Unorganized drain from a soft roof. Recommendations for the technical operation of flat roof structures. Organized internal drainage from the roof

A properly installed roof will last for many years. But under unforeseen mechanical influences or from natural aging, the cover is destroyed. And then there is a need for current or major repairs. In multi-apartment and public buildings, major repairs are carried out by management companies, and the need for such work is analyzed and recorded by engineering and technical personnel. And in private homes, the degree of damage is determined by the owner of the dwelling himself and decides: what type of repair is needed in this case.

What is roof overhaul

The plan for the overhaul of the roof includes a list of works for the complete restoration of all properties of the roofing, including the replacement of hydro, noise and heat insulating layers. The joints of the floor slabs, the rafter group, the drainage systems and the places where the roof adjoins the gables and cornices are also subject to repair.

Capital repairs are divided into two types:

repair of pitched roofs - with rigid metal, asbestos-cement, tile or polymer roofing materials on inclined rafters. Such roofs consist of a roofing pie of a certain structure, limited to a ridge, gable and cornice overhangs;
A major overhaul of a pitched roof involves partial or complete replacement of wooden structures and layers of roofing cake.
repair of flat roofs - with a soft built-up coating, which spreads on a reinforced concrete base or corrugated board. It is limited by parapets and has an internal drainage system. The roofing cake of such roofs is mounted with a slope to remove moisture.
A major overhaul of a flat roof must be carried out with partial or complete replacement of the roofing pie and the internal drainage system, as well as with the restoration of the integrity of the joints of the concrete floor

Roofing damage is determined visually by the presence of holes, cracks, swelling or peeling off at the joints. Implicit leaks require inspection of the entire roofing pie and truss system (or floor slabs).

When visually inspecting to determine the type of repair to be performed, attention should be paid to the following damage:

failure of coating sheets, holes, cracks and violations at the junctions;
disruption of the drainage system, the formation of puddles on the surface of the soft roof;
wetting, traces of mold or destruction of rafters and battens, moistening of the insulation;
leaks in the seams between the floor slabs or in the places where the pipes of the drainage system are inserted.

Photo gallery: types of damage requiring major repairs

Various flat roof defects that cannot be eliminated by partial restoration require major repairs Extensive damage to the roof is forcing a major overhaul with a complete replacement of the coating. Smudges on the ceiling inside the house indicate the need for urgent roof repairs Numerous mechanical damage on the roof of slate or tiles completely disable the roofing Depreciation of the entire coating of a soft roof may appear after 10 years of operation, if such a roof has not been monitored at all, has not been cleaned of snow and has not carried out minor repairs Roof leakage in many places leads to the formation of rot and failure of the wooden structure. Depreciation of the truss system can lead to roof collapse, so it is necessary to notice this type of damage in time The collapse of the roof leads to the most difficult type of repair work, since it is required to restore the entire system.

If more than 40% of the roofing is damaged and it is impossible to locally eliminate defects, then a decision should be made to completely replace it.

Also, the basis for the overhaul is the assessment of the operating time of the elements of the roofing pie, ceilings, truss and drainage systems, specified in the instructions VSN 58–88 (p).

Table: the duration of the operation of the roof of different materials

Roofing elements of residential buildings and drainage systems	Service life up to overhaul, years
Ceilings from precast concrete elements and decking	80
Wooden rafters and lathing	50
Foam concrete and expanded clay insulation	40
Mineral wool insulation	20
Roofing from slate or ondulin	30
Roofing from metal tiles and corrugated board	40–50
Soft roofing from rolled materials	10–15
Gutters internal from cast-iron pipes	40
Drainage systems are polymeric	10–20

To determine the cost and sequence of repair work, it is necessary to draw up design estimates based on the set of rules SP 17.13330.2017 "SNiP II-26-76 Roofs" and SO 002-02495342-2005.

According to the finished project, the amount of the required material, its cost and the schedule of work that must be completed in dry weather and during daylight hours with mandatory supervision by the engineering and technical worker of the responsible organization are calculated.

The difference between a major overhaul and a current one

The natural process of roof wear requires periodic repair of the roofing and insulation coating, rafter systems and gutters.

Current repairs ensure the health of the roof after the start of its operation and before subsequent overhaul.

The speed of the current repair is determined by the degree of wear of the elements of the roofing. It is stipulated by the “Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 N170”, which sets out the requirements for supervision and maintenance of roofs.

During maintenance work on a metal-coated roof, damaged parts are replaced with new ones.

Overhaul involves the complete replacement of a worn roofing pie, partial replacement of wooden structures, repair of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors and gutters. At the same time, ventilation shafts, parapets are restored and roofing is reliably adjoined to them.

To increase the service life of the roof until the next overhaul, obsolete materials are replaced with modern ones: with less need for intermediate repairs.

Table: main differences between major and current repairs

At the same time, flame retardant and antiseptic treatment of wooden truss structures is carried out at least once every ten years.

The cost and timing of major repairs significantly exceed the costs of partial repairs. Upon completion of the overhaul, documented warranty certificates are issued, which indicate the service life of the repaired roof.

Dismantling the old roof is a lengthy process, but it allows you to completely renew the coating, replacing it with a better and more modern one.

According to the “Housing Code of the Russian Federation”, paragraph 154, contributions for major repairs in multi-apartment buildings are included in the structure of monthly payments for residential premises. In a number of regions there are subsidies for the overhaul of the housing stock. Therefore, the coordination of repair work is carried out by the management company, whose engineering specialists conduct technical supervision and accept the work performed.

Stages of approval and overhaul

The decision to overhaul the roof of an apartment building or public building is made in the following cases:

in the event of an emergency during destructive weather events;
after receiving an application from residents about the unsuitability of the roof, confirmed by the conclusion of the technical commission;
with the onset of the maximum service life of the roof according to norms and standards.

According to the "Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation", for some buildings, coordination of repair work with the district administration, the architectural department, service and specialized organizations is required. But if the overhaul does not change the architectural appearance of the building and is carried out in connection with objective circumstances, then special permits are not needed.

To confirm the need for overhaul, a commission is created with specialists from design organizations, which gives an opinion based on the current state of the roof and the technical passport of the structure. After the higher housing and communal authorities approve the conclusion on the wear of the roof and agree on the priority of financing the work, the organization forms the terms of reference on the creation of a set of design and estimate documents for the execution of the overhaul of the roof. Documentation and drawings are developed taking into account all the conditions for a particular object, the basis for their creation is the instruction MDS 13–1.99.

The project for the overhaul of the roof of a residential building is carried out by specialists of licensed organizations and includes the following documents:

an act of inspection of the roof of the building with a technical report, measurements and a list of elements to be overhauled;
technical passport of the building;
terms of reference for the development of design estimates with proposals for modernization, taking into account new materials;
architectural and construction part with a list of work performed and technical justification;
estimate documentation, taking into account the cost of work and materials;
a set of working drawings with a specification for materials according to GOST.

After the approval of the project by the parent organization, the management company conducts a tender and selects a contracting company that performs the overhaul in strict accordance with this project and the instructions for the work. Sometimes replacement of building materials is allowed if this does not lead to loss of quality.

