Equipment for the repair of household machines and appliances. Workshop for the repair of household appliances. Repair of satellite equipment
Approved
Decree of the State Standard of Russia
Introduction date 01.01.97
STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
HOUSEHOLD SERVICES
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
ELECTRIC HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
GOST 50938-96
SERVICES.REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIC
APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Foreword
1. Developed and introduced by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 346 "Public Services".
2. Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia of August 22, 1996.
3. Introduced for the first time.
1 area of use
This standard applies to the repair and maintenance of electrical household machines and appliances (hereinafter referred to as the repair of electrical appliances), the maintainability of which is established by the manufacturer in accordance with GOST 23660.
On the basis of this standard, regulatory documents for the repair and maintenance of electrical appliances of a particular type should be developed.
This standard uses references to the following standards:
GOST 12.2.007.1-75 SSBT. Rotating electrical machines. Safety requirements;
GOST 12.2.013.0-91 SSBT. Machines manual electric. General safety requirements and test methods;
GOST 16264.0-85 Electric machines of low power. Engines. General technical conditions;
GOST 16264.1-85 Asynchronous motors. General technical conditions;
GOST 17677-82 Lamps. General technical conditions;
GOST 23660-79 Maintenance and repair system for equipment. Ensuring maintainability in product development;
GOST 26104-89 Electronic measuring instruments. Technical requirements in terms of safety. Test methods;
GOST 27570.0-87 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances. General requirements and test methods;
GOST R 50377-92 Security of information technology equipment, including electrical office equipment;
OK002-93 All-Russian classifier of public services.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:
3.1. Repair - a set of operations to restore the performance of an electrical appliance.
3.2. Maintenance - a set of operations or an operation to maintain the operability or serviceability of an electrical appliance when used for its intended purpose.
3.3. Pre-trade repair - a set of measures to restore the functionality of electrical appliances at the seller.
3.4. Repair during the warranty period established by the manufacturer or the enterprise performing its functions (hereinafter referred to as the manufacturer) is the repair of an electrical appliance within the period established by the manufacturer, during which the repair company fulfills warranty obligations.
3.5. Restorative repair - repair of an electrical appliance that has lost its functionality through no fault of the consumer during the warranty period established by the manufacturer and returned to the seller.
3.6. Repair during the service life - repair of an electrical appliance during the service life specified in the regulatory documentation for the product, or, if it is not specified, within 10 years from the start of operation of the appliance.
3.7. Repair after the expiration of the established service life - repair of an electrical appliance after the expiration of the service life established in the regulatory documentation, or, if it is not established, then after 10 years from the date of sale of the product.
3.8. Accompanying document - a document issued to the customer upon receipt of an electrical appliance from repair.
3.9. Performance indicators - indicators that provide functional and consumer parameters of an electrical appliance.
3.10. Master - executor of the service - a specialist who has professional training and performs a set of operations to restore the operability of an electrical appliance.
4. Classification of electrical appliance repair
4.1. By the time of the repair is divided into:
Pre-sale repair;
Repair during the warranty period of operation established by the manufacturer;
Repair during the warranty period established by the repair company;
Restorative repair;
Repair during the service life;
Repair after the end of the product's service life.
4.2. According to the place of repair, they are divided into:
Repair in the hospital;
Repair at the place of operation of the electrical appliance.
4.3. According to the complexity of the repair is divided into:
Repairs related to the disassembly and replacement of the main assembly units and parts, including the housing, electric motor, etc.;
Repair carried out without disassembly and replacement of the main assembly units.
5. General technical requirements
5.1. Repair of electrical appliances should be carried out in accordance with the current regulatory and technological documents approved in the prescribed manner.
5.2. Pre-sales repairs and repairs during the warranty period established by the manufacturer are carried out according to the manufacturer's documentation for new products.
5.3. Restorative repair, repair during the service life of an electrical appliance and after its expiration should be regulated in the regulatory documents for the repair and maintenance of electrical appliances of a particular type.
5.4. Electrical appliances that have undergone repair and maintenance must comply with the requirements of this standard and regulatory documentation for the repair and maintenance of a particular type of product.
5.5. Regulatory documents for the repair of electrical appliances are international and state standards, industry standards, specifications.
Note. Along with regulatory documents, technological and design documents, repair instructions can be used.
Regulatory and technological documents used in the repair of electrical appliances must contain operational requirements and safety requirements for the life and health of citizens, the safety of their property during the operation of electrical appliances.
6. Safety requirements
6.1. Safety requirements for the organization of repairs
6.1.1. Mandatory conditions for ensuring safety should be:
Documented professional skill level of the performer and his knowledge of safety requirements;
Availability of regulatory documents for repairs, safety instructions approved in the prescribed manner, as well as state labor safety standards (SSBT);
Availability of appropriate certified technological equipment;
Availability of verified or calibrated measuring instruments, certified test instruments that ensure metrological accuracy, measurement reliability, test reliability.
6.1.2. Replaced parts and assembly units, components, as well as industrial auxiliary materials must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory documentation for a particular type of electrical appliance being repaired, must be environmentally friendly, ensure electrical safety, fire safety and heat resistance.
By agreement with the customer, after the expiration of the warranty period of the manufacturer of the electrical appliance, it is allowed to use other materials, parts and assembly units that, in their parameters, correspond to those to be replaced and do not reduce the above requirements.
When repairing electrical appliances, in agreement with the customer, both new parts and assembly units, and restored ones, including electric motors and compressors, can be used in accordance with the current regulatory documentation.
6.1.3. Parts of electrical appliances in contact with food, as well as heat-insulating materials, are selected from among those approved for use by supervisory authorities.
6.1.4. When repairing electrical appliances, one should be guided by the current safety and industrial sanitation rules for enterprises for the repair of electrical household machines and appliances.
6.1.5. The components used for repair, included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification, must be certified.
6.1.6. The repair company should not accept electrical appliances for repair if the customer refuses to eliminate malfunctions, the presence of which leads to a violation of safety requirements.
In case of detection of malfunctions in the process of repairing an electrical appliance related to its safety, the repair company must inform the customer about this and re-issue the order, taking into account the additional amount of work. If the customer refuses additional work in the acceptance document, the mark “electrical appliance is not suitable for operation” is made, confirmed by the signatures of the contractor and the customer.
6.1.7. The workplace of the master - the performer of the service during repairs in the hospital must be equipped with equipment and tools in accordance with the requirements of the technology.
6.1.8. The master-executor of the service performing repairs at home must have a set of tools in accordance with the current documentation.
6.1.9. The list of services for the repair and maintenance of electrical appliances subject to mandatory certification is provided for by OK 002.
6.2. Safety requirements for repaired electrical appliances
6.2.1. Indicators of repaired electrical appliances are divided into:
Ensuring the safety of the operation of electrical appliances;
Operational indicators.
6.2.1.1. The main indicators that ensure the safety of the electrical appliance at the customer, taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.2.007.1, GOST 12.2.013.0, GOST 16264.0, GOST 16264.1, GOST 17677, GOST 26104, GOST 27570.0, GOST R 50377, include:
Protection against electric shock under normal operating conditions;
Starting the device with an electric drive;
Power consumption;
Insulation resistance under normal operating conditions;
The state of the structure;
Internal wiring.
It is not allowed to reduce the safety indicators of repaired electrical appliances (within the limits established by the manufacturer) during the service life and after it.
6.2.1.2. Performance indicators must be indicated in the regulatory documentation for a repaired electrical appliance of a particular type.
It is allowed to deviate the values of operational indicators of repaired electrical appliances during their service life in comparison with those installed on new ones by no more than 20%.
After the service life, the indicators can be set in agreement with the customer when accepting the electrical appliance for repair.
6.2.2. Repaired electrical appliances must function in all modes provided for by the regulatory documentation for a new electrical appliance of a particular type.
6.2.3. Repaired electrical appliances must comply with the safety requirements for their operation, established in the regulatory documentation for a new electrical appliance of a particular type.
6.2.3.1. Protection against electric shock should include:
Providing adequate protection against accidental contact with live parts, and for class 2 appliances, in addition, with basic insulation or metal parts separated from live parts only by basic insulation;
No voltage on plug pins from charged capacitors.
6.2.3.2. Electrical appliances with an electric drive should be started at all possible supply voltages from 0.85 to 1.06 of the nominal voltage value.
6.2.3.3. The power consumption of the electrical appliance at the rated voltage of the power supply network should not exceed 20% of the values specified in the manufacturer's regulatory documentation.
6.2.3.4. The insulation resistance of the electrical appliance in the cold state between the current-carrying parts and the case, when the temperatures of the production room and the surface of the electrical appliance are equal, should not be lower than the value set by the manufacturer.
6.2.3.5. The state of construction and internal wiring of electrical appliances must meet the following requirements:
Protective protective devices, where they are provided for by the design, must be in good order and exclude mechanical danger during the operation of the electrical appliance;
Current-carrying parts of the electrical appliance must be isolated from metal non-current-carrying parts and protected from accidental contact with them;
Installation of electrical wiring must comply with the circuit diagram of a particular type of electrical appliance and ensure reliable electrical contact and mechanical strength of the connections;
Soldering must be clean, soldering points must be painted over and insulated;
Turning on, turning off the electrical appliance should be carried out smoothly, without jerks, jamming, repeated switching on;
The interference suppression device, where it is provided for by the design, must be in good working order and correspond to the type of electrical appliance;
The alarm, where it is provided for by the design, must turn on and off simultaneously with turning on and off the electrical appliance or heating element;
Temperature controllers, defrost and automation devices must ensure reliable maintenance of the specified operating modes of the electrical appliance in accordance with the regulatory documentation for a particular type of electrical appliance;
- thermal switches must ensure that the appliance is turned off in case of violation of the operating mode or its improper operation;
All fastening assembly units and parts must be tightened evenly, without distortions and ensure reliable fastening. All rotating parts must be adjusted, touching the rotating parts with the fixed ones is not allowed;
Rubber seals and locks must provide a secure seal and closure.
6.2.4. The sound level at a distance of 1 m from the electrical appliance (during the service life) should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bspecified in the manufacturer's regulatory documentation by more than 10%, and after service - as agreed with the customer.
6.2.5. The accompanying document issued to the customer when the electrical appliance is put into operation must have a mark confirming the technical acceptance and safety of the electrical appliance.
7. Acceptance rules
7.1. Repaired electrical appliances should be subject to acceptance control.
7.2. Acceptance control of repaired electrical appliances is carried out by the technical control service of the repair enterprise or a person who is entrusted with control functions.
7.3. During acceptance control, the compliance of the repaired electrical appliances with the requirements of the current regulatory documentation is checked, taking into account the list of works agreed with the customer.
7.4. If, during the acceptance control, a discrepancy is established for at least one parameter specified in the regulatory documentation, or an item agreed with the customer, then such electrical appliances must be returned to eliminate the discrepancy (malfunction).
8. Control methods
Repaired electrical appliances should be subjected to control for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation using non-destructive methods and measuring instruments that provide the necessary accuracy and reliability of measurements, as well as external inspection and testing in operation.
9. Transportation and storage
9.1. Transportation of repaired electrical appliances is carried out by the repair company or the customer by covered transport of all types under the conditions of protecting electrical appliances from mechanical damage and precipitation (transportation during the warranty period is carried out at the expense of the repair company free of charge).
9.2. Repaired electrical appliances should be stored in dry rooms at a temperature not lower than plus 5 degrees. C. In the atmosphere of the room, the presence of vapors of acids, alkalis and other harmful substances is not allowed.
Storage conditions must exclude mechanical damage. It is forbidden to install one electrical appliance on top of another. Repaired electrical appliances should be stored separately from those accepted for repair.
10. Guarantees
10.1. The repair company must guarantee the compliance of the repaired electrical appliance with the requirements of the regulatory documentation for a particular type of product.
In the event that the customer refuses to repair in full, proposed by the company, the latter must guarantee that the parameters of the electrical appliance meet the requirements of regulatory documentation only to the extent of the repair performed, which should be noted in the accompanying document for the repair.
10.2. The repair company establishes the warranty period in the regulatory documentation for a particular type of electrical appliance. The warranty period must be at least 6 months.
For electrical appliances discontinued more than 10 years ago, the production of spare parts for which has been discontinued, the warranty period must be at least 3 months.
10.3. For new components installed during the repair of electrical appliances, the warranty period must correspond to the warranty period established by the manufacturer.
10.4. The warranty period for a repaired electrical appliance is calculated from the date of delivery of the repaired electrical appliance to the customer and is considered valid if the customer observes the rules for operating the electrical appliance.
10.5. During the warranty period established by the repair company, the repeated repair of the electrical appliance is carried out at the expense of the repair company, except for the payment by the customer of the cost of assembly units and parts that were not replaced during the previous repair.
10.6. If it is necessary to perform repeated repairs within the warranty period established by the repair company, the latter is extended for the period from the date of contacting the repair company until the date of acceptance of the work (rendering of the service) - issuance of the electrical appliance.
Repair and maintenance of household machines and appliances, clocks, radio-electronic equipment, televisions, tape recorders, music centers, repair and manufacture of metal products, jewelry provide consumers with the opportunity to restore the consumer properties of used products or purchase new products created according to their individual order.
Services are provided in service technical centers and repair shops. Service centers and workshops for the repair and maintenance of household appliances, watches, radio-electronic equipment have premises for receiving visitors, workshops for repair and maintenance, a warehouse for storing repaired products, spare parts and parts, and an administrative building.
Customer service is performed by the receiver, who draws up an application and accepts the product for repair, or operators of the service for receiving applications by phone, via the Internet and by mail.
Repair services are performed by a repairman with a visit to the consumer's home or in a hospital. Consumers can deliver products for repair on their own or use the delivery services of a service center. When products are accepted for repair, malfunctions of the device are recorded, a contract for repair or maintenance is drawn up, and the deadline for fulfilling the order is specified.
If the service is performed at the consumer's home, then the contract and repairs are performed by the repairman. He diagnoses the device, identifies the main malfunctions and their causes. According to the diagnostic results, the type of repair is assigned.
If the repair includes the replacement of faulty parts and assemblies, the restoration of worn parts and assemblies, the components used for replacement must be provided for by the regulatory documentation for the device. Components included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification must be certified.
Technological equipment must be certified, measuring instruments and tools verified or calibrated.
