The category of completeness / brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by contrasting two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old is old.

The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: Ø for masculine, - and I for women - o/-e for the average, - s / -i for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-and).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then during the formation of the form m.r. a "runaway" vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with bases in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form of m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) denote the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective little the short form is formed with the truncation of the stem-forming suffix – enk - (small - small, few, small), but from the adjective large- suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and long forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as the nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl, white combustible stone are phraseologized archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:

1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt - short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf .: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The merry girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The merry girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison, formed by the forms positive, comparative and excellent degrees(the comparative degree is called comparative, and the excellent superlative).

positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, in comparison with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

comparative adjective indicates that the characteristic expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to a greater extent than for another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).

Superlatives shows that the sign expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to the highest degree in comparison with all compared objects ( most beautiful from gifts most tall house in the city).

Comparative and superlative forms can be synthetic and analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of the comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and formed as follows: the basis of a positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).

If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).

Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This is

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).

Analytical(compound) form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of auxiliary words more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).

The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;

2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);

3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, is simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of the adjective is formed as follows: the stem of the positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological signs of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);

2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational "degrees of quality" do not denote the actual intensity of the feature, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest greenish . Are formed:

1) the addition of prefixes archi-, ultra-, super-, times-, pre-, all- (archi-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -ohonk-/-yoshenk-, -usch-/-yushch-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with a prefix in the second part (cute-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classes of adverbs by meaning. Words of the state category, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Differentiation of homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - it is an independent part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign, a state, rarely an object. Adverbs are invariable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - about / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as to special words that name the states of living beings and the environment ( run fast, run very fast, run very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb can adjoin a noun: race run(noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - about / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

By virtue of its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjunction. In a sentence, it is usually a circumstance.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( Quiet on the sea), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).

Forms of adjectives

Forms of adjectives

Introduction

1. General characteristics of adjectives

2. Full and short form of adjectives

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech and forms of their change.

Parts of speech are certain lexico-grammatical classes of words that have common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.

Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, one of the significant parts of speech, such as an adjective, can be distinguished in the Russian language. This is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions what? what? whose?

It should be noted that adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Also, adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative, and differ in forms, i.e. have short and long forms.

In my control work, I tried to consider in detail the issue of the forms of adjectives, their distinctive features and the conditions under which the formation of these forms is possible.

1. General characteristics of adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions which? what? whose?

Unlike verbs denoting a sign that exists in time ( whitening sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of an object or phenomenon, divorced from this object, phenomenon (white), adjectives show a constant sign of a particular object, indicated by a noun.

Adjectives have categories of gender, number and case, which are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun wood refers to the middle gender, used in the nominative singular; adjective high has the same shape) tall dream, tall pole, tall trees(with a change in the categories of nouns, the categories of adjectives change accordingly).

Adjectives that characterize the pronouns I and you (in the form of different cases), devoid of the meaning of gender, can acquire independent generic meanings and be the only exponents of these meanings: I, young and talented, am waiting for the recognition of success. You, strong and generous, will protect me. They tried to humiliate and insult you, proud and independent.

Adjectives can be qualitative, relative and possessive.

2. Full and short form of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms: fresh-- fresh, cute-- mil.

The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expression (usually in artistic speech), for example: Here are those strings. Like copper and like cast iron.(March.)

Only full forms are used in the definition function. In the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short night. The night is short. The night is short.

Full and short forms of adjectives in the function of the predicate differ stylistically: short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial, for example: And again the soul of poetryfull. (N.) Pupildiligent.

Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, while short ones denote a temporary one: From now on I know the price of the words of successful and stingy.(Born) To the forests, to the deserts silently endure, full of you, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow, once the sound of the waves.(P.)

In some cases, full forms indicate an absolute attribute of an object that is not associated with any specific conditions for its appearance, and short forms indicate a relative attribute, for example: short skirt-- the skirt is short(not at all, for someone) low door-- the door is low(not at all, but in order to carry a closet into it).

Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not: currant black, red; white mushrooms etc.

The short form is characterized by a shade of greater categoricalness. in the designation of an attribute of an object, cf .: Masha is smart. Masha is smart.

With words as and So only short forms are used: how beautiful, how fresh the roses were...(I. Myatlev.), with the words what kind-- complete: What a smart kid

The predicate expressed by the adjective in full form does not have the ability to syntactic control: Ivan-- malchik capable. The forest is beautiful. The short form can control dependent words: Ivan is capable of mathematics.

The short form can be synonymized with the full form in the instrumental case: was helpful-- was helpful, became greedy-- stal greedy.

With ligaments become, become, become the creative predicative predominates. When bundled be both the short form and the instrumental predicative of the long form are possible.

When addressed politely You possible or short form B you are resourceful and smart), or the full form, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed: You are resourceful smart. You are resourceful and smart.

