The most famous types of evergreen coniferous trees are Spruces of the dark coniferous forest. The most famous species of evergreen coniferous tree - Spruce dark coniferous forest Canadian or White spruce

Description

Eastern spruce Aureospicata (Picea orientalis Aureospicata)- coniferous evergreen tree of conical shape. The crown is dense, but not very regular. An adult spruce can reach a height of 8-12 m and a width of 5 m. At the age of 30 years, it reaches 6-8 m in height. At 10 years old, the height is about 2.5 m and 1.5 m in diameter. Oriental spruce Aureospicata is the most decorative representative of Oriental spruce due to bright yellow young growths that appear later than other spruce varieties, in June. Growing up, the growths become green. The needles are short, dark green, shiny. In spring, young growths are golden yellow in color, in summer they turn green. The needles are short and hard. The birthplace of the variety is Germany. Soil and moisture requirements are average. The crown of this tree has a narrow pyramidal shape, so it is recommended to use it to decorate the landscapes of small garden plots. It is used for single plantings and garden compositions.

Crown diameter and height: Height 8-12 m, width 4-5 m.
Fruit: The fruits are narrow, very decorative. Cones are cylindrical or ovoid, 5-10 cm long, 2-3 cm in diameter. Purple before ripening, brown when ripe.
Needles: The needles are short, dark green, shiny. In spring, young growths are golden yellow in color, in summer they turn green.
Growth features: Annual growth in height 15-20 cm, width 5 cm.
The soil: Soil requirements are average, prefers fresh and moist, rich in nutrients, acidic or slightly acidic (see).
Light: Photophilous, tolerates slight shading.
Moisture: Moisture requirements are average, sensitive to drought and dry winds.
Frost resistance: Zone 5 (see), needs protection from cold northerly winds. Tolerates heat well.
Landing: It should be planted in a place protected from cold winds.
Care and protection: It tolerates shearing well, especially when young, heat, urban climate, smoke and gas resistant.
Decorative qualities: An elegant tree for collectors. It looks especially attractive and elegant in spring due to the golden-yellow color of young shoots.
Crown structure: The crown is conical or narrow-pyramidal, the lateral branches are asymmetrical, decoratively hanging down.
Purpose: It is used for single plantings and garden compositions, for decorating the landscapes of small garden plots. It is recommended for planting on the border of the garden and the rock garden, it can be planted against the background of plants that are darker in color, in coloristic compositions.

Planting and caring for spruce Eastern Aureospicata

Soil compaction and moisture stagnation should not be allowed. The landing site should be away from groundwater. It is imperative to make a drainage layer, in the form of sand or broken bricks 15-20 cm thick. If fir trees are planted in groups, then the distance for tall fir trees should be from 2 to 3 m. The depth of the planting pit is 50-70 cm.

It is important that the root neck is at ground level. You can prepare a special soil mixture: sheet and sod land, peat, and sand in a ratio of 2:2:1:1. Immediately after planting, the tree must be watered abundantly with 40 - 50 liters of water. It is advisable to apply fertilizer (100-150 g of nitroammophoska, root 10 g per 10 l, etc.).

Spruces do not like dry hot weather, so during the hot season they need to be watered once a week, about 10-12 liters per tree. Carry out shallow loosening (5 cm). For the winter, sprinkle peat around the trunk with a thickness of 5-6 cm; after winter, the peat is simply mixed with the ground, not removed. Spruces can be planted in winter.

Approximately 2 times a season, fertilizer for coniferous plants can be applied.

Spruces do not usually need pruning, but if they form a hedge, pruning is allowed. As a rule, diseased and dry branches are removed. It is best to prune in late May - early June, when the period of active sap flow ends.

To protect the decorative forms of spruce from autumn and winter frosts, they can be covered with spruce branches. (cm. , ).

Spruce is a universal decoration of any site. In winter and summer, it remains beautiful, enlivens the landscape and gives it respectability. The most important thing is to choose the right spruce for the site, the species and varieties of which number in several dozen.

In nature, spruces are tall evergreen trees with a narrow cone-shaped crown and an even trunk. Thanks to breeding, new varieties have been bred, and spruces are of great interest due to the variety of needle colors and unusual shapes.