Large service enterprises have several shops (for example, a shop for the repair of household machines and appliances, a shop for the repair of transformers). The workshops have production departments: dismantling and troubleshooting, mechanical repair, winding, drying and impregnation, picking, testing station, as well as separate sections where specific types of work are performed to repair transformers, household machines and appliances, appliances and switching devices. In the dismantling and troubleshooting department, the repaired goods are cleaned of contamination, oil is drained from transformers and oil-filled devices, pre-repair tests are performed, electrical equipment is dismantled, troubleshooting is carried out (the condition and degree of wear of individual parts are determined, as well as the scope of the upcoming repair, a defect list and a repair route map are drawn up , hang marking tags on the parts to be repaired, take measures to preserve serviceable parts of electrical appliances), transfer faulty parts to repair areas, and serviceable parts to the picking or assembly department.
The dismantling and troubleshooting department is equipped with lifting and transport vehicles, testing equipment or stands for pre-repair tests, washing baths, pullers, fixtures and tools for disassembling repaired household machines and appliances.
In the mechanical repair department, they repair and, if necessary, manufacture new parts of household machines and appliances (shafts, collectors, brush mechanisms, plain bearings), remix the cores of the rotors and stators of electrical machines and devices, unload the magnetic cores of transformers. This department is equipped with hoists, metalworking machines, presses, welding machines, tools and special devices.
If it is necessary to perform work on chrome plating and nickel plating of parts, galvanic baths are installed in a separate room.
In addition to the above equipment, the mechanical repair department has locksmith workbenches, racks and cabinets for storing parts and tools. In the winding department, damaged ones are repaired (insulation is restored) and new windings of electrical machines and devices, transformers and coils of electrical devices are manufactured.
The department is equipped with machines for winding and insulating windings and coils, a machine for making wedges, guillotine shears for cutting insulating materials, machines for shrouding rotors and armatures of electrical machines, welding and soldering tools for connecting winding wires, a test facility for step-by-step control of the insulation of produced windings, as well as devices for monitoring the correct connection of winding circuits.
If necessary, install (in a separate room with ventilation devices and fire extinguishing equipment) an oven for annealing wires, a bath for pickling them and a machine for drawing and calibrating wires of the old winding. Drying-impregnating department is used for impregnation and drying of manufactured windings. Its equipment includes impregnating baths, ovens for drying and baking impregnated windings, hoisting and transport vehicles for transporting massive windings and containers for storing impregnating varnishes and solvents in quantities that provide no more than a daily requirement for them. Given the harmfulness of vapors and volatile particles of varnishes and solvents, their high fire and explosion hazard, the premises of this department are provided with exhaust ventilation devices and fire extinguishing equipment.
The assembly department is the place where all repaired, as well as serviceable and some new assembly units and parts of the repaired equipment are delivered. Fully equipped electrical equipment is then transferred to the assembly department. In the assembly department, the general assembly of the repaired equipment is carried out. It is equipped with assembly tools and devices, workbenches and racks, devices for static and dynamic balancing of rotors and armatures of electrical machines, a test bench for performing the entire range of post-repair tests. The test station is located in a separate room and contains high-voltage test electrical installations, stands, various devices and protective equipment. The electrical repair shop includes warehouses for storing the repair stock (individual units and assembly units of electrical equipment: high and low voltage windings of transformers, contact system kits for switches, etc.) and repaired equipment, tool and material storerooms, utility and amenity rooms, as well as other premises, the number and purpose of which are determined in each case by the adopted technology and repair conditions.
The organization of the workplace of a master in the repair of household machines and appliances has its own characteristics.
To perform services for the repair of household machines and appliances, the service company uses the main and additional equipment (machines, mechanisms, installations), technological equipment, fixtures, tools and necessary equipment (setting tables, workbenches, racks, cabinets). When organizing workplaces, service specialists must comply with the requirements of GOST for the creation of healthy and safe working conditions for electricians (lighting, personal protective equipment, primary fire extinguishing equipment, etc.).
Locksmith operations in the repair of household machines and appliances are performed using locksmith, metal-cutting and measuring tools. The set of basic locksmith tools includes hammers, chisels, files, screwdrivers, wrenches, hand saws. Of the metal-cutting tools, drills, countersinks, reamers, taps, and dies are primarily used. Of the measuring instruments, when marking, processing and manufacturing workpieces and parts, calipers, micrometers, gauges, probes, calipers, and inside gauges are used. It is necessary to use diagnostic instruments and devices, stands for determining defects and malfunctions, etc. Repair has different degrees of complexity. The degree of complexity is determined by the need to disassemble and replace the main assembly units and parts, including the housing, electric motor, etc. For example, the repair of household radio-electronic equipment is divided into:
Block method of repair associated with the disassembly and replacement of the main elements of the equipment: a kinescope, a scanning line and other elements;
Repair carried out without disassembly and replacement of the main assembly units.
Repair and maintenance of household appliances is provided by repair technologies that are regulated by regulatory documents (technological maps, specifications, standards, rules and regulations). The customer may refuse the repair in full. In this case, the service organization guarantees the customer the compliance of the device parameters with the requirements of the standard only to the extent of the repair performed. The receiver makes a note about this in the accompanying document for the repair.
Service companies do not accept devices and equipment for repair (including after the expiration of their service life), if the customer refuses to eliminate malfunctions, the presence of which leads to a violation of safety requirements. In the event that faults related to its safety are discovered during the repair process, the service company must inform the customer about this and re-issue the order, taking into account the additional amount of work.
If the customer refuses additional work, a note is made in the acceptance document that the device or apparatus is unsuitable for operation, confirmed by the signatures of the customer and the contractor.
After the repair, the technical control service of the service organization or persons entrusted with control functions carry out quality control of the repaired devices.
Repaired appliances must function in all modes provided for by the regulatory documentation for a new household appliance of a particular type, the deviation of performance indicators of repaired household appliances during their service life should be no more than 20% compared to new ones.
appliances.
After the end of the service life, the indicators can be set in agreement with the customer when receiving household appliances for repair. Repaired devices must comply with safety requirements. Decrease in the safety indicators of repaired household appliances (within the limits established by the manufacturer) during the service life and after its expiration is not allowed. Household radio-electronic equipment that has been repaired must be sealed. When the equipment is put into operation, the accompanying document issued to the customer is marked with a mark confirming the technical acceptance and safety of the equipment. When issuing repaired radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances, an employee of a service company inspects the equipment and demonstrates its operation. Turning on, turning off or switching household radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances should be easy, smooth, without delays and repeated switching on. Radio-electronic equipment powered by the electrical network must be checked for the required value of electrical insulation resistance. After the repair, the customer is issued an accompanying document describing the repair and the repaired device. Service companies providing repair and maintenance services provide guarantees that the repaired device meets the requirements of the standard. When accepting household appliances and machines from repair, the customer has the right to check the compliance of the work performed with the list of defects specified in the order. On the accompanying document issued to the customer when the device is put into operation, a mark is placed confirming the technical acceptance and safety of the device. For repaired household machines and appliances, warranty periods are established:
6 months - when performing repair work related to the first group of complexity;
12 months - when performing repair work related to the second group of complexity.
For devices discontinued more than 10 years ago, the production of spare parts for which has been discontinued, the warranty period is set at least 3 months. Warranty periods are established for repaired radio-electronic equipment
When carrying out repairs in a hospital: for color TVs, VCRs and equipment of the highest complexity group
At least 3 months, for the rest of the equipment - at least 4 months;
When carrying out repairs at the place of operation: for color TVs, video recorders and equipment of the highest complexity group - at least 1 month, for other equipment - at least 2 months.
For new components installed during the repair of household appliances and machines, the warranty period must correspond to the warranty period established by the manufacturer (seller). The warranty period is calculated from the date of acceptance of the work (provision of services) - the issuance of repaired household appliances or radio-electronic equipment to the customer and is considered valid if the customer observes the operating rules.
During the warranty period established by the service organization, repeated repairs of household appliances and radio electronic equipment are carried out at the expense of the service organization, except for the payment by the customer of the cost of assembly units and parts that were not replaced during the previous repair.
When performing repeated repairs within the warranty period established by the service organization, the last warranty period is extended for the period from the date of contacting the service organization until the date of acceptance of the work (rendering of the service) - issuance of household appliances or radio electronic equipment.
The customer, at his request, is provided with services for the transportation of repaired household machines and appliances. Transportation of household machines and appliances is carried out in a vertical position in a closed vehicle, which ensures the safety of appliances from mechanical damage and precipitation.
Storage of repaired and accepted for repair household appliances is carried out separately in a warehouse in dry rooms at a temperature of at least 5 ° C, without the presence of acid, alkali and other harmful substances in the atmosphere. The most convenient placement of devices on the racks. Storage conditions must exclude mechanical damage.
Jewelry repair ensures the restoration of the design and consumer properties of jewelry.
Services for the repair and manufacture of jewelry are provided to consumers at stores selling jewelry or in jewelry workshops. The direct executor of repair and manufacturing services is the master jeweler.
When repairing or making jewelry, measuring, cutting tools, tools for bending and straightening (pliers, vise), tools for soldering, polishing and grinding, seaming and crimping metal are used. Acceptance of products for repair is carried out by an inspector who has a specialized education as a master jeweler. Upon acceptance, he examines the product, determines the materials of manufacture, defects and draws up a contract (receipt, other document) for the performance of work, which describes the work (with a sketch signed by the consumer) and precious
stones indicating the shape, size, weight, color, defects.
In the case of acceptance for repair or manufacture of jewelry made of precious metals belonging to the consumer, the contractor shall determine the sample of precious metals on touchstones using reagents manufactured by state inspections of assay supervision.
Jewelry made from precious metals must comply with the samples established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, and be branded in the prescribed manner with the state assay mark by state inspections of assay supervision.
In the manufacture of jewelry from precious metals, the performer must have a personal name, the imprint of which is placed on the manufactured products. Furniture manufacturing and repair provides consumers with the opportunity to restore old, used furniture or purchase custom-made furniture products. In addition, furniture workshops offer services for the manufacture and repair of baguette frames and wooden cornices, shields and solutions.
current for masking heating devices, etc. Furniture in the process of use is subjected to mechanical and physico-chemical influences, which reduce the strength of the structure, causing the destruction of furniture elements (legs, legs, armrests), etc. Over time, dents appear on the front surfaces,
ly, bullying, flakes, facing, decorative elements, finishing coatings are destroyed. In addition, the aesthetic properties of furniture are subject to obsolescence.
State budgetary professional educational institution
Arzamas Commercial Technical College
V.V. Fedoseev
SET OF TASKS
ON TRAINING PRACTICE
machines and devices
for students of the specialty
13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance of electrical
and electromechanical equipment (by industry)
Arzamas
Approved by the methodological association of electrical disciplines
Minutes No. 2017
Fedoseev V.V.
A set of training tasks for educational practice (as part of PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines and appliances) for students of the specialty 13.02.11 - Arzamas: GBPOU AKTT, 2017. - 58p.
A set of training tasks (exercises) on educational practice provides for training tasks covering the main applied aspects of performing service maintenance of household machines and appliances
The methodological manual is intended for students in the specialty 13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry)
© Arzamas Commercial and Technical
college, 2017
| Introduction | |
| List of training tasks (exercises) for educational practice | |
| Safety briefing. Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters. | |
| Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons. | |
| Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners. | |
| Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters | |
| Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer. | |
| Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines | |
| Applications |
INTRODUCTION
The educational practice is aimed at developing practical professional skills among students, acquiring initial practical experience, implemented within the framework of the module PM.02 Performing service maintenance of household machines and appliances by type of professional activity for mastering general and professional competencies in their chosen specialty.
Requirements for the results of mastering educational practice:
As a result of passing the educational practice by types of professional activity, the student should be able to:
| Skill Requirements |
|
| PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines and devices | organize maintenance and repair of household machines and appliances; evaluate the efficiency of household machines and appliances; efficient use of materials and equipment; use the main equipment, fixtures and tools for the repair of household machines and appliances; calculate electric heating equipment; Perform adjustment and testing of electrical appliances. |
Number of weeks(hours) for the development of the program of educational practice:
Just 1 week, __ 36 __ hours,
As part of the development PM.02 Maintenance of household machines and appliances
_ 1 _ a week, __ 36 __ hours
The result of the practice program is:
development general competencies(OK):
| Name of the practice result |
|
| Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it |
|
| Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality |
|
| Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them |
|
| Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development |
|
| Use information and communication technologies in professional activities |
|
| Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers |
|
| Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), the result of completing tasks |
|
| Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan advanced training |
|
| Navigate in the face of frequent technology changes in professional activities |
|
| Perform military duty, including with the application of acquired professional knowledge (for young men) |
professional competencies(PC):
| professional activities | Name of results practices |
|
| PM.02 Service maintenance of household machines | Organize and carry out work on the operation, maintenance and repair of household appliances. |
|
| Carry out diagnostics and control of the technical condition of household appliances. |
||
| Predict failures, determine resources, detect defects in electrical appliances. |
SCROLL
ASSIGNMENTS FOR LEARNING PRACTICE
PM 02 ____________________________________________________________________________
professional module name)
Speciality 13.02.11 Technical operation and maintenance
electrical and electromechanical equipment (by industry)
code, name
Course 4, group 13-20 EREO
| №Topics, name of the program topic | Types of work (exercises) | Elapsed time, hour |
||
| PM.02 Performing maintenance on household machines | ||||
| Types of jobs: Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters; Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons; Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters; Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer; Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines. | ||||
| Topic 02.1 electrical appliances | ||||
| Topic 02.1.1 Safety briefing. Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters. | ||||
| Safety briefing. General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters. | ||||
| Topic 02.1.2 Repair and maintenance of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons. | ||||
| General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons; Repair and maintenance of small electrical appliances | ||||
| Topic 02.2 | ||||
| Topic 02.2.1 Repair and maintenance of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners. | ||||
| General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; Repair and maintenance of large electrical appliances | ||||
| Topic 02.2.2 Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters | ||||
| General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters; Repair and maintenance of large electrical appliances | ||||
| Topic 02.3 Repair and maintenance of electrical tool | ||||
| Topic 02.3.1 Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer. | ||||
| General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer. | ||||
| Topic 02.3.2 Repair and maintenance of electric saws and cutting machines. | ||||
| General provisions. Purpose, device, principle of operation of a power tool; Repair and maintenance of power tools | ||||
Head of educational practice
Teacher V.V. Fedoseev
Head master
A.A. Zabavin
"____" ___________20__
Topic 02.1.1 Safety briefing.
Repair and maintenance of electric hair dryers, desktop
fans, coffee makers, toasters.
Purpose of the lesson: gain practical skills in troubleshooting electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers,
toasters.
Security: Set of training fans, toasters,
hair dryers, coffee makers, ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with tips.