Major repairs of the roof are carried out in several stages:

Safe working conditions with safety brackets, scaffolding and ladders are provided.
The dismantling of the old roofing pie, damaged wooden elements and components of the drainage system, as well as worn parts of parapets, ventilation system heads and filing of eaves and gable overhangs is carried out.
During major repairs, it is first necessary to dismantle all worn out roofing and damaged roof rafters
The drainage system is being repaired, the joints of the floor slabs are being repaired, the caps of the ventilation system are being changed and the parapets are being restored.
On pitched roofs, the truss system with waterproofing is being repaired, and on flat roofs, the vapor barrier is being restored and demolition is performed using a cement screed.
A layer of vapor barrier made of modern materials is welded onto the corrugated board, increasing the service life of the metal roof after overhaul
Insulation and waterproofing layer are laid. Then the roofing is mounted with the appropriate overlap and sealing in the area of parapets, ventilation ducts and drains. And on pitched roofs, ridge, cornice and wind slats are additionally placed.
High-quality installation of heat-insulating and roofing coating on a repaired substrate guarantees a long service life of the entire roof
Eaves overhangs, drainage system, ladders and ladders are being restored, and hooks for securing safety ropes are being installed. If necessary, exits and hatches to the roof are repaired, antenna or other equipment is installed.

Video: flat roof overhaul sequence

Overhaul rules

The overhaul of the roof is subject to the requirements of the norms and rules for construction work at height SNiP 12–03–2001, and is also carried out taking into account fire safety rules.

In the set of design and estimate documents for overhaul, there must be chapters on the environmental friendliness and safety of the work that must be carried out.

General rules for overhaul:

Residents of the building must be notified of the start of repair work. The zone is fenced, and during tripping operations, duty officers are posted.
Ensures the safety of workers.
The roof is opened in dry weather - dismantling is carried out in parts so that there are no leaks in case of unforeseen precipitation. The already opened section of the roof is additionally protected from rain.
After the roof is completely cleaned of debris, the work is carried out as soon as possible in compliance with the requirements for the quality of the repair.
When installing soft roofs using gas equipment, attention is paid to compliance with fire safety measures.
In the work, environmental standards are necessarily observed, safe building materials are used.
Entrance hatches and doors to the roof are made fireproof, insulated, supplied with sealing gaskets and locks (or locks).
At the final stage of the overhaul, the removed antennas, equipment and lightning protection devices are restored.
After completion, in the presence of responsible persons, an act of acceptance of the work performed is drawn up. Changes are recorded in the technical passport of the building, the warranty period for the repaired roof is established.

The rules for the installation of roofing materials depend on their type and are produced in a manner recommended by manufacturers or product suppliers.

Warranty service life of the roof after a major overhaul

The warranty period of the renewed roof is recorded in the contract between the customer (payer) and the contractor (executor). It indicates the service life of each material used and the warranty period for the entire repaired roof. The recommended warranty period for the repair of soft, slate and metal roofs and interpanel seams is 3 years, during which the performing organization is obliged to eliminate the defects at its own expense, provided that the roof is properly used.

Recommendations for determining the warranty period are given in Article 754 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which describes the contractor's liability for improper performance of repair work or violation of the project's terms of reference. In case of claims, you can use the information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated January 24, 2000 N51. Controversial issues about the poor quality of work and non-compliance with the warranty period for the operation of the roof due to the fault of the contractor are resolved in court.

In addition to the main warranty period, the contract may indicate post-warranty maintenance of the roof. It is carried out on mutually acceptable terms for the customer and the contractor and is paid upon completion of the work.

The warranty period after the overhaul of the roof begins from the moment of signing the act of acceptance of the work performed, which is an annex to the contract. The act is signed by representatives of the contractor and the customer in the presence of a specialist of the design organization, who confirms in writing the fact of architectural supervision of the proper implementation of repairs according to the project.

Video: budget option for a soft roof overhaul

Overhaul of the roof is a complex and expensive, but necessary type of construction work. It is important for the owner of a private house to strike a balance between quality and cost of repairs. However, you need to remember that cheap materials will last less. Apartment buildings are repaired with the involvement of professional builders, and the quality of their work is guaranteed on a contractual basis in accordance with the current legislation.

A flat roof is not only an obligatory element of multi-storey buildings, but also a modern trend in the construction of private houses. The use of flat roofs has become especially popular in recent years. Houses made with this architecture feature look stylish, unusual, modern. The availability of the latest high-quality materials on the market allows you to create a reliable, durable roof that has a number of advantages.

Installation of a flat roof often involves the installation of an internal drain. Hidden engineering design allows not to "burden" the facades of the building with numerous drainpipes and at the same time save money on the purchase of materials. That is why at the design stage, it is necessary to consider the possibility of creating a hidden, internal drain, evaluate its advantages and disadvantages, and take into account the financial aspect.

Advantages and features of a flat roof

Many modern private sector developers prefer flat roofs. This is due to the fact that they allow you to build an original structure, from an architectural point of view, while creating a full-fledged residential upper floor, without attic space. A flat roof is characterized by an affordable cost against the background of excellent consumer qualities.

In Western countries, flat roofs are a priority option. First of all, this is due to the low annual amount of snowfall. In Russia, the technology has long been used in the construction of multi-storey buildings. In private buildings, the construction of a flat roof has become possible with the advent of the latest durable materials that are capable of absorbing significant loads.

The advantages of a flat roof are:

a smaller coverage area requires fewer building materials and saves on installation;
the device of the roof is simple and allows you to carry out the work yourself, without involving construction teams;
it is much easier to work on a flat surface than on a pitched one;
the construction of a flat roof is carried out in a short time;
the horizontal surface makes it easy to maintain the roof.

The above advantages for many developers are the basis for choosing a flat roof. At the same time, the horizontal surface of the roof allows you to equip, if desired, an additional recreation area. So, there are examples when there is a green area on the roof with numerous flower beds and garden furniture or a playground with outdoor exercise equipment in the open air.

A flat roof must be equipped with a drain, which can be internal or external. The internal drain is represented by a more complex design, but at the same time it retains the ideal appearance of the facades of the building. The internal drain has a number of advantages and disadvantages that every developer who prefers a flat roof should be aware of.

Design features

A flat roof with an internal drain should be conditionally divided into sectors. So, one drain should serve an area of 150-200 m 2. When installing the roof to water inlets, a slope of 1-2 cm / m should be made. This necessary slope is made with a layer of concrete mixture, which is poured over the upper floor slab. On the concrete mixture that has hardened under the required slope, two layers of waterproofing material should be laid. Thermal insulation is laid on the waterproofing material - extruded polystyrene foam with a thickness of over 15 cm. The top layer of the roof can be made of built-up waterproofing material with gravel, concrete or terracing slabs. You can see a detailed layout of the material layers during the installation of a flat roof in the photo below.

The internal drain is a rather complex engineering system, which consists of three main elements:

a funnel located on the roof and a gutter for transferring wastewater to the drainpipe;
a riser through which water flows from the roof into the drainage collector;
directly the collector itself, located underground and a system of pipes leading to the central (storm) sewer.

In building codes, it is recommended to use pipes with a diameter of 100, 140 or 180 cm to create an internal drain. The choice of one or another size should be based on 1-1.5 cm 2 of the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe pipe per 1 m 2 of the roof area that the drain will serve . In this case, the length of the pipe links can be equal to 700 or 1380 cm.

At the stage of designing an internal drain, it is necessary to provide for the placement of its elements, along the entire height within the heated zone. This will allow the system to operate smoothly and efficiently in the winter. It is worth noting that it is rational to place the drain in the outer walls, which reduces the cost of a complex system of sewer pipes under the house and simplifies installation.

Important! In regions that are characterized by severe winters with very low temperatures and heavy snow drifts, it is recommended to provide for partial or complete heating of a flat roof.

