What does the name Hitler mean? Fuhrer Adolf Hitler: a brief biography of the man who created a real hell factory

The person who changed the course of history, for good or bad, it doesn't matter, the main thing is what he changed. For millions of people, especially for immigrants from the USSR, Adolf Hitler is a monster, a sadist and almost Satan himself, but for many Germans he is the best thing that happened in their lives. At first glance, this seems paradoxical, but by comparing the position of Germany, in which it was after the First World War and before the Second World War, one can understand those people who followed Hitler to seize all of Europe. Where did this "monster" come from for some, and "savior" for others? The biography of Adolf Hitler is not particularly different from others.

Adolf was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. His father, Alois Hitler, was a simple shoemaker, and his mother, Clara Schicklgruber, was a peasant woman. Later, my father began to work in the customs service. Naturally, the parents of Adolf Hitler did not have any nationalist ideas, they were only interested in the day to day, and they did not need any politics.

In 1905 Adolf Hitler graduated from a school in Linz with an incomplete secondary education. After school, Hitler tried to enter the Vienna Art School, but he did not succeed.

In 1908 . Adolf Hitler's mother died. After the death of his mother, Adolf moved to Vienna, where he existed without money - he lived in shelters for the homeless and worked part-time wherever possible.

Neither before school nor after graduation, Adolf Hitler's parents did not pay attention to his political views, so there is nothing surprising in the fact that Adolf's worldview was formed under the influence of the professor of the Ling School. It was thanks to the efforts of the professor that Adolf Hitler began to hate Slavic people and Jews.

In 1913 Adolf moves to Munich. In the new place, he continues to lead his meager lifestyle. In the first month of the war, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the army. His desire was noted by the leadership and he was promoted to corporal, and a little later he became the messenger of the headquarters of the Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Regiment. During the entire war, Adolf Hitler was wounded twice, for his service he was awarded the Iron Crosses of the 1st and 2nd degrees. After the war, Adolf Hitler set out his ideas and thoughts in the book "My Struggle".

In 1923 a crisis began in Germany, an active political struggle began, in which Hitler also got involved. November 8, 1923 Adolf spoke at a rally in the Munich pub, where he called for the overthrow of the government. He was supported by most of the officials of Bavaria. November 9, 1923 Hitler led his comrades-in-arms to the Feldgerenhale, naturally, the military opened fire on them, which led to the Nazis fleeing. This event went down in history as the "Beer putsch".

In 1932 Hitler had a mistress, Eva Braun, who later became his wife (April 29, 1945). Hitler was not monogamous, therefore, it is not surprising that before Eva he had a lot of other women. True, for women, this relationship with Hitler was usually the last in their lives, the Gestapo officers physically destroyed the Fuhrer's former mistresses so as not to tarnish his reputation.

1933 On January 31, Adolf Hitler was appointed Prime Minister of Germany (Reich Chancellor). As soon as the Fuhrer came to power, he showed everyone that he did not intend to reckon with anyone. In order to begin the "unification" of Germany, Hitler set fire to the Reichstag. Subsequently, using this arson as an excuse to eliminate political parties. As a result of such manipulation, Adolf Hitler achieved complete sole power - there was simply no one left in the political arena to compete with him. Immediately after the destruction of his opponents, Hitler began to exterminate people who were not true Germans, especially the Jews.

Naturally, the common people did not like this, and Hitler clearly understood this, so he took a number of actions aimed at improving the condition of ordinary citizens of the country. The first and most important thing that Hitler did was to eliminate unemployment. Adolf Hitler's next goal was revenge for losing the First World War. To achieve his goal, Hitler violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the German army and its military industry. The revival of the power of Germany began.

The first victims of Hitler's plan were Czechoslovakia and Austria. After their fall, Adolf Hitler obtained Joseph Stalin's consent to take over Poland.

1939 Hitler began to take over Poland. The Second World War began. Before 1941 Germany's affairs were going well - Hitler managed to capture almost the entire western territory of the continent. June 22, 1941 Adolf Hitler violated the treaty with Stalin and attacked the USSR. The first year of the losses of the Soviet Union were terrible - the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova were occupied. At the end of 1944. Soviet troops managed to turn the tide of the war, and the German troops began to suffer one defeat after another. In 1944 the entire territory of the USSR was liberated from the invaders. The war was drawing to a close, operations had moved into German territory, and a second front had been opened thanks to Anglo-American troops landing on the coast of France. Hitler began to realize that the war was lost. April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide along with his wife Eva Braun.

