pneumatic actuators that do not have their own compressors.
Special group of systems for tankers:
– cargo, carrying out loading and unloading operations with liquid cargoes in the tanks of tankers;
- stripping, which ensures the cleaning of tanks of tankers from the rest of the cargo, sludge and dirt;
- gas outlet, which discharges gases released by cargo in tanks through safety valves into the atmosphere;
- heating of viscous cargoes - for heating cargoes in tanks when they are issued from a vessel or when reloading between tanks or tanks;
- tank washing - for supplying steam or hot water to tanks after their unloading for washing and gas-safe treatment.
Fire on ships is one of the most dangerous incidents, so fire protection is given great attention. Depending on the type and size, modern ships are equipped with various fire-fighting devices and systems. The most widely fire-fighting equipment is presented on passenger ships, as well as on tankers transporting liquid and flammable cargo.
Among the ship's fire-fighting equipment, there are several basic elements that must be present on the ship:
· fire alarm;
Stationary extinguishing systems and mobile (portable) fire extinguishers;
related equipment (pumps, fire hoses and trunks, overalls).
The success of extinguishing a fire depends, first of all, on the speed of detection of its source. To do this, ships use fire alarm systems with automatic and manual fire detectors.
An automatic alarm system is installed in almost all areas of the ship.
Such alarm systems are triggered by an increase in the temperature in the room or by the appearance of smoke (smoke alarm).
The fire alarm includes sensors, warning devices and elements of primary fire extinguishing (sprinkler and deluge type sprinklers, cooling pumps, and so on). Sensors detect an increase in temperature or the appearance of smoke, after which sound and light alerts are triggered. Information from the sensors is also sent to a special console or display, where (in the simplest version) each room corresponds to a light bulb, the inclusion of which means a fire.
Stationary extinguishing systems, depending on the type of fire, can be of water and foam type, use carbon dioxide and inert gas, halogens and powder in their work.
Water fire fighting systems include high flow, high pressure pumps that deliver sea water to the ship's fire piping network. On pipelines in appropriate places there are hydrants to which fire hoses are connected.
Along with stationary systems, ships also have hand-held water, foam, carbon dioxide-snow fire extinguishers, chemical devices, sandboxes and asbestos blankets designed to extinguish a fire at the time of its inception.
Water fire extinguishing systems are the most common on the ship due to the availability of consumables and economy. However, there are a number of limitations for their use: they are not suitable for extinguishing live equipment, combustible materials and gases, and many metals.
To localize the fire and prevent its spread, fire bulkheads are installed on ships (passenger ones are mandatory). They are made of sheet steel and insulated with refractory materials. In addition, the doors in all aisles are also made of refractory materials, and the doors throughout the ship can be closed from a central post, which is usually located on the command bridge.
Fire fighting systems
A fire on a ship is an extremely serious danger. In many cases, a fire causes not only significant material losses, but also causes death of people. Therefore, the prevention of fires on ships and fire fighting measures are of paramount importance.
To localize the fire, the ship is divided into vertical fire zones by fire-resistant bulkheads (type A), which remain impenetrable to smoke and flame for 60 minutes. The fire resistance of the bulkhead is provided by insulation made of non-combustible materials. Fire-resistant bulkheads on passenger ships are installed at a distance of not more than 40 m from each other. The same bulkheads shield control posts and premises that are dangerous in terms of fire.
Inside the fire zones, the rooms are separated by fire-retarding bulkheads (type B), which remain impervious to flame for 30 minutes. These structures are also insulated with fire-resistant materials.
All openings in fire bulkheads shall be closed to provide smoke and flame tightness. To this end, fire doors are insulated with non-combustible materials or water curtains are installed on each side of the door. All fire doors are equipped with a device for remote closing from the control station
The success of the fight against fire largely depends on the timely detection of the source of the fire. For this, ships are equipped with various signaling systems that allow detecting a fire at its very beginning. There are many types of alarm systems, but they all work on the principle of detecting temperature rise, smoke and open flames.
In the first case, temperature-sensitive detectors are installed in the premises, which are included in the signal electrical network. When the temperature rises, the detector is triggered and closes the network, as a result, a signal lamp lights up on the navigation bridge and an audible alarm is activated. Alarm systems based on the detection of an open flame work on the same principle. In this case, photocells are used as detectors. The disadvantage of these systems is a certain delay in the detection of a fire, since the onset of a fire is not always accompanied by an increase in temperature and the appearance of an open flame.
More sensitive are systems operating on the principle of smoke detection. In these systems, air is constantly sucked from the controlled premises through signal pipes by a fan. By the smoke coming out of a certain pipe, you can determine the room in which the fire broke out
Smoke detection is carried out by sensitive photocells, which are installed at the ends of the tubes. When smoke appears, the light intensity changes, as a result of which the photocell is triggered and closes the network of light and sound alarms.
The means of active fire fighting on a ship are various fire extinguishing systems: water, steam and gas, as well as volumetric chemical extinguishing and foam extinguishing.
Water extinguishing system. The most common means of fighting fires on a ship is a water fire extinguishing system, which all ships should be equipped with.
The system is made according to the centralized principle with a linear or ring main pipeline, which is made of galvanized steel pipes with a diameter of 100-200 mm. Fire horns (cranes) are installed along the entire highway to connect fire hoses. The location of the horns should ensure the supply of two jets of water to any place on the vessel. In the interior, they are installed no more than 20 m apart, and on open decks this distance is increased to 40 m. In order to be able to quickly detect the fire pipeline, it is painted red. In cases where the pipeline is painted to match the color of the room, two narrow green distinctive rings are applied to it, between which a narrow red warning ring is painted. Fire horns in all cases are painted red.
In the water extinguishing system, centrifugal pumps with a drive independent of the main engine are used. Stationary fire pumps are installed below the waterline, which provides suction pressure. When installed above the waterline, pumps must be self-priming. The total number of fire pumps depends on the size of the vessel and on large vessels it is up to three with a total flow of up to 200 m3/h. In addition to these, many ships have an emergency pump driven by an emergency power source. Ballast, bilge and other pumps may also be used for firefighting purposes, if they are not used for pumping oil products or for draining compartments that may contain oil residues.
On ships with a gross tonnage of 1000 reg. tons and more on the open deck on each side of the water fire main must have a device for connecting an international connection.
The effectiveness of a water extinguishing system is largely dependent on pressure. The minimum pressure at the location of any fire horn is 0.25-0.30 MPa, which gives the height of the water jet from the fire hose up to 20-25 m. Taking into account all losses in the pipeline, such pressure for fire horns is provided at a pressure in the fire main of 0, 6-0.7 MPa. The water extinguishing pipeline is designed for a maximum pressure of up to 10 MPa.
The water extinguishing system is the simplest and most reliable, but it is not possible to use a continuous stream of water to extinguish a fire in all cases. For example, when extinguishing burning oil products, it has no effect, since oil products float to the surface of the water and continue to burn. The effect can be achieved only if water is supplied in spray form. In this case, the water quickly evaporates, forming a steam-water hood that isolates the burning oil from the surrounding air.
On ships, water in spray form is supplied by a sprinkler system, which can be equipped with residential and public premises, as well as the wheelhouse and various storerooms. On the pipelines of this system, which are laid under the ceiling of the protected premises, automatically operating sprinkler heads are installed (Fig. 143).
Fig 143. Sprinkler heads-a - with a metal lock, b - with a glass bulb, 1 - fitting, 2 - glass valve, 3 - diaphragm, 4 - ring; 5- washer, 6- frame, 7- socket; 8 - fusible metal lock, 9 - glass flask
The outlet of the sprinkler is closed by a glass valve (ball) supported by three plates connected to each other by low-melting solder. When the temperature rises during a fire, the solder melts, the valve opens, and the outgoing stream of water, hitting a special socket, is sprayed. In other types of sprinklers, the valve is held by a glass bulb filled with a highly volatile liquid. In a fire, liquid vapor bursts the flask, as a result of which the valve opens.
The opening temperature of sprinklers for residential and public premises, depending on the navigation area, is 70-80 °C.
To ensure automatic operation, the sprinkler system must always be under pressure. The necessary pressure is created by the pneumatic tank with which the system is equipped. When the sprinkler is opened, the pressure in the system drops, as a result of which the sprinkler pump automatically turns on, which provides the system with water when extinguishing a fire. In emergency cases, the sprinkler pipeline can be connected to the water extinguishing system.