Advantages and disadvantages of internal drainage

Giving preference to the internal drain, you should be aware that there are two different systems for the device of such an engineering design:

gravity (gravitational), when water from a funnel directly enters a vertically located drain;
siphon-vacuum (gravity-vacuum), code water from the funnel enters a horizontal pipe, and then into a vertical drain.

Each of these systems has its own advantages and disadvantages. So, the gravity system has the following disadvantage:

The siphon-vacuum drainage system is devoid of the above disadvantage, since water enters horizontal pipes through special funnels under vacuum. Further, the located vertical drain is filled with water completely. Under the influence of vacuum, water is discharged outside the building into the sewer. Such a system is characterized by high throughput. In addition, the siphon-gravity system has additional advantages:

the ability to organize a catchment area not only from flat roofs, but also from roofs located at different angles of inclination;
during installation, pipes of a smaller diameter are used;
high throughput allows you to install a smaller number of drainage channels, reducing the cost of communication in general;
the high speed of the flow of wastewater prevents clogging of the system.

Along with the above advantages and disadvantages of each of the systems, a number of general advantages of the internal drainage system in comparison with the external analogue can be distinguished:

lack of drainage elements on the facades of the building;
maintaining efficient operation in the winter;
collection of drains directly into the drain system.

The disadvantages of the internal drainage system include the complexity of installation and maintenance, cleaning.

Conclusion

When installing a flat roof, an internal drain is the best option. However, in many respects its functioning depends on the quality of the materials used and the literacy of the work. So, you can find out some useful information about the installation of the internal drainage system on the video:

Flat roofing has grown in popularity over the years. Houses with such a roof are original, modern, stylish. The building materials market is developing in step with the times and offers the latest, high-quality materials that make it possible to realize even the most daring wishes of developers. So, a flat roof with an internal drain allows you to competently, effectively solve the problem of liquid drainage without violating the tightness of the roofing, while maintaining the ideal appearance of the facades of the building. Careful collection of water in special tanks or sewer pipes allows you to avoid high soil moisture around the perimeter of the building foundation and, as a result, directly in the room.

Sergey Novozhilov is an expert in roofing materials with 9 years of practical experience in the field of engineering solutions in construction.

A non-attic, combined, ventilated, roll-up roof with an internal drain is inspected after each heating season during the mandatory spring inspection. In addition to carrying out regular and extraordinary technical inspections (surveys), the maintenance of roofs of non-attic roofs consists in cleaning the roofs of debris and performing unforeseen current repairs.

For the summer period, according to the defective list compiled during the survey, work is planned for the current repair of flat coatings. It should be noted that, unlike pitched roofs, where only a major overhaul of the roof is carried out, the plan for repair and restoration measures should provide for mandatory current repairs of the soft roof of flat coatings at least once every five years.

Permissible deflections of the coating slabs are 1/200 of the span. Access to the roof should be through the stairwell through the attic hatch door in each section of the house. Roof access hatches are fireproof, have tight porches and special locking devices.

The slope of the roof - 0.015 is provided by laying the roof panels at different elevations of the supporting structures.

The evenness and slopes of the roof surface are checked by applying a three-meter rail. The clearance below it should not exceed 5 mm on a horizontal surface in the direction along the slope and 20 mm on a vertical surface in the direction across the slope. Clearances are allowed only with a smooth outline and no more than 1 by 1 m.

Cleaning of the internal drainage from the water intake funnels before the release should be carried out periodically in winter and summer. Cleaning of the internal drainage riser from the side of the funnels is carried out with wire brushes with a diameter equal to the diameter of the riser pipe.

To ensure proper operation of riser expansion joints, the gland packing in them should be replaced annually.

The device for reliable mating of the mastic coating with vertical structures (located above the roof plane) is ensured by applying mastic to these structures, reinforcing the mastic coating with an additional two layers of glass material and a protective apron made of galvanized roofing steel. In the structure protruding above the roof, antiseptic wooden slats are laid to secure the fiberglass or fiberglass impregnated with mastic.

In places of transition from a horizontal to a vertical surface, it is necessary to install a bevel device for high-quality and dense gluing of the rolled material.

Along with the repair of the roof, the following work should be done:

- repair of elements protruding above the roof;

- cleaning of the upper sections of the risers of internal drains and ventilation ducts;

- sealing the joints of the junctions of funnels to internal drains.

Faults found:	Decision on the overhaul project:
Violation of the junction of the roofing felt carpet to the individual pipes protruding on the roof	Lay a layer of burlap impregnated with minium around the pipe, measuring 500 ´ 500 mm; stick the bottom layer of the roofing felt close to the pipe; put on the pipe a branch pipe made of a steel 4 mm flange measuring 400 ´ 400 mm and a sleeve. Press the flange firmly against the layer of roofing material smeared with bitumen; caulk the gap between the pipe and the sleeve of the pipe with tarred tow; stick on the bitumen over the steel flange of the pipe the remaining layers of roofing material, fitting them closely to the sleeve; put a conical apron made of galvanized steel on the pipe using a crimp ring
Umbrellas made of galvanized iron were not installed on TV and radio racks; the junction to the racks is destroyed	To make a metal branch pipe consisting of a steel sheet 3 mm thick, a flange measuring 400 ´ 400 mm; and sleeves with an inner pipe diameter equal to the diameter of the rack 40 mm; cut the pipe into two halves. Make an apron from galvanized steel with a clamp; lay 1 layer of burlap impregnated with minium 600 ´ 600 mm in size around the pipe; put the pipe halves on the rack and place them tightly on the burlap layer; stick around the rack, over the flange, three additional layers of roofing material on bitumen; caulk the gap between the stand and the sleeve of the pipe with resin tow and pour bitumen on top; install a conical apron made of galvanized iron on the rack and fix it with a clamp with a coupling bolt
The joints of the roofing carpet with the vertical surfaces of the ventilation shafts and exits to the roof are broken	Pair the roofing carpet with vertical surfaces to perform according to the project; put a carpet in the otter wall, install a metal apron
Due to the small slope of the roof and the poor quality of work, so-called "saucers" are formed on the roof surface, in which water stagnates.	Remove the existing roll carpet, level the surface with a cement screed ensuring the necessary slopes and stick the roofing felt carpet again
Funnels of internal drains are not installed according to the project; the mark of the mouth of the drain is above the mark of the roof. Bitumen flows into the funnel and reduces the useful diameter of the drain. Water through the junction of the carpet to the funnel penetrates into the layers of insulation, and then through the ceiling of the upper floor - into the stairwell	Bring the design of the drain in accordance with the project and the requirements of technical operation

Elimination of the counter-slope and restoration of the roofing carpet along the peaks

- clean the visor from dirt and debris;

- nail crutches with dowels 4.5 x 40 mm in increments of 700 mm along the perimeter of the visor;

- lay a cement-sand mortar M-100 on the surface of the visor with an outward slope of 1.5%, at the same time arrange an inclined side, into which a wooden block is laid, having previously dipped it in a 1: 1 bitumen and gasoline solution;

- stick a two-layer rolled carpet on the MBR-G-65 mastic;

- fix it along the overhangs by bending the latter, and against the wall - with a steel strip 20 ´ 3 mm with a hole 5 mm in diameter, nailed with dowels 4.5 x 40 mm in increments of 450 - 500 mm;

- seal the interface of the wall with the rolled carpet with MBR-G-65 rubber-bitumen mastic, layer 2 ± 0.5 mm.