Did you know? Many have noticed that it is easier to breathe in a coniferous forest. This is because spruces contain phytoncides, which have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system and respiratory system.

Norway spruce (European)

Spruce (in the common people - Christmas tree) belongs to the pine family, the spruce genus has more than a dozen species and varieties that differ in the location of branches, size, crown shape and color.

Plantations of different species of this beauty occupy the bulk of the forests in the European territory. In urban conditions, such spruces practically do not grow, since a large amount of gases in the air adversely affects growth and is practically fatal for them.

Under natural conditions, Norway spruce (Picea abies) is very easy to change, due to which a huge number of varieties have been bred. The most common are these varieties:

  • . It has the shape of an irregular cone or bush. The size and shape depend on the conditions in which Acrocona grows. Under favorable conditions, it can grow up to three meters in height and four in width. However, the usual size for a ten-year-old spruce is 1.5 meters. Young needles are light green and darken with age. Young bright red cones, growing profusely at the ends of the shoots, turn bright burgundy in spring. Thanks to this decoration, Acrocona belongs to decorative species, fits perfectly into group plantings and looks good alone. Winter-hardy species that feels great in the shade. Dry salty soil and stagnant water in the soil are not suitable.
  • . It has a dense crown formed by strong branches growing vertically. The needles are saturated green, the buds are large. Small fir trees are spherical in shape, stretch out over time and become oval. When growing on the site, it is recommended to occasionally trim to get the desired shape. Perfectly fits into compositions.
  • Wills Zwerg (Will's Zwerg). Narrow-conical dwarf variety with a dense crown. The height of an adult tree is 2 meters, the diameter is 1 meter. The needles are light green with a yellowish tinge.
  • . These spruces are traditionally grown with a "weeping" crown, for which the trunk is attached to a support at the beginning of growth. Grows up to 6-7 meters in height with a needle diameter of 2 meters. If you do not take care of the Inverse, it will not grow above 50 cm and will strongly spread along the ground, growing by 25-40 cm per year. Thanks to its unusual shape, it can become an original decoration.
  • . If you are thinking about which spruce to choose, pay attention to Maxwelly. This is a dwarf species, the maximum height of which is 2 meters. The crown is spherical or cushion-shaped with yellowish-green needles. The width of the crown of an adult tree is 2 meters. It tolerates shade and harsh winters well.
  • . Dwarf spruce, the height of which in adulthood does not exceed one meter with a crown diameter of two meters. The shape of the crown is nest-like. Does not like waterlogging, resistant to frost. Young trees need to be covered.
  • . A slow-growing spruce that reaches 6 meters in height and 3 meters in diameter when mature. The crown is dense, spherical or wide-conical. Young bright red cones become reddish-brown by the end of ripening. It does not tolerate both dry soil and stagnant moisture. Does well in acidic and alkaline soils. It tolerates shade and frost very well. Before choosing this spruce for giving, you need to consider that it can over time obscure the site.
  • . Dwarf variety growing up to 1-1.5 meters. The diameter of the wide-conical crown is 1.5 meters. Feels great in the sun, in partial shade, the soil is not demanding. The crown almost does not need additional care and pruning.
  • . It has an elongated shape and grows in a horizontal plane, due to which it forms a natural dense coating. In order for this spruce to grow vertically, during its growth it is necessary to form a trunk and tie it to a support. Thus, you can get a "weeping" spruce with thick fluffy needles. Formanki can be used as indoor spruce. Ideally decorate a plot with an open terrace.
  • . It is distinguished by a spherical crown of dense structure with small bluish-green needles. It grows for a long time, so it does not need frequent pruning. Small dimensions allow the use of such spruce in small areas in group or single plantings.
All these types of common spruce are quite unpretentious and grow in almost any climatic conditions.

Important! Young spruces in hot summers need weekly watering (12 liters under a tree) and loosening the soil.

Another name for this beauty - Caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis). In nature, it grows up to 50-65 meters in height, while having a crown with a diameter of 22 meters. The shape of the crown is pyramidal, with hanging branches of a beautiful brown hue.

Young Christmas trees are light brown (sometimes reddish) in color, slightly pubescent, shiny. At the top of the young, droplets of resin stand out. The needles are slightly flattened and bent upwards, due to which they are not prickly. The needles are hard, dense, golden at first and dark green at maturity. A distinctive feature - the needles seem to be varnished.