Qualifications
Students must
know:
possible malfunctions of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;
brands of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;
be able to:
find malfunctions of electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;
troubleshoot electric hair dryers, table fans, coffee makers, toasters;
At the lesson of industrial training it is forbidden:
Turn on electrical appliances
without teacher permission
Perform switching in the circuit and its disassembly with the appliance turned on.
Leave the switched on electrical appliance unattended.
Use non-standard and faulty tools when assembling and disassembling electrical appliances
Before switching on for the first time, you must make sure that the equipment is grounded and reliable.
Repair and maintenance of small
electrical appliances
hair dryer- an electrical device (Blowdryer or Hair dryer) that produces a directed stream of heated air. The most important feature of the hair dryer is the ability to deliver heat precisely to a given area. The origin of the word "foehn" is associated with the German brand Fön, registered in 1908 by the electrical equipment manufacturer AEG, and referring to the warm Alpine wind föhn
A hair dryer is usually made in the form of a piece of pipe, inside of which a fan and an electric heater are located. Often the body of the hair dryer is equipped with a pistol grip.
The fan draws air through one of the pipe sections, the air flow passes the electric heater, heats up and leaves the pipe through the opposite section. Various nozzles can be installed on the outlet section of the hair dryer pipe, changing the configuration of the air flow. The inlet section is usually covered with a grate in order to prevent large objects, such as fingers, from getting inside the hair dryer body.
A number of models of hair dryers allow you to adjust the temperature and air flow rate at the outlet. Temperature control is achieved either by connecting a different number of heaters in parallel, or by using an adjustable thermostat, or by changing the flow rate.
There are two main types of hair dryers - hair dryer and hair dryer and technical hair dryer. The principle of their operation is the same, the difference is only in the temperature and air flow rate at the outlet of the device.
Dryer for hair drying and styling
Hair dryer and hair dryer delivers a stream of air with a temperature of about 60 ° C and high speed. They try to put protection against overheating in the hair dryer in order to avoid damaging the hair with hot air. Modern hair dryers also have an air ionization function, designed to first remove static charge, as well as promising smooth and silky hair.
Fan - a device for moving gas with a compression ratio of less than 1.15 (or a pressure difference at the outlet and inlet of not more than 15 kPa, with a larger pressure difference, a compressor is used).
Main application: systems of forced supply and exhaust and local ventilation of buildings and premises, blowing of heating and cooling elements in heating and air conditioning devices, as well as blowing of cooling radiators of various devices.
Fans are usually used both for moving air - for ventilation of rooms, cooling of equipment, air supply to the combustion process (blowers and smoke exhausters). Powerful axial fans can be used as propellers, since the ejected air, according to Newton's third law, creates a counterforce acting on the rotor.
Separate methods of organized ventilation of enclosed spaces were used in antiquity. Ventilation of premises until the beginning of the 19th century, as a rule, was reduced to natural ventilation. The theory of natural air movement in channels and pipes was created by M. V. Lomonosov. In 1795, V. X. Fribe for the first time outlined the basic provisions that determine the intensity of air exchange in a heated room through the leaks of external fences, doorways and windows, thus laying the foundation for the doctrine of the neutral zone.
At the beginning of the 19th century, ventilation with thermal stimulation of the supply and exhaust air from the premises was developed. Domestic scientists noted the imperfection of this kind of motivation and the high heat consumption associated with it. Academician E. X. Land pointed out that complete ventilation can only be achieved mechanically.
With the advent of centrifugal fans, room ventilation technology is rapidly improving. The first successfully operating centrifugal fan was proposed in 1832 by A. A. Sablukov. In 1835, this fan was used to ventilate the Chagirsky mine in Altai. Sablukov also proposed it for ventilation of rooms, ship holds, to speed up drying, evaporation, and so on. The widespread use of ventilation with mechanical induction of air movement began at the end of the 19th century.
Fan types
In the general case, a fan is a rotor on which blades are fixed in a certain way, which, when the rotor rotates, collide with air and throw it away. The direction in which air is thrown depends on the position and shape of the blades. There are several main types of fan design used to move air:
axial (axial)
centrifugal (radial)
diametrical (tangential)
bladeless (fundamentally new type).
Design
The fan drive is usually electric. Electric fans consist of a set of rotating blades that are housed in a protective casing that allows air to pass through. The blades are rotated by an electric motor. For large industrial fans, three-phase asynchronous motors are used. Smaller fans are often driven by a shaded pole AC motor, brushed or brushless DC motors. Fans driven by AC motors usually use mains voltage. DC motor driven fans use low voltage, typically 24V, 12V or 5V. Cooling fans for computer equipment use exclusively brushless DC motors, which produce much less electromagnetic interference during operation. In machines that already have an engine, the fan is often connected directly to it - this can be seen in automobiles, large cooling systems and winnowing machines. Also, fans are mounted on the shafts of many electric motors with a power of 1 kW or more, pulling cooling air through the motor windings - this is called self-ventilation of the electric motor. To prevent vibration propagation along the duct, the fans are equipped with fabric compensators or flexible connectors.
Coffee maker- a device for preparing coffee without the need to boil water in a separate container. Of the incompletely automated coffee makers, 5 main types are on sale:
drip
Horn
Geyser
Capsule
Pods
A coffee maker that extracts ground coffee beans through a filter using the free flow hot water method. Although there are different types of coffee makers using different principles, the most common type of device is one in which the ground beans are placed on a paper or metal filter inside a funnel that is located above the glass or ceramic container for the finished coffee. Cold water, poured into a special container, is heated to a boil and sent to the funnel. This method is called drip.
Brewing through a metal filter is called the "Indian way".
The method of brewing through a paper filter was invented by the smart German housewife Mellitta - a paper filter allows you to rid your coffee drink of "heavy", unhealthy coffee alkaloids, such as coffeestol and coffeeol.
Both methods allow you to get a drink in which the flavors of the grain are very well revealed. These methods are the most popular in the world, simplifying the preparation of a refined coffee drink, unlike espresso machines, which require special blends of Arabica and cheaper robusta roasted in a special way.
At the moment, many make equipment of this type, but the Smith family manufactory from Holland has especially distinguished itself on this front. Jerrar K. Smith's company has been operating in the filter coffee machine market since 1964 and since then its products have been considered an icon of style and taste.
electric toaster has been used for a long time, however, no matter how complex modern models are, the principles of operation remain the same. With all the extra "services," we need a device that will give us an evenly toasted slice of bread.
Pressing the slider handle lowers the toast holders, which activates a latch that holds the holders in the down position. The same action simultaneously turns on the heating elements that toast the bread. On some toasters, turning or moving the toasting intensity control turns on a thermal switch or thermal switch that automatically releases the latch, and the spring-loaded toast holders jump up.
In fully electronic models, this process is controlled by an electrical circuit assembled on a separate circuit board - this module controls the electromagnetic latch.
The grids that enclose the edges of the toast slot converge slightly inward by means of springs when the toast holder is lowered. This creates light pressure on the slice, preventing it from deforming while frying, and ensures even frying on both sides.
Lifting the handle lever pushes the holders high enough above the top of the toaster to make it easy to pick up cooked toast.
Browning control
Conventional thermal switches are made using a bimetal plate that flexes when heated and mechanically releases the latch.
Rice. Toaster controls
The browning adjustment determines how far the bimetal plate must bend to release the latch - the farther, the longer the bread will toast. Electronic control circuits, often used in modern models, work more accurately. After a set period of time, an electronically controlled release coil either releases the mechanical latch or cuts power to the electromagnetic latch. The electromagnetic latch only works when the toaster is on.
Heating mode
Reheats cold toast. Pressing the button for this mode automatically reduces the operating time of the device and prevents the toast from burning.
Defrost mode
In fact, this is the reverse mode of the heating mode. In this case, the appliance adds time for the frozen bread to melt.
Operating procedure
Exercise 1.
2. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the fan and diagnose its condition.
3.
4. Assemble the fan and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
5.
Task 2.
Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of coffee makers.
2.
Malfunction "PARTICLES OF COFFEE IN THE JUG"
Malfunction "LEAKING COFFEE"
Malfunction "LEAKAGE OF WATER"
Fault "SLOW AND SPLASH"
Malfunction "DOES NOT PASS WATER"
Malfunction "COFFEE MAKER DOES NOT WORK AT ALL"
3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the coffee maker and diagnose its condition.
4.
5. Assemble the coffee maker and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
6. Submit a progress report
Task 3
Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of toaster parts.
2. Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems
Toast is toasted on one side Toaster does not turn on Interference in the lifting mechanism
3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the toaster and diagnose its condition.
4. Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, electric motor.
5. Assemble the toaster and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
6. Submit a progress report
Task 4
TEST QUESTIONS:
What malfunctions of coffee makers do you know?
How to troubleshoot a coffee leak?
What fan failures do you know?
How to fix the problem - the fan is noisy?
What malfunctions of toasters do you know?
Literature:
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON
Topic 02.1.2 Repair and maintenance of electric kettles,
blenders, mixers, steam irons
Purpose of the lesson: get practical skills in finding and troubleshooting electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons.
Security: A set of training steam irons, electric kettles, blenders, mixers; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules
Qualifications
Students must
know:
possible malfunctions of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;
brands of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;
be able to:
find malfunctions of electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;
troubleshoot electric kettles, blenders, mixers, steam irons;
Repair and maintenance of small
electrical appliances
Iron- an element of household appliances for smoothing out wrinkles and wrinkles on clothes. The process of smoothing is called ironing or ironing.
The iron was invented a very long time ago. In the 4th century BC, in ancient Greece, methods were invented for pleating clothes from linen using a hot metal rod that resembled a rolling pin. In ancient times, slightly processed heated cobblestones were used to smooth clothes. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, irons were metal structures of a shape close to modern. Irons were heated on gas or in an oven.
In Russia, before the introduction of irons during the Time of Troubles, Poles and Lithuanians did not iron their clothes. Shirts and ports made of natural linen fabric, after washing and drying, needed to be kneaded well to give softness and hairiness. This was done in an original way. The linen was wound on a rolling pin, after which it was carefully rolled several times with a “rubel” - a long wooden plate with ribs on the bottom surface and a handle at the end. The rubel rolled the rolling pin with a characteristic thud, while its ribs kneaded the fibers of the fabric. This device was also called "rebrak", "rolling out", "pryalnik" and the like. It existed in Russian villages in some regions until the end of the 20th century.
There were also "woofs" - glass balls filled with hot water, metal mugs. By the middle of the 18th century, an iron with burning coals inside appeared. The most common were heating irons - they were placed in the oven and heated. Alcohol irons were much more expensive - in the 19th century they gave a small flock of sheep for it. Lightweight electric iron appeared in 1903 thanks to the inventor Earl Richardson.
Steam iron cleaning
It happens that the internal cavities of even the most expensive iron with a steam function can become covered with scale. This usually happens quite quickly if tap water is poured into the tank. As a result, lumps of lime “fall out” from the holes on the sole and stain clean linen.
To avoid such cases, you need to remove the scale in the iron and continue to use only soft water, then cleaning will have to be done much less frequently.
To clean your iron, simply use one of the methods below.
1. Cleaning the iron with citric acid
Use the iron cleaning function (special button on the body), which is available in many modern models. If this button is not available, use the "steam" function (maximum handle position). You should act like this:
fill the tank with a mixture of water with citric acid completely dissolved in it. Proportion - 1/4 tbsp. tablespoons of citric acid in a glass of clean water (about 150-200 mg). With severe contamination, the dose of acid can be increased;
connect the iron and let it turn off automatically;
turn it off, let it cool down a bit and repeat the procedure;
place a basin or other container under the soleplate of the iron and turn on the self-cleaning or steam function;
The fumes will remove scale from the iron. Shake the sole over the vessel to help the lime come out of the inner cavity of the product;
after cleaning the iron, wipe its soleplate from dirt residues.
Note. For the best effect, you should press the "steam" button as often as possible until water starts to drip from the iron (not having time to evaporate). In this case, not only the internal holes are cleaned, but also the removal of all exfoliated dirt.
2. Cleaning the iron with a special tool
Use a special descaling agent, which you can buy at the hardware store. Dilute it in water and follow the instructions. An industrial cleaner is often used like this:
pour the solution into the switched off iron;
turn it on and set the steam mode until foam starts to stand out from the holes on the sole;
turn off the iron and put it on a terry towel for half an hour;
repeat the procedure and wash (steam) the internal cavity of the product several times with clean water;
the sole is wiped with a damp cloth and allowed to dry.
3. Cleaning the iron with vinegar
Try to clean the iron from scale using folk methods. To do this, take a frying pan in which the product will fit. Dilute water with vinegar, in the proportion of 1 liter per 200 g, respectively, and pour the mixture into the pan. Next you need:
put the iron in the liquid so that it covers the soleplate by 1.5 cm. The internal vaporization cavity should be filled, but take care of the rubber and electrical parts of the case from vinegar;
you can put the back of the iron on the edge of the pan or put coins (or other metal coasters) under it;
put the pan on low heat and “boil” the iron for 10 minutes;
remove loose scale with a cleaning function or steam;
Steam the tank with clean water and dry the iron for several hours before using it again.
There is an opinion that pouring distilled water into the iron is not worth it - steam will form badly. In professional studios, they usually make a mixture of tap and distilled water in a ratio of 1: 2.
Electric kettle. Despite the reliability of many models and manufacturers, the service life of electric kettles, like other electrical appliances, is limited.
Principle of operation looks like this: after connecting the plug to the power source, the current passes through the wire to the contacts of the stand, on which all kettles are installed when water is heated.
At the base of the kettle itself there are special contacts that are connected together with the contacts located on the stand - in this way the circuit is closed and the heating element is heated. The electricity then passes through a thermal switch, a device that allows the kettle to turn off when it reaches a certain temperature (usually the boiling point). Also in the standard circuit there is a thermal protection switch, which is always on and is activated only if the user turns on an empty kettle. From the marked switches, electricity passes directly to the electric heating element (also called the heating element).
Consider separately the operation of some of its circuits and sections.
Inside the round grooves of the kettle stand, you can find an electrical contact, located on a small spring. It is through this contact that the voltage from the common network is supplied to the electric kettle itself. In the center of the stand there is another contact, which, when in contact with the electric kettle, grounds its case. In fact, this contact does not play any role and is intended only to protect the user in case of violation of the integrity of the insulation.
The power cord that goes to the stand of the electric kettle, inside this stand, branches into three wires, to which the terminals are connected. One wire is for grounding, the other two wires go to concentric copper rings that are used to transfer electricity from the stand to the kettle itself. Further, electricity from copper rings goes directly to the heating element, which is installed at the base of the kettle body. As a result of the closure of the circuit, the water is heated.
overheat protection Heating elements have high power and get very hot during operation, therefore, a special protection system is additionally installed in each electric kettle. The basis of this system is bimetallic plates, which, when heated to a certain temperature, unbend and open the circuit, thereby preventing further overheating of the kettle.