Many now believe that Hitler faked his own assassination and fled Germany himself. True or not, no one will ever know.

April 20, 1889, the village of Ranshofen (now part of the city of Braunau am Inn), Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany)

Source - Wikipedia

Hitler (Adolf Schicklgruber) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the leader (Führer) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (1921-1945), the Reich Chancellor of Germany (1933-1945), the Fuhrer of Germany (1934-1945) ), Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces (since December 19, 1941) in World War II. Hitler is considered the main organizer of the Second World War, numerous crimes of the Nazi regime against citizens of Germany and the territories occupied by it are associated with his name, including Holocaust. Father - Alois Hitler (1837-1903). Mother - Clara Hitler (1860-1907), nee Pölzl. Alois, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the name of his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber). Five years after the birth of Alois, Maria Schicklgruber married the miller Johann Georg Hiedler (Hiedler), who spent his whole life in poverty and did not have his own home. In 1876, three witnesses testified that Giedler, who died in 1857, was the father of Alois, which allowed the latter to change his surname. The change in the spelling of the surname to "Hitler" was allegedly caused by a misprint by the priest when entering the "Birth Registration Book". Modern researchers consider the probable father of Alois not Hidler, but his brother Johann Nepomuk Güttler, who took Alois to his house and raised him. Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the assertion widespread since the 1920s and even included in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber. On January 7, 1885, Alois married his relative (the granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler) Clara Pelzl. This was his third marriage. By this time, he had a son, Alois, and a daughter, Angela, who later became the mother of Geli Raubal, Hitler's alleged mistress. Due to family ties, Alois had to obtain permission from the Vatican in order to marry Clara. Clara by Alois gave birth to six children, of which Adolf was the third. Hitler knew about inbreeding in his family and therefore always spoke very briefly and vaguely about his parents, although he required others to document their ancestors. From the end of 1921, he began to constantly overestimate and obscure his origins. He wrote only a few sentences about his father and maternal grandfather. On the contrary, he often mentioned his mother in conversations. Because of this, he did not tell anyone that he was related (in a direct line from Johann Nepomuk) to the Austrian historian Rudolf Koppensteiner and the Austrian poet Robert Gamerling. Adolf's direct ancestors, both in the Schicklgruber line and in the Hitler line, were peasants. Only the father made a career and became a government official. Attachment to the places of childhood, Hitler had only to Leonding, where his parents are buried, Spital, where relatives lived on the maternal side, and Linz. He visited them even after coming to power.

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in the town of Braunau an der Inn, near the border with Germany, on April 20, 1889 at 18:30 at the Pomeranian Hotel. Two days later he was baptized with the name Adolf. Hitler was very much like his mother. The eyes, shape of the eyebrows, mouth and ears were exactly like hers. His mother, who gave birth to him at the age of 29, loved him very much. Before that, she lost three children. Until 1892, the family lived in Branau at the Pomeranian Hotel, the most representative house in the suburbs. In addition to Adolf, his half-blooded (half-blooded) brother Alois and sister Angela lived in the family. In August 1892, my father was promoted and the family moved to Passau. On March 24, brother Edmund (1894-1900) was born, and Adolf for some time ceased to be the center of attention of the family. On April 1, my father received a new appointment in Linz. But the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with a newborn baby. In April 1895, the family gathers in Linz. On May 1, at the age of six, Adolf entered the one-year public school in Fischlgam near Lambach. And on June 25, my father unexpectedly retires early for health reasons. In July 1895, the family moved to Gafeld near Lambach an der Traun, where the father bought a house with a plot of land of 38,000 sq.m. In elementary school, Adolf studied well and received only excellent marks. In 1939 he visited a school in Fischlham where he learned to read and write and bought it. After the purchase, he gave the order to build a new school building nearby. On January 21, 1896, Adolf's sister Paula was born. He was especially attached to her all his life and always took care of her. In 1896, Hitler entered the second grade of the Lambach School of the old Benedictine Catholic monastery, which he attended until the spring of 1898. Here, too, he received only good marks. He sang in a boys' choir and was an assistant priest during Mass. Here he first saw the swastika on the coat of arms of Abbot Hagen. He later ordered the same one to be carved from wood in his office. In the same year, due to the constant nit-picking of his father, his half-brother Alois left the house. After that, Adolf became the central figure of his father's concerns and constant pressure, as his father was afraid that Adolf would grow up to be the same idler as his brother. In November 1897, my father bought a house in the village of Leonding near Linz, where the whole family moved in February 1898. The house was near the cemetery. Adolf changed schools for the third time and went to the fourth grade here. He attended the folk school in Leonding until September 1900. After the death of his brother Edmund on February 2, 1900, Adolf remained the only son of Clara Hitler. It was in Leonding that his critical attitude towards the church was born under the influence of his father's statements. In September 1900, Adolf entered the first class of the state real school in Linz. Adolf did not like the change of a rural school to a large and alien real school in the city. He only liked to walk the 6 km distance from home to school. From that time on, Adolf began to learn only what he liked - history, geography, and especially drawing. Everything else was ignored. As a result of this attitude to study, he stayed for the second year in the first grade of a real school.