The color of mature buds can vary from reddish to purple-purple. Grow at the ends of shoots in the upper part of the crown.

Important! The growth of eastern spruce does not tolerate direct sunlight at all. This species can grow on thin soils, but is sensitive to dry winds and drought.

In landscape design, it is used in group plantings, but it looks more impressive alone.

Prickly spruce (blue)

The Latin name for this species is Picea pungens. Frost, wind and drought resistant. It tolerates gas pollution better than other species and has a long lifespan (almost half a century).

Prickly spruce belongs to the pine family, the genus of spruce has more than a dozen varieties, the appearance of which always arouses admiration. This is a slender, large (up to 40 m high and 3 m wide) tree, which is considered to be native to North America. The cones of this species are light brown, ripen in September and decorate the Christmas tree until spring.

Decorative forms of needles can have yellow, blue and gray shades - it all depends on the thickness of the wax coating. With the onset of winter, the plaque disappears, and the needles turn dark green.

Blue spruce is rich in luxurious decorative varieties. For cultivation and design are good:


All these varieties of ornamental spruce fit perfectly into the design of the site and do not require special care.

Spruce black

This coniferous tree grows up to 20-30 meters in height, has a narrow conical crown shape. The branches of mature trees tend to the ground.

Young shoots are red-brown with a dense glandular, reddish edge. The needles are tetrahedral, prickly. Mature cones are ovoid (sometimes spherical) in shape. Color is purplish brown.

It is frost-resistant, well tolerates shading, unpretentious to the quality of the soil. In dry periods, it needs additional watering.

Did you know? In the wild, black spruce grows in North America. It has been cultivated in Europe since 1700, and in Russia it has been cultivated since the middle of the 19th century.

This type of Christmas tree grows slowly even in favorable conditions, which allows it to be used in small areas.

If you want to choose spruce for the site, pay attention to the following varieties and types:


Designers recommend the following varieties of black spruce for the garden:

Did you know? The Latin name for spruce, Picea, comes from the ancient Roman Pix, which means "resin". These forest evergreen beauties have been known for thousands of years and are long-lived - they can live up to 300 years.

This representative of the Pine family is widely distributed in southeastern Europe and Asia: the name of the species - eastern - indicates the distribution area of ​​this beautiful and useful tree. It has another, no less famous name: Caucasian spruce.

The botanical name - PICEA - comes from the ancient Roman PIX - resin. It is possible that it is associated with the appearance of a resin called “spruce tears” on top of young Christmas trees.

Description

Oriental spruce is widespread as an ornamental plant due to its beautiful, graceful branches and delicate needles. It has 4 decorative subspecies, differing in needle color, size and type of crown. Unfortunately, it is this species that suffers most from poachers' felling during the pre-New Year period.

The evergreen oriental beauty reaches a height of 55 meters and has a dense crown, which has a significant effect on the nearby flora, shading the space. The needles are not long, 5-9 mm, and have a distinctive feature: they shine, as if varnished. On young shoots, they have a golden color, which darkens with age. Cones are beautiful, elongated cylindrical, reddish or purple-purple.

Chemical composition

Spruce needles contain an impressive amount of essential oil and phytoncides - volatile substances of bactericidal, prostitocidal (killing the simplest pathogens) and antifungal (antifungal) action, it also abounds in tannins, vitamins E and K, carotene, ascorbic acid, polyprenols, resins and micronutrients. There is also a lot of essential oil in the kidneys and cones - from 0.2%. There are also wood vinegar, bornyl acetate ester with a characteristic camphor smell, as well as salts of manganese, copper, aluminum, chromium, and iron. Gum, in addition to acetic acid, contains turpentine, turpentine and rosin. There is a lot of fatty oil in the seeds, and up to 14% of tannins (tanning agents) in the bark.

Medicinal properties

From time immemorial, the majestic forest beauty gives people health, protects against ailments and saves from wounds, being:

  • antimicrobial;
  • fungicidal;
  • antiscorbutic;
  • against rheumatic;
  • anti-cold;
  • painkillers;
  • warming;
  • hemostatic;
  • diuretic;
  • fixing;
  • choleretic (increasing the flow of bile to 46.6% of the original, with an increase in the production of bilirubin);
  • disinfectant.

