How to protect the garden and garden from frost. Frost conditions Frost damage to plants. Frost types and their characteristics. What is the impact of local frost conditions

What are gardeners most afraid of in spring? The fact that during the flowering of garden trees and shrubs, spring frosts will suddenly strike, and the future crop will die. We plant heat-loving garden crops in greenhouses, make shelters for them. But what about bigger plant protection? And most importantly: is it possible to somehow predict cooling and frost without relying on the weather forecast?

During frosts, the apical point of growth is damaged in plants, which further leads, for example, potatoes and tomatoes to late blight disease. In cabbage, during frosts, instead of one healthy head, several small heads of cabbage are formed, pumpkin crops die, in apple trees, cherries, strawberries and even currants, flowers and young ovaries are damaged. Damage is stronger in lowlands, in drafts and in dense plantings.

Critical air temperatures for the garden in autumn, winter and spring

A sign of the onset of night frosts in spring and early summer is a sharp cold snap in the evening and a clear sky with bright stars. On such evenings at 21-22 o'clock it is necessary to check the readings of two thermometers: one dry, and the other wrapped in a damp cloth. If the readings turn out to be approximately the same as in the table below, then at night or in the early morning hours there will almost certainly be a frost.

Dry and wet bulb readings indicating upcoming frosts

How to protect your garden during frost

Are you worried about the thermometer readings? Then take a hose or a sprayer and water the garden well in the evening on the eve of freezing by sprinkling, spraying the crowns of trees not only outside, but also inside. Also spray shrubs, strawberries, vegetable gardens, flower beds, and the outside of greenhouses.

When sprinkling garden air humidity around the plants increases. During freezing, frost forms from moisture droplets, the process proceeds with the release of internal heat, and the temperature around the plants rises by 1-2 degrees. Moist soil well passes heat from the lower layers, so it cools slowly, which is also important, since frost goes through the soil.

Another completely reliable way to avoid the effects of frost is plant shelter any available material. In order to save the buds, flowers and ovaries from damage, it is enough just to cover the bushes from above. The garden can be covered with lutrasil or just newspapers.

In greenhouses, plants need to be additionally covered with either lutrasil or newspapers, or put arcs and make additional cover with a film. Such a double film cover will create the effect of a thermos: a layer of air between the two films will keep the temperature more or less constant, and in the heat the plants will not overheat, and in the cold they will not freeze.

At night, many gardeners light electric (100 watt / hour per 10 m2) or kerosene bulbs in greenhouses. The lamps must be covered with a cap so that the glass does not burst from the drop.

When the temperature drops to zero in the greenhouse for the night, you can simply put two buckets of very hot water, but not on the soil, but on a wooden stand so that the water does not cool too quickly.

And one more thing: a popular sign - there will be no more frosts if the cuckoo cuckoos regularly, the red mountain ash has blossomed, and a white lily leaf has appeared on the water.

How to calculate flowering time

If you do not live in the country in spring and early summer, during the flowering of trees and shrubs, then you cannot know exactly when, say, cherry blossoms will bloom - and whether flowering will coincide with cooling and frost. But the timing of flowering can be calculated.

Below I give the average statistical data on the beginning of the flowering period of various horticultural crops for the Leningrad region, in which I cultivate my plot. You ask: why are they needed, because the timing of flowering of the same plants will vary significantly in different regions of the country? Yes, and the temperatures of the current year may differ from the average data ...

However, it has been noticed: the sequence of flowering shrubs and trees in the garden is very stable, therefore, taking some phenomenon as a starting point, for example, the flowering time of the coltsfoot on your site, you can very accurately determine the flowering time of other crops.

Calculate the number of days from the table between the flowering of the coltsfoot and, for example, currants. Get 40 days. Suppose your coltsfoot bloomed on April 20, which means that the currant will bloom in 40 days, that is, on June 1. If in your region the coltsfoot bloomed on April 8, then you can be sure that the currant will bloom on May 18. So, based on the above table, you can make a similar one for any region of the country.