In the engine room, a water spray system is used to extinguish oil products. On the pipelines of this system, instead of automatically operating sprinkler heads, water sprayers are installed, the outlet of which is constantly open. Water sprayers start working immediately after opening the shut-off valve on the supply pipeline.
Sprayed water is also used in irrigation systems and to create water curtains. The irrigation system is used to irrigate the decks of oil tankers and bulkheads of rooms intended for the storage of explosive and flammable substances.
Water curtains act as fire bulkheads. Such curtains are used to equip the closed decks of ferries with a horizontal loading method, where it is impossible to install bulkheads. Fire doors can also be replaced with water curtains.
A promising system is finely atomized water, in which water is sprayed to a foggy state. Water is sprayed through spherical nozzles with a large number of holes with a diameter of 1 - 3 mm. For better spraying, compressed air and a special emulsifier are added to the water.
Steam extinguishing system. The operation of the steam fire extinguishing system is based on the principle of creating an atmosphere in the room that does not support combustion. Therefore, steam extinguishing is used only in enclosed spaces. Since there are no large-capacity boilers on modern ships with internal combustion engines, only fuel tanks are usually equipped with a steam extinguishing system. Steam extinguishing can also be used in. mufflers of engines and in chimneys.
The steam extinguishing system on ships is carried out according to a centralized principle. From the steam boiler, steam with a pressure of 0.6-0.8 MPa enters the steam distribution box (collector), from where separate pipelines of steel pipes with a diameter of 20-40 mm are run into each fuel tank. In rooms with liquid fuels, steam is supplied to the upper part, which ensures free steam exit when the tank is filled to the maximum. On the pipes of the steam extinguishing system, two narrow distinctive silver-gray rings with a red warning ring between them are painted.
Gas systems. The principle of operation of the gas system is based on the fact that an inert gas that does not support combustion is supplied to the fire site. Working on the same principle as the steam extinguishing system, the gas system has a number of advantages over it. The use of non-conductive gas in the system allows the gas system to be used to put out a fire on operating electrical equipment. When using the system, the gas does not cause damage to goods and equipment.
Of all the gas systems on ships, carbon dioxide is widely used. Liquid carbon dioxide is stored on ships in special pressurized cylinders. The cylinders are connected into batteries and operate on a common junction box, from which pipelines from seamless galvanized steel pipes with a diameter of 20-25 mm are carried to separate rooms. On the pipeline of the carbon dioxide system, one narrow distinctive yellow ring and two warning signs are painted - one red and the other yellow with black diagonal stripes. Pipes are usually laid below deck without branches going down, since carbon dioxide is heavier than air and must be introduced into the upper part of the room when extinguishing a fire. From the shoots, carbon dioxide is released through special nozzles, the number of which in each room depends on the volume of the room. This system has a control device.
The carbon dioxide system can be used to extinguish fires in enclosed spaces. Most often, such a system is equipped with dry cargo holds, engine and boiler rooms, electrical equipment rooms, as well as pantries with combustible materials. The use of a carbon dioxide system in the cargo tanks of tankers is not allowed. It must also not be used in residential and public buildings, since even a slight gas leak can lead to accidents.
While having certain advantages, the carbon dioxide system is not without its drawbacks. The main ones are the one-time operation of the system and the need to carefully ventilate the room after applying carbon dioxide extinguishing.
Along with stationary carbon dioxide installations, hand-held carbon dioxide fire extinguishers with cylinders of liquid carbon dioxide are used on ships.
Volumetric chemical extinguishing system. It works on the same principle as gas, but instead of gas, a special liquid is supplied to the room, which, evaporating easily, turns into an inert gas heavier than air.
A mixture containing 73% ethyl bromide and 27% tetrafluorodibromoethane is used as an extinguishing liquid on ships. Other mixtures are sometimes used, such as ethyl bromide and carbon dioxide.
Fire-extinguishing liquid is stored in strong steel tanks, from which a line is laid to each of the guarded premises. An annular pipeline with spray heads is laid in the upper part of the protected premises. The pressure in the system is created by compressed air, which is supplied to the reservoir with liquid from cylinders.
The absence of mechanisms in the system allows it to be carried out both on a centralized basis and on a group or individual basis.
The volumetric chemical extinguishing system can be used in dry cargo and refrigerated holds, in the engine room and rooms with electrical equipment.
Powder extinguishing system.
This system uses special powders that are supplied to the ignition site by a gas jet from a cylinder (usually nitrogen or another inert gas). Most often, powder fire extinguishers work on this principle. On gas carriers, this system is sometimes installed for use in cargo compartments. Such a system consists of a powder extinguishing station, hand barrels and special anti-twisting sleeves.
Foaming system. The principle of operation of the system is based on the isolation of the fire from the oxygen of the air by covering burning objects with a layer of foam. Foam can be obtained either chemically as a result of the reaction of an acid and an alkali, or mechanically by mixing an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air. Accordingly, the foam extinguishing system is divided into air-mechanical and chemical.
In the air-mechanical foam extinguishing system (Fig. 144), liquid foaming agent PO-1 or PO-b is used to produce foam, which is stored in special tanks. When using the system, the foaming agent from the tank is fed by an ejector into the pressure pipeline, where it mixes with water, forming a water emulsion. At the end of the pipeline there is an air-foam barrel. The water emulsion, passing through it, sucks in air, resulting in the formation of foam, which is supplied to the fire site.
To obtain foam by air-mechanical method, the water emulsion must contain 4% foaming agent and 96% water. When the emulsion is mixed with air, a foam is formed, the volume of which is approximately 10 times the volume of the emulsion. To increase the amount of foam, special air-foam barrels with sprayers and nets are used. In this case, foam with a high foaming ratio (up to 1000) is obtained. Thousand-fold foam is obtained on the basis of the foaming agent "Morpen".
Rice. 144. Air-mechanical foam extinguishing system: 1 - buffer liquid, 2 - diffuser, 3 - ejector-mixer, 4 - manual air-foam barrel, 5 - stationary air-foam barrel
Figure 145 Local air-foam installation 1- siphon tube, 2- emulsion tank, 3- air inlets, 4- shut-off valve, 5- throat, 6- pressure reducing valve, 7- foam pipe, 8- flexible hose, 9- spray, 10-cylinder of compressed air; 11 - compressed air pipeline, 12 - three-way valve
Along with stationary foam extinguishing systems on ships, local air-foam installations have found wide application (Fig. 145). In these installations, which are located directly in protected areas, the emulsion is in a closed tank. To start the installation, compressed air is supplied to the tank, which displaces the emulsion into the pipeline through the siphon tube. Part of the air passes through the hole in the upper part of the siphon tube into the same pipeline. As a result, the emulsion is mixed with air in the pipeline and foam is formed. The same installations of small capacity can be carried out portable - air-foam fire extinguisher.
When foam is obtained chemically, its bubbles contain carbon dioxide, which increases its extinguishing properties. Foam is obtained chemically in hand-held foam fire extinguishers of the OP type, consisting of a tank filled with an aqueous solution of soda and acid. By turning the handle, the valve is opened, the alkali and acid are mixed, resulting in the formation of foam, which is ejected from the spray.
The foam extinguishing system can be used to extinguish a fire in any premises, as well as on the open deck. But it has received the greatest distribution on oil tankers. Usually tankers have two foam extinguishing stations: the main one - at the stern and the emergency one - in the superstructure of the tank. A main pipeline is laid between the stations along the vessel, from which an offshoot with an air-foam barrel extends into each cargo tank. From the barrel, the foam goes to the foam drain perforated pipes located in the tanks. All pipes of the foam system have two wide distinctive green rings with a red warning sign between them. To extinguish a fire on open decks, oil tankers are equipped with air-foam monitors, which are installed on the superstructure deck. Fire monitors give a stream of foam over 40 m long, which makes it possible, if necessary, to cover the entire deck with foam.
To ensure the fire safety of the ship, all fire extinguishing systems must be in good condition and always be ready for action. Checking the state of the system is carried out through regular inspections and training fire alarms. During inspections, it is necessary to carefully check the tightness of pipelines and the correct operation of fire pumps. In winter, fire lines can freeze. To prevent freezing, it is necessary to turn off the sections laid on the open decks and drain the water through special plugs (or taps).