Medicinal use

The use of any type of spruce is the same. Pine needles are a high-vitamin product, and have saved many people from scurvy. Young shoots, cones and needles are used to prepare infusions and decoctions. They are taken against prolonged colds, dropsy, skin rashes, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, asthma of any type. They make inhalations for colds and coughs. In the form of baths, adding salt, used for rheumatism, sciatica and hypothermia. A decoction of the kidneys and an infusion of young shoots on vodka are useful for pulmonary tuberculosis. From the resin, boiled with beeswax and lard, an effective ointment is obtained from furunculosis.

Gum (resin) is used fresh - for the treatment of bleeding wounds, in dry crushed - as a powder for ulcers, abscesses and weeping burns. It is distilled into turpentine to warm and relax muscles and ligaments. From a mixture of spruce resin and beeswax, a filler for aroma lamps is made - the smoke from the combustion of the mixture is treated for chronic bronchitis. By dry distillation, activated carbon is obtained from wood - an unsurpassed absorbent that helps with food poisoning and increased gas formation in the intestines.

The immature female (seed-containing) cones are used for medicinal purposes. Male cones are smaller and contain pollen. In order not to be mistaken, choose the largest and most beautiful. The collection is carried out in early autumn, until the cones open. For some recipes, young cones collected in June are used. The resin is harvested from June to September.

Recipes

A decoction of young cones or shoots (SARS, influenza, pneumonia, asthma):

Boil 30 g of spruce raw materials in 1 liter of milk for 20 minutes, then strain. Reception - three times a day.

Decoction of the bark (diarrhea, food poisoning, internal inflammation):

1 tbsp boil spruce bark fibers in half a liter of water for 10 - 15 minutes, let it brew until cool, drain the liquid. Drink a decoction as the uncomfortable sensations repeat, half a glass at a time.

Ointment (abscesses, abrasions, burns):

Take spruce resin, wax, honey and sunflower oil in equal volume proportions. Heat over low heat with constant stirring until smooth. When hot, filter, removing all large particles that can additionally injure the affected area.

Vitamin drink (avitaminosis, scurvy, colds):

Pour a handful of spruce needles with a glass of boiling water. Wait until it is brewed, remove the greasy film that forms on the surface with a spoon, add the juice of a whole lemon or orange, a pinch of cinnamon and a tablespoon of honey.

Bath infusion:

Boil spruce spruce branches with the addition of sea salt for 5-10 minutes. In a slightly cooled solution, add burdock root ground into gruel to create a soapy environment. Use for washing and rinsing the body between sweat sessions.

Pine needle syrup against cough, to reduce appetite and stimulate brain activity:

Fill a 0.5 l glass jar with needles from a forest tree (growing far from roads, industrial enterprises) by a quarter. Pour the remaining volume with liquid honey. Leave at room temperature for 3 weeks. Strain out the composition. For coughing, eat ½ tsp. 5-6 times a day. Against appetite, take ½ tsp. 5-10 minutes before meals. During preparation for exams, increased mental stress is eaten by 1 tsp. of this syrup per day.

A decoction of the kidneys for pain in the muscles and compounds, bronchitis, tuberculosis:

1 tbsp scald fresh tree buds with boiling water, pour 200 ml of water, boil for 20 minutes. Filter through 3 layers of gauze. Slightly cooled broth sweeten with honey. Drink the resulting volume during the day in several doses.

Spruce resin tincture for impotence:

1 tsp resin pour 0.5 liters of vodka, insist a week. Take 30 ml at bedtime. Course of treatment: 30 days of admission - 10 days of break - 30 days of admission.

Contraindications

People suffering from peptic ulcer or gastritis with high acidity of the stomach are deprived of the opportunity to take medicinal drugs from spruce orally. People with an individual reaction to the camphor smell or other individual components in the composition of the plant should avoid it altogether.

area

The main forest-forming species of the mountain forests of the Caucasus, the northern countries of Asia Minor. Forms mixed and pure forests. It grows at an altitude of 1345-2130 m above sea level. Protected in nature reserves.

Description of the species

Tree 32-47 (55) m tall, with a dense branched conical crown. The bark is scaly, brown, dark gray in mature plants.