Average statistical data for the beginning of flowering plants for the Leningrad region
Transition of average daily temperature through 0 °С 1.04
Flowering coltsfoot 15.04
The transition of the average daily temperature through +5 °С on 29.04
Blossoming currant, birch, mountain ash buds 2.05
Last frost in the air 9.05
Cherry blossom 12.05
The transition of the average daily temperature through +10 ° С 17.05
Gooseberry blossom 20.05
Last frost on the soil 24.05
Currant blossom 25.05
Cherry blossoms, plums 26.05
Apple blossom 29.05
Strawberry blossom 3.06
Lilac blossom 4.06
Blooming red rowan 6.06
The transition of the average daily temperature through +15 ° С 10.06
Raspberry blossom 18.06
Ripening strawberries 25.06
Currant ripening 22.07
The transition of the average daily temperature through +15 ° С 31.08
First frost on soil 19.09
The transition of the average daily temperature through +10 °С on 27.09
First frost in the air 9.10
First snow 12.10
The transition of the average daily temperature through +5 ° С 21.10
The transition of the average daily temperature through 0 ° C 18.11

Comment on the article "Frosts and the garden in spring: protection of plants during flowering"

Frosts and the garden in spring: protection of plants during flowering. However, it has been noticed: the sequence of flowering of shrubs and trees in the garden is very If the coltsfoot bloomed on April 8 in your region, then you can be sure that the currant will bloom on May 18.

Frosts and the garden in spring: protection of plants during flowering. soil 24.05 Currant blossom 25.05 Cherry, plum blossom 26.05 Apple-tree blossom 29.05 Strawberry blossom 3.06 Lilac blossom 4.06 Blossom During bird cherry blossom we plant potatoes.

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Frost types

According to the formation conditions, frosts are divided into:

Radiation;

advective;

Advective-radiation.

Radiative frost occurs on quiet, clear nights as a result of radiative cooling of the soil and adjacent layers of the atmosphere. The occurrence of such frosts is favored by cloudless weather and light winds. Cloudiness reduces the effective radiation and thus reduces the likelihood of frost. Any screen above the soil surface also reduces cooling. Wind also prevents frost by increasing turbulent mixing, resulting in increased heat transfer from the air to the soil.

The level of radiation frost significantly depends on the landforms. So, in the lowlands they occur more often than in elevated places or on slopes, because. in concave landforms, the night temperature decrease is intensified, cold air stagnates longer. Therefore, during radiation frosts, mainly plants located in low places of concave landforms are damaged. Frosts of this type are limited by the duration of the night and usually last 5-6 hours in a row.

Radiation frosts are often local in nature, as they form in lowlands and hollows, where cooled air flows from plains and slopes. Frost is unlikely to form in elevated open areas, as cool air flows down from here and is replaced by warmer air descending from above.

Frosts first appear in poorly ventilated hollows and forest clearings. On a cloudy night, on level ground, the temperature can drop to -1°C, while on a forest glade it can drop to -3.6°C.

The thermal properties of the soil have a significant effect on radiation frosts. The lower its heat capacity and thermal conductivity coefficient, the stronger the frost.

Thus, frosts on the surface of plowed soils, which have a reduced heat capacity and thermal conductivity, are observed more often than on the surface of dense soils. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that in soils with low thermal conductivity, the flow of heat to the surface from deeper layers is hindered.

Dense soils, which have a greater heat capacity, cool more slowly at night than loose ones, and with their relatively high thermal conductivity, the loss of heat by the surface is quickly compensated by its influx from deeper and warmer layers.

The darker the soil, the more intense it cools.

Dry peatlands are much more often and more severely affected by frost than wet ones. Peat, as a dark body, on the one hand, is distinguished by a greater intensity of heat radiation. On the other hand, due to low thermal conductivity, heat inflow from deeper soil layers is negligible. Therefore, the surface cooling of the soil and the surface layer of air on peat soils can be significant.

The wetter the air, the smaller the drop in temperature at night, so frost is less likely to occur over wet soil than over dry soil. In moist soil, there is a strong influx of heat from deep soil layers.

At temperatures below 0 ° C, water, which mainly consists of plants, freezes, and the resulting ice crystals damage their tissues and cells.

Dense vegetation cools more than the surface of bare soil.

Frost sensitivity changes as plants develop. The most stable withstand temperatures down to -8, -10°C, stable - up to -6, -8°C, low-resistant - up to -2, -3°C, unstable - up to -0.5, -1°C.

Advective frosts are formed during the invasion of cold air masses from the northern regions (longer and more harmful) as a result of advection of air having a temperature below 0 ° C, usually in early spring and late autumn, with complete cloudiness and wind strength; may last for several days.

When cold air invades, the soil cools from contact with it, and therefore the air and soil temperatures differ little.

Advective frosts cover large areas and are little dependent on local conditions.

Advective-radiative frosts are associated with the intrusion of cold dry air, sometimes even having a positive temperature. At night, especially in clear or slightly cloudy weather, this air is additionally cooled due to radiation and frosts occur both on the soil surface and in the air. These frosts are the most dangerous.

Advective-radiation frosts are observed in a limited time, mainly in the morning or from midnight and last 3-4 hours. These are late frosts of spring and early frosts of autumn, that is, the time of year when the level of average daily temperatures is relatively high. When they occur, the processes of advection and radiation complement each other. Temperature values ​​can be negative only in the subsoil layers, while at the level of the meteorological booth they can be positive.