Especially careful care is required for the carbon dioxide system and the foam extinguishing system. If the valves installed on the cylinders are in a faulty condition, gas leakage is possible. To check the presence of carbon dioxide, cylinders should be weighed at least once a year.
All malfunctions identified during inspections and training alarms must be immediately eliminated. It is prohibited to release ships to sea if:
At least one of the stationary fire extinguishing systems is out of order; the fire alarm system does not work;
Vessel compartments protected by a volumetric fire extinguishing system do not have devices for closing the premises from the outside;
Fire bulkheads have faulty insulation or faulty fire doors;
The fire-fighting equipment of the ship does not meet the established standards.
What fixed fire extinguishing systems are used on ships?
Fire extinguishing systems on ships include:
●water fire extinguishing systems;
●foam extinguishing systems of low and medium expansion;
● volumetric extinguishing systems;
●powder extinguishing systems;
●systems of steam extinguishing;
●aerosol extinguishing systems;
Ship spaces, depending on their purpose and the degree of fire hazard, must be equipped with various fire extinguishing systems. The table shows the requirements of the Rules of the Register of the Russian Federation for the equipment of premises with fire extinguishing systems.
Stationary water fire extinguishing systems include systems using water as the main fire extinguishing agent:
- fire water system;
- water spray and irrigation systems;
- flooding system of individual premises;
- sprinkler system;
- deluge system;
- water mist or water mist system.
The stationary volumetric extinguishing systems include the following systems:
- carbon dioxide extinguishing system;
- nitrogen extinguishing system;
- liquid extinguishing system (on freons);
- volumetric foam extinguishing system;
In addition to fire extinguishing systems, fire warning systems are used on ships, such systems include an inert gas system.
What are the design features of a water fire fighting system?
The system is installed on all types of ships and is the main both for fire extinguishing and the water supply system for ensuring the operation of other fire extinguishing systems, general ship systems, washing tanks, cisterns, decks, washing anchor chains and fairleads.
The main advantages of the system:
Unlimited sea water supplies;
Cheapness of fire extinguishing agent;
High fire extinguishing ability of water;
High survivability of modern air defense forces.
The system includes the following main elements:
1. Receiving kingstones in the underwater part of the vessel for receiving water in any operating conditions, incl. roll, trim, side and pitching.
2. Filters (mud boxes) to protect the pipelines and pumps of the system from clogging them with debris and other waste.
3. A non-return valve that does not allow the system to be emptied when the fire pumps stop.
4. The main fire pumps with electric or diesel drives for supplying seawater to the fire main to fire hydrants, fire monitors and other consumers.
5. Emergency fire pump with an independent drive for sea water supply in case of failure of the main fire pumps with its own kingston, clink gate valve, safety valve and control device.
6. Manometers and manometers.
7. Fire cocks (terminal valves) located throughout the vessel.
8. Fire main valves (shut-off, non-return-shut-off, secant, shut-off).
9. Pipelines of the fire main.
10. Technical documentation and spare parts.
Fire pumps are divided into 3 types:
1. main fire pumps installed in machinery spaces;
2. emergency fire pump located outside the machinery spaces;
3. pumps permitted as fire pumps (sanitary, ballast, drainage, general use, if they are not used for pumping oil) on cargo ships.
The emergency fire pump (APZHN), its kingston, the receiving branch of the pipeline, the discharge pipeline and shut-off valves are located outside the machine visit. The emergency fire pump must be a stationary pump driven independently by an energy source, i.e. its electric motor must also be powered by an emergency diesel generator.
Fire pumps can be started and stopped both from local posts at the pumps, and remotely from the navigation bridge and the central control room.
What are the requirements for fire pumps?
Vessels are provided with independently driven fire pumps as follows:
●Passenger ships of 4,000 gross tonnage and above must have - at least three, less than 4,000 - at least two.
●cargo ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and over - at least two, less than 1,000 - at least two power-driven pumps, one of which is independently driven.
The minimum water pressure in all fire hydrants during the operation of two fire pumps should be:
● for passenger ships with gross tonnage of 4000 and over 0.40 N/mm, less than 4000 – 0.30 N/mm;
● for cargo ships with gross tonnage of 6000 and more - 0.27 N/mm, less than 6000 - 0.25 N/mm.
The flow of each fire pump must be at least 25 m/h, and the total water supply on a cargo ship must not exceed 180 m/h.
Pumps are located in different compartments, if this is not possible, then an emergency fire pump with its own power source and a kingston located outside the room where the main fire pumps are located should be provided.
The output of the emergency fire pump must be at least 40% of the total output of the fire pumps, and in any case not less than the following:
● on passenger ships with a capacity of less than 1,000 and on cargo ships of 2,000 and more – 25 m/h; and
● on cargo ships of less than 2000 gross tonnage – 15 m/h.
Schematic diagram of a water fire system on a tanker
1 - kingston highway; 2 - fire pump; 3 - filter; 4 - kingston;
5 - pipeline for supplying water to fire hydrants located in the aft superstructure; 6 - pipeline for supplying water to the foam fire extinguishing system;
7 - double fire hydrants on the poop deck; 8 - deck fire main; 9 - shut-off valve for shutting off the damaged section of the fire main; 10 - double fire hydrants on the forecastle deck; 11 - non-return shut-off valve; 12 - manometer; 13 - emergency fire pump; 14 - gate valve.
The scheme of building the system is linear, it is powered by two main fire pumps (2) located in the MO and an emergency fire pump (13) APZhN on the tank. At the inlet, the fire pumps are equipped with a kingston (4), a travel filter (mud box) (3) and a clink valve (14). A non-return shut-off valve is installed behind the pump to prevent water from draining from the line when the pump stops. A fire valve is installed behind each pump.
From the main line through the clink valves there are branches (5 and 6) to the superstructure, from which fire hydrants and other outboard water consumers are powered.
The fire main is laid on the cargo deck, has branches every 20 meters to twin fire hydrants (7). On the main pipeline, secant fire lines are installed every 30-40 m.
According to the Maritime Register Rules, portable fire nozzles with a spray diameter of 13 mm are mainly installed in interior spaces, and 16 or 19 mm in open decks. Therefore, fire hydrants (hydrates) are installed with D y 50 and 71 mm, respectively.
On the deck of the forecastle and poop before the wheelhouse, twin fire hydrants (10 and 7) are installed onboard.
When the ship is in port, the fire water system can be powered from the international shore connection using fire hoses.
How are water spray and irrigation systems arranged?
The water spray system in special category spaces, as well as in machinery spaces of category A of other ships and pump rooms, must be powered by an independent pump, which automatically switches on when the pressure in the system drops, from the fire main.
In other protected premises, the system can be powered only from the fire main.
In special category spaces, as well as in machinery spaces of category A of other ships and pumping spaces, the water spray system must be constantly filled with water and pressurized up to the distribution valves on the pipelines.
Filters must be installed on the suction pipe of the pump that feeds the system and on the connecting pipeline to the fire main, which excludes clogging of the system and sprayers.
Distribution valves should be located in easily accessible places outside the protected area.
In protected premises with permanent residence of people, remote control of distributing valves from these premises shall be provided.
Water spray system in the engine room
1 - roller drive bushing; 2 - drive shaft; 3 - drain valve of the impulse pipeline; 4 - pipeline of the upper water spray; 5 - impulse pipeline; 6 - quick-acting valve; 7 - fire main; 8 - lower water spray pipeline; 9 - spray nozzle; 10 - drain valve.
Sprayers in the protected premises should be placed in the following places:
1. under the ceiling of the room;
2. in the mines of category A machinery spaces;
3. over equipment and mechanisms, the operation of which is associated with the use of liquid fuel or other flammable liquids;
4. over surfaces where liquid fuels or flammable liquids can spread;
5. over stacks of bags of fishmeal.
Sprayers in the protected space should be located in such a way that the coverage area of any sprayer overlaps the coverage areas of adjacent sprayers.
The pump may be driven by an independent internal combustion engine located so that a fire in the protected space does not affect the air supply to it.
This system allows you to extinguish a fire in the MO under the slats with lower water spray or at the same time upper water spray.
How does a sprinkler system work?
Passenger ships and cargo ships are equipped with such systems according to the IIC protection method for signaling a fire and automatic fire extinguishing in protected spaces in the temperature range from 68 0 to 79 0 С, in dryers at a temperature exceeding the maximum temperature in the Ceiling Area of no more than 30 0 C and in saunas up to 140 0 C inclusive.