Youth
At the age of 13, when Adolf was in the second grade of a real school in Linz, on January 3, 1903, his father died unexpectedly. Despite the incessant disputes and strained relations, Adolf still loved his father and sobbed uncontrollably at the coffin. At the request of his mother, he continued to go to school, but finally decided for himself that he would be an artist, and not an official, as his father wanted. In the spring of 1903 he moved into a school dormitory in Linz. Lessons at school began to attend irregularly. Angela got married on September 14, 1903, and now only Adolf, his sister Paula and mother's sister Johanna Pölzl remained in the house with her mother. When Adolf was 15 years old and he was finishing the third grade of a real school, on May 22, 1904, he was confirmed in Linz. During this period, he composed a play, wrote poetry and short stories, and also composed the libretto for Wagner's opera based on the Wieland legend and the overture. He still went to school with disgust, and he disliked French most of all. In the autumn of 1904, he passed the exam in this subject the second time, but they took a promise from him that in the fourth grade he would go to another school. Gemer, who at that time taught Adolf French and other subjects, said at the trial of Hitler in 1924: “Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, although one-sided. diligent." According to numerous testimonies, it can be concluded that already in his youth, Hitler showed pronounced psychopathic traits. In September 1904, Hitler, fulfilling this promise, entered the state real school in Steyr in the fourth grade and studied there until September 1905. In Steyr, he lived in the house of the merchant Ignaz Kammerhofer at Grünmarket 19. Subsequently, this place was renamed Adolf Hitlerplatz. On February 11, 1905, Adolf received a certificate of completion of the fourth grade of a real school. The grade "excellent" there was only in drawing and physical education; in German, French, mathematics, shorthand - unsatisfactory, in the rest - satisfactory. On June 21, 1905, the mother sold the house in Leonding and moved with the children to Linz at 31 Humboldt Street. In the autumn of 1905, at the request of his mother, with great reluctance, Hitler began to attend school in Steyr again and retake exams to receive a certificate for the fourth grade. At this time, he was diagnosed with a serious lung disease, and the doctor advised his mother to postpone his schooling for at least a year and recommended that he never work in an office in the future. Mother took Adolf from school and took him to Spital to relatives. On January 18, 1907, the mother underwent a complex operation (breast cancer). In September, as his mother's health improved, the 18-year-old Hitler traveled to Vienna to take the entrance exam to the general art school, but failed the second round of the exams. After the exams, Hitler managed to get a meeting with the rector. At this meeting, the rector advised him to take up architecture, since it is obvious from his drawings that he has an ability for this. In November 1907, Hitler returned to Linz and took over the care of his terminally ill mother. On December 21, 1907, her mother died, and on December 23, Adolf buried her next to his father.

In February 1908, after settling matters related to the inheritance and drawing up pensions for himself and his sister Paula as orphans, Hitler left for Vienna. A friend of his youth Kubicek and other associates of Hitler testify that he was constantly at knives with everyone and felt hatred for everything that surrounded him. Therefore, his biographer Joachim Fest admits that Hitler's anti-Semitism was a focused form of hatred, which until then raged in the dark and finally found its object in the Jew. In September 1908, Hitler made another attempt to enter the Vienna Art Academy, but failed in the first round. After the failure, Hitler changed his place of residence several times without giving anyone new addresses. Avoided service in the Austrian army. He does not want to serve in the same army with the Czechs and Jews, to fight "for the Habsburg state", but at the same time he was ready to die for the German Reich. He got a job as an "academic artist", and since 1909 as a writer. In 1909, Hitler met Reinhold Ganish, who began to successfully sell his paintings. Until the middle of 1910, Hitler painted a lot of small-format paintings in Vienna. They were mostly copies from postcards and old engravings depicting all sorts of historical buildings in Vienna. In addition, he drew all kinds of advertisements. In August 1910, Hitler told the Vienna police that Ganish had withheld part of the proceeds from him and had stolen a painting. Ganish was sent to prison for seven days. Since that time, he himself sold his paintings. The work brought him such a large income that in May 1911 he waived his monthly pension as an orphan in favor of his sister Paula. In addition, in the same year he received most of the inheritance of his aunt Johanna Peltz. During this period, Hitler began to intensively engage in self-education. Subsequently, he was able to communicate freely and read literature and newspapers in the original French and English. During the war he liked to watch French and English films without translation. He was very well versed in arming the armies of the world, history, etc. At the same time, he showed an interest in politics.