Frosts often cause great damage to the national economy, especially agriculture, affecting orchards, vegetable gardens and vineyards.

Advective frosts in spring cause significant damage to orchards and berry fields, vegetable and field crops.

The most dangerous are advective-radiation frosts that form in late spring or early autumn, after a long warm period.

Frosts are considered weak when the air temperature on the soil surface drops from -0.1 to -2°C. A layer of air with negative temperatures from 0.5 to 2 m, above the temperature is already positive.

With moderate frosts, the temperature on the soil surface drops to -2.1 - -4°C.

Below -4°С and up to -7°С - strong and very strong frosts, and even lower - already frosts.

30.06.2017 10:01 773

What is frost.

With the onset of late autumn, the word "frost" is often heard in weather forecasts. Do you know what it is? We tell.

The phenomenon called frost is a decrease in air temperature below 0 degrees during the warm seasons - in spring, autumn and even ... in summer.

If you have a thermometer attached to the street side of the window at home, then look at the red strip that vertically divides it in half. This is the temperature scale. On an autumn day, it always rises above zero degrees. But late in the evening, the thermometer strip will drop below zero.

At this temperature, water freezes, so if there are puddles on the street, then in the morning you can see that they are all covered with a thin, transparent crust of ice. This is what freezing is.

Timely frost forecast is very important for agriculture. It is needed in order to have time to protect the plants from freezing, otherwise the crop may die. Late spring and early autumn frosts are considered the most dangerous, since they coincide with the period of growth and development of plants.

Frosts are divided into three groups, which differ in the nature of weather conditions:

1. Advective - arising from the invasion of cold air. Such frosts cover large areas, can last up to several days in a row and depend little on local conditions.

2. Radiation - formed due to cooling of the active surface of the soil as a result of radiation. This type of frost occurs on clear nights. They intensify in the early morning hours before sunrise.

3. And finally, advective-radiative frosts, which arise as a result of the invasion of cold air and its further cooling at night with a clear sky. Such frosts can occur even at the beginning of summer. As a result, heat-loving plants freeze and fall ill.

Frosts on the soil surface in spring end later and in autumn begin earlier than in the air (at a height of 2 meters). Therefore, the frost-free period on the soil is 20-30 days shorter than in the air.

The strength and duration of the 2nd and 3rd types of frosts are greatly influenced by the relief: windward slopes open to cold winds are more frost-prone. The territory is also divided into three climatic zones according to the time of frost onset: cold, moderate and warm winters.

The temperature below which plants can be damaged or even die is called critical. It depends on the species, variety, stage of development and condition of the plants. For fruit and berry crops, frosts are especially dangerous during flowering and ovary formation.

To protect plants from frost, methods such as smoking (used in gardens), covering seedlings with film or earth, sprinkling, which weakens frosts by about 2 ° C, and blowing plants with the help of aircraft engines that have already worked out their time, are used.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

frosts

pl. Light frost, usually in the mornings in spring or autumn.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

frosts

lowering the temperature below 0°C in the surface layer of air or on the soil in the evening or at night (at a positive temperature during the day). Frosts occur in spring and autumn due to night cooling of the soil.

frost

a decrease in air temperature below 0 ° C in the evening and at night with a positive temperature during the day. The emergence of frost is caused either by the intrusion of cold air masses that have come from other regions (more often from the Arctic), ≈ advective frost, or by nighttime radiative cooling of the surface of the soil and vegetation cover, ≈ radiative frost. However, in most cases, frost plays a role in the emergence of the preliminary advection of a mass of cold air into a given area, and the subsequent night radiation, which cools the soil, and from it the air to negative temperatures. Usually, in the central zone of the USSR, z. are in the spring (until the middle of June) and in the fall (starting from the second half of September).

Z. can be the cause of a significant reduction in the yield of field, vegetable and fruit crops. The destructive effect of Z. on the page - x. culture is explained by the direct effect of low temperature on a living cell, during which water is frozen out of the cell sap, ice crystals are formed in the intercellular spaces, and protoplasm is dehydrated. The most resistant plants that withstand short-term frosts from ≈7 to ≈10°C are early spring grains and legumes of early sowing; medium-resistant, enduring from ≈3 to ≈4╟С, ≈ soybean, mogar, rope, etc.; low resistance, able to tolerate from ≈2 to ≈3╟С, ≈ corn, millet, sorghum, potatoes, shag, etc.; unstable plants, the seedlings of which are damaged from ≈0.5 to ≈1.5╟C, ≈ beans, rice, cotton, melons, sesame, peanuts, buckwheat, etc. Generative organs are especially sensitive to frost.