Automatic shutdown Almost all modern electric kettles have a special system that provides for turning off the heating element from voltage when the water reaches the boiling point. The principle of operation of such an automatic machine is simple - when heated, steam is supplied through a special channel to a bimetallic plate, which in turn is connected to a switch. When the kettle boils and at an increased intensity of steam pressure, the bimetallic plate heats up and presses on the fish
Blenders and mixers- these are the most versatile household appliances on the desktops of every housewife. Such devices are designed to make life easier, save time and products. Blenders and mixers are multifunctional. They are equipped with a variety of attachments: whisks, spatulas and many other accessories.
Blenders are divided according to the type of construction into submersible and stationary devices. The first type includes the grinding function at the same time (often referred to as a rod grinder), and its design includes both a steel nozzle with knives and a handle with a control panel. Stationary devices structurally consist of a cup (1.5 - 2 liters), which is equipped with insert knives, as well as a base, which is located under the bowl and has a motor and control panel.
Mixers exist stationary and manual. Manual ones are compact and simple in design, while stationary ones are larger in size, and their design requires a larger bowl and a special stand.
Causes of malfunction of blenders and mixers
The main causes of breakdowns in the operation of blenders and mixers are improper use and storage of devices, improper care of parts and, over time, the deterioration of their appearance and functionality. Since the care of the blender and mixer is quite important, after each use the device should be cleaned, washed with water and wiped dry. A typical violation of the operation of the blender is idling. Among the common faults, one can distinguish such as: external damage to containers and nozzles, which may occur as a result of negligent use, such as bumps and falls. Damage to the nozzles leads to a decrease in the speed of the device. Vibration and improper load distribution. In many cases, the repair of household appliances is carried out only in the replacement of defective parts.
Operating procedure
Exercise 1.
Using the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of steam irons.
2. Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems
IRON STAIN Fault
Malfunction "CHALK SPOTS ON THE FABRIC"
Malfunction "WATER OUT OF THE IRON"
Fault "SPRAYER NOT WORKING"
Fault "IRON OVERHEATS"
Fault "NO STEAM"
3. Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric iron and diagnose its condition.
4. Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.
5. Assemble the electric iron and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
6. Submit a progress report
Task 2.
Describe how to troubleshoot the following problems
Kettle stopped heating water
The kettle stopped heating water and the indicator does not show that the kettle is on.
Switch or overheating protection does not work.
2. .
3. . Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.
4. .
5. Submit a progress report
Task 3.
According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of the electric kettle
Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric kettle and diagnose its condition.
Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, heating element.
Assemble the electric kettle and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
Submit a progress report
Task 4
Using the figure below, describe the purpose of the parts of the blender and mixer.
Task 5
Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the blender; to diagnose the state of the device.
Task 6
Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the mixer; to diagnose the state of the device.
Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, mode switch, operating elements.
Assemble the electrical appliance and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
Task 7
Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)
TEST QUESTIONS:
What malfunctions of steam irons do you know?
How to troubleshoot a steam iron - stains after ironing?
Name the typical malfunctions of electric kettles
What are some common blender problems?
What malfunctions of mixers do you know?
Literature:
EAT. Sokolov Electrical and electromechanical equipment: General industrial mechanisms and household appliances: Textbook for students. medium institutions. Prof. education. - M.: Mastery, 2009.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON
Topic 02.2.1 Repair and maintenance of washing machines,
dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
Purpose of the lesson: get practical skills in finding and troubleshooting washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners.
Security: A set of training washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules
Qualifications
Students must
know:
possible malfunctions of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
brands of washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
be able to:
Troubleshoot washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
troubleshoot washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners
Washing machines
By type of working body machines are divided into: activator and drum. Drum washing machines have become more widespread due to the ease of automation, more gentle washing, saving water and detergent compared to activator ones; however, they are more complex and less reliable. Automatic washing machines are mostly drum type.
Activator machines, in turn, are divided into machines with a side activator ("Baby") and machines with a lower activator ("Mini-Vyatka", "Fey-2", "Fey-2M", "Oka-50", "Oka -51", "Baby-425M", "Swan", "Dawn").
By degree of automation: automatic and semi-automatic.
Semi-automatic washing machines have only a timer to set the washing time, automatic ones have program control. Automatic washing machines can have varying degrees of automation: from simply performing a wash according to a given program, to automatically estimating the amount of water, detergent, temperature, and spin speed.
By download method: vertical and frontal.
Activator machines are usually vertically loaded. Drums are both top-loading and front-loading. A front-loading machine usually has a transparent hatch to control the wash.
Loaded by weight dry laundry.
By Application: household and industrial (for laundries).
By installation method: wall and floor
Most of the volume of the machine is occupied by a tank. The tank prevents the uncontrolled spreading of water or cleaning solution during the operation of the machine. Water is supplied to the tank through the filling hole and is pumped out of the tank using a pump. The tank is fixed in the body of the machine with the help of springs and shock absorbers. A drum rotates inside the tank on bearings.
Washing is provided by the rotation of the drum and the mutual impact of the loaded things. Spinning is done, also during rotation, by increasing the speed and discharging water by centrifugal force. The axis of the drum is most often horizontal. Since the drum is usually loaded unevenly, strong vibration occurs when it is rotated at high speed. Therefore, the tank with the drum is not fixed inside the machine rigidly, but with the help of a spring suspension. An electric motor is also fixed on the same suspension. The motor rotates the drum either directly or through a belt drive. The side surface of the drum contains a large number of holes for free inflow and outflow of water and ribs to increase the washing intensity.
The drums of front-loading machines are axisymmetric, so they have less vibration during the spin cycle. The drums of top-loading machines in the area of the doors are heavier than in other places, many manufacturers do not balance this difference in weight, which is why they have increased vibration during the spin cycle, which leads to premature wear of the drum bearings. In machines with vertical loading without a door closer to the hatch, you have to bring the drum to the hatch by rotating it with your hands, while due to the sharp edges of the holes on the drum, some manufacturers scratch the pads of a person’s fingers like a grater.
For loading and unloading things in the drum there is a hole with a diameter of about 30 cm. For machines with vertical loading, the hole is located on the cylindrical surface of the drum and is closed with a lid with a locking device. For front-loading machines, the hole is located at the base of the cylinder, and opposite it is a complex rubber cuff that does not allow water to flow out of the tank. Both types of machines have a door that closes access to the tank while the machine is running. For security reasons, this door is blocked by a special locking device or thermal lock.
There is a special tray on the machine body ( cuvette) for detergent. From cuvettes the detergent is washed off inside the machine with water specially supplied for this purpose.
For automatic operation of the machine, it also contains a heating element, a temperature sensor (main and emergency), a water level sensor, a water drain pump, a water supply valve and a geometry and real math module
The following are common malfunctions of automatic washing machines, possible causes. Sometimes the cause of the malfunction lies in a completely different part of the washing machine. But for possible reasons, you can decide in which area to look for a malfunction.
Table - the main malfunctions of washing machines
| Malfunction | Probable Cause |
| Washing machine does not work after being turned on | There is no voltage at the mains socket. Mains plug damaged. The connecting cord is broken. The laundry loading hatch is not closed. The power switch is defective. Break in the power circuit. The electrical filter is defective. The pressure switch is defective. Malfunction of electronic modules. |
| Engine not running | There is a break in the connecting circuit. The drum motor has failed. The temperature control sensor is defective. |
|
| There is a break in the connecting circuit of the motor. Engine commutator brushes are worn out. The engine is worn out. The motor control board is faulty. |
|
| The belt tension is loose. The drive belt has broken or fallen off. Pulley fastening broken. |
|
| There is a break in the connecting circuit of the machine. The motor control board is faulty. The electronic module is defective. |
|
| The tachometer is defective or its fastening is loose. There is an open in the tachometer circuit. The tachometer is not powered, there is no voltage in the circuit. The electronic module is defective. The drive belt is not properly tensioned. No spin mode active The "spin off" switch is defective. |
| The washing temperature is not observed. | The temperature sensor is defective. Washing temperature control does not work. There is a break in the connecting circuit of the heating element. TEN burned out The electronic module is defective. |
| No water enters the tank. | The water inlet valve filter is clogged. Break in the valve circuit. The pressure switch is defective. There is an open in the connecting circuit of the drain pump (pump). The drain pump (pump) is defective. Electronic module defective. |
| Too much water enters the tank | The water inlet valve is defective. The pressure switch is defective. Clogged pressure switch pipe. |
| Washing machine does not drain water | The sewer is clogged. Clogged filter or drain pump (pump). The drain pump circuit is open or defective. The electronic module is defective. |
| O command loop setup | The electronic module is defective. An open in the control circuit of the device or it is faulty. |
| When the drum rotates, a strong | The bearings have failed. The damper has failed. Shock absorber is loose. The counterweight is loose. Engine mount is loose. |
| Water leak | The tightness of parts and connections is broken. |
| Hatch won't open | The sunroof lock is defective. The sunroof handle is defective. Break in the sunroof lock circuit. The electronic module is defective. |
| Dryer fan motor does not work | Drying timer contacts are not closed. Fan motor defective. There is a break in the connecting circuit. Thermostat contacts oxidized or burnt. |
| Hot air does not flow when the fan is running | Drying duct clogged. The drying heating element is defective. |
| Loud noise is heard during drying | The fan impeller is damaged. Loose fan belt tension. |
| The air is not heated | An open in the temperature sensor circuit. The temperature switch sensor is defective. The thermal fuse has failed. Drying heater defective. |
dishwashercar- electromechanical installation for automatic washing crockery. It is used both in catering establishments and at home. The dishwasher is connected to electricity, plumbing and sewers.
Principle washing is as follows.
Training. Dishes are placed in baskets and trays designed for different types of dishes. The washing program is selected. It is loaded into special containers ( powdered or tableted) detergent, or a concentrated washing liquid designed specifically for dishwashers.
Soak. As with hand washing, soaking is good for removing dried-on or burnt-on food fragments. Dishes are sprayed with cold water with (or without) a small amount of detergent and left for a while. Subsequently, when washing, soaked residues are removed much easier.
Washing. The process proceeds as follows: water of the required temperature (depending on the selected washing program) with a detergent under pressure is sprayed in thin streams by rotating sprayers onto the dishes both from below and, depending on the model, and from above, washing away food residues and fat.
Rinsing. At the end of the washing procedure, there are several rinsing cycles with clean water with the addition of rinse aid, thanks to which, after drying, there are no traces of dried water drops on the dishes.
Drying. Then, if the machine has a drying function, the dishes are dried. This happens either with the help of a stream of hot air (less common), or by the method of moisture condensation. The last method is implemented as follows. During the last rinse of the dishes, the water (and, as a result, the dishes themselves) is heated. Then the water is removed, and the cooling walls of the machine condense on their inner surfaces the moisture evaporating from the hot dishes. The latter flows down the walls into a common drain.
The machine requires a connection to the mains, designed for a power of about 2.3 kilowatts.
The main malfunctions of dishwashers
Presence of food debris. Only dishes with very small particles of food are allowed to be loaded into the machine. If this is not observed, the filters will become clogged, which will cause a possible breakdown.
There is no food. A common cause of non-working equipment is a failed outlet.
Poor quality detergents. As a rule, brands such as Bosch, Indesit and Ariston recommend certain detergents that do not harm the car. If you get a cheaper option, you will have to spend money on repairing equipment.
Incorrect operation. This may include general issues - loose closing of the door, improper positioning of dishes, loading items that are prohibited for washing in the dishwasher, etc.
Household vacuum cleaners designed to collect waste in small areas. Continuous work should be no more than 30-40 minutes a day. If the operating time of this cleaning tool is increased, then it will quickly exhaust its resource and fail. The power of household vacuum cleaners does not exceed 2000 watts. At the same time, the rotation speed of the turbine can be from 18,000 to 22,000 rpm. Household vacuum cleaners are small, compact and ergonomic, so they take up little space. The capacity of the hopper with a filter of a household vacuum cleaner is usually 3-5 liters. Subject to the necessary operating conditions, the service life can be from 3 to 5 years, but a lot depends on the manufacturer and the specifics of its use. Of course, there is a big difference in cleaning ordinary household dust or, say, cement dust, construction waste or wood or metal filings.
Table - The main malfunctions of vacuum cleaners:
| Malfunction | |
| The electric motor of the vacuum cleaner is out of order: The main signs are that the vacuum cleaner does not turn on, or, during operation, a specific noise or even a whistle is heard. There may be smoke when the vacuum cleaner is running. | -turbine overload- a fairly common occurrence. It is known that the electric motor overheats during prolonged and continuous operation. When overheated, the properties of the materials that make up the vacuum turbine naturally change, as a result of which the motor goes out of working condition. Turbine overload can also occur if the bag (dust collector) of the vacuum cleaner is full, the main filter is clogged, or foreign objects that interfere with normal suction have got into the vacuum cleaner hose. It is recommended to clean the bag and filter from dust and dirt as often as possible. -moisture ingress into the motor (motor) of the vacuum cleaner. Of course, moisture adversely affects the electric motor of the vacuum cleaner. The turbine is made of metal. Typically, these metals (or alloys) are not intended to be protected from corrosion. Rust and oxides can damage a turbine very quickly. In addition, at high humidity, small and even large dust particles form on the turbine blades. Over time, these particles accumulate in such an amount that it makes it difficult for the turbine to work, because the speed of rotation of the blades can reach 24,000 rpm. At this speed, even extra milligrams can lead to imbalance in work. |
| Circuit breaker failure | Use in the production of low-quality materials Vacuum cleaner switch is constantly subjected to mechanical stress, as a result of which the main contact group wears out. Small short circuits occur, leading to sparks, as a result of which the contacts burn out, which in turn leads to the inoperability of the switch as a whole. Also, the switch may stop working due to surges or voltage drops in the mains, operation in a humid environment, overheating, or simply mechanical damage. It should be noted that if the switch fails, the motor fails after it. Therefore, you should take the necessary measures to repair the circuit breaker to prevent this from happening. |
| Throws (jumps) of voltage in the mains | While the vacuum cleaner is running, sometimes it is enough to turn on the hair dryer or washing machine so that a sufficiently strong voltage surge occurs in the network. Often, such a throw is enough for the engine to burn out completely. Sometimes, during a power surge, the winding of the electric motor of the vacuum cleaner turbine burns out partially, and the vacuum cleaner can continue to work, and you will not notice any changes in the operation of the vacuum cleaner. But, if the voltage surges continue, then the burning will continue. The turbine will eventually burn out anyway. |
| Lack of voltage in the network | This happens when the power grid is overloaded and the vacuum cleaner motor simply may not have enough starting current. Or, it will be enough, but the vacuum cleaner still works in the “electric starvation” mode. This will cause abnormal working conditions for the vacuum cleaner. Under such conditions vacuum turbine will soon cease to function. The low voltage mode is just as detrimental to the vacuum cleaner as constant surges in the mains. |
Operating procedure
Exercise 1.
Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the vacuum cleaner and diagnose its condition.
Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord. switch, electric motor.
Assemble the vacuum cleaner and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
Submit a progress report
Task 2
Engine not running
After turning on the washing machine, the motor hums but does not rotate the drum.
The drum does not rotate although the motor is running.
Drum motor only rotates in one direction (no reversing)
During washing, the engine rotates only at increased or only at reduced speeds, or there is no spin.
Task 3
Describe how to troubleshoot a dishwasher:
Dishwasher won't drain water
Stopping a command loop
When the drum rotates, there is a lot of noise and vibration
Water leak
Task 4
Describe the procedure for troubleshooting the vacuum cleaner:
Circuit breaker failure
Failure of the electric motor.
Task 4
Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)
TEST QUESTIONS:
What washing machine problems do you know?
What malfunctions of dishwashers do you know?
List the typical malfunctions of household vacuum cleaners
Literature:
EAT. Sokolov Electrical and electromechanical equipment: General industrial mechanisms and household appliances: Textbook for students. medium institutions. Prof. education. - M.: Mastery, 2009.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON
Topic 02.22. Repair and maintenance of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
Purpose of the lesson: gain practical skills in finding and troubleshooting electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
Security: Set of educational electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters, ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with lugs
Qualifications
Students must
know:
possible malfunctions of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
brands of electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
be able to:
Troubleshoot electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
troubleshoot electric stoves, microwave ovens, room heaters
Electric stove
Among their wide range, it is customary to distinguish the following types of electric stoves:
Classic. All devices of this type are equipped with a cast-iron heating element. The passage of current through a helical conductor with good resistance leads to the release of heat. Their main advantage is low cost, and among the disadvantages are prolonged heating and high power consumption;
Induction. Their use is not complete without special metal utensils. The principle of operation is the passage of induced eddy currents that create a magnetic field that heats the dishes. The advantages of induction cookers include: fast heating, accurate temperature control and low power consumption. However, they all have a great cost;
Glass-ceramic. This highly demanded type of electric stove can be equipped with both spiral and tape heating elements. The device with a glass-ceramic surface has a sufficiently high thermal conductivity, which contributes to the rapid heating of dishes. Its main disadvantages are the use of dishes with a perfectly flat bottom and a high price;
Halogen. Similar to glass-ceramic, halogen stoves heat up quickly. But their high price and high potential for surface damage make them less desirable.
The main element that all types of electric stoves for the kitchen have is the burner. Today there are 4 types of burners:
rapid (a heating element in the form of a spiral provides heating of the burner in 10-12 seconds);
halogen (using a halogen lamp allows you to warm up the burner in a few seconds);
tape (tape heating element with a heating rate of 5 to 7 seconds);
induction (have the function of instant heating with the ability to adjust the power).
All current types of electric stoves provide for the presence of an oven in them. Ovens with a grill, a spit, a steam function and automatic program selection are very popular. Moreover, there are ovens with self-cleaning modes, which greatly simplifies their care.
Causes of breakdown of electric stoves
Violations of the rules for the operation of plates most often cause breakdowns in electrical engineering, and not the expiration date of parts. One of the most common malfunctions in electric stoves is the burnout of the electric heating element. The reason for the breakdown is often the failure to follow the basic rules for using the stove. In the process of cooking, sometimes cookware is placed on the electric burners, which has either an uneven bottom or a bottom of a much smaller diameter than the heating element itself. In no case should this be done, because due to the strong difference in area, the heat of the electric heating element is not spent on heating the dishes, but on the air. Some people, due to inattention and careless attitude to the stove, left it on without any utensils, not even realizing that in this case the difference in areas is maximum, which means that the harm caused to the stove is huge .. One of the main rules for operating electric stoves is that it is necessary to use cookware that has a flat bottom with a diameter equal to or slightly larger than the diameter of the electric burner.
A short circuit between the device body and the heating element or output contact pin, poor contact between the output pin and the end of the heating element attached to it, are also often found among breakdowns of electric stoves. This can happen if too heavy objects are placed or thrown on the electric burners, because the surface is deformed; the uneven bottom of the dishes will only increase the detrimental effect on the heating elements.
Malfunction of the connecting cord and plug is not uncommon as a result of careless handling. The wire most often fails at the point where it connects to the plug, since stove owners often bend it in this area.
Another common mistake is that when unplugging the plug from the socket, people grab the cord instead of the plug block, as a result of which the electrical connection of the wire to the contact pins of the plug is broken.
microwaves divided into two types according to the type of control.
The first - microwave ovens with electromechanical control, the second - with an electronic control unit. Electromechanical control is used, as a rule, in economy class models, since the principle of its operation is quite simple. Accordingly, the probability of malfunctions is also much lower.
The first common malfunction is that the microwave oven does not turn on. The reason for this may be the failure of the control board, as well as the breakdown of the microswitches. In addition, a fuse or transformer may blow. In extreme cases, there is a break in the electrical circuit of the microwave oven.
The second failure - the microwave does not heat. The reason for this is very often a breakdown of the magnetron or damage to the power supply.
The third malfunction is the microwave oven sparks. This again may be due to damage to the magnetron or a defect in the mica plate.
Fourth, the tray (plate) does not rotate in the microwave oven. The cause of this failure may be damage to the motor or a break in the control circuit.
Electric heaters or heaters, are often used in addition to the main heating system, giving flexibility during those times of the year when the main heating may not be enough. Such heaters are also used to provide comfortable conditions in rooms without central heating, such as a workshop.
There are three types of room electric heaters: radiation (or beam) type, convection and fan. They share common properties and may have similar problems.
Radiation heaters
Basic radiant heaters - usually electric fireplaces - generate heat from an electric current flowing through a high-resistance conductor. With this resistance, the current red-hot the exposed wire. In some electric fireplaces, the wire is wound around a ceramic tube. In another version, the wire is located in a heat-resistant quartz glass tube, which begins to glow when heated. Such devices are commonly referred to as infrared heaters.
Rice. one Radiation heater, device
| 1. Reflector | 6. Power switch |
| 2. Heating element | 7. Terminal block |
| 3. Heating element holder | 8. earth terminal |
| 4. Element fastening nut | 9. Cord clamp |
| 5. Power cable | 10. Safety grill |
In most radiant heaters, the heat output is controlled by various combinations of available heating elements. A polished metal surface installed behind the heating elements reflects heat towards the room. A wire grill covering the front of the appliance prevents contact with a heat source.
Convection heaters
In a convection heater, the heating elements are located inside the metal casing of the device and are visible only through the ventilation holes on the top and bottom of the device.
Rice. 3 convection heater
There are no moving elements or reflectors to distribute heat. Instead, the heated air rises by natural convection and exits through the top vents. The air that is sucked into the bottom vents, in turn, is also heated and rises, thereby creating air circulation throughout the room. This is a very efficient system that provides a good level of overall comfort.
Rice. four Convection heater, device
| 1. Upper ventilation grill | 7. Cord |
| 2. thermal protection | 8. Terminal block |
| 3. Indicator | 9. Heating element switches |
| 4. | 10. Bottom ventilation grill |
| 5. Thermostat | 11. |
| 6 Ground terminal |
Convection heaters can be equipped with open (spiral) heating elements on mica or ceramic holders. Modern heaters are likely to have zigzag wire elements on heat-resistant holders.
Along with conventional switches, most convection heaters have power switches that connect different combinations of heating elements. The adjustable thermostat allows you to maintain the selected temperature. Overheating protection is provided by an overcurrent thermal switch.
Fan heaters
Fan heaters (called air heaters, heat guns, fan heaters, etc.) are the most common heating devices. Although they are small in size, they can heat large volumes of air relatively quickly, making them very useful as complementary heating devices.
Rice. 5 fan heater
The air sucked into the heater by the fan passes by a spiral or zigzag element - similar to elements in convection heaters. Switches or a circular switch allow you to use a different number of elements, which regulates the amount of heat. Most models also have a cold airflow function. Most heaters have a thermostat and thermal protection.
Rice. 6 Fan heater, device
| 1. Zigzag heating element | 6. Thermostat |
| 2. Air intake grille | 7. Cord |
| 3. Impeller | 8. Switch |
| 4. electric motor | 9. Thermal protection |
| 5. Temperature control knob | 10. Air outlet |
Typical types of malfunctions of electric heaters
The temperature is not regulated.
1. The thermostat is set to the maximum temperature. By setting the thermostat knob to the maximum, achieve comfortable conditions in the room, then turn the thermostat knob towards a lower temperature until it clicks and turns off the fan. After that, your heater will turn on and off to maintain the set temperature.
2. The thermostat is set to the minimum temperature. At the same time, many heaters do not turn on due to the fact that the temperature is higher than the thermostat setting. This does not mean breakage. To do this, turn the knob slightly in the direction of increasing the temperature.
3. Faulty thermostat. With this defect, the thermostat will not turn on or turn off the heating. To check the thermostat, unplug the heater from the mains, disassemble it and find the thermostat. Remove one tip with wire from one contact of the thermostat. Touching the probes of the tester, and turning the thermostat knob. Start from the minimum position, gradually turn the knob until you hear a click. In this case, the tester should show the circuit is closed. If, during such a test, the tester shows a constantly closed circuit or an open circuit, then the thermostat is faulty and needs to be replaced. If it is defective, then remove the handle from it. Loosen the fixing screws to remove the thermostat. Pull it out and put back the same new one.
In a fan heater, the thermostat is checked in the same way, but it is advisable to remove it for verification. To do this, disassemble the case, set the thermostat knob to the minimum temperature and remove the knob from it. Remove the thermostat from the appliance so that you can remove the wires from it. Carry out the same test as described above.
If the overheating protection in the heater is faulty, it will not disconnect the device from the mains when it is heated to a critical high temperature and it will overheat. Thermal protection is mostly carried out together with the heating element, so often such a replacement is unprofitable. Such a malfunction may occur as the failure to turn on some of the heating elements of the heater in such heaters, the switch is made with a multi-contact and its connection diagram is more complex. To check it, use the tester, having previously sketched and disconnected the wires with lugs from it.
For simpler radiant heaters, the heating element is connected to the network immediately after the device is connected to the network. The second element is put into operation with a simple switch. Checking and replacing such a switch is not difficult. If the test shows that it is working, then the heating element may not be working.
The heating element does not heat up
1. The thermostat is set to the minimum temperature.
2. The overheating protection has tripped. Wait until the appliance has cooled down to check. It should turn on by itself. Some thermal fuses need to be turned on manually. This should be described in the service book of the heater.
The protection may also work because the convection openings of the heater are blocked by a foreign object (for example, dust, fluff, etc.).
3. Faulty heating element.
To check the serviceability of the heating element of the heater, disassemble it, remove the protective grill covering the heater. Loosen the fixing nuts at both ends of the heating rods and pull them out of their holders. Lay the heating element on the table and attach the tester probes to the contacts of the element. If the multimeter does not show the presence of a circuit, then the heater is unusable and a good one must be installed. Heating elements of other types of heaters are checked in a similar way.
4. Bad contact.
Disassemble the heater housing and carefully inspect all contact connections. If there are contacts that turn blue from overheating, then be sure to replace or tighten them.
Broken tips may occur. All this often happens as a result of a careless attitude to a household appliance.
The heater heats up, but there is no airflow
This fault applies to fan and convection heaters.
1. Fan openings are blocked.
Make sure that there is nothing in the path of the heated air exiting the heater body. It can be dust, fluff, etc.
2. The fan does not rotate.
This can be caused by the impeller turning slowly or something preventing it from turning. To check, disconnect the heater from the mains, disassemble its housing and remove the impeller from the axis of the electric motor. Remove any accumulated dust, dirt from the motor bearing area. I recommend immediately lubricating the bearing with oil while the impeller is removed. This will extend the life of the bearing. Lubricate the other motor bearing as well.
3. Faulty motor.
Check the motor for proper operation. To do this, check the electrical resistance of its winding with a multimeter. If the windings do not ring, then it has a break in the windings and it needs to be replaced or rewound.
4. Poor electrical contact in the motor circuit.
5. Faulty switch.
Heater not working at all
1. No power supply. Check with a voltmeter for voltage at the mains socket. It is possible that the circuit breaker on the shield turned off or the plugs burned out.
2. The heater is not plugged in. Check if the plug is well inserted into the socket and if it is inserted at all.
3. Plug fuse blown. If the plug has a fuse, disassemble it and check the fuse with a tester.
4. Plug connected incorrectly.
5. Break in the power cord.
6. Faulty heating elements.
7. Faulty switch.
8. Faulty thermostat. See check above.
9. The overheating protection has tripped.
10. Poor contact in the wiring of the heater.
Noise during fan heater operation
1. Dust and fluff has accumulated in the fan. Clean the fan from contamination.
2. The motor bearings are not lubricated. Dismantle the heater, lubricate all bearings with a small amount of oil. If the noise does not go away, then the bearings need to be replaced.
Rules for the safe operation of electric heaters:
Do not use room heaters to dry or air out clothes. In no case do not block the ventilation openings.
Do not restrict air access to fan or convection heaters.
Do not place heaters too close to furniture. Do not allow curtains to accidentally cover ventilation openings.
Make sure all grills, covers and panels are in place and in good condition before connecting the plug to the outlet.
In no case do not leave the heater on unattended if children can access it or the elderly may fall on it.
Check the condition of the cord regularly. Do not let it come into contact with the protective grate of the electric fireplace or the fan openings of the convection and fan heater.
If your heater has a cord stored in a compact state, be sure to completely unwind it before turning it on.
In no case do not use portable heaters in bathrooms or showers.
Do not use portable heaters outdoors.
Be sure to unplug the heater before cleaning or troubleshooting.
Please note that the heating elements remain hot for some time after the appliance is switched off. Give them sufficient time before cleaning or maintaining the appliance.
Make sure the plug is connected correctly and the fuse rating is correct.
After repair or maintenance, it is important to return all parts and wires to their original position. When disassembling, mark the position of each part.
If the device is grounded, it must be checked with a tester. Many fan heaters are double insulated. If in doubt, consult the service.