In May 1913, Hitler moved from Vienna to Munich at the age of 24 and took up residence in the apartment of tailor and shop owner Josef Popp on Schleisheimer Street. Here he lived until the outbreak of the First World War, working as an artist. On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police asked the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler. On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police brought Hitler to the Austrian consulate. On February 5, 1914, Hitler went to Salzburg for an examination, where he was declared unfit for military service.

Participation in World War I
On August 1, 1914, the First World War began. Hitler was delighted by the news of the war. He immediately applied to Ludwig III for permission to serve in the Bavarian army. The very next day he was offered to report to any Bavarian regiment. He chose the 16th Reserve Bavarian Regiment ("Liszt Regiment", after the name of the commander). On August 16, he was assigned to the 6th reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 16, consisting of volunteers. On September 1, he was transferred to the 1st company of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 16. On October 8, he swore allegiance to the King of Bavaria and Emperor Franz Joseph. In October 1914 he was sent to the Western Front and on October 29 he participated in the Battle of the Yser, and from October 30 to November 24 - near Ypres. November 1, 1914 was awarded the rank of corporal. On November 9, he was transferred to the regimental headquarters as a liaison officer. From November 25 to December 13, he participated in a positional war in Flanders. December 2, 1914 was awarded the Iron Cross of the second degree. From December 14 to 24, he participated in the battle in French Flanders, and from December 25, 1914 to March 9, 1915, in positional battles in French Flanders. In 1915 he participated in the battles of Nave Chapelle, near La Basset and Arras. In 1916, he participated in reconnaissance and demonstration battles of the 6th Army in connection with the Battle of the Somme, as well as in the Battle of Fromel and directly in the Battle of the Somme.

In April 1916, he met Charlotte Lobjoie. Wounded in the left thigh by a fragment of a grenade near Le Bargur in the first battle of the Somme. I ended up in the Red Cross infirmary in Beelitz. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917), he returned to the regiment in the 2nd company of the 1st reserve battalion. In 1917 - the spring battle of Arras. Participated in battles in Artois, Flanders, in Upper Alsace. On September 17, 1917, he was awarded the Cross with Swords for military merit, III degree. In 1918 he participated in the great battle in France, in the battles of Evreux and Montdidier. On May 9, 1918, he was awarded a regimental diploma for outstanding bravery near Fontane. May 18 receives the insignia of the wounded (black). From May 27 to June 13 - battles near Soissons and Reims. From June 14 to July 14 - positional battles between the Oise, Marne and Aisne. In the period from July 15 to 17 - participation in offensive battles on the Marne and in Champagne, and from July 18 to 29 - participation in defensive battles on Soissonnes, Reims and Marne. He was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for delivering reports to artillery positions under particularly difficult conditions, which saved the German infantry from shelling by their own artillery. August 21-23, 1918 - participation in the battle of Monsi-Bap. On August 25, 1918, Hitler received the 3rd Class Service Commendation. According to numerous testimonies, he was prudent, very brave and an excellent soldier. October 15, 1918 gassing near La Montaigne as a result of the explosion of a chemical projectile next to it. Eye damage. Temporary loss of vision. Treatment in the Bavarian field infirmary in Udenard, then in the Prussian rear infirmary in Pasewalk. While recovering in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which was a great shock to him.

Creation of the NSDAP
Hitler considered the defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 to be the offspring of traitors who inflicted a "stab in the back" of the victorious German army. In early February 1919, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein near the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded. On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th company of the 1st reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian infantry regiment. At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during the stormy days, he did not bind himself with any obligations, he simply watched and took care of his own safety. He was in Max's barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day that von Epp's and Noske's troops drove the Communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his work to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings for conclusion to Ferdinand Steger. Steger wrote: "... a completely outstanding talent." From June 5 to June 12, 1919, the authorities sent him to agitator courses (Vertrauensmann). The courses were designed to train agitators who were to conduct explanatory talks against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. The lecturers were dominated by ultra-right views, among others lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP. During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the agitation department of the 4th Bavarian command of the Reichswehr, and he invited him to take on political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed an officer of education (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of listeners. The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. In the period from 1919 to 1921, Hitler intensively read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic in content, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs. On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbray beer hall for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by locksmith Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-Germanist position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria and accepted the impressed Drexler's offer to join the party. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party. Until April 1, 1920, Hitler continued to serve in the Reichswehr. On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the Nazi Party in the beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points compiled by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the Nazi Party. The "Twenty-Five Points" combined Pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist change and a strong central government. At the initiative of Hitler, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in the German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism, they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci.