The system is automatic: when the maximum temperatures in the protected premises are reached, depending on the area of the fire, one or more sprinklers (water spray) are automatically opened, fresh water is supplied through it to extinguish, when its supply runs out, the fire will be extinguished by outboard water without the intervention of the ship's crew.
General layout of the sprinkler system
1 - sprinklers; 2 - water line; 3 - distribution station;
4 - sprinkler pump; 5 - pneumatic tank.
Schematic diagram of the sprinkler system
The system consists of the following elements:
Sprinklers grouped in separate sections not more than 200 in each;
Main and section control and signal devices (KSU);
Fresh water block;
Outboard water block;
Panels of visual and sound signals about the operation of sprinklers;
sprinklers - these are closed-type sprayers, inside of which are located:
1) sensitive element - a glass flask with a volatile liquid (ether, alcohol, gallon) or a fusible lock made of Wood's alloy (insert);
2) a valve and a diaphragm that close the hole in the atomizer for water supply;
3) socket (distributor) for creating a water torch.
Sprinklers must:
Work when the temperature rises to the specified values;
Resistant to corrosion when exposed to sea air;
Installed in the upper part of the room and placed so as to supply water to the nominal area with an intensity of at least 5 l / m 2 per minute.
Sprinklers in living quarters and service premises should operate in the temperature range of 68 - 79°C, with the exception of sprinklers in drying rooms and galleys, where the response temperature can be increased to a level exceeding the temperature at the ceiling by no more than 30°C.
Control and signal devices (KSU ) are installed on the supply pipeline of each section of sprinklers outside the protected premises and perform the following functions:
1) give an alarm when the sprinklers open;
2) open water supply routes from water supplies to operating sprinklers;
3) provide the ability to check the pressure in the system and its performance using a trial (bleed) valve and control pressure gauges.
Fresh water block maintains pressure in the system from the pressure tank to the sprinklers in standby mode when the sprinklers are closed, as well as supplying the sprinklers with fresh water during the start of the seawater unit sprinkler pump.
The block includes:
1) Pressurized pneumohydraulic tank (NPHC) with a water gauge glass, with a capacity for two water supplies, equal to two outputs of the sprinkler pump of the outboard water unit in 1 minute for simultaneous irrigation of an area of at least 280 m 2 at an intensity of at least 5 l / m 2 per minute.
2) Means to prevent sea water from entering the tank.
3) Means for supplying compressed air to the NPHC and maintaining such an air pressure in it that, after the constant supply of fresh water in the tank is used up, would provide a pressure not lower than the working pressure of the sprinkler (0.15 MPa) plus the pressure of the water column measured from the bottom tank to the highest sprinkler in the system (compressor, pressure reducing valve, compressed air cylinder, safety valve, etc.).
4) Sprinkler pump for fresh water replenishment, activated automatically when the pressure in the system drops, before the constant supply of fresh water in the pressure tank is completely used up.
5) Pipelines made of galvanized steel pipes located under the ceiling of the protected premises.
sea water block supplies outboard water to the sprinklers that have opened after the operation of the sensitive elements to irrigate the premises with a spray jet and extinguish the fire.
The block includes:
1) Independent sprinkler pump with pressure gauge and piping system for continuous automatic supply of sea water to the sprinklers.
2) Trial valve on the discharge side of the pump with a short outlet pipe having an open end to allow water to pass through the pump capacity plus water column pressure measured from the bottom of the NGCC to the highest sprinkler.
3) Kingston for independent pump.
4) Filter for cleaning outboard water from debris and other objects in front of the pump.
5) Pressure switch.
6) Pump start relay, which automatically turns on the pump when the pressure in the sprinkler supply system drops before the permanent supply of fresh water in the NPHC is completely used up.
Panels of visual and sound signals Sprinkler alarms are installed on the navigation bridge or in the central control room with constant watch, and in addition, visual and audible signals from the panel are output to another location to ensure that the fire alarm is immediately accepted by the crew.
The system must be filled with water, but small outdoor areas may not be filled with water if this is a necessary precaution in freezing temperatures.
Any such system must always be ready for immediate operation and be activated without any intervention from the crew.
How is the drencher system arranged?
It is used to protect large areas of decks from fire.
Scheme of the deluge system on a RO-RO vessel
1 - spray head (drenchers); 2 - highway; 3 - distribution station; 4 - fire or deluge pump.
The system is not automatic, it irrigates large areas at the same time from drenchers at the choice of the team, uses outboard water to extinguish, therefore it is in an empty state. Drenchers (water sprayers) have a design similar to sprinklers but without a sensitive element. It is supplied with water from a fire pump or a separate deluge pump.
How is the foam extinguishing system arranged?
The first fire extinguishing system with air-mechanical foam was installed on the Soviet tanker "Absheron" with a deadweight of 13200 tons, built in 1952 in Copenhagen. On the open deck, for each protected compartment, the following was installed: a stationary air-foam barrel (foam monitor or fire monitor) of low expansion, a deck main (pipeline) for supplying a foam concentrate solution. A branch equipped with a remotely controlled valve was connected to each trunk of the deck highway. The foaming agent solution was prepared in 2 foam extinguishing stations fore and aft and was fed into the deck main. Fire hydrants were installed on the open deck to supply the software solution through foam hoses to portable air-foam barrels or foam generators.
foam extinguishing stations
Foam system
1 - kingston; 2 - fire pump; 3 - fire monitor; 4 - foam generators, foam barrels; 5 - highway; 6 - emergency fire pump.
3.9.7.1. Basic requirements for foam extinguishing systems. The performance of each fire monitor must be at least 50% of the design capacity of the system. The length of the foam jet should be at least 40 m. The distance between adjacent fire monitors installed along the tanker should not exceed 75% of the flight range of the foam jet from the muzzle in the absence of wind. Dual fire hydrants are evenly installed along the vessel at a distance of no more than 20 m from each other. A check valve must be installed in front of each fire monitor.
To increase the survivability of the system, secant valves are installed on the main pipeline every 30 - 40 meters, with which you can turn off the damaged section. To increase the survivability of the tanker in case of fire in the cargo area on the deck of the first tier of the aft cabin or superstructure, two fire monitors are installed on the side and dual fire cocks for supplying solution to portable foam generators or barrels.
The foam extinguishing system, in addition to the main pipeline laid along the cargo deck, has branches to the superstructure and to the MO, which end with fire foam valves (foam hydrants), from which portable air-foam barrels or more efficient portable foam generators of medium expansion can be used.
Almost all cargo ships combine two water fire extinguishing systems and a foam fire extinguishing pipeline in the cargo area by laying these two pipelines in parallel and branching from them to the fire monitor combined foam and water trunks. This significantly increases the survivability of the ship as a whole and the ability to use the most effective fire extinguishing agents, depending on the class of fire.
Stationary foam extinguishing system with main consumers
1 - fire monitor (on the VP); 2 - foaming heads (indoors); 3 - medium-expansion foam generator (at airspace and indoors);
4 - manual foam barrel; 5 - mixer
The foam extinguishing station is an integral part of the foam extinguishing system. Purpose of the station: storage and maintenance of the foaming agent (PO); replenishment of stocks and unloading of software, preparation of a foam concentrate solution; flushing the system with water.
The foam extinguishing station includes: a tank with a supply of software, an outboard (very rarely fresh water) supply pipeline, a software recirculation pipeline (software mixing in the tank), a software solution pipeline, fittings, instrumentation, and a dosing device. It is very important to maintain a constant percentage
the ratio of PO - water, because the quality and quantity of foam depends on it.
What are the steps to use the foam station?
| STARTING THE FOAM STATION 1. OPEN VALVE “B” 2. START THE FIRE PUMP 3. OPEN VALVES “D” and “E” 4. START THE FOAM PUMP (BEFORE CHECKING THAT VALVE “C” IS CLOSED) 5. OPEN THE VALVE ON THE FOAM MONITOR (OR FIRE HYDRANT), AND START TO EXTINGUISHING FIRE. | EXTINGUISHING BURNING OIL
1. Never aim the foam jet directly at burning oil, because this can cause the burning oil to splatter and spread the fire 2. It is necessary to direct the foam jet in such a way that the foam mixture “flows” onto the burning oil layer by layer and covers the burning surface. This can be done using the prevailing wind direction or deck slope where possible. 3. Use one monitor and/or two foam barrels |
Foaming station fire monitor
Stationary volumetric foam extinguishing systems are designed to extinguish fires in the Moscow Region and other specially equipped premises by supplying high-expansion and medium-expansion foam into them.