Repair of the junction of the roofing carpet to the pipes

- remove the umbrella and metal apron from the riser;

- cut off the detached part of the roofing carpet from the riser to the inclined side;

- stick successively a layer of fiberglass mesh type CCC, CC-1 (2, 3) and two layers of roofing material with an overlap of 150 mm on the old rolled carpet and 100 mm in relation to each other, and raise the upper edge of the rolled materials by 250 mm above the roof level ;

- install and secure the metal apron with a ferrule and an umbrella;

- seal the connection of the riser with a mechanical apron with MBR-G-65 rubber-bitumen mastic with a layer of 2 ± 0.5 mm.

Repair of the junction of the roofing carpet to the wall

- cut off the exfoliated part of the rolled carpet from the wall of the inclined side;

- clean the area of adjacency of the roofing carpet from dirt and debris;

- arrange an inclined side of cement-sand mortar M-100 150 mm high with a slope of 45 ° and apply MBR-G-65 mastic on it;

- lay successively 3 layers of roofing material with an overlap of 150 mm on the old rolled carpet and 100 mm in relation to each other, and raise the upper edge of the rolled materials by 250 mm above the roof level;

- shoot the edge of the roofing carpet and the metal apron with dowels 4.5 ´ 40 mm every 200 mm;

- seal the interface of the wall with the edge of the roofing material with rubber-bitumen mastic MBR-G-65, with a layer of 2 ± 0.5 mm.

Roof details

Repair of holes and tears

- clean and dry the damaged areas, glue a two-layer roofing material "patch" on hot bituminous (MBR-G-65 type) or cold insulating mastic (50 mm overlap) or paste over with likalen tape (TU 21-29-88-81) or "Garlen » with ruberoid protection on top.

Carpet blister repair

- clean and dry the swollen areas; cross-cut the swelling of the carpet or cut it out;

- glue a two-layer roofing felt patch.

Elimination of dents of the carpet up to 15 mm deep

- clean the "saucer" zones and stick 2 - 3 layers of roofing material on insulating mastic (overlapping up to 100 mm) "flush" with the existing carpet.

Removal of dents in the carpet with a depth of more than 15 mm

- cut out the entire deformed area;

- repair the cement-sand screed;

- glue 2 - 3 layers of roofing material on insulating mastic (overlap up to 100 mm).

Notes:

- it is forbidden to perform repair waterproofing from pure bitumen (tar);

- it is forbidden to seal the joints of the coating panels with bitumen and cement-sand mortar;

- when laying a rolled carpet, it is imperative to carry out gravel protection.

Repair of a carpet tear at the joint between the panels

- after cleaning the damage zone, stick 2 layers of fiberglass on the Krovelit or Venta mastic or 3 layers of roofing material on hot rubber-bitumen mastic, Garlen tape or likalen with two layers of roofing material on top.

- remove the old roofing carpet measuring 1x1 m around the funnel;

- clean and dry the base under the carpet, perform a leveling with a polymer mortar or cement-sand mortar M200;

- stick around the funnel a layer of fiberglass (fabric) type SS-1, 800 x 800 mm on mastics of the MBR type;

- stick 2 layers of roofing material 1 x 1 m in size flush with the old roofing carpet;

- stick the second layer of fiberglass with an overlap of 100 mm on the old carpet;

- stick two layers of roofing material over the entire plane of the catchment area;

- install the clamping ring and water intake cap;

- fill the ring junction with rubber-bitumen mastic, lay a protective layer of gravel.

ROOFS AND ROOFS OF MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

Roof classification, requirements for them.
Construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete roofs.
Exploited roofs, their design.
Roofing of multi-storey buildings.

In modern capital housing and civil construction, low-slope attic roofs with an internal drain, load-bearing and enclosing structures made of reinforced concrete are mainly used.

The structural element enclosing the building from above is called the roof. Their main types are attic, non-attic, operated roofs, large-span flat and spatial coatings.

Based on the main purpose of roofs - to protect the building from precipitation in the form of rain and snow, as well as from heat loss in winter and overheating in summer, it consists of load-bearing structures that perceive the transmitted loads from overlying elements. cops, and the enclosing part.

The following basic requirements are imposed on roofs. The roof structure must provide for the perception of a constant load (from its own weight), as well as temporary loads (from snow, wind and coatings that arise during the operation of the coating). The enclosing part of the roof (roof), which serves to remove precipitation, must be waterproof, moisture resistant, resistant to aggressive chemicals contained in the atmospheric air and falling in the form of precipitation on the coating, solar radiation and frost, not exposed to warping, cracking and melting. Coating structures must have a degree of durability consistent with the standards and class of the building.

Important requirements for roofs are the cost-effectiveness of their installation and ensuring the expenditure of minimum funds for their operation. Of particular importance is the use of industrial methods in the installation of coatings, which reduces labor costs at the construction site and improves the quality of construction and installation works.

To ensure the removal of precipitation, the coatings are arranged with a slope. The slope depends on the material of the roof, as well as the climatic conditions of the construction area. So, in areas with heavy snowfalls, the slope is determined by the conditions of snow deposition and snow removal; in areas with heavy rains, the slope of the roof should ensure rapid drainage of water; in the southern regions, the slope of the coating, as well as the choice of roofing material, are determined taking into account solar radiation.

Reinforced concrete prefabricated roof structures design with a slope of up to 5%. Three types of roof structures are used: attic, non-attic and exploited.

attic roof - the main option for covering in residential buildings of mass construction with an increased number of storeys.

roofless roof - the main type of coverage in low-rise mass public buildings. A non-attic roof is also used in residential buildings up to four floors high during construction in a temperate climate, as well as on areas of multi-storey buildings that are limited in area: over engine rooms of elevators, over loggias and bay windows, attached shops, lobbies, vestibules, etc. In turn, attic roofs are also used in multi-storey public buildings, when their planning parameters coincide with the parameters of residential buildings, which makes it possible to use the corresponding prefabricated roof products.

exploited roof it is arranged both over attic and non-attic coverings. It can be arranged over the entire building or part of it and used for recreational purposes, both for the population (or employees) in the building, or independently, for example, for setting up an outdoor cafe.

The final choice of a roof drainage system during design is carried out depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and its location in the building. In residential buildings of medium and high-rise buildings, an internal drainage system is accepted, in low-rise buildings - an external organized one, and in low-rise buildings located inside a block - an external unorganized one.

With internal drainage in residential buildings, one water intake funnel per planning section, but at least two per building, is provided. With an external organized drain, the distance between the drainpipes along the facade should be no more than 20 m, and their cross section should be at least 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area.

Waterproofing reinforced concrete roofs are designed depending on the type of roof. For non-attic roofs (with the exception of roofs of a separate structure), multi-layer waterproofing roll coatings are used. Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in one of the following three ways.

The first (traditional) is the installation of a multi-layer rolled carpet, the second is painting with waterproofing mastics (for example, organosilicon), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roof panel, provide the protective functions of the coating, the third is the use of prestressed roof panels molded from high-grade concrete for strength and grades for water resistance, providing waterproofing of the roof. This version of waterproofing is experimental.

According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the physical and technical characteristics of concrete for roofing panels change (Table 1).

Table 1. Minimum allowable values for concrete properties of roof panels

According to the method of removing air from the exhaust ventilation system through the roof structure, roofs with a cold, warm and open attic are distinguished. For each of these structures, any of the above hydro-isolation methods can be applied.

Attic roof structures are used in construction in the following six main options (Fig. 1):

A - with a cold attic and a rolled roof;

B - the same, with a rollless roof;

B - with a warm attic and a rolled roof;

G - the same, with a rollless roof;

D - with an open attic and a rolled roof;

E - the same, with rollless.