In July, a conflict broke out in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler was at that time the most active public politician and the most successful orator of the party, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left with the post of honorary chairman with no real powers, but his role in the NSDAP has since declined sharply. For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt, Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in the Stadelheim prison in Munich - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first congress of the NSDAP; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer coup"
By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. At the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA) stood Ernst Rehm. Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria. In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, the cause of which was the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the separatist right-wing conservatives who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing a speech against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, Gustav von Kahr, who was proclaimed a land commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi detachments and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative in his own hands. On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of armed attack aircraft, appeared at the Burgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, where a rally was held with the participation of Kahr, Lossow and Seiser. Going inside, Hitler announced "the overthrow of the government of the traitors in Berlin." However, soon the Bavarian leaders managed to leave the beer house, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the assault squads. For their part, attack aircraft under the command of Ryoma occupied the building of the headquarters of the ground forces in the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr. On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of storm troopers, moved to the Ministry of Defense, but on Residenzstraße they were blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch". In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, in December 1924, he was released.

On the way to power

During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. He was greatly assisted by Rem, who began the restoration of the assault squads. However, Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and Northwest Germany, played a decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP. Bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a nationwide political force. In April 1925, Hitler renounced his Austrian citizenship and was stateless until February 1932. In 1926, the Hitler Youth was founded, the top leadership of the SA was established, the conquest of "red Berlin" by Goebbels began. In the meantime, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of a part of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. At the same time, Hitler wrote his work "My Struggle". In 1930-1945 he was the Supreme Fuhrer of the SA. When the parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a serious increase in deputy mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and to stake on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of any influence in the party. In the end, it was decided in the German leadership to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from the traditional conservative parties. In February 1932, Hitler decided to put forward his candidacy for the election of the Reich President of Germany. On February 25, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig appointed him to the post of attaché at the Braunschweig representation in Berlin. This did not impose any official duties on Hitler, but automatically gave German citizenship and allowed him to participate in elections. Hitler took lessons in oratory and acting from the opera singer Paul Devrient, the Nazis organized a grandiose propaganda campaign, in particular, Hitler became the first German politician who made election trips by plane. In the first round on March 13, Paul von Hindenburg won 49.6% of the vote, while Hitler came in second with 30.1%. On April 10, in the second vote, Hindenburg won 53%, and Hitler - 36.8%. Third place was taken both times by the communist Thälmann. On June 4, 1932, the Reichstag was dissolved. In the next month's elections, the NSDAP won a landslide victory with 37.8% of the vote and received 230 seats in the Reichstag instead of the previous 143. Second place went to the Social Democrats - 21.9% and 133 seats in the Reichstag. On November 6, 1932, early elections to the Reichstag were again held. The NSDAP received only 196 seats instead of the previous 230. December 3, 1932 Kurt von Schleicher was appointed Reich Chancellor.

Reich Chancellor and Head of State, Domestic Policy

Beginning of territorial expansion

Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the war clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany's war effort. The 100,000th Reichswehr was turned into a millionth Wehrmacht, tank troops were created, and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished. In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War. At this time, Hitler believed that he was seriously ill and would die soon. He began to hurry with the implementation of his plans. On November 5, 1937, he wrote a political testament, and on May 2, 1938, a personal one. In March 1938 Austria was annexed. In the autumn of 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement, part of Czechoslovakia was annexed - the Sudetenland (Reichsgau). Time Magazine, January 2, 1939, called Hitler "Man of the Year 1938". The article dedicated to "Man of the Year" began with Hitler's title, which, according to the magazine, reads as follows: "Fuhrer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich , Herr Hitler". The closing sentence of a very lengthy article proclaimed: To those who followed the closing events of the year, it seemed more than likely that the Man of 1938 could make the year 1939 unforgettable. In March 1939, the rest of Czechoslovakia was occupied, turned into a satellite state of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and part of the territory of Lithuania near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed.

After that, Hitler made territorial claims to Poland (first - on the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - on holding a referendum on the ownership of the "Polish Corridor", in which people who lived in this territory as of 1918 should have taken part ). The latter requirement was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France - which could serve as a basis for the brewing of a conflict.