Young shoots are yellow-gray or red, more mature shoots are light gray or gray.

Buds 2-6 mm long, ovoid, reddish-brown, non-resinous, with triangular scales, the tops of which are slightly recurved.

Needles less than 10 (usually 5-9) mm long, 0.8-1.1 mm wide, tetrahedral, blunt on top, slightly flattened, rough, brightly shiny, on the upper side with one or two stomatal lines on each side, and below - with two to five stomatal lines; the needles are more or less flat.

Cones are cylindrical, 6-11 cm long and 2 cm thick, young red, then light brown. Seed scales are obovate, with an almost rounded entire upper margin, streaked along the back, with a bright sheen. Seeds 2-5 mm long, black, with a longer yellowish-brown wing.

Economic importance and application

Can be used as a decorative item. It is considered introduced into culture in 1837. In Russia, introduced into the culture of the Botanical Garden BIN RAS. Plants brought in 1981 from the North Caucasus, after 20 years reached a height of 1 m. Not adapted to low temperatures, it regularly freezes over in St. Petersburg, but still survived a series of cold winters.

Botanical classification

Taxonomic scheme

Synonyms

The list is based on The Plant List database:

  • Abies orientalis () Poir.
  • Abies wittmanniana Voss
  • Picea withmanniana Carriere
  • Picea wittmanniana Fisch. Gordon
  • Pinus orientalis L.

Notes

Literature

Links

  • Eastern spruce: information on the site GRIN(English) (Retrieved December 4, 2012)
  • Eastern spruce: information on the website "Encyclopedia of Life" ( EOL) (English) (Retrieved December 4, 2012)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

  • El Meyer
  • Likian spruce

See what "Oriental Spruce" is in other dictionaries:

    oriental spruce- rytinė eglė statusas T sritis vardynas apibrėžtis Pušinių šeimos dekoratyvinis, medieninis augalas (Picea orientalis), paplitęs Kaukaze ir Turkijoje. atitikmenys: lot. Picea orientalis English. caucasian spruce; Oriental spruce vok. Kaukasusfichte;… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

    Korean spruce- Young plant ... Wikipedia Wikipedia

    Spruce- 1) Ordinary or European, yelina, yalina (Picea eicelsa) tree species, very common in Russian lasses sowing. and middle lane. It requires soil of medium fertility and coherence, with even sufficient moisture; the best plantings of E ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

    Spruce- (Picea Link.) a genus of coniferous plants from the spruce family (Abietaceae); they are evergreen, tall, beautiful trees, with annular branches, with a pyramidal tent. Perennial needle-shaped tetrahedral or almost flat more or less ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

    Spruce- (Picea) a genus of coniferous evergreen trees of the pine family. The most important forest-forming species. The trunk is straight, the crown is dense, cone-shaped. The needles are 4-sided, rarely flat, sharp, they last 5 7 (9 12) years. Anther spikelets are single, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Upper Spruce- Characteristic Length 10 km Basin White Sea, Arctic Ocean


Type description. Tree 32-47 (55) m high and with a trunk diameter of about 2 m, with a wide (15-20 m) dense conical crown, often starting from the ground itself. The bark is scaly, brown, dark gray in mature plants. Young shoots are slightly shiny, reddish or yellow-gray, densely covered with hairs, older shoots are furrowed light gray or gray, with clearly visible yellow needle pads. Resin droplets (spruce tears) often stand out at the top of the young shoot.

Kidneys solitary, rarely in groups of three, 2-6 mm long, 1.5 mm thick, ovate-pointed, reddish-brown, to almost black, non-resinous, with obtuse-triangular, different-sized, long-haired renal scales, the tops of which are somewhat bent. Buds are ovoid, red, not resinous.

Young cones and trunk of Ricea orientalis

The needles are located more or less flat, slightly flattened, tetrahedral in cross section, rounded at the tip, slightly bent upwards and therefore not prickly, highly shiny, as if varnished, very densely located on the shoot, light golden at a young age, then darkens. When rubbed, they have a pleasant resinous aroma. The needles are relatively stiff, less than 10 (usually 5-9) mm long (shorter than all other spruces), 0.7-1.1 mm wide, blunt at the top, hard, bright shiny, with 1- 2 stomatal lines on each side, and on the bottom - with 3-5(1) stomatal lines, not forming noticeable rows.