What are the design features of the medium expansion foam extinguishing system?
Medium-expansion volumetric foam extinguishing uses several medium-expansion foam generators permanently installed in the upper part of the room. Foam generators are installed above the main sources of fire, often at different levels of the MO, in order to cover as much of the extinguishing area as possible. All foam generators or their groups are connected to the foam extinguishing station, which is placed outside the protected premises by pipelines of the foam concentrate solution. The principle of operation and the device of the foam extinguishing station are similar to the conventional foam extinguishing station considered earlier.
Disadvantages of the day system:
Relatively low expansion of air-mechanical foam, i.e. lower fire-extinguishing effect compared to high-expansion foam;
Greater consumption of foaming agent; compared to high expansion foam;
Failure of electrical equipment and automation elements after using the system, because the foaming agent solution is prepared in sea water (the foam becomes electrically conductive);
A sharp decrease in the foam expansion rate when hot combustion products are ejected by the foam generator (at a gas temperature of ≈130 0 С, the foam expansion ratio decreases by 2 times, at 200 0 С - by 6 times).
Positive indicators:
Simplicity of design; low metal consumption;
Use of a foam extinguishing station designed to extinguish fires on the cargo deck.
This system reliably extinguishes fires on mechanisms, engines, spilled fuel and oil on and under the floorboards, but practically does not extinguish fires and smoldering in the upper parts of bulkheads and on the ceiling, thermal insulation of pipelines and burning insulation of electrical consumers due to the relatively small layer of foam.
Scheme of the system of medium volumetric foam extinguishing
What are the design features of a volumetric fire extinguishing system with high-expansion foam?
This fire extinguishing system is much more powerful and efficient than the previous medium fire extinguishing system, because. uses more efficient high-expansion foam, which has a significant fire extinguishing effect, completely fills the room with foam, displacing gases, smoke, air and vapors of combustible materials through a specially opened skylight or ventilation closures.
The foaming solution preparation station uses fresh or desalinated water, which greatly improves foaming and makes it non-conductive. To obtain high-expansion foam, a more concentrated PO solution is used than in other systems, approximately 2 times. Stationary high expansion foam generators are used to produce high expansion foam. Foam is supplied to the room either directly from the generator outlet or through special channels. The channels and the outlet from the supply cover are made of steel and must be hermetically sealed so as not to let the fire into the fire extinguishing station. The lids open automatically or manually at the same time as the foam is dispensed. Foam is supplied to MO at the platform levels in those places where there are no obstacles for the spread of foam. If there are workshops, pantries inside the MO, then their bulkheads must be designed in such a way that foam gets into them, or it is necessary to bring separate valves to them.
Schematic diagram of obtaining a thousandfold foam
Schematic diagram of volumetric fire extinguishing with high-expansion foam
1 - Fresh water tank; 2 - Pump; 3 - Tank with foaming agent;
4 - electric fan; 5 - Switching device; 6 - Skylight; 7 - Foam supply shutters; 8 - Upper closure of the channel for the release of foam on the deck; 9 - Throttle washers;
10 - Foaming grids of the high expansion foam generator
If the area of the room exceeds 400m 2 , it is recommended to introduce foam at least in 2 places located in opposite parts of the room.
To check the operation of the system, a switching device (8) is installed in the upper part of the channel, which diverts the foam outside the room onto the deck. The stock of foaming agent for replacement systems should be five times to extinguish a fire in the largest room. The performance of foam generators should be such that it fills the room with foam in 15 minutes.
High-expansion foam is obtained in generators with forced air supply to a foam-forming mesh wetted with a foam-forming solution. An axial fan is used to supply air. Centrifugal atomizers with a swirling chamber are installed to apply the foaming agent solution to the mesh. Such atomizers are simple in design and reliable in operation, they do not have moving parts. Generators GVPV-100 and GVGV-160 are equipped with one atomizer, other generators have 4 atomizers installed in front of the tops of the pyramidal foam-forming grids.
Purpose, device and types of carbon dioxide extinguishing systems?
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing as a volumetric method began to be used in the 50s of the last century. Until that time, steam extinguishing was very widely used, tk. most of the ships were with steam turbine power plants. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing does not require any type of ship's energy to drive the installation, i.e. she is completely independent.
This fire extinguishing system is designed to extinguish fires in specially equipped, i.e. protected premises (MO, pump rooms, paint pantries, pantries with flammable materials, cargo spaces mainly on dry cargo ships, cargo decks on RO-RO ships). These rooms must be airtight and equipped with pipelines with sprayers or nozzles for supplying liquid carbon dioxide. In these rooms, sound (howlers, bells) and light (“Go away! Gas!”) Warning alarms about the activation of the volumetric fire extinguishing system are installed.
System composition:
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing station, where carbon dioxide reserves are stored;
At least two launch stations for remote actuation of the fire extinguishing station, i.e. for the release of liquid carbon dioxide into a certain room;
An annular pipeline with nozzles under the ceiling (sometimes at different levels) of the protected premises;
Sound and light signaling, warning the crew about the actuation of the system;
Elements of the automation system that turn off the ventilation in this room and shut off the quick-closing valves for supplying fuel to the operating main and auxiliary mechanisms for their remote shutdown (only for MO).
There are two main types of carbon dioxide fire suppression systems:
High pressure system - storage of liquefied CO 2 is carried out in cylinders at a design (filling) pressure of 125 kg / cm 2 (filling with carbon dioxide 0.675 kg / l of the cylinder volume) and 150 kg / cm 2 (filling 0.75 kg / l);
Low pressure system - the estimated amount of liquefied CO 2 is stored in the tank at an operating pressure of about 20 kg / cm 2, which is ensured by maintaining the CO 2 temperature at about minus 15 0 C. The tank is serviced by two autonomous refrigeration units to maintain a negative CO 2 temperature in the tank.
What are the design features of the high pressure carbon dioxide extinguishing system?
CO2 extinguishing station - a separate heat-insulated room with powerful forced ventilation, located outside the protected room. Double rows of cylinders with a volume of 67.5 liters are installed on special stands. The cylinders are filled with liquid carbon dioxide in the amount of 45 ± 0.5 kg.
Cylinder heads have quick-opening valves (full supply valves) and are connected by flexible hoses to the manifold. Cylinders are grouped into batteries of cylinders by a single manifold. This number of cylinders should be enough (according to calculations) to extinguish in a certain volume. In the CO 2 extinguishing station, several groups of cylinders can be grouped to extinguish fires in several rooms. When the cylinder valve is opened, the gaseous phase of CO 2 displaces liquid carbon dioxide through the siphon tube into the collector. A safety valve is installed on the collector, which bleeds carbon dioxide when the limiting pressure of CO 2 is exceeded outside the station. At the end of the collector, a shut-off valve for supplying carbon dioxide to the protected room is installed. This valve is opened both manually and with compressed air (or CO 2 or nitrogen) remotely from the starting cylinder (the main control method). Opening the valves of cylinders with CO 2 into the system is carried out:
Manually, with the help of a mechanical drive, the valves of the heads of a number of cylinders are opened (obsolete design);
With the help of a servomotor, which is able to open a large number of cylinders;
Manually by releasing CO 2 from one cylinder into the launch system of a group of cylinders;
Remotely using carbon dioxide or compressed air from the starting cylinder.
The CO 2 extinguishing station must have a device for weighing cylinders or devices for determining the level of liquid in a cylinder. Based on the level of the liquid phase of CO 2 and the ambient temperature, the weight of CO 2 can be determined from tables or graphs.
What is the purpose of the launch station?
Launch stations are installed outdoors and outside the CO 2 station. It consists of two starting cylinders, instrumentation, pipelines, fittings, limit switches. The launching stations are mounted in special lockable cabinets, the key is located next to the cabinet in a special case. When the cabinet doors are opened, the limit switches are activated, which turn off the ventilation in the protected room and supply power to the pneumatic actuator (the mechanism that opens the valve for supplying CO 2 to the room) and to the sound and light alarm. The board lights up in the room "Leave! Gas!" or flashing blue lights are lit and an audible signal is given by a howler or loud bells. When the valve of the right starting cylinder is opened, compressed air or carbon dioxide is supplied to the pneumatic valve and CO 2 is supplied to the corresponding room.