The Second World War

These claims are met with a sharp rebuff. On April 3, 1939, Hitler approved a plan for an armed attack on Poland (Operation Weiss). August 23, 1939 Hitler concludes a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, the secret appendix to which contained a plan for the division of spheres of influence in Europe. On September 1, the Gleiwitz incident occurred, which gave rise to the attack on Poland (September 1), which marked the beginning of World War II. Having defeated Poland during September, Germany in April-May 1940 occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium and broke through the front in France. In June, Wehrmacht forces occupied Paris and France capitulated. In the spring of 1941, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR.

The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the western part of the RSFSR by German and allied troops. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people. However, since the end of 1942, the German armies began to suffer major defeats both in the USSR (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army went on a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans landed in Italy and withdraw it from the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops, having landed in Normandy, liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, hostilities were transferred to the territory of the Reich.

The first unsuccessful assassination attempt on Hitler took place on November 8, 1939, at the Burgerbräu beer hall in Munich, where he spoke every year to veterans of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Carpenter Johann Georg Elser built an improvised explosive device with a clockwork into the column, in front of which the leader's podium was usually installed. As a result of the explosion, 8 people were killed and 63 injured. However, Hitler was not among the victims. The Fuhrer, this time confining himself to a brief greeting to the audience, left the hall seven minutes before the explosion, as he had to return to Berlin. On the same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a "special prisoner" he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already near the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.

In 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler on July 20, the purpose of which was to physically eliminate him and conclude peace with the advancing allied forces. The bombing killed 4 people, Hitler survived. After the assassination attempt, he was unable to stay on his feet all day, as more than 100 fragments were removed from his legs. In addition, he had a dislocation of his right arm, the hair on the back of his head was scorched, and his eardrums were damaged. I was temporarily deaf in my right ear. He ordered that the execution of the conspirators be turned into humiliating torment, filmed and photographed. Subsequently, he personally watched this film.

Death of Hitler

There is no doubt that Hitler shot himself. With the arrival of the Russians in Berlin, Hitler was afraid that the Reich Chancellery would be bombarded with sleep gas shells, and then paraded in Moscow, in a cage" Traudl Junge

According to the testimonies of witnesses interrogated by both the Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the relevant allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler, together with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide, having previously killed his beloved dog Blondie. In Soviet historiography, the point of view was established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most Nazis who committed suicide), however, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit through it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death). According to witnesses from among the attendants, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver canisters of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after dinner, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking hands with them, retired to his apartment with Eva Braun, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 3:15 pm, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's quarters. Dead Hitler sat on the couch; there was a blood stain on his temple. Eva Braun lay next to her, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; Eve's body was carried out after him. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned. On May 5, the bodies were found on a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground and fell into the hands of the Soviet

The surname of Adolf Hitler has been worrying professional historians for several decades, who are simply interested, lovers of political battles and debates, as well as many others. Perhaps it is not an exaggeration to say that this topic has already gone beyond just curious information. Like Adolf Hitler himself, the real name of this man has long been the object of speculation by various forces. Some are trying to find Jewish roots in him, after that building theories about secret cooperation, about a well-thought-out initial conspiracy. For others, the real name of Hitler is a reason to denigrate the whole family of the future Fuhrer for several generations, to search for physical and mental abnormalities in relatives, or simply to dig in dirty laundry. However, researchers have long put an end to this issue. The real name of Hitler is already known, and if you look, there are no significant reasons for discussion. All existing disputes are largely far-fetched. Let's try to figure it out.

What is the Hitler's real name?

The future leader of the Nazi Party was born on April 20, 1889. His father, Alois Hitler, was first a shoemaker and later a civil servant. By the way, the father's attempt to force his son to also become a state clerk not least instilled in the latter a dislike for all sorts of conventions and, in general, strict service. In this regard, it is interesting that Alois lived with the surname Schicklgruber until 1876.

Hence the widespread opinion that this is the real name of Hitler. However, it is not. The fact is that the father of the future Fuhrer was an illegitimate child and until the age of 39 he was forced to bear the name of his mother, since she was not married at that time, and the father was not legally established. Five years after the birth of Alois, his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber marries the poor miller Johann Hitler. Biographers of the Fuhrer believe that his probable grandfather was one of the Hitler brothers.

In 1876, witnesses confirmed that Alois' real father was Johann Hitler, which made it possible for the man to change his mother's surname to that of his father.