Before resuming operation, check the device: insert its plug into a protected circuit | RCD, and then turn on. If the RCD works, contact a specialist to check the device.
Operating procedure
Exercise 1.
Under the supervision of a teacher, disassemble the electric stove and diagnose its condition.
Use a tester to check the serviceability of the cord, switch
Assemble the tile and, under the supervision of a teacher, check its functioning under voltage.
Submit a progress report
Task 2
Describe the procedure for troubleshooting the washing machine:
Engine not running
After turning on the washing machine, the motor hums but does not rotate the drum.
The drum does not rotate although the motor is running.
Drum motor only rotates in one direction (no reversing)
During washing, the engine rotates only at increased or only at reduced speeds, or there is no spin.
Task 3
Describe how to troubleshoot a fan heater
fan does not rotate
faulty thermostat
Task 4
Describe the troubleshooting procedure. Tray not rotating in microwave
Task 4
Find and fix malfunctions of household appliances (optional)
Task 5
According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of the radiant electric heater
Task 6
According to the figure below, describe the name and purpose of the parts of a convection electric heater
TEST QUESTIONS:
What malfunctions of electric stoves do you know?
What malfunctions of microwave ovens do you know?
List the typical malfunctions of room heaters.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LESSON
Topic 02.3.1 Repair and maintenance of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer
Purpose of the lesson: get a practical skill in finding and troubleshooting an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric planer.
Security: A set of training electric drills, electric jigsaws, electric planes; ohmmeters, tool kits, connecting wires with ferrules
Qualifications
Students must
know:
possible malfunctions of the jigsaw, electric planer;
brands of electric jigsaw, electric planer
be able to:
look for malfunctions of the jigsaw, electric planer;
troubleshoot electric jigsaw, electric planer.
The electric drill is one of the most common tools
Schematic diagram of an electric drill.
Design features of the drill
Any electric drill consists of a housing in which the electrical and mechanical parts are located, and a chuck in which the drill is mounted on the main shaft of the drill.
The electrical part usually contains:
electric motor;
contact brushes fixed in the brush holder;
start button (switch);
engine speed controller;
reverse device;
starting capacitor;
power cord (cable).
In turn, a two-phase AC motor consists of a stator and a rotor (armature) with a collector.
The mechanical part includes a gearbox and a bearing system. The gearbox transmits the rotation of the electric motor to the drill shaft, reducing the rotation speed. A more complex mechanical part in an impact drill (hammer drill). The perforator gearbox provides shock-translational and rotational movement to the drill (drill). In addition to the gear, its design includes pistons (percussion and flying), a ram and a striker.
Types of malfunctions of the electrical and mechanical parts of the drill
A malfunction of the electrical part manifests itself in the form of a lack of rotation of the engine, i.e. when there are no signs of turning on the engine (humming, vibration, etc.). If the impact drill does not turn on, and the chuck is easily turned by hand, then we can safely talk about a malfunction of the electrical part. The same can be said if there is no speed control or rotation reverse. The expected malfunction in the electrical part is indicated by sparking during the operation of the drill. Temporary interruptions in the operation of the drill, extraneous noise can also indicate an electrical circuit.
Most often, a malfunction in the electrical part is due to wear of the contact brushes. If they are worn down by 40%, then sparking and malfunctions may occur. With more wear on the brushes, the motor simply does not turn on. The procedure for determining the culprit of a malfunction in the electrical part is recommended as follows (as far as available). First, the tester determines the integrity of the cord (cable). Then the operation of the start button (switch) and the integrity of the starting capacitor are checked.
A clear sign of a malfunction in the mechanical part is the jamming of the drill shaft. If the cartridge cannot be scrolled by hand, and at the same time the buzz of the electric motor is heard when turned on, then the reason lies in the breakdown of the gearbox or bearing. The most common cause of failure in the mechanical part is the destruction of the support bearings. Damage to the gearbox can also occur when the cartridge is turned by hand and the electric motor is running, and rotation is not transmitted to the main shaft.
A malfunction in the mechanical part can cause periodic malfunctions (temporary stop) of the drill, buzzing, grinding and insufficient shaft speed. In rock drills, a mechanical failure can remove the percussive movement of the drill.
Finally, a malfunction may appear in the drill chuck. So, it may be difficult to remove the drill when the cams are not divorced due to a breakdown in the engagement inside the chuck. Sometimes a malfunction manifests itself in the form of scrolling the cartridge relative to the drill shaft. In this case, a malfunction occurred in the area where the chuck was attached to the shaft.
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Lab No. 1 « Roasters, grills, shish kebabs»
construction repair maintenance household
The purpose of the work: To study the design and principle of operation of roasters, grills, kebabs.
Progress:
Roster- household electrical appliance, which is a compact oven.
Some models can combine the functions of a toaster, air grill, microwave oven. In the roaster you can cook hot toasts and sandwiches, meat, fish, bake bread or pies. By execution it can be horizontal and vertical. In vertical models of roasters, thanks to special devices, you can cook grilled chicken, kebabs and various types of meat for shawarma. The roaster is suitable for small kitchens, as well as for families who are forced to rent housing. Due to its compact size, it can be taken to the country, where it will quickly help to prepare food. When choosing a roaster, it is required, first of all, to determine the volume and dimensions of this electrical appliance, as well as the necessary set of functions.
Device: Usually, the roaster has two heating elements, in most models - quartz: top and bottom, cooking mode dishes determined by their combination. The cooking temperature is regulated by a thermostat, from 60 (languishing, warming up) to 240-280 (baking) degrees C. Cooking time helps to control the timer: its value can be set from 15 minutes in simple models, up to 100-120 - in multifunctional ones. Usually, after the set time has elapsed, the device will automatically turn off and an audible signal will sound.
Grill - installation (portable or stationary) for cooking on coals, heat. The grill function can be built into a gas stove, microwave oven. There are several varieties of grills; most of them fall into one of three categories: gas, electric and charcoal. There is a lot of discussion about using coal or gas as a cooking method. Electric grills have also recently become popular. There are two main types of modern charcoal grills: with a lid and without a lid. Unlike analogues without a lid, grills with a lid are more multifunctional devices. Thanks to the closed lid, three cooking methods can be used in the grill: direct, indirect and 50/50.
barbecue . The heating elements are regulated by a step switch, providing separate regulation, which saves energy. Structurally, it can be: horizontal and vertical. vertical made in the form cylinder and is equipped with a minimum of five stainless steel skewers. In the upper part of such a device there is a flame chamber, in the lower part there is a drive for rotating skewers. At the bottom there is also a special bowl where fat and juice from meat flows. The strong casing promotes uniform heating of meat and protects from a heat. The principle of operation of the horizontal is identical.
Lab No. 2 "Microwave - ovens, microwaves"
The purpose of the work: To study the design and principle of operation of the microwave ovens, microwaves. Progress
Microwave oven or microwave oven (obsolete emphasis microwave; popular name microwave oven) is an electrical appliance that uses the phenomenon of heating water-containing substances with electromagnetic radiation of the decimeter range (usually with a frequency of 2450 MHz) and is designed for quick cooking, heating or defrosting food, at home or on production.
In industry, these ovens are used for drying, thawing, melting plastics, heating adhesives, firing ceramics, etc. In some industrial ovens, the radiation frequency can change (the so-called English variable frequency microwave, VFM).
Unlike classical ovens (for example, an oven or a Russian oven), food is heated in a microwave oven not only from the surface of the heated body, but also through its volume containing polar molecules (for example, water), since radio waves of a given frequency penetrate and are absorbed by food at a depth of approximately 2.5 cm. This reduces the heating time of food.
How it works: The heating in the furnace is based on the principle of the so-called "dipole shift". Molecular dipole shift under the action of an electric field occurs in materials containing polar molecules. The energy of electromagnetic field oscillations leads to a constant shift of the molecules, lining them up according to the field lines of force, which is called the dipole moment. And since the field is variable, the molecules periodically change direction. When moving, the molecules “swing”, collide, hit each other, transferring energy to neighboring molecules in this material. Since the temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the movement of atoms or molecules in the material, this mixing of molecules, by definition, increases the temperature of the material. Thus, the dipole shift is a mechanism for converting the energy of electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy of the material.
Heating in a microwave oven as a result of a dipole shift under the action of an alternating electric field depends on the characteristics of the molecules and the intermolecular interaction in the medium. For better heating, the frequency of the alternating electric field must be set in such a way that the molecules have time to completely rearrange themselves in a half-cycle. Since water is contained in almost all products, the frequency of the microwave emitter of a microwave oven was chosen for the best heating of water molecules in a liquid state, while ice, fat and sugar heat up much worse.
There is a common misconception that a microwave oven heats food from the inside out. In fact, microwaves go from outside to inside, linger in the outer layers of food, therefore heating a uniformly moist product occurs approximately in the same way as in an oven (to make sure of this, it is enough to heat boiled potatoes “in uniform”, where a thin peel protects enough dry product). The misconception is caused by the fact that microwaves do not affect dry, non-conductive materials that are usually found on the surface of products, and therefore their heating in some cases begins deeper than with other heating methods (bread products, for example, are heated precisely “from the inside”, and for this reason - bread and rolls have a dried crust on the outside, and most of the moisture is concentrated inside).
The main components of a magnetron microwave oven:
a metal chamber with a metallized door (in which high-frequency radiation is concentrated, for example, 2450 MHz), where the heated products are placed;
transformer -- magnetron high-voltage power supply;
control and switching circuits;
direct microwave emitter -- magnetron;
waveguide to transfer radiation from the magnetron to the chamber;
auxiliary elements:
· turntable -- necessary for uniform heating of the product from all sides;
Schemes and circuits that provide control (timer) and safety (blocking modes) of the device;
a fan that cools the magnetron and ventilates the chamber.
Lab No. 3 « FROM washing machines»
Purpose of work: To study the design and principle of operation of washing machines .
Progress:
Washing machine-- installation for washing textiles (clothes, underwear and bed linen, bags and other things). An activator-type machine is a washing machine with an activator - a rotating shaft with blades or a disk that provides mixing during washing.
A feature of this type of washing machines is low foaming, so hand washing powders are also suitable for use in activator-type machines.
The basis of the design of the activator-type washing machine is a container made of stainless steel or plastic. The top part (for loading of linen) - a removable or folding cover. At the bottom or at the bottom of one of the walls is activator- a plastic flat circle or a shaft with protrusions - blades. The axis of the activator comes out of the tank and is driven by an electric motor.
The activator machines of the Soviet period, as a rule, had a vertical tank made of aluminum or stainless steel with a capacity of up to 30 liters, dimensions up to about 400x400x600 (height) mm, with a bottom in the shape of a semicircle. On one of the flat walls along the axis of the semicircle of the bottom, there was an activator (most often made of bakelite) with a diameter of about 200 mm, driven through a belt drive by a capacitor electric motor located under the tank. The control included a mechanical time relay for 15 minutes (with a specified accuracy of up to 1 minute), which automatically turns on the electric motor alternately in different directions through pauses. Also (on later models) the power of the engine could be separately regulated (2 or 3 “modes” of washing). and the pressure of the upper roller to the lower one was regulated by a screw located on top). After washing (or rinsing), the laundry was fed between the spin rollers, when the handle was turned, the water flowed into the tank, and the wrung out laundry came out of the rollers at the back of the machine. Drainage of water, as a rule, was manual (the end of the drain hose was fixed at the top of the tank so as not to use a valve). Most of the volume of the machine is occupied by a tank. The tank prevents the uncontrolled spreading of water or cleaning solution during the operation of the machine. Water is supplied to the tank through the filling hole and is pumped out of the tank using a pump. The tank is fixed in the body of the machine with the help of springs and shock absorbers. A drum rotates inside the tank on bearings. Washing is provided by the rotation of the drum and the mutual impact of the loaded things. Spinning is done, also during rotation, by reducing the pressure and sticking things to the porous walls. The axis of the drum is most often horizontal. Since the drum is usually loaded unevenly, strong vibration occurs when it is rotated at high speed. Therefore, the tank with the drum is not fixed inside the machine rigidly, but with the help of a spring suspension. An electric motor is also fixed on the same suspension. The motor rotates the drum either directly or through a belt drive. The side surface of the drum contains a large number of holes for free inflow and outflow of water and ribs to increase the washing intensity. The drums of front-loading machines are axisymmetric, so they have less vibration during the spin cycle. The drums of top-loading machines in the door area are heavier than in other places, many manufacturers do not balance this difference in weight, which is why they have increased vibration during the spin cycle, which leads to premature wear of the drum bearings. In machines with vertical loading without a door closer to the hatch, you have to bring the drum to the hatch by rotating it with your hands, while due to the sharp edges of the holes on the drum, some manufacturers scratch the pads of a person’s fingers like a grater.
Lab No. 4 "Dishwashers"
Purpose of work: To study the design and principle of operation of dishwashers.
Progress:
Dishwasher -- electromechanical installation for automatic washing utensils. It is used both in catering establishments and at home. The dishwasher is connected to electricity plumbing and sewerage. Principle of operation: Training . Dishes are placed in baskets and trays designed for different types of dishes. The washing program is selected. It is loaded into special containers (powdered or tableted) detergent, or a concentrated washing liquid designed specifically for dishwashers.
Soak . As with hand washing, soaking is good for removing dried-on or burnt-on food fragments. Dishes are sprayed with cold water with little or no detergent and left for a while. Subsequently, when washing, soaked residues are removed much easier.
Washing. The process proceeds as follows: water of the required temperature (depending on the selected washing program) with detergent under pressure is sprayed in thin streams by rotating sprayers onto the dishes both from below and (depending on the model) and from above, washing off food residues and grease.
Rinsing. At the end of the washing procedure, there are several rinsing cycles with clean water with the addition of rinse aid, thanks to which, after drying, there are no traces of dried water drops on the dishes.
Drying. Then, if the machine has a drying function, the dishes are dried. This happens either with the help of a stream of hot air (less common), or by the method of moisture condensation. The last method is implemented as follows. During the last rinse of the dishes, the water (and, as a result, the dishes themselves) is heated. Then the water is removed, and the cooling walls of the machine condense on their inner surfaces the moisture evaporating from the hot dishes. The latter flows down the walls into a common drain.
Advantages: Since a person does not touch the dishes during washing, very strong detergents can be used for them, which are dangerous for hand washing. skin.
For the same reason, it is possible to wash and rinse dishes at high water temperatures (? 55--65 °C)
Water consumption is lower compared to manual washing (9 -- 20 liters vs 60 liters for 12 sets utensils). Savings are achieved through the repeated use of the same water at each stage of washing.