How to turn on the carbon dioxide fire suppression system for your pumpvogo and engine rooms.
| 2. MAKE SURE ALL PEOPLE LEAVED THE PUMP COMPARTMENT PROTECTED BY THE CO2 SYSTEM. 3. SEAL THE PUMP COMPARTMENT. 6. SYSTEM IN WORK. | 1. OPEN THE START CONTROL CABINET DOOR. 2. MAKE SURE ALL PEOPLE LEAVED THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT PROTECTED BY THE CO2 SYSTEM. 3. SEAL THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT. 4. OPEN THE VALVE ON ONE OF THE LAUNCH CYLINDERS. 5. OPEN VALVE No. 1 and no. 2 6. SYSTEM IN WORK. |
3.9.10.3. COMPOSITION OF THE SHIP SYSTEM.
Carbon dioxide extinguishing system
1 - valve for supplying CO 2 to the collection manifold; 2 - hose; 3 - blocking device;
4 - non-return valve; 5 - valve for supplying CO 2 to the protected room
Scheme of the CO 2 system of a separate small room
What are the design features of the low pressure carbon dioxide extinguishing system?
Low pressure system - the estimated amount of liquefied CO 2 is stored in the tank at an operating pressure of about 20 kg / cm 2, which is ensured by maintaining the CO 2 temperature at about minus 15 0 C. The tank is serviced by two autonomous refrigeration units (cooling system) to maintain a negative CO 2 temperature in the tank.
The tank and sections of pipelines connected to it, filled with liquid carbon dioxide, are thermally insulated to prevent the pressure from rising below the setting of the safety valves for 24 hours after the refrigeration plant is de-energized at an ambient temperature of 45 0 С.
The storage tank for liquid carbon dioxide is equipped with a remote liquid level sensor, two liquid level control valves of 100% and 95% calculated filling. The alarm system sends light and sound signals to the control room and mechanics' cabins in the following cases:
Upon reaching the maximum and minimum (not less than 18 kg / cm 2) pressures in the tank;
When the level of CO 2 in the tank drops to the minimum allowable 95%;
In case of malfunction in refrigeration units;
When starting CO 2 .
The system is started from remote posts from carbon dioxide cylinders, similarly to the previous high-pressure system. Pneumatic valves open and carbon dioxide is supplied to the protected premises.
How is the volumetric chemical extinguishing system arranged?
In some sources, these systems are called liquid extinguishing systems (SJT), because. the principle of operation of these systems is to supply fire extinguishing liquid halon (freon or freon) to the protected premises. These liquids evaporate at low temperatures and turn into a gas that inhibits the combustion reaction, i.e. are combustion inhibitors.
The stock of freon is in the steel tanks of the fire extinguishing station, which is located outside the protected premises. In the protected (guarded) premises under the ceiling there is an annular pipeline with tangential type sprayers. Atomizers spray liquid freon and it, under the influence of relatively low temperatures in the room from 20 to 54 ° C, turns into a gas that easily mixes with the gaseous environment in the room, penetrates into the most remote parts of the room, i.e. capable of fighting the smoldering of combustible materials.
Freon is displaced from the tanks using compressed air stored in separate cylinders outside the extinguishing station and the protected area. When the valves for supplying freon to the room are opened, an audible and light warning alarm is triggered. You must leave the premises!
What is the general arrangement and principle of operation of a stationary powder fire extinguishing system?
Ships intended to carry liquefied gases in bulk must be equipped with dry chemical powder extinguishing systems to protect the cargo deck and all loading areas forward and aft of the ship. It should be possible to supply powder to any part of the cargo deck with at least two monitors and/or hand guns and sleeves.
The system is powered by an inert gas, usually nitrogen, from cylinders located near the powder storage area.
At least two independent, self-contained powder extinguishing installations should be provided. Each such installation must have its own controls, high pressure gas, piping, monitors, and hand guns/sleeves. On ships with a capacity of less than 1000 r.t., one such installation is sufficient.
The areas around the loading and unloading manifolds must be protected by a monitor, either locally or remotely controlled. If from its fixed position the monitor covers the entire area protected by it, then remote targeting is not required for it. At the rear end of the cargo area, at least one hand sleeve, gun or monitor should be provided. All arms and monitors should be capable of being actuated on the arm reel or on the monitor.
The minimum admissible supply of the monitor is 10 kg/s, and that of the hand sleeve is 3.5 kg/s.
Each container must hold enough powder to ensure delivery within 45 seconds by all monitors and hand sleeves that are connected to it.
What is the principle of working withaerosol fire extinguishing systems?
The aerosol fire extinguishing system belongs to the volumetric fire extinguishing systems. Extinguishing is based on chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction and dilution of the combustible medium with a dusty aerosol. Aerosol (dust, smoke fog) consists of the smallest particles suspended in the air, obtained by burning a special discharge of a fire-extinguishing aerosol generator. The aerosol hovers in the air for about 20 minutes and during this time affects the combustion process. It is not dangerous for a person, does not increase the pressure in the room (a person does not receive a pneumatic shock), does not damage ship equipment and electrical mechanisms that are energized.
The ignition of the fire-extinguishing aerosol generator (for igniting the charge with a squib) can be brought manually or when an electric signal is applied. When the charge burns, the aerosol escapes through the slots or windows of the generator.
These fire extinguishing systems were developed by OAO NPO Kaskad (Russia), are novelties, are fully automated, do not require large installation and maintenance costs, and are 3 times lighter than carbon dioxide systems.
System composition:
Fire extinguishing aerosol generators;
System and alarm control panel (SCHUS);
A set of sound and light alarms in a protected area;
Control unit for ventilation and fuel supply to MO engines;
Cable routes (connections).
When signs of fire are detected in the room, automatic detectors send a signal to the control panel, which gives an audible and light signal to the central control room, central control room (bridge) and to the protected room, and then supplies power to: stop ventilation, block the fuel supply to the mechanisms to stop them and to ultimately to actuate the fire-extinguishing aerosol generators. Different types of generators are used: SOT-1M, SOT-2M,
SOT-2M-KV, AGS-5M. The type of generator is selected depending on the size of the room and the burning materials. The most powerful SOT-1M protects 60 m 3 of the room. Generators are installed in places that do not prevent the spread of aerosol.
AGS-5M is operated manually and thrown indoors.
Shchus to increase survivability is powered by different power sources and batteries. ShchUS can be connected to a single computer fire extinguishing system. When the control panel fails, the generators self-start when the temperature rises to 250 0 C.
How does a water mist extinguishing system work?
The fire extinguishing properties of water can be improved by reducing the size of the water droplets. .
Water mist extinguishing systems, referred to as "water mist extinguishing systems", use smaller droplets and require less water. Compared to standard sprinkler systems, water mist extinguishing systems offer the following advantages:
● Small pipe diameter for easy installation, minimum weight, lower cost.
●Smaller pumps required.
●Minimum secondary damage associated with the use of water.
● Less impact on vessel stability.
The higher efficiency of a water system operating with small droplets is provided by the ratio of the surface area of the water drop to its mass.
An increase in this ratio means (for a given volume of water) an increase in the area through which heat transfer can occur. Simply put, small water droplets absorb heat faster than large water droplets and therefore have a higher cooling effect on the fire area. However, excessively small droplets may not reach their destination, because they do not have enough mass to overcome the warm air currents generated by the fire. Water mist extinguishing systems reduce the oxygen content of the air and therefore have a suffocating effect. But even in enclosed spaces such action is limited, both because of its limited duration and because of the limited area of its area. With a very small droplet size and a high heat content of the fire, which leads to the rapid formation of significant volumes of steam, the suffocating effect is more pronounced. In practice, water mist extinguishing systems provide extinguishing mainly by cooling.
Water mist extinguishing systems should be carefully designed, should provide uniform coverage of the protected area, and, when used to protect certain areas, should be located as close as possible to the relevant potential hazard area. In general, the design of such systems is the same as the design of sprinkler systems (with "wet" pipes) described earlier, except that water mist systems operate at a higher operating pressure, in the order of 40 bar, and they use specially designed heads that create drops of the required size.
Another advantage of water mist extinguishing systems is that they provide excellent protection to people, as fine water droplets reflect heat radiation and bind flue gases. As a result, firefighting and evacuation personnel can get closer to the source of the fire.