Bare roof structures are used in construction in the following five options (Fig. 2):

Zh - separate (with a roofing panel, attic floor, insulation and ventilated space) with a roll-free coating;

And - the same, with a rolled coating;

K - combined single-layer panel structure;

L - combined three-layer panel construction;

M - combined multilayer building production.

When designing, the type of coating structure is chosen in accordance with the purpose of the building, its number of storeys and the climatic conditions of the construction area according to the recommendations of Table. 2.

Table 2. Structures of reinforced concrete roofs and their slopes depending on the type of building and climatic conditions of the construction area

Rice. 1. Schemes of structures of attic roofs: A, B - with a cold attic with a rolled (A) and non-rolled (B) roof; C, D - with a warm attic with a rolled (B) and non-rolled (G) roof; D, E - with an open attic with a rolled (D) and non-rolled (E) roof;

1 - supporting element; 2 - attic floor slab; 3 - insulation; 4 - non-insulated roofing slab; 5 - roll carpet; 6 - drainage tray; 7 - support frame; 8 - protective layer; 9 - vapor barrier layer; 10 - a strip of roofing material; 11 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 12 - roofing plate of a rollless roof; 13 - waterproofing layer of mastic or paint compositions; 14 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 15 - drain funnel; 16 - ventilation unit (mine); 17 - head of the ventilation unit; 18 - lightweight concrete single-layer roofing slab; 19 - machine compartment of the elevator; 20 - lightweight concrete tray slab; 21 - two-layer roofing plate; 22 - non-insulated frieze panel; 23 - insulated frieze panel

Rice. 2. Schematic diagrams of the structures of non-attic reinforced concrete roofs:

Zh - a separate design with a rolled roof;

And - a separate design (with a roll-free roof);

K - combined panel single-layer construction;

L - the same, three-layer;

M - the same, building construction;

1 - attic floor panel;

2 - insulation; 3 - frieze panel;

4 - roofing panel of a rollless roof;

5 - supporting element; 6 - single-layer lightweight concrete roofing panel;

7 - roll carpet; 8 - three-layer roofing panel; 9 - cement screed;

10 - layer ceram-site slope;

11 - a layer of laying roofing material on mastic.

Attic roofs are made up of roofing panels (roofing panels and trays, attic flooring, supporting structures for trays and roofing panels, external frieze elements. The height of the through passage in the attic space should be at least 1.6 m. Local reductions of up to 1.2 m are allowed outside the through passage.

attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic coating, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and frieze panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 1/500 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - at 1/50.

The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the frieze panels of open attics are taken to be significantly larger according to the results of thermal engineering calculations, according to winter and summer operating conditions.

Ventilation ducts cross roofs with a cold attic, which should be taken into account when laying out attic floor panels and roofing.

Roof structures with a warm attic (types C and D) are made up of insulated roof, tray and frieze panels, non-insulated attic floor and supporting structures of roof and tray panels. Since the warm attic serves as an air-collecting chamber of the building's exhaust ventilation system, the ventilation blocks of the lower floors are completed in the attic space with a 0.6 m high head without crossing the roof. Fascia panels are designed deaf (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be solved translucent (for natural lighting of the attic), but not hinged. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is arranged (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.

Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition of structural elements to structures with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, breaking off at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic .

Exhaust air removal along with a common shaft is facilitated by intensive horizontal ventilation through enlarged ventilation openings in the frieze panels.

Roofs with inclined frieze panels and gable-shaped vertical frieze panels, echoing the traditional forms of mansard roofs, became a peculiar architectural variant of the structures of reinforced concrete attic roofs of multi-storey buildings. This option can be applied to both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 10.3). The facade finishing layer of steeply sloped frieze panels can be similar to that used for external walls ( decorative concrete or facing tiles) or made of roofing materials - clay, cement or metal tiles.

The design of a separate non-attic roof (type I) contains the same structural elements as an attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its airspace has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution of supporting structures simplified.

The roof panels of rollless roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate non-attic roofs, are solved in the same way. These are thin-walled (slab thickness 40 mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. The butt edges of the panels and their junctions to the vertical structures crossing the roof (elevator shafts, ventilation units, etc.) are equipped with ribs 100 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.

Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm and a rib height of 350 mm, a width of at least 900 mm.

Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm. For the insulating layer of two-layer panels, lightweight concretes with a density of 800-1200 kg / m 3 of class B 3.5-B7.5 are used, for three-layer panels - effective heaters with a density of less than 300 kg / m 3.

With rollless roofs, insulated roof panels have longitudinal edge ribs for overlapping or flashing mates.

Rice. 3. Attic reinforced concrete roofs:

A - diagrams of a cross-section of roofs with a warm attic with a vertical frieze (a); with a steep frieze (b); B - details of the inclined frieze device; c, d - with a cold attic; d - the same, with heat; 1 - cold frieze panel; 2 - the same, roofing; 3 - jelly concrete beam; 4 - jelly concrete frame; 5 - insulated frieze panel; 6 - the same, roofing; 7 - supporting structure of the frieze panel

Rice. 4. Attic roof construction with a cold attic and a roof made of rolled materials (type A):

A - scheme-plan of the roof; 1 - ventilation unit; 2 - drain funnel; 3 - attic floor panel; 4 - frieze panel; 5 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 6 - insulation; 7 - support frame; 8 - tray panel; 9 - ribbed reinforced concrete roofing panel; 10 - main roof; 11 - additional layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic; 12 - protective apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 13 - mineral wool mats

Fig.5. Knots 2-4 mates of roll roof structures with a cold attic (type A):

A - an option for solving a cornice assembly with a lattice fence; B - the same, with a parapet; 1 - frieze panel; 2 cement-sand mortar; 3 - anchor release; 4 - roofing crutches after 600 mm are shot with dowels; 5 - galvanized roofing steel; 6 - fence post; 7 - additional two layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic; 8 - main roof; 9 - ribbed reinforced concrete roofing panel; 10 - concrete side stone; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized roofing steel; 12 - sliding strip of rolled material; 13 - mineral wool mats; 14 - a strip of rolled material with one-sided gluing to a width of 50 mm; 15 - support frame; 16 - embedded part; 17 - mounting connecting element; 18 - tray panel; 19 - drain funnel; 20 - filling with sealing mastic; 21 - drain pipe of the drain funnel

Atticless combined roofs a single-layer structure is designed as a panel of lightweight concrete or autoclaved cellular concrete (type K construction). Lightweight concrete roofing panels with a density of up to 1200 kg / m 2, cellular concrete - 800 kg / m 2. The panels provide cylindrical ventilation ducts in the subroofing layer. The roof is a four-layer roll, and the first layer of waterproofing is carried out at the factory to avoid wetting the structure during transportation, storage and installation.

Three-layer panels of combined bare roofs (type L) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or are assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed plates and insulation between them.

Combined building-made roofs (type M) are erected by successively laying a vapor barrier layer on the upper floor of the building, filling along the slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer waterproofing rolled carpet. Design M is the most time-consuming and has the worst performance. Its use should be limited as far as possible.