Hot water supply is not required.
Does not require a wide range of detergents and abrasive funds, sponges, brushes, etc. Sufficient special salt for water softener and one type of detergent.
The role of a person in washing dishes is reduced to loading dirty dishes into the machine and unloading clean ones. The process itself does not require participation or supervision and can occur at any time.
Flaws : Impossible to wash some types of dishes:
non-heat-resistant plastic items; plastic items can only be washed in an industrial dishwasher
wooden boards;
pewter or copper items; This type of dishes can only be washed in industrial dishwashers.
aluminum dishes; when using a special detergent for aluminum utensils in industrial machines
crystal dishes with impurities lead; industrial machines (glass washers) use a rinsing temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, so they are designed to wash glasses, wine glasses and thin glassware
rusty cutlery become;
cutlery with wooden, porcelain, horny, or mother-of-pearl handles;
antique dishes, the coating of which is not heat resistant;
glued dishes.
Lab No. 5 "Sewing machines"
Purpose of work: To study the design and principle of operation of sewing machines.
Progress:
Sewing machine (at home sewing machine) sewing machine) -- technical device for joining and finishing materials method sewing. Sewing machines are used in the sewing, knitwear, footwear and other light industries, as well as in everyday life.
Household sewing machines:
Lockstitch sewing machines
Mechanical and electromechanical
In mechanical sewing machines per movement needles and the movement of the fabric conveyor correspond to special-shaped gears, levers, wheels, copiers and similar mechanics. Machines with mechanical control, due to technological features, can perform a limited number of lines of a relatively simple form. Mechanical machines are driven by the rotation of the flywheel handle or have a foot drive. The handwheel of the electromechanical machine rotates the electric motor, and the sewing speed is controlled by pressing the pedal. There are models that allow you to sew without a pedal (they have a start / stop button and a sewing speed controller).
Machines with microprocessor control (computer machines)
In machines with microprocessor control, the movement of fabric and needle is controlled by a microprocessor. This control principle reduces the restrictions on the complexity of lines and their number. Everything is determined by the amount of memory and the program that the manufacturer has put into this or that model. Only computer controlled machines can perform loops eyelet and intricate decorative stitching.
Embroidery machines
When working on an embroidery machine, the fabric is fixed in the hoop. The hoop drive mechanism receives commands from the computer to move the fabric in accordance with the program -- "machine embroidery design". When all pieces of one color have been embroidered, the machine will pause and wait for the next color to be threaded.
Sewing and embroidery machines
Machines of this class are machines with microprocessor control to which you can connect an embroidery unit and use the machine as an embroidery machine.
Chain stitch sewing machines
Overlocks
Cover stitch machines
Coverlocks
Cover stitch machine combined with overlock
Hemming machines
Machines for blind stitching with chain stitches from the inside out
Lab No. 6 "The procedure for organizing the repair of electrical machines"
The purpose of the work: To study the procedure for organizing the repair of electrical machines.
Progress:
The planning of repairs of electric motors is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the Technical Operation of Power Plants and Networks (PTE) according to the system of preventive maintenance (PPR). Scheduled preventive maintenance includes a set of measures: maintenance and supervision during operation; periodic current and major repairs; carrying out preventive tests in accordance with the requirements of the "Electrical Equipment Testing Standards". The frequency and timing of the repair of electric motors are linked to the repair of the driven units. This helps to reduce labor costs for the alignment of the unit with the engine, preparation of the workplace by operational personnel, etc. The frequency of repairs is set by a schedule approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise. When planning the timing of major and current repairs, the technical condition of electric motors, determined during operation (condition of bearings, heating of active parts, etc.), is taken into account. Annual repair schedules are drawn up by the electric department of the enterprise operating the electric motor and agreed with the contractor performing the repair of electric motors. In accordance with the repair schedule, preparatory work is being carried out, which includes: drawing up a work schedule indicating a list of devices necessary for repairing electric motors and the timing of their manufacture or delivery to the repair site; preparation of necessary materials and spare parts; preparation of fire fighting and safety measures; development and coordination with adjacent workshops of the project for the organization of special works. These works are carried out by the personnel of the operating and contracting organizations. Before the electric motors are taken out for repair, all of the above preparatory work must be completed, the repair personnel must be staffed into teams, familiarized with the scope of the work to be done and the design features of the electric motors. Before starting work, the repair manager should familiarize himself with the reporting documentation on the repairs previously performed on these electric motors, paying special attention to the results of the previous repair, to the time spent by the bearings after their replacement and relubrication, to the value of the air gaps and clearances in the bearings, to the test results . Notes on the operation of electric motors (overheating of the winding, active steel, vibration state, bearing temperature) should also be taken into account.
Organization of workplaces for repair of engines.
The most progressive form of repair maintenance of electric motors is a centralized repair in the conditions of workshops, industrial repair enterprises (PRP), equipped with the necessary equipment and tooling to perform all labor-intensive disassembly and assembly and repair operations. Any type of typical repair, for which it is necessary to disconnect the electric motor from the foundation and the unit, it is advisable to carry out in a special workshop. Appropriate vehicles must be used to transport the electric motors to the workshop, and the workshop's hoists must ensure that they are unloaded. To perform any type of repair using progressive methods that ensure high labor productivity and quality of repairs, the workshop must be equipped with power distribution systems (compressed air, water supply, power supply at various voltages) and include: a chamber for pneumohydraulic cleaning of electric motors, an installation for washing parts, and a drying chamber, slipways for disassembling electric motors with a vertical shaft, tilters for stators, stands for stators, stands for installing and turning rotors, a machine for balancing rotors, a machine for making slot wedges, drilling and sharpening machines, a set of pullers (hydraulic and screw) , a set of devices for extracting sections of the stator windings of electric motors, racks for placing units and parts during disassembly of electric motors and workbenches for repairing units and parts of electric motors. When performing the repair of electric motors in the workshop, in addition to the above equipment, it should include: a chamber for annealing loose windings, an installation for extracting loose windings, winding machines, an impregnating bath and an installation for pouring plain bearings. It is advisable to manufacture backup coils for stator windings of high-voltage electric motors with mica and other insulations at large bases with compounding equipment, which helps to ensure high quality and increase the service life. In the absence of workshops for centralized repair of electric motors, repair sites can be organized. The “repair site” means a free area intended for transshipment operations and placement of assembly units and parts of equipment, repair fixtures and equipment during overhaul, as well as for performing repair operations that, according to the technology, must be carried out near the equipment being repaired. Repair sites must be equipped with power wiring and located in the area of the lifting equipment. Power wiring means wiring of oxygen, acetylene, compressed air with a pressure of (4--6) 10® Pa and technical water with a pressure of 4X XYu5 Pa, as well as a stationary power supply network with a voltage of 380/220 V to ensure electric welding, connecting an electric tool through a frequency converter with a voltage of 36 V (220 Hz) and portable lamps through a 220/12 V transformer. The repair site should have general and local electric lighting.
Lab No. 7 "The procedure for organizing the repair of heating appliances"
Purpose of work: To study the procedure for organizing the repair of heating appliances.
Progress:
Mounting engineering systems in residential buildings can be divided into three points. The first of them is the laying of sewer outlets, water inlets, the supply of gas supply pipes and heating systems. Construction of a boiler house and thermal units. Testing of installed devices. The second stage is the installation of heating devices, pipe connection heating systems , as well as hot and cold water supply and sewerage systems with their subsequent testing. The final stage is the installation of sanitary appliances in an apartment or a country house with their subsequent testing. At the first stage, work is carried out in the basement of the house and in special rooms, for example, boiler rooms, as well as in an open area. Such work is not carried out in a strict sequence, which is not indicated in the repair flow chart. Only the initial, final, and some key intermediate repair points are important here. The other two stages are carried out directly on the renovated floors of the building. The order of these works requires strict adherence to the instructions. After installation of engineering and plumbing communications, they are checked. In this verification, care must be taken to ensure that the final system complies with the approved design and specifications. Compliance with the slopes of sewer pipes and the strength of their fastening is checked. It is necessary to make sure that there are no leaks from sanitary appliances. Before performing work, the assembly team led by the foreman must study the technical documentation at the repair facility, such as estimates, work flow charts, construction drawings, and a project. The foreman needs to explain to the workers the working conditions and safety precautions at the facility. Prior to the start of installation work, the following certain actions are performed. For basements below the zero mark, ceilings, underground channels and partitions are arranged; punches for laying pipelines; mounting openings in walls and ceilings are prepared, brackets are installed for mounting pipelines; prepared and painted places for the installation of heating devices; the base under the floor is prepared; made foundations for the installation of industrial equipment; the premises are cleared of construction debris. In rooms located above the zero mark, all interfloor ceilings and partitions must be arranged, grooves and furrows for laying pipes should be prepared; technological openings were made for supplying equipment and materials to the work site; brackets for fixing equipment are fixed; window sills were installed and preparations were made for clean floors; the necessary markings are applied with paint; prepared niches for radiators; glazing of premises and connection of lighting systems; all rooms are cleared of construction debris. In the bathrooms and in the kitchen, before laying pipelines, the necessary partitions are installed, walls and ceilings are plastered. Scraps are being prepared for laying pipes. Before installing plumbing fixtures, a complex of waterproofing works is carried out, floors are prepared and tiles are laid on the walls, before installing water intake fittings and fittings, the final painting of ceilings and walls is carried out. The sequence of work throughout the entire complex of their implementation is regulated on the basis of a project for a construction site. Compliance with deadlines is especially important when linking with other related works that are performed at this facility. At the same time, the basic requirements are met: brackets are installed before finishing work; sanitary appliances are installed before painting the premises, and water fittings after painting; hydraulic tests of systems are carried out before finishing work. The organization of labor during installation is provided water heating systems with upper wiring in residential and public buildings during the reconstruction of central heating systems in them. Prior to the direct production of installation in the work area, the following work must be performed: the attic room must be cleared of foreign objects and debris; provided free access to the place of work and proper lighting of workplaces in accordance with the regulations. The main pipelines must be laid in a strictly straight line; a device must be provided for removing air plugs from them. The slopes of the laid pipes must comply with the project, and in the absence of instructions in the project, have a value of at least 0.002. Main pipelines in places of passage through building structures must be placed in sleeves. The sleeves must have a diameter 50 mm larger than the pipe diameter. Connection of pipes in the thickness of building structures or in areas placed in sleeves is not allowed. Welded joints should be located at a distance of at least 500 mm from supports and hangers. Branches to the main pipeline must be connected, if possible, at a right angle.
Lab No. 8 "The procedure for organizing service maintenance electrical machines"
The purpose of the work: To study the procedure for organizing the maintenance of electrical machines.
Progress:
Service center -- organization providing services for service support and maintenance of machinery, equipment and other products. The activities of service centers include pre-sales, warranty and after-sales repairs.
Servicing a car in a car dealership guarantees protection from unforeseen situations for the owner of the vehicle, as well as the implementation of certain measures to keep the car in working condition. To exclude or at least prevent significant breakdowns, it is necessary to periodically contact the service center for diagnostics. As a result, the timely elimination of minor breakdowns and damage. Typically, car maintenance includes checking primary assemblies and assemblies, changing oil and antifreeze, and if problems are found, replacing brake pads, belts, and spark plugs.
One of the decisive factors in choosing product consumer is what support it promises provider after the sale of this product. This factor is especially important when buying electrical household appliances, machinery and electronics, building materials, cars, etc., that is, in those areas where a breakdown or manufacturing defects means the impossibility of using the product for its intended purpose or prevents it.
When buying a product, a period is set guarantees on the product and its service life. During the warranty period, the buyer is entitled to free repair of the goods or (in special cases -- see below) to replace it. After the expiration of the warranty period, the repair of equipment is carried out at the expense of the consumer. After the expiration of the service life of the product, the manufacturer has the right to refuse the consumer to repair this product.
The activities of service centers are regulated at the legislative level, according to laws the country in which the service is provided. According to the Consumer Rights Act RF, information about the product must contain the warranty period of the product, if it is established.
“Consumer rights in case of defects in the product”:
The consumer, in case of detection of defects in the goods, if they were not specified by the seller, at his choice has the right to:
demand a replacement for a product of the same brand (the same model and (or) article);
demand a replacement for the same product of a different brand (model, article) with a corresponding recalculation of the purchase price;
demand a commensurate reduction in the purchase price;
demand immediate gratuitous elimination of product defects or reimbursement of expenses for their correction by the consumer or a third party;
refuse to fulfill the contract of sale and demand the return of the amount paid for the goods. At the request of the seller and at his expense, the consumer must return the goods with defects.
In this case, the consumer has the right to demand also full compensation for losses caused to him as a result of the sale of goods of inadequate quality. Losses are reimbursed within the time limits established by this Law to meet the relevant requirements of the consumer.
The new version of the Law mentions the period during which the consumer has the right to make a claim for the replacement of goods and for a refund if defects are found in the goods -- 15 days. If the color, size, shape of the product does not suit the consumer, then the product cannot be exchanged! After the expiration of the period established in 15 days, these requirements are subject to satisfaction in one of the following cases:
discovery of a significant defect of the goods;
violation of the deadlines established by this Law for the elimination of defects in goods;
if, in case of repeated failure, the customer was unable to use his product for more than 30 days due to being under repair
Lab No. 9 "Procedure for organizing the repair of refrigeration machines, washing machines"
Purpose of work: To study the procedure for organizing the repair of refrigeration machines, washing machines
Progress:
The principle of operation of the refrigerator can be considered on the example of a filled gas cylinder. The cylinder is filled with gas under high pressure and the temperature of the gas and the cylinder are the same and correspond to the outdoor temperature. If you open the valve, the gas will begin to escape and at the same time the valve will cool sharply. This is due to the fact that the gas in a pressurized cylinder has a very high boiling point, and in the street at low pressure this point is very low. As if you boil a kettle of water and start climbing a mountain, the water in the kettle would continue to boil, because as the pressure drops, the boiling point decreases. So it turns out that in the cylinder the gas is a liquid, and as soon as it leaves the cylinder, the gas immediately boils. When boiling, the gas escapes, and the surface from which it escaped freezes, because the gas takes heat from this surface. So, back to the balloon. If now the cylinder is connected to a cooler, where the products we need will be cooled, and a pump that will drive gas from the cylinder through the cooler into the cylinder, then nothing will work. You need to somehow create a pressure difference. The pressure drop can be arranged using a throttle - a thin tube. The tube will not allow a large amount of liquid gas to pass, it will become a narrowing, and after passing through the tube, the gas enters the evaporator, where there is a lot of space and where the gas will boil.