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Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency of Sea and River Transport
The Pechora River School is a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “State University of the Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarov"
in the discipline "Life safety"
on the topic: Primary and stationary fire extinguishing equipment on ships of the river fleet
Prepared by:
Tarasova A. D
Checked:
Mityaev I.I.
Pechora 2015
Introduction
1. Fire safety rules on ships of the river fleet
2. Varieties of ship fire extinguishing systems
3. fire extinguishers
Conclusion
Used Books
Introduction
The prevention of fires on board is of great importance for the safety of navigation. Fighting a fire on a ship can be doomed to failure if you do not prepare for it in advance and do not have various fire fighting equipment at your disposal. Fire fighting equipment, these weapons in the fight against fire, have been described above. Now you should pay attention to the readiness to fight the fire.
When extinguishing any fire, it is necessary that the four main operations be worked out in the actions of the team: detection, notification, limitation, and, finally, the elimination of the source of the fire.
A fire is detected by the operation of special means installed on the ship in various places, or simply by the appearance of smell or smoke. Any member of the ship's crew, regardless of whether he is on watch or not, must have a good understanding of the danger of fire and know its signs. Some areas of the ship are particularly dangerous in terms of fire, they need to be visited and inspected regularly.
When a fire is discovered, as many people on board as possible should be informed. It is very important that the navigation bridge knows the location of the fire and its size. A small fire can be quickly extinguished by one person who finds it, but still, in any fire, people's attention must be attracted. To do this, you can shout “Fire!” Loudly, and loudly knock on bulkheads, and activate fire alarms, if they are nearby. Anyone who discovers a fire must quickly decide whether to extinguish the fire himself immediately or, after leaving the room, to report the fire to others.
The more people know about the fire, the more effort can be focused on putting it out. If you have any doubts whether to put out the fire yourself or notify others, then it is advisable to notify others about the fire!
1. Fire safety rules on ships of the river fleet
Responsibility for equipping the vessel lies with its owner, and for fire safety during operation - with the captain or commander.
Fire safety on river vessels is guaranteed by the following requirements:
· the passage of all crew members of the initial briefing in the relevant organization and subsequent - at the workplace;
Conducting annual re-briefing;
Conducting explanatory work with crew members on issues
fire safety;
Compliance with fire safety rules;
regular checks aimed at determining the availability of fire equipment and the degree of readiness of its working condition;
preparation and, if necessary, implementation of auxiliary measures to strengthen the ship's fire safety;
· drawing up a schedule of duty on fire alarms, preparing cards posted in the cabin of each crew member with duties in case of fire.
2. Varieties of ship fire extinguishing systems
Stationary systems fire extinguishers on the ship are developed during the design of the ship and are mounted during its laying. Modern ships of the Russian merchant fleet are equipped with the following installations:
§ Water:
§ Sprinkler with manual or automatic activation;
§ Water curtains;
§ Water spray or irrigation;
§ Gas - based on carbon dioxide or inert gases;
§ Powder.
In some cases, medium and high density foam acts as a fire extinguishing agent that is used in the same systems.
Each of fire extinguishing systems on board used to solve a specific narrowly focused task:
§ Water - used to protect the public and residential premises of the ship and its corridors, as well as premises where solid flammable and combustible substances are stored;
§ Foam - installed in rooms where class B fires can occur;
§ Gas and powder - used for class C fire protection.
Primary fire fighting equipment
Extinguishing agents: water, sand, foam, powder, gaseous substances that do not support combustion (freon), inert gases, steam.
Fire-fighting equipment:
chemical foam fire extinguishers;
foam fire extinguisher;
powder fire extinguisher;
carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
Fire fighting systems
water supply system;
foam generator
Fire extinguishers and their properties.
Primary fire extinguishing equipment must be kept in accordance with the passport data on them. It is not allowed to use fire extinguishing equipment that does not have the appropriate certificates.
Extinguishing agents are divided into four groups according to the dominant principle of cessation of combustion: cooling, insulating, diluting and inhibiting action.
Cooling media: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in a snowy form), aqueous solutions of salts.
Means of isolation: fire-extinguishing foams (chemical, air-mechanical), fire-extinguishing powder compositions, non-combustible bulk substances (sand, earth, slag, fluxes, graphite), sheet materials (covers, shields).
Thinners: inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon), flue gases, water vapor, water mist, gas-water mixtures, explosive explosion products.
Means of chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction: halocarbons (ethyl bromide, freons), compositions based on halocarbons, water-bromoethyl solutions (emulsions), fire-extinguishing powder compositions.
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. It has a high heat capacity, a significant heat of vaporization, which allows you to take a large amount of heat in the process of extinguishing a fire. When extinguishing fires, water is used in the form of compact, atomized and finely atomized jets.
Water with a wetting agent has good penetrating power, due to which the greatest effect is achieved in extinguishing fires, and especially when burning fibrous materials, peat, soot. Aqueous solutions of wetting agents can reduce water consumption by 30 - 50%, as well as the duration of fire extinguishing.
However, it should be borne in mind that water as a fire extinguishing agent has a number of properties that limit its use. So water cannot be used to extinguish the following fires:
Electrical installations and devices under voltage, as this can lead to a short circuit of the equipment and electric shock to people;
materials stored in place with calcium carbide and quicklime;
Metallic sodium, potassium, magnesium, because in this case water decomposes with the formation of an explosive mixture.
At the same time, it causes significant damage if, when extinguishing a fire, an unreasonably large number of trunks are supplied, used indoors without shut-off taps, or if active trunks are left unattended, etc. In case of fires in attics or on the upper floors of buildings, water can wet the ceilings and partitions located below, lingering in watertight areas, creating an additional load on the ceiling structures, which sometimes turns out to be the cause of their collapse.
Solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in the form of snow) is widely used as a fire extinguishing agent for charging carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide, which is in a liquid state, is stored under pressure, when it passes into the gaseous phase, it turns into a snow-like crystalline mass. Carbon dioxide is an inert gas, colorless and odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air. 1 kg of liquid carbon dioxide during the transition to the gaseous phase forms 500 liters of gas. These properties of carbon dioxide ensure the cessation of combustion not only due to cooling, but also due to the dilution and isolation of burning substances. As a fire extinguishing agent, carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish fires in electrical installations, engines, as well as to extinguish fires in archives, libraries, museums, exhibitions, design offices, computer center equipment, etc. Do not use it to extinguish ignited magnesium and its alloys, metal sodium and potassium, since in this case carbon dioxide is decomposed with the release of atomic oxygen.
Foam is of low expansion (less than 10), medium (from 10 to 200) and high (more than 200). It isolates the burning surface from air access, does not allow heat from the flame to pass to the surface of the liquid, prevents the release of liquid vapor and thereby stops combustion.
Chemical foam is obtained in foam generators by mixing foam generator powders and in fire extinguishers by the interaction of alkaline and acid solutions. Consists of carbon dioxide (80%), water (19.7%), foaming agent (0.3%). Possesses high firmness and efficiency in extinguishing of many fires. However, due to electrical conductivity and chemical activity, foam is not used to extinguish electrical and radio installations, electronic equipment, engines for various purposes, other devices and assemblies.
Air-mechanical foam (VMP) is obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air in foam shafts or generators. It has the necessary resistance, dispersion, viscosity, cooling and insulating properties, which allow it to be used to extinguish solid materials, liquid substances and carry out protective actions, when extinguishing fires on the surface and volumetric filling of burning rooms (medium and high expansion foam). Air-foam barrels of SVP are used to supply low expansion foam, and GPS foam generators are used to supply foam of medium and high expansion.
Fire-extinguishing powder compositions (OPS) are universal and effective means of extinguishing fires at relatively low specific costs. OPS is used to extinguish combustible materials and substances of any state of aggregation, electrical installations under voltage, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that cannot be extinguished with water and foams, as well as fires at significant sub-zero temperatures. OPS are divided into two main groups: general-purpose, capable of creating a fire extinguishing cloud - to extinguish most fires and special, creating a layer on the surface of materials that prevents the access of atmospheric oxygen - to extinguish metals and organometallic compounds. The main disadvantage of OPS is their tendency to caking and clumping. Due to the large dispersion of OPS, they form a significant amount of dust, which necessitates work in special clothing, as well as protective means for the respiratory and vision organs. fire safety ship fire extinguisher
Water vapor. The extinguishing efficiency is low, therefore, they are used to protect closed technological apparatuses and premises with a volume of up to 500 m3 (ship holds, tube furnaces of petrochemical enterprises, pumping stations for pumping oil products, drying and spray booths), to extinguish small fires in open areas and create curtains around protected objects .