Rice. 6. Rollless roof with a cold attic (type B):

A, B - cross-sectional diagrams of the attic with internal and external drainage; B - prefabricated element of the catchment tray; G - the same, roofing panels for roofs with internal; D - the same, with an external unorganized drainage system; 1 - frieze panel; 2 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 3 - lattice fence of the roof; 4 - frieze panel of the end wall; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - flashing; 7 - drainage tray; 8 - catchment funnel; 9 - support beam; 10 - attic floor; 11 - support column; 12 - supporting element of the tray; 13 - drain hole; 14 - mounting loops

When constructing a roof from a 3-, 4-layer carpet, a set of constructive measures is taken to increase its durability and reliability. Apply a dot (or strip) sticker of the lower layer and armored ruberoid- for the top layer. The dot sticker promotes uniform distribution of water vapor pressure under the carpet, eliminating the formation of blisters and tears; armoring the coating with light-colored gravel increases the light reflection of the roof, reduces its radiation overheating, which prevents aging and leakage of mastic.

The places where the roof mates with protruding vertical structures (parapets, etc.) are isolated by laying a carpet on these surfaces with the protection of its upper edge with water-removing metal or plastic aprons. The transition of the carpet to the vertical plane is designed smoothly with the installation of slopes at the base of the carpet from a monolithic screed or the installation of prefabricated bars of a trapezoidal section.

An additional insurance for the isolation of these places is the mandatory installation of two additional layers of roofing material in the places where the carpet passes to the vertical plane.

Rice. 7. Rollless roof with a cold attic and internal drainage (type B):

A - scheme-plan of the roof; 1 - roofing panel; 2 - drain funnel; 3 - ventilation unit; 4 - attic floor panel; 5 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 6 - tray panel; 7 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 8 - insulation; 9 - reinforced concrete support frame; 10 - cement-sand mortar; 11 - sealant; 12 - head of the ventilation unit

Rice. 8. Nodes of mates of a rollless roof with a cold attic (type B):

A - options for conjugating the roof with the end of the outer wall; B - options for longitudinal joints of roofing panels; B - design options for coupling ventilation shafts with a roof; 1 - outer wall panel; 2 - frieze panel of the end wall; 3 - parapet slab; 4 - apron made of galvanized steel; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 7 - strip of roofing material; 8 - insulation; 9 - attic floor slab; Yu - L-shaped parapet element; I - ventilation shaft; 12 - flashing; 13 - sealant; 14 - cement mortar; 15 - drainage tray; 16 - supporting element of the tray

Rice. 9. Variants of junction nodes for roll-top roof structures with a cold attic (type B):

A, B - options for the design of the roof fencing; C, D, - options for the design of an expansion joint; 1 - roofing panel; 2 - anchor release; 3 - fence post; 4 - U-shaped plate - flashing; 5 - waterproofing with mastic or paint compositions; 6 - cement-sand mortar; 7 - frieze panel; 8 - sealant; 9 - roofing crutches with a step of 600 mm; 10 - galvanized roofing steel; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized steel;

12 - embedded part; 13 - steel connecting element; 14 - tray panel; 15 - drain funnel; 16 - sealing gasket made of porous rubber; 17 - clamping ho-mute of the funnel; 18 - pierced mineral wool mats; 19 - downpipe drain funnel; 20 - insulating bitumen-rubber suit; 21 - hairpin; 22 - metal washer; 23 - steel strip; 24 - compensator made of galvanized roofing steel; 25 - interior panels of the attic.

Rice. 10. Roll-up roof with a warm attic (type B):

A - scheme-plan of the roof, 2 - drain funnel; 3 - supporting element of the frieze panel; 4 - frieze panel; 5 - roofing panel; 6 - tray panel; 7 - support frame; 8 - ventilation pipe; 9 - insulating insert; 10 - main roof; 11 - sliding strip of rolled material; 12 - cement-sand mortar

Rice. 10.11. Joint nodes of roll roof structures with a warm attic (consumer goods B):

A, B - options for the design of the roof fencing; 1 - frieze panel; 2 - warming insert; 3 - anchor release; 4 - roof crutches with a step of 600 mm; 5 - galvanized roofing steel; 6 - stop-ka fences; 7 - three additional layers of rube-roid; 8 - main roof; 9 - concrete side stone; 10 - cement-sand mortar; 11 - protective apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 12 - roofing panel; 13 - sliding strip of rolled material;

14 - support frame; 15 - tray panel; 16 - two additional layers of roofing from mastics reinforced with glass mesh or fiberglass; 17 - filling with bituminous mastic; 18 - a bowl of a drain funnel; 19 - jet straightener; 20 - sleeve made of asbestos-cement pipe d = 150 mm; 21 - rubber gasket; 22 - clamping collar; 23 - downpipe drain funnel; 24 - filling with sealing mastic; 25 - ventilation shaft; 26 - tow soaked in hot bitumen to a depth of 50 mm; 27 - an umbrella made of galvanized roofing steel; 28 - steel pipe with a flange; 29 - attic floor slab

Rice. 12. Rollless roof with a warm attic (type D):

A - scheme-plan, roofs: 1 - two-layer warm non-rolled roofing panel; 2 - exhaust shaft; 3 - protective umbrella; 4 - two-layer tray panel; 5 - frieze panel; 6 - head of the ventilation shaft: 7 - supporting element of the tray panel; 8 - riser of the internal drain; 9 - drainage tray; 10 - three-layer roofing panel; 11 - the same, tray panel; 12 - attic floor panel; 13 - concrete flashing; 14 - sealing mastic; 15 - insulation; 16 - concrete key.

Fig.13. Joint nodes of roll-top roof structures with a warm attic (type G):

1- frieze panel; 2 - gernite; 3 - sealing mastic; 4 - concrete parapet; 5 - insulation; 6 - three-layer roofing panel; 7 - cement-sand mortar; 8 - two-layer roofing panel; 9 - U-shaped concrete flashing; 10 - tray three-layer panel; 11 - tray double-layer panel

Rice. 14. Schemes of plans for non-attic roofs of types "I", "K", "M". Knots of a non-attic ventilated roof of type "I":

a - with internal drainage; b - the same, with an external drainage system; B - parapet nodes of the roof; node I-1a - adjoining the roof and ceiling to the outer load-bearing wall; I-1b - the same, to the outer curtain wall; I-2a - to the brickwork wall; I-2b - to the wall of large blocks; 1 - multi-hollow floor panel; 2 - a layer of cushioning roofing felt on bituminous mastic; 3 - slab insulation; 4 - lime-sand crust; 5 - ventilated air gap; 6 - roofing panel; 7 - three layers of laying roofing material; 8 - a layer of roofing roofing material;

9 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 10 - cement-sand mortar; And - the outer wall of brickwork; 12 - external non-bearing wall; 13 - ventilation air; 14 - concrete parapet slab; 15 - concrete side stone; 16 - two additional layers of roofing material; 17 - protective painting with a waterproofing composition; 18 - mineral wool felt; 19 - lifting loop, bent and welded to the embedded part of the parapet block; 20 - blocks of the outer load-bearing wall; 21 - roofing galvanized steel; 22 - ventilation air grille; 23 - activated wooden cork; 24 - anchor pipe fencing; 25 - fence post; 26 - antiseptic wooden lath 66x80 mm

Rice. 15. Non-attic ventilated roof type "G":

Nodes I-3, I-4 and I-5: 1 - outer wall; 2 - cement-sand mortar; 3 - ventilation air grille; 4 - eaves plate; 5 - roofing crutch; 6 - roofing galvanized steel; 7 - two additional layers of roofing material; 8 - flat asbestos-cement slab; 9 - multi-hollow floor panel; 10 - layer of cushioning roofing material; 11 - slab insulation; 12 - lime-sand crust; 13 - ventilated air gap; 14 - roofing panel; 15 - three layers of cushioning roofing material;