The use of the full form of the adjective in the plural when referring to one person is a speech error. One cannot say: "You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart." Necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart or You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.

The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.

Historically, the short form is primary. She was older. Full forms were formed from short ones by adding case forms of a demonstrative pronoun to them.

In the Old Russian language there was a special demonstrative pronoun: masculine - and (m), feminine - ha (I), middle - to (e). The nominative case of this pronoun disappeared from the language a long time ago, and its indirect cases have been preserved (with changes) and are used in the modern language as indirect cases of the pronoun he: him, him, them etc. Thus, in the feminine from young+ I happened young, neuter from young + e happened young. In the masculine gender, at the end of short adjectives, a special sound was pronounced, similar to [o] and depicted in writing by the letter b: from odds young+ aboutand happened young. In a similar way, from merging with pronouns, forms of other cases were obtained: from mloda+ his happened young from young+ him it turned out m old etc.

At first, short and full adjectives were declined and changed by gender and number: short adjectives were declined by nouns of the 1st (female) or 2nd (m. and Wed.) declension, full - as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all.

Both short and full adjectives were used as definitions, that is, they agreed with the noun they referred to in gender, number and case. This is evidenced by some turns, which include case forms of krat-adjectives, for example: on bare feet, from young to old, his fuss flared up, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, as well as > chia and adverbial expressions formed from such aiming: I’ll pick up, hello, red, white, white, left, a. Traces of indirect cases of short forms of adjectives are preserved in the works of oral folk art: The young man finally turned to the red sun; announced the royal will; he speaks sweetly, as if a river is murmuring.(P.)

In the role of a predicate in the Old Russian language, short adjectives could act; full forms in this role began to be used no earlier than the 15th century.

In Old Russian, short adjectives are used with an indefinite noun denoting an unknown or first-mentioned object, and full adjectives with a definite noun denoting a known object, for example: good sister- this is some kind of sister and the one who is first mentioned, and kind sister is a certain, well-known sister.

The category of certainty-uncertainty turned out to be unstable in the Old Russian language, and short adjectives began to be preserved only as a nominal part of a compound predicate. Since the predicates are connected with the subjects, which are always in the nominative case, then the predicates, expressed by short adjectives, began to be used in only one case, that is, they began to decline.

Short forms are not formed from some adjectives, mainly those qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as indicated by their derivational connection with nouns. These include:

a) adjectives with a suffix -sk-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comradely;

b) adjectives with a suffix -oe- (-ev-): combat, strong-willed, business, advanced;

c) adjectives with a suffix -n-: near, upper, spring, evening, inner, far, old, autumn, last, color;

d) verbal adjectives with a suffix -l-, having the meaning "being in some state": backward, frozen, droopy, shabby;

e) adjectives denoting animal colors: bay, ne-(ey, savrasy;

f) adjectives denoting color not directly, but through relation to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);

g) adjectives with the meaning of subjective assessment: feisty, hefty, amiable.

Some adjectives are used only in short form: much, should, love, right, glad.

It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of the formation of short adjectives:

a) a short form of the masculine gender with a stem in sibilant does not have at the end s odorous, comely;

b) in the basis of some short masculine adjectives, fluent vowels appear between consonants one: strong-- strong, beautiful-- beautiful;

c) in the short form of the adjective so much n, how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable; between masculine nn appears fugitive e: valuable -- valuable, extraordinary-- unusual;

d) from an adjective worthy form short form worthy;

e) for adjectives ending in -enny, Short forms may be: immoral-- immoral and immoral. Adjectives that are formed from nouns with a stem ending in two or more consonants have a short form na - en: irreproachable - irreproachable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.

Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short: folk, folk, folk, possessive adjectives ending in - in, - ov (- ev), - ij, on the contrary, are not complete: aunt's house, grandfather's story, teacher's portfolio, fox tail.

Short adjectives have three types of stress.

They are shown in the table:

Fixed accent based	Adjectives with non-derivative stems	Kipuch, kipuch, kipuch, kipuch; Curly, curly, curly, curly; Useful, useful, useful, useful; Submissive, submissive, submissive, submissive.
Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the form of the feminine	One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives with a non-derivative stem and adjectives with a derived stem with suffixes - ok (- yok), -к-.	Bel, white, white, white; Boss, barefoot, barefoot, barefoot; Fast, fast, fast, fast; Merry, merry, merry, merry.
Emphasis on ending		Hot, hot, hot; Must, must, must; Easy, easy, easy; Small, small, few; Tricky, tricky, tricky; Equal, equal, equal.

Conclusion

In my test, I considered two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main theses:

Ш Full and short form have qualitative adjectives

Ш The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness.

Ш Only full forms are used in the definition function

Ш Short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial.

Ш Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, and short ones - a temporary one.

Ш Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not.

Ш The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.

Ш The short form is historically primary.