In the fight against Z., the introduction of early-ripening varieties of agricultural crops is of great importance. crops in areas with a short frost-free period, plant breeding for frost resistance, the use of potash fertilizers, as well as timely agricultural production. work, the right choice of sowing site, taking into account the microclimate, etc. The most well-known and widespread method of controlling frost is smoke, which is widely used to protect flowering fruit crops and seedlings of heat-loving vegetable crops in the central zone and southern USSR. In the subtropics of the USSR, open heating is used on lemon plantations (the air among the plants is heated by burning oil, coal, etc. combustible substances in special heaters); they also practice covering lemons and oranges with three-layer gauze. Heating plantations with electric heaters, hot water batteries or steam is effective, but expensive and applicable only to obtain valuable products.

Lit .: Berlyand M. E., Krasikov P. N., Prediction of frosts and the fight against them, 2nd ed., L., 1960; Gol'tsberg IA, Agro-climatic characteristics of frosts in the USSR and methods of dealing with them. L., 1961.

I. A. Gol'tsberg.

Wikipedia

frost

frost- lowering the temperature below 0 °С in the surface layer of air up to or on the soil in the evening or at night at a positive air temperature during the day. In the central regions of the European part of Russia, the last spring frosts are often observed in late May - early June, and the first autumn frosts are possible in early September. The period of the year from the average date of the last spring frost to the average date of the first autumn frost is called the frost-free period. In late spring, summer or early autumn, frosts are often patchy or sporadic. Frost and ice on puddles are characteristic signs of frost.

Examples of the use of the word freeze in the literature.

At the end of October, when the real ones come frosts, both water striders and water beetles disappear, at this time and in November, on quiet days, not a single wrinkle runs into the water surface.

Tanya swears that they bite through the sole and envies the cat Nyurka - they don’t bite her, and frosts Nurka doesn't care.

In the white fog, the canoe caravan will come to the reach in the evening, and the fog will roll down in the morning with tears from the willow - frosts, frosts.

The forest quietly froze by the sleepy water, listens to the tales of the evening star, At the full moon the shadows are cutting - frosts, frosts.

frozen is called a decrease in air temperature and the active surface to 0 ° C and below against the background of positive average daily air temperatures. Information about frosts is required to assess the frost hazard of territories and justify the placement of heat-loving plants, to establish the timing of sowing and harvesting crops, as well as to develop measures to protect plants from this dangerous phenomenon.

Frosts observed in spring and autumn in the temperate zone are a normal climatic phenomenon. Dangerous for crops only late spring and early autumn frosts, coinciding with the growing season of crops. According to the nature of the processes that cause the occurrence of frosts, and the weather conditions that accompany them, there are three frost type.
1. advective frosts. They arise due to the intrusion of cold air of arctic origin, usually in early spring and late autumn. In this case, the air temperature decreases in the entire surface layer. Advective frosts can last several days in a row, cover large areas and are little dependent on local conditions.
2. Radiation frost. They are caused by intense cooling of the active surface as a result of radiation on clear, quiet nights at a low level of average daily air temperatures.
3. Advective-radiative frosts. They are formed due to the intrusion of cold air and further cooling of the active surface at night under a clear sky.

Advective frosts are the longest. Warming up of the cold mass of invading air usually lasts 3-4 days. Radiation frosts are observed during the night, intensifying by the time of sunrise. The lowest temperature is usually observed in the pre-morning hours. Advective-radiative frosts are usually observed in late spring and early summer, as well as in early autumn, and therefore coincide with the growing season. The duration of these frosts is usually 3-4 hours in the second half of the night. The intensity and duration of the second and third types of frosts are strongly influenced by the location of the territory.
The intrusion of Arctic air, which causes advective and advective-radiation frosts, is found on synoptic maps. As it progresses, the Weather Bureau issues a frost warning over a wide area. Depending on local conditions, the expected minimum temperatures may differ markedly across the territory within 3-5°C. In this regard, forecasts are refined at agro- and hydrometeorological stations, taking into account local conditions.
Currently to reduce the harmful effects of frost most widely apply smoke, cover plants, open heating of plantations, increase the dew point by watering plants and row spacing. In the fight against frosts, it is of great importance to carry out a set of measures aimed at increasing productivity and making fuller use of natural resources. These include the use of early maturing and frost-resistant varieties, and the use of potash fertilizers, as well as strict consideration of the microrelief, adherence to sowing dates, etc. All these measures are aimed at reducing the impact of frosts, which is especially necessary in areas with their frequent occurrence.

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