16 - a layer of roofing roofing material; 17 - protective layer of gravel 20 - 25 mm; 18 - brick wall; 19 - mineral wool felt; 20 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 21 - antiseptic wooden cork; 22 - antiseptic wooden board with a section of 120x50 mm; 23 - upper compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 24 - internal transverse walls; 25 - lower compensator made of galvanized steel roofing, adjusted with dowels through 300 mm; 26 - dowels; 27 - parapet slab; 28 - concrete side stone; 29 - protective painting with waterproofing compound

Rice. 16. Non-attic roof made of light-weight concrete panels of type "K":

Nodes K-1, K-2, K-3, K-4 and K-5; 1 - lightweight concrete cover panel; 2 - outer wall; 3 - mineral wool felt; 4 - side concrete stone; 5 - three layers of cushioning roofing material; 6 - a layer of armored ruberoid; 7 - two additional layers of roofing material; 8 - parapet plate; 9 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 10 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 11 - upper compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 12 - antiseptic wooden board; 13 - antiseptic wooden cork; 14 - brick wall; 15 - internal walls; 16 - lower compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 17 - ventilation duct; 18 - roofing crutch; 19 - roofing galvanized steel.

Rice. 10.19. Non-attic non-ventilated roof type M:

nodes M-5a - M-8; 1 - brick wall; 2 - cement-sand mortar; 3 - multi-hollow reinforced concrete panel; 4 - a layer of cushioning roofing material on bituminous mastic; 5 - a layer of expanded clay crushed stone or slag to create a roof slope; 6 - slab insulation; 7 - cement-sand screed; 8 - three layers of cushioning roofing material on bituminous mastic; 9 - layer of armored roofing material; 10 - protective layer of fine gravel 20-25 mm; 11 - mastic waterproofing carpet reinforced with fiberglass;

12 - three additional layers of roofing material; 13 - three additional mastic layers reinforced with two layers of fiberglass; 14 - apron made of galvanized steel roofing; 15 - antiseptic rail along the entire length; 16 - mineral wool felt; 17 - window sill; 18 - antiseptic wooden cork; 19 - mastic; 20 - compensator made of galvanized steel roofing; 21 - antiseptic wooden board 19x150 mm along the entire length; 22 - roofing galvanized steel; 23 - dowels.

Warning: Use of undefined constant callback_thumbing_img - assumed "callback_thumbing_img" (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /var/www/krovgid/data/www/website/wp-content/themes/krovgid/kama_thumbnail.php on line 337

Without a competent organization of the gutter system, a flat roof will quickly require unscheduled repairs. Stagnation of rain and melt water on the surface will gradually wash away the protective outer layer of the coating. As a result, the bare base will begin to rapidly collapse from the zealously attacking sun rays. When frozen, water crystals will easily break the material.

A properly constructed flat roof drain can prevent and prevent negative impacts. The rules and principles for arranging such an important drainage system should be carefully studied by the owner, who cares about the efficient and long service life of suburban property.

The purpose of the construction of a flat roof drainage system is to fully organize the drainage of rain and melt water from a surface that is sensitive to their action. It must operate effectively all year round without the formation of dusty blockages, ice and leaf plugs.

Regardless of the thermometer readings and the amount of precipitation, the drain must accept and promptly transfer the liquid substance to the sewer, to a rainwater collection tank or simply to the ground.

Classification of rainfall systems

In order for water to be transported without interference and obstacles, you should know exactly what type of system to choose for arranging country property:

outdoor disorganized. Assuming spontaneous runoff of atmospheric water. They are used for arranging small outbuildings with a height of no more than two floors.
outdoor organized. Assuming the collection of water using gutters or gutters, coupled with funnels, with subsequent transfer to the drainpipe. The system is laid along the cornice overhangs and the outer side of the load-bearing walls. It is used in the arrangement of residential and non-residential buildings, mostly low-rise, but the scheme is acceptable for organizing runoff from the roofs of houses up to five floors high.
Interior. According to this, water intake is carried out by gutter funnels designed specifically for flat roofs, mounted in the roofing system. Water is drained through risers located inside the treated building.

Outdoor gutter systems work great in the southern regions, where the water in the pipes rarely freezes or does not freeze at all during the entire cold period. For areas of the domestic temperate climatic zone, external drains are recommended exclusively for attic structures.

On roofs without an attic, the snow will melt almost without interruption all winter, because the ceiling is constantly heated by the heat coming from inside. Getting into cold pipelines, melt water will form ice jams.

If a flat roof has an attic, then the snowmelt process can be regulated. By opening the dormer windows, the temperature on the roof can be significantly reduced, due to which the snow will melt much more slowly or completely stop.

In the northern regions, there is a threat of rupture of the coating during a sharp cold snap. A plug may form in the pipes, preventing the flow of water remaining on the roof. The crystallizing liquid significantly increases in volume, which leads to damage to the roof that has absorbed it. Therefore, in the northern and temperate domestic latitudes, only non-residential ones are equipped with external drains, i.e. unheated buildings and buildings with a projected low temperature.

Cold storage facilities, for example, are equipped with a remote reinforced concrete slab with a side and a drain riser. The impressive area of \u200b\u200bsuch a structure helps to equalize the temperatures of the system and the environment, so that ice plugs do not form.

Residential houses with flat roofs, built in the regions of the northern and temperate zones, are equipped with internal-type drains. The construction is more expensive, but works flawlessly all year round. The risers located inside the buildings are constantly heated by internal heat, which prevents the occurrence of ice jams in the pipelines. In the southern latitudes, drains of the outer variety are in the lead.

Structural components of gutters

In the device of gutters of external and internal type there is a lot in common. Each system built for flat roofs includes elements similar in purpose and design, these are:

Drainage funnels and gutters designed to receive wastewater and transfer them to the drainpipe.
Risers, providing at the points of reception the maximum speed of the water flow due to the forces of gravity.
Drainpipes required for the removal of atmospheric precipitation to the unloading facilities.

The main guideline for designing a drainage system is the minimum length of the main line from the points of water intake to the points of discharge of the system. The shortest and cheapest outdoor option includes a riser with a funnel or gutter at the top and a short outlet at the bottom.

The outlet is located at a slight angle at a distance of 20 - 45 cm from the surface above the storm sewer or simply above the blind area protected from erosion. However, insurmountable circumstances often interfere with equipping a house with a drain of such a scheme: lack of a drainage system, weak soils, an old foundation, the proximity of which is undesirable to water.

If it is impossible to lay the smallest highway, they look for other ways to drain water: a ground or underground pipeline leading to the most convenient place of unloading is diverted from the riser.

The pipeline scheme is unconditionally used in the construction of flat roofs with an internal drain, because the system is definitely obliged to transport water outside the building.

The specifics of the slope formation

To stimulate an independent flow of water in the required direction, slopes of 1-2% are formed on flat roofs:

To organize an external type of drain, the entire plane must be inclined towards the installation site of the gutter. Most often this is the back wall of the building.
To organize the flow of water according to the internal scheme, a slope is created to the installation site of the water intake funnel. It is formed according to the envelope principle so that around each water intake point there is a decrease in a radius of 50 cm.

Water intake funnels of internal drainage systems can be installed not only in the central zone of the roof, but also near the outer wall, at a distance of at least 60 cm from it. Therefore, the envelope scheme of the tilt device has quite a lot of different options.

In any case, the inclined plane should be directed towards the water intake. And if several funnels are installed on the roof, a kind of “watershed” should be created between them - a miniature likeness of a mountain range, the slopes of which direct the flow of water in the direction of the nearest funnel.