As for Adolf, this change took place thirteen years before his birth, so he was not a Schicklgruber for a single day in his life. And such a delusion is very common, moreover, it once crept even into some quite serious sources. There really were families with such a surname in his family, but it has completely German roots. So calling Hitler Schicklgruber is as legitimate as giving him any other surname that his distant and close relatives once bore. As far as biographers have been able to trace, Adolf Hitler's ancestors were peasants on both the paternal and maternal lines. Another interesting incident with the name "Hitler" is that for many centuries it was recorded by ear by priests. For this reason, they even had slightly different spellings in the documents, and as a result, slightly different sounds of their own surnames: Hidler, Hitler, Gudler, and so on.

Adolf Hitler was the third son from a third marriage of a petty Austrian
official, illegitimate, up to thirty-nine years of age bore the surname
his mother Schicklgruber. The surname Hitler met both maternally and
and paternal. Both Hitler's maternal grandmother and his paternal grandfather wore
the surname Hitler or its variants - Gidler, Güttler, Güttler. Adolf's mother
was his father's cousin, and the marriage required permission
bishop.

The ancestors of the future German Fuhrer for generations lived in
Waldviertel is a region of Lower Austria located between the Danube, Bohemia and
Moravia. On my way from Vienna to Prague or Germany, I repeatedly passed
past this place. Hilly, forested, with peasant villages and
small farms, located from Vienna in some fifty
kilometers, it seemed miserable and abandoned, like the events of the Austrian
the stories didn't touch him. The inhabitants were distinguished by a stern disposition, like the Czech
peasants who lived a little further north. Family marriages were a matter
habitual, as in the case of Hitler's parents, and children born out of wedlock
were not uncommon.
The life of relatives on the maternal side was stable. Four
generations of Clara Pelzl's family lived in the village of Spital, in house number
thirty seven. The history of Hitler's paternal ancestors is completely different.
As we noticed, the pronunciation of the surname changed, and the place of residence also changed.
families. The Hitlers were characterized by inconstancy, an eternal craving for moving from
village to village. They took one job or another, not wanting to
bind themselves with strong ties, showed in relation to women some
frivolity.
Johann Georg Hiedler, Adolf's grandfather, was a wandering miller, moonlighting
now in one, then in another village of Lower Austria. In 1824, five
months after the wedding, his son was born, but his wife and child died. He
remarried eighteen years later in Dürenthal to a forty-seven-year-old
peasant woman Maria Anna Schicklgruber from the village of Strones. Five years before
marriage, June 7, 1837, she gave birth to an illegitimate son, the future father
Adolf Hitler, whom she named Alois. It is likely that Johann
Gidler was the child's father, but there is no evidence to support this. In
In any case, Johann eventually married her, but adopted after
the boy did not bother to marry, and the child was given the mother's surname Schicklgruber.
Mary died in 1847. After her death, Johann Hidler disappeared, and about him
nothing was heard for thirty years.
8 at the age of eighty-four, he showed up in the city of Veitra in
Waldviertel, replacing the letter "d" in his last name with "t" (Hitler), in order to
certify before a notary in the presence of three witnesses that he is the father of Alois
Schicklgruber. Why did it take the old man so long to make
this step, and why he finally took it, from available sources
dont clear. According to Hayden's version, Alois subsequently confessed to a friend that
it was necessary to receive an inheritance from an uncle - the miller's brother,
who raised a young man in his family. Belated recognition of paternity was, such
way, recorded on June 6, 1876, and on November 23, the parish priest in
Dellersheim, having received a written notice from the notary, crossed out in the church
book name Schicklgruber and wrote down: "Hitler".
From that moment on, Adolf's father legally bore the surname
Hitler, which naturally passed to his son. Only in the 30s
enterprising journalists, rummaging through the archives of the parish church, unearthed
facts of the origin of Hitler and, despite the belated recognition of the old
Johann Georg Hiedler tried to call their illegitimate son
Nazi Fuhrer Adolf Schicklgruber.
In the strange life of Adolf Hitler, full of inexplicable vicissitudes
fate, this incident, which took place thirteen years before his birth,
seems the most inexplicable. If an eighty-four year old wanderer
the miller did not show up to acknowledge his paternity to
thirty-nine-year-old son, thirty years after the death of his mother,
Adolf Hitler would have been called Adolf Schicklgruber.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quote from William Shearer's "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"