Ш Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short

Ш Short adjectives have three types of stress.

Ш Fixed accent based on

Ш Stress on the ending

Ш Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the feminine form.

Bibliography

1. Kovadlo L. Ya., Starichenko V. D. 1750 examination questions, tasks and answers in the Russian language for schoolchildren and university applicants. - M.: Bustard, 2001.

2. Rosenthal D. E. A guide to the Russian language for university students. - M., 1994.

3. Russian language: Theory and practice. - Minsk, 1995.

4. Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.

5. Shansky I. M. Russian language is excellent. - Rostov n / a, 1998.

Words denoting signs of an object and answering the questions “what?” and "whose?" in Russian are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, there can be no adjective at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in the sentence and may even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(which?) old man- adj. and sat (who?) blind- n.).

Accordingly, with a change in the word being defined, the dependent will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic features. It is expressed by endings. Adjectives are always in the same gender, number and case as the noun they are related to.

Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the end of an adjective, one should:

1. find the noun to which it refers (attached);
   
2. put the question from the noun to the adjective. The ending of the question will prompt the desired ending of the adjective; for the most part they are in tune: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(what kind?) quiet; growth(what?) high; branches(what?) thin);
   
3. At the same time, it must be remembered that the question “what?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m.
   In these cases:
   • ending is written under stress -oh (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
     
   • no accent - -th / -th (pencil(which?) sharp, blue).
     
   In addition to those mentioned, adjectives also have other modifiable features:
   • degree of comparison;
     
   • full or short form.
     

Both of them are relevant only for quality adjectives!

What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.

1. Quality. Answering the question "which one?" and indicate the quality of items: Colour ( yellow Red), the size ( big, small), the weight ( heavy, small), traits ( laughable, sullen), age ( young, old), taste qualities ( bitter, sour). Most of them can easily find antonyms ( big - small, sharp - blunt) or synonyms ( big - large, huge, enormous);
   
2. Relative. They also answer the question "what?", but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street lamp, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk ribbon), destination ( ski suit, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
   
3. Possessive. The only ones who answer the question "whose?", since characterize an object by its belonging to any living being (mother's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
   

Qualitative adjectives are significantly different from the rest. They alone can:

• form a short form, answering the question "what?", ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
  
• show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high - higher - even higher - highest - highest).
  

The strengthening of the sign, as can be seen from the example, is on the rise: from the initial, positive, takes the form of comparative and superlative degrees; which can be expressed in different ways:

• simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
  
• compound forms with the help of additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
  

All adjectives are declined according to cases, numbers and genders (in singular). And only good ones have exceptions.

1. Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but only by numbers and by gender (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
   
2. In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparative degree of a simple form do not change at all ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster…) and in the composite superlative degree built on its basis ( above - above all).
   

The rest of the qualitative adjectives decline in the same way as the relative ones. Depending on the last consonant in the stem, their endings can be in hard and soft versions ( -a-i, -o-e, -o-o, -s-i).

Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of C. p. pl. hours, and for the masculine - and in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful(what?) shoes and I see handsome(what?) girls).

Possessive adjectives decline differently. Their type of declension is called mixed. There is a special set of endings. They don't have to match. At the same time, in the declension of adjectives with the suffix -y- and adjectives with suffixes -un-/-in- or -ov-/-ev- there are differences.

Possessive adjectives with a suffix -y- necessarily in the middle of the word a soft sign is written ( dog, sable, marten, fox...); in all forms except for the initial one (m. s. h. I. / V. p.), in it the endings will be zero ( hare_, fox_, cat_, sable_).

The ranks of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative when fox(what? what is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what? i.e. strong) patience.

And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchanged and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).

Some qualitative adjectives in the modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also invariable.

§one. General characteristics of the adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
• inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.

Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The bases of quality adjectives are generating bases from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships

• synonyms: big, large, huge, huge
• antonyms: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - oh, oh, oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:

Singular

Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.

Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.

Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.

Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.

Plural

Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.

Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
• light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)

§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.

In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In the modern language, as definitions, short adjectives are found in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful girl, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some quality adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
• Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
• Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: higher, less high, highest.

Among the simple forms in Russian, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.

Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • quality
   • relative
   • Possessive

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessive

4. Are relative adjectives derived?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessive

6. Do adjectives in full form change by case?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?

   • For full
   • For brief

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change by gender?

   • Not all

10. Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?

11. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. quality
2. For quality
3. Possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples for fixing the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In Russian, full and short forms of adjectives are distinguished. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of a qualitative adjective:

• Full adjectives- attributive, inflected forms (change by gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences, they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives- predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, do not decline by cases), differ in book value. In sentences, as a rule, they act as a nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in grade 5.

Types of ratios of full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of this part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the basis of the adjective -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) and zero (cute - cute, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include - adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming animal colors (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (foreign, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, happy).

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