To solve the problem of forming slopes, there are several proven methods in practice:

Tilt device during construction by setting the ceiling at the required angle.
Backfilling of expanded clay in the form of a wedge-shaped layer, followed by pouring a cement-sand screed.
Organization of the slope by laying wedge-shaped plates of mineral wool insulation.

The slope of large-sized planes is carried out using special, angle-forming metal structures. They are rarely used in private construction.

Rules for the construction of an internal drain

As it should be for any facility under construction, the drainage system of a private house must be calculated and designed in advance. It is necessary to choose in advance the shortest possible route for laying the pipeline and provide for the most convenient place for connecting it to the storm sewer.

The organization of internal drains is subject to a variety of. They are arranged on roofs with and without attics, operated and non-operated category. Taking into account the planning specifics of the house, an independent designer needs to take into account that:

Gutter risers are usually located in the area of stairwells near walls, columns, partitions. Preferably near living quarters for spontaneous heating during cold periods of the year. Embedding risers into walls is strictly prohibited. Can be installed in gates, shafts, boxes. It is recommended to place them in closets or similar auxiliary compartments.
When organizing a drainage system for an unheated building, it is necessary to provide for methods of artificial heating of funnels and risers. To increase the temperature of the external elements of a flat roof, install an electric heating cable or mount risers next to the steam heating.
A flat roof with an attic is best equipped with piping that runs within the attic space. It is carried out in the form of a suspended network. To ensure the flow, the horizontal sections of the pipes of the suspension system are installed at an inclination of 0.005. Those. for each linear meter of the pipe there should be a 5 mm drop in the direction of the spillway.
When laying overhead pipelines, the drainage area in the attic area must be insulated.
If the installation of a suspension system is not possible, an underground pipeline is laid. There are no regulations on the angle of inclination of underground branches. The main thing is to be connected to the storm sewer. True, the underground scheme is much more expensive, much more inconvenient in terms of control and repair work. In addition, its implementation may be hindered by a too powerful foundation.
When designing, bends should be avoided whenever possible.
A riser at a distance of about a meter from the surface of the earth should be equipped with a revision for cleaning.

In fact, a drain from a flat roof should be organized like a standard weir system: with manholes, revisions, etc. In the construction of a suspended drainpipe, ceramic, plastic, cast iron, asbestos-cement pipes are used that can withstand pressure in case of blockages.

For laying underground parts of the pipe from the same materials, but without requirements for hydrostatic conditions. Steel long pipes are used only at production facilities with characteristic manifestations of vibration.

According to technological regulations, one catchment funnel can receive atmospheric runoff from a roof with an area of up to 1200 m², the distance between adjacent water intakes must be at least 60 m. Agree, the indicated scale for low-rise construction is not very typical. In short, there should be at least one funnel on the roof of a small private house.

An increase in the number of water intakes will be required if:

The roof area exceeds the limits specified by GOST.
The house is divided into sections. Then each compartment should be equipped with its own funnel.
Within the same roof structure, there are elements separated by parapets, expansion or expansion joints. Each sector of such a roof should have two water inlets.

Drainage funnels are produced for operated and non-operated flat roofs, for combined structures and systems with attic space. There are models used in the arrangement of concrete floors with bituminous coating and coated wooden counterparts. For all options used in construction, water inlets are made of cast iron, ceramics, galvanized steel, and polymers.

Water inlets are manufactured in a variety of sizes. The standard design consists of the funnel itself with wide sides and a removable cap with holes that provide water flow.

More complex representatives of the class of roof funnels are equipped in addition with an umbrella that protects the drain from clogging, a removable glass and a clamping ring designed to clamp the edges of the soft cover in the device. All models must be serviceable and cleanable.

Regardless of the model of the funnel and the purpose of the building, equal requirements are imposed on all water inlets:

The bowls of the water collectors are rigidly attached to the coverings or load-bearing decks. For fixing, clamps are used in an amount of at least two pieces.
After installation, the funnel must ensure the tightness of the roof at the installation site.
The pipes of the funnels are connected to the risers with the help of compensators, which make it possible to maintain the tightness of the joints during shrinkage of building structures.
Funnels are connected to suspension systems with shaped bends.
The water intake bowl is installed below the level of the finishing roof to eliminate the possibility of stagnant water. Caps of water inlets on non-exploited roofs have a rounded shape in plan, they usually rise above the coating. Funnel caps for serviceable roofs are installed flush with the coating, they are most often square in plan, so that it is easier to lay tiles around the device.

To increase the sealing and reliability in the area of intersection of the funnel roof structure, the use of thermal insulation is allowed. Roofing systems of the usual type are equipped with single-level funnels.

And the roofs constructed with the help of mechanical fasteners are equipped with two-level water inlets that collect water over the waterproofing and over the vapor barrier.

It is customary to equip roof structures with a polymer membrane coating with water inlets with a polymer clamping flange, which is glued or welded to the roof.

The construction of external varieties of drains from a flat roof is carried out in the southern regions. Their installation in residential and office buildings is recommended in areas with low precipitation, the volume of which does not exceed 300 mm per year.

The class of external drainage systems for rain and melt water includes:

Unorganized drains recommended for installation in dry areas. According to this scheme, water is discharged by gravity along the cornice overhangs.
An organized drain recommended for equipping non-residential buildings in the northern and temperate latitudes, residential buildings in the southern regions with little rainfall. The principle of operation consists in the systematic collection of precipitation into an external drain funnel with guide edges adjacent to it or into a gutter, followed by drainage into a storm sewer or into the ground.

An ingenious solution for an outdoor type system was proposed by diligent craftsmen. The idea is to include a sand filter in the water supply network to purify rainwater, which is installed after the water intake.

Containers were installed to unload the drain and receive purified water. This means that the site for connecting the system to the sewer is abolished. An interesting scheme allows you to profitably solve two problems at once: to get water of drinking quality and to protect a flat roof from water stagnation.

An unorganized type of drainage system requires reinforcement of cornice overhangs. They must be upholstered with galvanized roofing steel, and then glued on top with two layers of rolled roofing. Additional layers are laid with an overlap.

Strengthening the overhang of a mastic flat roof is strengthened by analogy. Only instead of glued layers of bitumen or bitumen-polymer material, layers of mastic are applied, alternating them with reinforcing layers of fiberglass or geotextile. The main layer of reinforcement with reinforcement must overlap the edge of the metal upholstery of the eaves.

Fixing the external drain on the eaves of a flat roof is carried out according to the traditional scheme. On sale are a lot of ready-made kits with detailed instructions for assembling systems. First, brackets are attached to the frontal board, into which a chute assembled from plastic or metal modules simply fits.

In a place convenient for further transportation of water, a gutter funnel with a branch pipe is installed, to which the riser is connected. The pipe is fixed on the wall with brackets. The edges of the system are closed with plugs, and completed with the installation of a curly outlet.

Video instructions for installing gutters

The video will acquaint you with the principles of the device of internal drainage systems and the specifics of their installation on a flat roof in detail.

Assembly and installation of an external drainage system:

Flat roof slope device:

Installation of a water intake funnel for an internal drain

Information about the guidelines for choosing the optimal drainage system will help to competently equip the roof with reliable protection against the destructive action of water.

Knowing the technological principles of the device is useful for independent craftsmen and owners of suburban real estate who wish to turn to the services of third-party performers. A well-constructed drain will prevent damage to the coating and destruction of building materials, and will serve for a long time without creating problems.

Categories

Popular