Finely dispersed water (droplet size less than 100 microns) is obtained using special equipment: spray nozzles, torque converters operating at high pressure (200-300 m). Water jets have a small impact force and flight range, but they irrigate a large surface, are more favorable for water evaporation, have an increased cooling effect, and dilute the combustible medium well. They allow not to excessively moisten the materials during their extinguishing, contribute to the rapid decrease in temperature, the deposition of smoke.
Halocarbons and compositions based on them effectively suppress the combustion of gaseous, liquid, solid combustible substances and materials in all types of fires. In terms of efficiency, they exceed inert gases by 10 or more times. Halocarbons and compositions based on them are volatile compounds, they are gases or volatile liquids that are poorly soluble in water, but mix well with many organic substances. They have good wetting ability, are non-conductive, have a high density in the liquid and gaseous state, which makes it possible to form a jet, penetrate into the flame, and also retain vapors near the combustion source.
These extinguishing agents can be used for surface, volumetric and local fire extinguishing. With great effect, they can be used in the elimination of combustion of fibrous materials, electrical installations and equipment under voltage; for fire protection of vehicles, engine rooms of ships, computer centers, especially dangerous workshops of chemical enterprises, paint booths, dryers, warehouses with flammable liquids, archives, museum halls, and other objects of special value, increased fire and explosion hazard. Halohydrocarbons and compositions based on them can practically be used at any negative temperatures. The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosiveness, toxicity; they cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen, as well as metals, some metal hydrides and many organometallic compounds.
3. fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are a technical device designed to extinguish fires in the initial stage of their occurrence. Fire extinguishers are a reliable means of extinguishing fires before the arrival of fire departments. The industry produces several types of hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5 are designed to extinguish small initial fires of various substances and materials, with the exception of substances that burn without air. Fire extinguishers can be effectively used at temperatures from -25 to +50 degrees C.
Carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish small starting fires of various substances, including energized devices. It is impossible to extinguish with these fire extinguishers burning alkaline and alkaline earth materials that burn without air access. As a charge, a composition consisting of ethyl bromide (97%) and liquefied carbon dioxide (3%) is used. The charge of the fire extinguisher has high wetting properties and is much more efficient than the charge of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. A fire extinguisher charged with OP-7 or OP-10 is used to extinguish alcohol, ether, acetone and other similar liquids.
Powder manual fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish small fires of flammable liquids, alkaline earth materials, electrical installations under voltage. Powder fire extinguisher OP-10, OP-50 is made of a metal cylinder with a capacity of 10.50 liters. PSB powder is used as a charge.
Fire extinguishing media
To suppress the combustion process, it is possible to reduce the content of the combustible component, oxidizer (air oxygen), lower the process temperature, or increase the activation energy of the combustion reaction.
Fire extinguishing agents. The simplest, cheapest and most accessible is water, which is supplied to the combustion zone in the form of compact continuous jets or in atomized form. Water, having a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, has a strong cooling effect on the combustion site. In addition, during the evaporation of water, a large amount of steam is formed, which will have an insulating effect on the fire.
The disadvantages of water include poor wettability and penetrating ability in relation to a number of materials. To improve the extinguishing properties of water, surfactants can be added to it. Water must not be used to extinguish a range of metals, their hydrides, carbides, or electrical installations.
Foam are a widely used, effective and convenient means of extinguishing fires.
Recently, fire extinguishers have been increasingly used to extinguish fires. powders. They can be used to extinguish fires of solids, various combustible liquids, gases, metals, as well as installations under voltage. Powders are recommended for use in the initial stage of a fire.
Inert diluents used for bulk quenching. They have a diluting effect. The most widely used inert diluents include nitrogen, carbon dioxide and various halocarbons. These agents are used when more readily available extinguishing agents such as water and foam are ineffective.
Automatic stationary installations fire extinguishing, depending on the extinguishing agents used, are divided into water, foam, gas and powder. The most widespread installations of water and foam extinguishing of two types are sprinkler and deluge.
sprinkler installation- the most effective means of extinguishing conventional combustible materials in the initial stage of fire development. Sprinkler installations are switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected volume rises above a predetermined limit.
The whole system consists of pipelines laid under the ceiling of the room and sprinklers placed on pipelines with a given distance from each other.
Deluge installations differ from sprinkler ones in the absence of a valve in the sprinkler. The deluge sprinkler is always open. The deluge system is switched on manually or automatically at the signal of an automatic detector using a control and starting unit located on the main fire pipeline. The sprinkler installation is activated above the fire, and the deluge irrigates the entire protected object with water.
primary funds firefighting. These include fire extinguishers, buckets, water containers, sand boxes, crowbars, axes, shovels, etc.
fire extinguishers are one of the most effective primary fire extinguishing agents. Depending on the fire extinguishing agent being charged, fire extinguishers are divided into five types: water, foam, carbon dioxide, powder, freon.
Primary fire extinguishers are intended for use in the initial stage of a fire or ignition. Such means include special containers with water and sand, shovels, buckets, crowbars, hooks, asbestos sheets, coarse woolen fabrics and felt, fire extinguishers. The determination of the required number of primary fire extinguishing agents is regulated by the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" (PPB-01-93). When determining the types and quantities of primary fire extinguishing agents, one should take into account the physicochemical and fire hazardous properties of combustible substances, their relationship to fire extinguishing agents, as well as the area of premises, open areas and installations.
Barrels for water storage should have a volume of at least 0.2 m3 and be completed with buckets. Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 m3 and equipped with a shovel. Sand tanks included in the design of the fire stand must have a capacity of at least 0.1 m3. The design of the box should ensure the convenience of extracting sand and exclude the ingress of precipitation.
Asbestos cloths, coarse-woolen fabrics and felt with a size of at least 1.0x1.0 m are designed to extinguish small fires when igniting substances that cannot burn without air. In places of application and storage of flammable and combustible liquids, the dimensions of the sheets can be increased (2.0x1.5 or 2.0x2.0 m).
A fire extinguisher, as a primary fire extinguishing agent, remains the most common, effective and affordable product in our time.
Powder fire extinguishers
OP-5 (g) with a body volume of 5 liters and OP-10 (g) (volume of 10 liters) are designed to extinguish the fire of solid combustible materials (fire class A), liquid combustible materials (fire class B), gaseous substances (fire class C) and electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V. Multiple recharge is possible.
Fire extinguishers can be used in residential, office, warehouse, small storage facilities for flammable and combustible liquids, car parks, car depots, garages, market stalls, garden houses and vehicles.
Service life - 10 years. The recharge interval is 4 years.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
Designed to extinguish fires of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without air access, fires of electrical installations under voltage not exceeding 1000V, liquid and gaseous substances (class B, C).
Fire extinguishers are divided into portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers include fire extinguishers carried by a person, the fire extinguishing ability of which meets the minimum technical requirements established in the regulatory and technical documentation. Mobile fire extinguishers are fire extinguishers equipped with a device for transportation.
It is preferable to equip fire shields with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers in paint shops, warehouses, gas stations and on the territory of industrial enterprises.
The OU-8M fire extinguisher complies with the requirements of the SOLAS international convention for the safety of life at sea, has a certificate of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. It is used on objects of sea and river fleet.
Fire extinguishers must be operated within the operating temperature range from -40 to +50 degrees Celsius.
Air-foam fire extinguishers
Used to extinguish fires of class A and B (wood, paper, paints and fuels and lubricants). It is forbidden to use for extinguishing electrical installations that are energized!
Unlike injection fire extinguishers, in OVP-10 (b) the displacing gas is stored in a canister. to bring the fire extinguisher into working condition, it is necessary to press the button on its head and wait 5 seconds until the working pressure is created inside the housing.
Are operated at a temperature from +5 to +50 °C.
The fire extinguishing composition is a foam concentrate solution (ORP).
Conclusion
The practice of maritime navigation knows many sad examples when a fire that broke out on a ship led to its death. The abundance of water overboard is no guarantee that the fire can be easily controlled, especially if it has engulfed a combustible cargo or fuel supply. In addition, the specifics of sea conditions are such that the crew can only rely on themselves in the event of a fire.
Used Books
1) The textbook "The fight for the survivability of the vessel and life-saving equipment."
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