So, this refrigerator worked for me until it suddenly stopped and started to leak. By the way, if water flows from under the refrigerator, this is not a breakdown, just the condensate drain hose from the chamber has shifted. The hose connects the condensate drain from the refrigerator chamber and the container on the compressor.
Freon-12 is used as a substance that takes heat from products. Freon is a gas, but if it is compressed, the gas will turn into its other state - a liquid. The essence of the refrigerator is very simple: warm products are placed in a heat-insulated cabinet, the walls of which are equipped with tubes through which cold liquid flows. As a result of the fact that there is no heat exchange with the outside, the heat from the products heats the liquid inside the cold tubes and the products are cooled. As a result of the circulation of liquid through the refrigerator, the substance heats up and passes into a state of gas. To maintain the desired temperature, the compressor must operate periodically. The frequency of operation is affected by a temperature sensor, with which we increase or decrease the temperature in the refrigerator.
First, the superheated refrigerant compressed by the compressor in the vapor state enters the condenser - a long zigzag tube. Here it gives up its heat to the surrounding air and, as it cools, turns into a liquid. Then the liquid freon enters the evaporator, which is located inside the freezer. There, at low pressure, it begins to boil and evaporate. And since it evaporates, it means that it takes heat from the chamber and creates cold. The evaporated refrigerant is again sucked in by the compressor, and the cycle repeats.
The main consumer of electrical energy in the refrigerator is a light bulb and a compressor. A light bulb in the refrigerator is needed to illuminate products for those categories of citizens who eat at night. The light comes on when the refrigerator door is opened. It has no effect on the operation of the compressor.
The compressor is used to transfer freon from a gaseous state to a liquid state. The compressor is a sealed tank, which houses an electric single-phase motor and a gas liquefaction mechanism.
Washing machine repair:
If there is no water drain from the washing machine, first check the sewer, or rather the place where your machine is connected to the sewer. Perhaps there is a blockage at the hose connection. Then remove the drain filter, clean it and put it back. If this does not help, we advise you to contact qualified washing machine repair specialists.
The lack of water heating indicates damage to the heating element of the washing machine. Checking the Ten does not take much time, for this you only need a multimeter and the skills to use it. There are 3 contacts on the heating element (phase, zero and ground). Phase and zero must be short-circuited, the ground on them must not be closed.
The lack of water supply comes down to opening the tap to the washing machine. The absence of any action when turning on the washing machine comes down to checking the outlet. Other malfunctions are best eliminated with the help of a service center.
Lab No. 10 "Preparation of standard repair sheets"
Purpose of work: To study the design of standard repair sheets
Progress:
First, conduct a technical inspection with a survey. To do this, hire an expert organization that has all the necessary equipment to inspect the object to be repaired. In addition to the equipment, they must have all the regulatory and technical documentation, on the basis of which they will carry out an inspection and assessment of the degree of damage. A defect is a deviation from the requirements of design documentation. The test results are compared with GOST.
Create different defect lists for different types of work if your organization needs to repair different items, i.e. equipment and premises.
There is no approved single form of the list of defects. You can make it in any form, but you must specify the details provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. 9 of the Federal Law "On Accounting".
Draw up a list of defects based on the technical survey. In the defective statement, it is necessary to reflect, respectively, defects in structures and assemblies, describe all technological and organizational measures to eliminate them. In the same defective statement, you must indicate the amount of repair work and list the main materials needed for the repair. If the brand and type of material is of fundamental importance, you can also indicate this in the document.
Entrust the preparation of the statement to experienced highly qualified workers associated with the repair of equipment or buildings. The list of defects is a document according to which an estimate is made and the repair work performed is checked, therefore the correct and detailed compilation of this document is very important. Since the statement is part of the estimate documentation, it must be signed by both the customer with the stamp "Approved" and the contractor.
If you find significant differences between the description of defects in the estimate of the contractor with whom you entered into a repair contract and the defective statement drawn up by experts, require the contractor to provide a written explanation of this fact and approve this document.
Lab No. 11 « Diagnostics and control of technical indicators »
Purpose of work: To study Diagnostics and control of technical indicators
Progress:
Technical diagnostics - this is an assessment of the technical condition of the object, starting with determining the location and nature of the existing problematic elements and ending with the transition of the object to an inoperable state. Diagnostics is carried out on the basis of the use of modern methods and tools and solves the problem of ensuring the safety, functional reliability and efficiency of the technical object, as well as reducing the cost of its maintenance and reducing losses from downtime as a result of failures.
The diagnostic examination is performed with the equipment turned off. With the help of diagnostic monitoring systems, the problem of effective management of the operation and repair of equipment is solved.
It is difficult to find a physical phenomenon or process that would not be used for diagnostic purposes. Consider some of them, which have found wide application in the electric power industry.
Physical and chemical methods. The energy impact on the insulation of electrical devices leads to its changes at the molecular level. This occurs regardless of the type of insulation and ends with chemical reactions with the formation of new chemical compounds, and under the influence of an electromagnetic field, temperature, vibration, decomposition and synthesis processes simultaneously occur. Analyzing the quantity and composition of emerging new chemical compounds, one can draw conclusions about the state of all insulation elements. The easiest way to do this is with liquid hydrocarbon insulation, which are mineral oils, since all or almost all of the new chemical compounds formed remain in a closed volume.
The advantage of physical and chemical methods of diagnostic control is their high accuracy and independence from electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and from other energy influences, since all studies are carried out in physical and chemical laboratories. The disadvantages of these methods are the relative high cost, and the delay from the current time, that is, non-operational control.
Method of chromatographic control of oil-filled equipment. This method is based on the chromatographic analysis of various gases released from oil and insulation during defects inside oil-filled electrical equipment. Algorithms for detecting defects at an early stage of their occurrence, based on the analysis of the composition and concentration of gases, are common, well developed for diagnosing oil-filled electrical equipment and are described in.
Assessment of the condition of oil-filled equipment is carried out on the basis of control:
Limiting concentrations of gases;
The rate of increase in gas concentrations;
The ratio of gas concentrations.
Method for monitoring the dielectric characteristics of insulation. The method is based on the measurement of dielectric characteristics, which include leakage currents, capacitance values, dielectric loss tangent (tg e) and others. The absolute values of tgd, measured at voltages close to the operating voltage, as well as its increments with changes in the test voltage, frequency and temperature, characterize the quality and degree of aging of the insulation.
AC bridges (Schering bridges) are used to measure tgd and insulation capacitance. The method is used to control high-voltage instrument transformers and coupling capacitors.
Infrared thermography method. Losses of electrical energy for heating elements and assemblies of electrical equipment during operation depend on their technical condition. By measuring the infrared radiation caused by heating, it is possible to draw conclusions about the technical condition of electrical equipment. Invisible infrared radiation with the help of thermal imagers is converted into a human-visible signal. This method is remote, sensitive, allowing to register temperature changes in fractions of a degree. Therefore, its readings are highly susceptible to influencing factors, such as the reflectivity of the measurement object, temperature and environmental conditions, since dust and humidity absorb infrared radiation, etc.
The assessment of the technical condition of the elements and assemblies of electrical equipment under load is carried out either by comparing the temperature of the same type of elements and assemblies (their radiation should be approximately the same), or by exceeding the allowable temperature for a given element or assembly. In the latter case, thermal imagers must have built-in equipment to correct the influence of temperature and environmental parameters on the measurement result.
Vibrodiagnostics method. To control the technical condition of the mechanical components of electrical equipment, the relationship between the parameters of the object (its mass and structural rigidity) and the frequency spectrum of natural and forced vibration is used. Any change in the parameters of the object during operation, in particular the rigidity of the structure due to its fatigue and aging, causes a change in the spectrum. The sensitivity of the method increases with the growth of informative frequencies. Estimation of the state by the shift of the low-frequency components of the spectrum is less effective.
Methods for controlling partial discharges in insulation. The processes of occurrence and development of defects in overhead line insulators, regardless of their material, are accompanied by the appearance of electric or partial discharges, which, in turn, generate electromagnetic (in the radio and optical ranges) and sound waves. The intensity of the manifestation of discharges depends on the temperature and humidity of the atmospheric air and is associated with the presence of precipitation. Such a dependence of the obtained diagnostic information on atmospheric conditions requires combining the procedure for diagnosing the intensity of discharges in the overhead insulation of power transmission lines with the need for mandatory control of the temperature and humidity of the environment.
All types and ranges of radiation are widely used for monitoring. The acoustic emission method works in the audio range. A known method of controlling the optical radiation of PR using an electron-optical flaw detector. It is founded on registration spatially the temporal distribution of the brightness of the glow and the determination of defective insulators by its nature. For the same purposes, with varying efficiency, radio engineering and ultrasonic methods are used, as well as the method of controlling ultraviolet radiation using the Filin electron-optical flaw detector.
Method of ultrasonic sounding. The speed of propagation of ultrasound in the irradiated object depends on its condition (presence of defects, cracks, corrosion). This property is used to diagnose the condition of concrete, wood and metal, which are widely used in the energy sector, for example, as a support material. .
Lab No. 12 "Instrument Stations for Defect Detection"
Purpose of work: To study instrument stations for detecting defects.
Progress:
flaw detector -- detection device defects in products from various metallic and non-metallic materials by methods non-destructive testing. Defects include violations of the continuity or uniformity of the structure, corrosion damage zones, chemical deviations. composition and size, etc. technology and technology involved in the development and use of flaw detectors is called flaw detection. Other types of tools are also functionally related to flaw detectors. NDT: leak detectors, thickness gauges, hardness testers, structuroscopes, introscopes and steeloscopes. Flaw detectors are used in transport, various areas mechanical engineering, chemical industry, oil and gas industry, energy, construction, research laboratories to determine the properties solid body and molecular properties in other industries; are used to control parts and blanks, welded, soldered and adhesive joints, to monitor the details of units. Some flaw detectors allow you to check products that move at a significant speed (for example, pipes during rolling), or can themselves move at high speed relative to the product (for example, rail flaw detectors, trolleys and flaw detector cars). There are flaw detectors for testing products heated to high temperatures.
Pulse flaw detectors use the echo method, shadow and mirror-shadow inspection methods.
The echo method is based on sending short pulses of ultrasonic vibrations into the product and recording the intensity and arrival time of echo signals reflected from discontinuities (defects). To control the product, the echo flaw detector sensor scans its surface. The method makes it possible to detect surface and deep defects with different orientations.
With the shadow method, ultrasonic vibrations, having met a defect on their way, are reflected in the opposite direction. The presence of a defect is judged by a decrease in the energy of ultrasonic vibrations or by a change in the phase of ultrasonic vibrations that envelop the defect. The method is widely used to control welds, rails, etc.
The mirror-shadow method is used instead of or in addition to the echo method to detect defects that give weak reflection of ultrasonic waves in the direction of the dual-combined transducer. Defects (for example, vertical cracks) oriented perpendicular to the surface along which the transducer is moved (input surfaces) give very weak scattered and bottom signals due to the fact that on their surface the longitudinal wave is transformed into a bow wave, which in turn radiates side waves that carry away energy. An example of using the mirror-shadow method -- control rails for vertical cracks in the neck. In terms of sensitivity, this method is usually 10-100 times worse than the echo method.
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Diagnostics of the device is the most important and difficult task:
1 Determine which node (block) is not working?
2 Reason for failure?
3 Is it possible to restore a node (block)?
4 Cost of a new one?
5 Agree on the cost with the customer?
If the master does not have confidence in the operation of other units, it is often necessary to completely repair and check the device and then agree on the cost.
In cases where the customer is not satisfied with the cost of repair, the master dismantles the installed parts and the device is returned to the customer who pays only for diagnostics.
The company is based on experienced specialists who stood at the origins of our workshop. The close-knit team combines the bold ideas of young professionals and the experience of professionals. This allows you to solve almost any problem for the repair of household appliances.
When working, we always try to show a flexible approach to each client and his problem.
Repair of large household appliances
Another important direction of our workshop is the service of large household appliances - repair and installation of washing machines, repair of large TVs. Also, our masters carry out repair and maintenance of domestic refrigerators.
Our masters for the repair of large household appliances go to repair washing machines and refrigerators in all areas of Moscow.
Types of repair of household appliances
Depending on the complexity, the repair of household appliances can be divided into three categories - small, medium and complex:
- minor - repairs that do not require complete disassembly of the device: replacement of an electric cord, which is typical for irons and electric drills, replacement of fuses and indicator lights, replacement of handles and broken nozzles, lubrication and cleaning of household appliances.
- medium - repair requiring complete disassembly of the device: replacement of the switch, motor brushes, burnt capacitances and resistances, all types of gears.
- complex - replacement of an electric motor, electric heater, all types of bearings, transformers, electronic control boards, replacement and repair of magnetrons in microwave ovens (MW).
Repair of household appliances
The masters of our service center carry out post-warranty repairs of small household appliances. All work performed and parts replaced are warranted.
With the constant use of household appliances, various malfunctions may occur. In this case, you must contact the workshop, as self-repair can lead to injury and electric shock. Only an experienced craftsman can determine the nature of the malfunction of a household appliance and eliminate it.
Malfunctions in household appliances are electrical and mechanical in nature. Electrical malfunctions of household appliances include such malfunctions as the device not turning on - (the indicator lamp does not light), the heating elements do not work (at the electric kettle, steamer, toaster, iron, hair dryer, coffee machine), the electric motor does not rotate (vacuum cleaner, mixer, coffee grinder, drills).
Mechanical malfunctions of household appliances include: damage to gears in meat grinders, mixers, sewing machines, failure of attachments in blenders and food processors, failure of mechanical knives for chopping products that are used in small household appliances.
- outdoor clocks with home visits, Hermle, Howard Miller, Kieninger, Polaris, Du Chateau and other repair manufacturers
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- watches made in Russia repair
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- cuckoo clock mechanical and quartz repair
- manufacture of pendelfedor, pendulum hangers
- watch glass manufacturing
- watch key making
- manufacture of clock weights.
- restoration of buildings
- microwave oven repair
- microwave oven repair
- Manufacturing of microwave filters (mica)
- ironing systems repair
- repair of steam generators repair
- iron repair repair
- meat grinder repair
- vacuum cleaner repair
- washing vacuum cleaners repair
- repair robot vacuum cleaner repair
- hair clipper repair
- multicooker repair
- sewing machine repair Seagull repair
- sewing machines Podolsk repair
- sewing machine belt Radom
- repair of sewing machines Mikron
- Jaguar sewing machine repair
- sewing machines Mini Yagua repair
- sewing machines Veritas repair
- Janome sewing machine repair
- sewing machine repair Singer repair
- sewing machines Pfaff repair