Male anthers are carmine red, dusty at the junction of summer and spring. Cones are red to purple-purple, fusiform-cylindrical, narrowed towards the ends, 5-11 cm long. and 2-2.5 cm thick., young purple, then light brown, resinous until ripening, located in the upper part of the crown at the ends of the shoots.

Young shoots and old cones of Picea orientalis

Seed scales are wide obovate, wedge-shaped, rounded, entire or notched, on the back along the upper edge with a shiny border, on the back along the streaked, shiny. Seeds irregularly triangular in shape, small 2-5 mm long, black, with a longer wing with an obovate yellowish-brown wing, 3-4 times (14-17 mm). An orange- or yellowish-brown wing exceeding the size of the seed.

ecological property of the species. The main forest-forming species is m in the mountain forests of the western part of the Caucasus, as well as in Antalya (Turkey) and the northern countries of Asia Minor. It grows at an altitude of 1345-2130 (2500) m above sea level, where it forms mixed and pure forests. Protected in nature reserves. Prefers shaded slopes, where it grows in mixture with , Caucasian fir , beech and hornbeam . Especially spectacular are the dominant spruce forests with the so-called. "Colchis" type of undergrowth of evergreen shrubs and small trees: laurel cherries , holly , boxwood , yew , rhododendron .

The undergrowth of this spruce does not tolerate direct sunlight at all, it is even more shade-tolerant than the undergrowth of European spruce. Regularly seed bearing, seeds have a high germination rate (10-97%). It is well renewed, and can settle on the steepest rocky slopes. Breed coastal climate, requires a large amount of precipitation, high humidity and soil. It is able to grow on thin soils and stony placers, but it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of the species to drought and dry winds. To some extent withstands the effects of wind. With age, loves the open sun.

Prefers a pH of 4 to 6. Lives 500-600 years. At a young age, it grows slowly 20-30 cm per year. Young trees grow slowly at first, at the age of about 5 - 6 years, under good conditions, they can grow up to 1 m per year, which can persist for the next 70 years or more, then, by 90 - 100 years, growth in height practically stops. Relatively frost-resistant within USD zones 3/4-9 (from -29 to -34 Сo). On the territory of Ukraine and the Baltic countries, it is not damaged by frost.

In GBS since 1937, 4 samples (4 copies) were obtained from Tesare nad Zhitava (Slovakia), Golukhov (Poland) and living plants from the Caucasus (from nature). Tree, at 31 years old, height 2.7 m, trunk diameter 3/11.5 cm. Vegetation from 3.V ± 6. Annual growth up to 10 cm. Not dusty. It is considered introduced into culture in 1837, obviously, by the BIN Botanical Garden. Plants brought in 1981 from the North Caucasus, from the Teberdinsky Reserve, after 25 years reached 1.5 m in height. In the North-West of Russia, it is not winter-hardy enough, it freezes over in St. Petersburg, however, it has endured a number of severe winters of recent decades, and is of interest as a collection plant. In Minsk, at the age of 60, it reaches a height of 2.5-3 m. It endures ordinary winters without damage.

General view of an adult Ricea orientalis tree

Reproduction and cultivation. Stratified seeds (cold stratification 1-2 months) are sown in spring in an unheated greenhouse or in open ground, to a depth of 1-2 cm in partial shade with mulching with fallen needles from above (mulch thickness 1 cm).

Purpose and application. The wood is soft and durable white, easily split, therefore it is used for building materials and joinery and turning products. It is a raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Due to its high resonant properties, it is used in the manufacture of musical instruments. Turpentine and tannin are obtained from the bark and branches. The inner part of the bark, dried and ground into powder, is used by the local population as a thickener in soups and or added to flour when baking bread, as well as young male earrings - raw or boiled, as a flavoring. From young shoots, a tonic, vitamin-rich With tea.

Landscape construction. One of the decorative short-coniferous firs. Most good in single landings. It is beautiful with dense bright green needles and the outline of a wide pyramidal crown. This slender tree is used in landscape gardening to create small groups, high and low, sheared hedges, in forest parks of mountainous areas in the form of arrays on shaded slopes. Since the species is slow growing, it tolerates pruning well, especially when young.

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