The name "Hitler" used to be associated with something negative in our country. No one even really knew when Hitler's birthday was. And no one would have thought to congratulate him on another date.
But there were young people who were so eager to congratulate Hitler that they even cut their hair bald. It would seem, what is Hitler's joy from this? But such questions are asked only by those who have something to ask them. The rest shave baldly so that their heads rest in the summer, ventilate in the autumn, the hat sits on it better in the winter, and Hitler would be happy in the spring.
It is for such people that we publish the biography of Adolf Schicklgruber-Hitler. For the first time in Russian, by the way.
BRIEF CURIOSITY SUMMARY

Little Gitlya was born in the territory occupied by the Germans. But that's not what made him a fascist. In the beginning, Gitli's childhood was stolen. It happened like this: Gitlya was forced to go to school, and after school to go back and go to the store on the way. But that's not what made him a fascist. Although it was very pissed off.
Then adolescence was stolen from Gitli. One beautiful girl (not Eva Braun, but prettier) did not want Gitlya to tickle her with his youthful mustache. Gitli immediately developed a cockroach complex. He became afraid of people in hard shoes with newspapers in their hands.
To overcome this complex, Gitlya went to the army. There, his youth was stolen from him, along with footcloths and a photograph of a naked woman (perhaps his mother or sister).
Hitler did not tolerate this anymore and became a fascist. In addition, he added the courageous letter “ER” to his rather flimsy name and turned from the mumble of Gitli into the Fuhrer of Hitler.
At that time there were few fascists in Germany, and Hitler easily stood out among them, beating the second German fascist and two anti-fascists. From that moment on, there were four Nazis in Germany.
Adolf suggested beautiful fascist names to his friends: Athos, Porthos, Aramis and Hitler. Everyone wanted to be Hitler, because the rest of the names seemed like some kind of frog.
But Adolf himself was already Hitler. Then he came up with nicknames for his friends: Borman, Shmorman and Otorman. They somehow agreed to Bormann, but Shmorman and Otorman were left without owners. I had to pull out the names of Goebbels and Himmler, hidden for good people.
Here Bormann was offended. If he had known that such Zykan names as Goebbels and Himmler would later be thrown out, would he have agreed to an almost Jewish Bormann? I had to take "Borman" back, and issue NZ - the sonorous name "Goering".
Finally, all procedural issues were resolved and Hitler, Goering, Himmler and Goebbels (sounds great, right?) Could go and drink beer in a Munich pub.
It was there that these four "Ge", as they were called by those around them, decided to conquer the whole world. And not with the help of smiles or some song “Yesterday”, but for real: with the help of SS divisions, Panther tanks and Messerschmidt aircraft.
When the money ran out, and the desire to drink beer still remained, the friends ordered the bartender to pour them on credit. The burry bartender refused, and an item about special camps appeared in the program of angry fascists, where such bartenders would be kept and all sorts of nasty things could be done to them. Humiliations are different there ... So that you can take and pinch the bartender by the nose or give him a crack, and if he, such a clever bastard, thinks to dodge, then burn him in the stove.
The bartender was immediately informed about this program, but for some reason he did not believe it, did not sell the bar and did not leave the country. But he had such an opportunity for another fifteen years.
No one gave the scoundrels a hat right away, and they became insolent: they took it and came to power. What did people buy? They took it and promised that the people would no longer work. The people liked it very much, but the question arose: who will work then? Goebbels came up with the answer on the go, they say, others will work. And Bormann added "peoples". Himmler clarified that they would not be conquered specifically for this today or tomorrow.
And indeed, looking ahead, let's say that the peoples of Europe conquered surprisingly quickly. They immediately began to work for the Germans and only asked them not to kill them.
But with the Russians, everything turned out more complicated. Firstly, they are very similar to the Germans - they also do not like to work. But unlike the Germans, they like to drink not beer, but vodka. And drink as much vodka as the Germans drink water in the morning after beer.
But back to Hitler. In the prime of his life, he fell in love with Eva Braun (translated: Primal Brown Woman). It must be said that Eva was not a beauty, but Hitler was not told this. And when he realized this, it was difficult to get rid of Eve. I had to poison her. Accidentally, together with Eva, Hitler poisoned a dog, himself and let water into the Berlin swastika-signed subway named after Hitler.
For some reason, everyone decided that Hitler was so upset because he lost the war. Fascists don't get upset over such trifles. And even more so, they don’t poison themselves in vain because of this. At the most: they will change their name, appearance, and go to Argentina.
No, this is a common household mistake when poisoning a wife.
In general, Hitler's life was so boring that when it ended, he only had time to say: "Halt!" and that's it. There was nothing to even remember. Only one stupid animal desire for everything to continue, for all the halt and money to be. (C)