Mass media and their structure. Control work system characteristics of the media. Types of media
Mass information is understood as printed, audio, audiovisual and other messages and materials intended for an unlimited circle of persons;
mass media means a periodical printed publication, radio, television, video program, newsreel program, other form of periodical distribution of mass information;
SYSTEM (from the Greek sysntema - a whole made up of parts; connection), a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity.
Mass media are divided into visual (periodical press), auditory (radio), audiovisual (television, documentaries). Despite all the differences between them, the media are united into a single system of mass communication due to the common function and the special structure of the communication process.
Among the functions of the media are the following:
Informational (message about the state of affairs, various facts and events);
Commentary-evaluative (often the statement of facts is accompanied by a commentary on them, their analysis and evaluation);
Cognitive and educational (advanced diverse cultural, historical, scientific information, the media contribute to the replenishment of the knowledge fund of their readers, listeners, viewers);
The function of influence (it is not by chance that the media is called the fourth estate; their influence on the views and behavior of people is quite obvious, especially during periods of so-called inversion changes in society or during mass socio-political actions, for example, during general elections of the head of state);
Hedonistic (we are talking here not just about entertaining information, but also about the fact that any information is perceived with a great positive effect, when the very way it is transmitted causes a feeling of pleasure, meets the ethical needs of the addressee).
The variety of publications and programs that make up the mass media system is the result of the emergence and transformation of different types of newspapers, weeklies, magazines, radio and television channels in the totality of their constituent programs. The basis for differentiation was the desire to diversify the problem-thematic focus, appeal to different layers of the audience, focus on covering the life of various regions of areas of activity, areas of interest, and present the audience with the positions of various social forces. These differentiating factors operate constantly and determine the processes of modification of the media system depending on the nature of the content of each of the factors.
Thus, in the process of differentiation, in the formation of the whole variety of publications and programs, a large set of media is formed. The audience will have to choose some of them in accordance with the needs and interests, and regardless of whether these journalists are aware or not, relations arise between the media, both between all at once, and between those addressed by one or another layer of the audience.
Additions:
The media system is the totality and joint functioning of all types of media. Be it newspaper, radio or TV. Each of these elements affects each other.
Radio and television are superior to other media in their efficiency, the ability to inform people directly from the scene. A newspaper, and even more so a magazine or a book, is inferior to them in efficiency, but they are more detailed, have more opportunities for analysis, generalization, and commentary. The information contained in them can be saved, if necessary, returned to it, compared with the newly received information. Radio messages require much less effort and effort to understand and perceive than print messages. Also important is the speed with which messages are transmitted by radio. A rich arsenal of means for shaping the emotional attitude of listeners to the problems discussed is available on the radio with the spoken word, music, noises and other broadcasting techniques.
The flow of information from the source to the recipient, taking into account the specifics of each channel, can be represented as follows: “The presentation on the radio of a report about this event in its deployment - every hour new details, a more multifaceted and generalizing picture of this event, showing visible and therefore especially convincing details - that same evening on television and in an illustrated evening newspaper, and finally, a complete picture of the same event with an assessment and a detailed commentary that completes the formation of a social attitude towards it - the next morning in the newspaper. And two weeks later - this time in a newsreel - a reminder of the event and the consolidation of the previously formed social attitude. A month later, an article in the journal analyzes this event in all its relationships.
Media typology
Typology is a classification of objects or phenomena according to the commonality of any signs. When studying journalism, the task is to professionally competently navigate the trends in the development of the media system and be able to give a typological description of each specific publication or broadcast program. First you need to learn some methodological provisions.
First, the typological features are not formal and private. Changing at least one of them entails a whole chain of transformations in the appearance and content of publications. So, if we say that a newspaper differs from a magazine in terms of volume, then we will have to see the relationship of this characteristic with a number of other features (periodicity, size of publications, artistic design, etc.). Secondly, the media typology depends on many external (social) and internal (journalistic) causes and factors. For example, the creation in the 1970s of large production associations on the basis of individual enterprises gave rise to multi-page weeklies of firms that replaced thin factory newspapers.
Thirdly, the movement in the typology of the press is ongoing. This concerns not only the distribution of media into groups, but also the very set of criteria adopted to describe publications.
Finally, one more preliminary remark. In various sources, one can find typological systems that do not coincide with each other, and often heated debates flare up among specialists about the order in which to place the factors and signs of typology, which of them are more important - either the content, or the goals, or the orientation towards a certain audience, etc.
Typology parameters: Distribution region. It is accepted to classify the press according to the vertical principle, in accordance with the administrative-territorial structure of the state. We emphasize that the basis is not the place of publication, but the serviced territory. Otherwise, the classification will be incorrect. If the zone of regular action of the media expands to international scales, then it receives the status of transnational (or supranational).
The next level is the national mass media (for our country - all-Russian, federal). They become such if they simultaneously diverge throughout the entire territory of the country or over its predominant part. Each time, the specific content is also included in the concept of “regional media”. These can be publications serving individual subjects of the federation (republics, regions, Moscow and St. Petersburg), and periodicals designed for a larger, historically developed part of the country, which is distinguished by natural, economic, national and cultural characteristics.
In recent years, local press has come to mean mainly publications published in districts and cities of regional (republican) subordination. There is also a similar broadcasting network. Satisfying the special interests of residents of small communities, this type of media has a reliable consumer demand.
In Russia, the municipal press has also become widespread - newspapers of urban areas, volosts and small settlements (within the limits of the powers of the municipal government) that are relatively new in our country. At the same time, newspapers of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions continue to be published.
In a competitive environment, the audience's sympathy is noticeably redistributed in favor of the regional media, which is more typical for the press and less so for television. This is due both to a more complete consideration of the needs of the population by their editions, and to the relatively low price of "home" editions.
Founders. Against this background, party publications are perceived as a small group.
For their part, certain interests in the press and on television are defended by competing groups of businessmen. Therefore, it is useful to supplement the description of the press “by founder” with a description of groups of influence associated with the editorial office through sponsorship, personal relationships, joint business and political activities. However, a peculiar typology of the largest groups of influence and real owners has already developed, which actually controls the majority of the Russian media: industrial and financial groups (Gazprom, LUKOIL, Prof-Media by V. Potanin, etc.), press monopolies (the so-called media empires of B. Berezovsky, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Independent Media, Provincia Publishing House, which covered the regional press in dozens of regions of the country, and others), administration (especially through co-founding, together with the editorial offices of regional and local publications and ownership of most TV channels).
Audience. In the broadest sense, there is a division into mass media for everyone and about everything and specialized ones. In the literature of previous years, the name "socio-political press" was used. Now, in relation to our press, it is worth using the term “universal newspaper” or general publications intended for any audience, without segmentation, that is, dividing it according to any sign. Under the pressure of the conditions of existence, the editorial offices themselves clarify their orientation, choosing definitions that are adequate and attractive to the public. So, in the late 90s, the most popular newspapers in terms of circulation (AiF, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Trud) designated the topics of publications as universal, only Kommersant-Daily, Novye Izvestia and Pravda called themselves political. ". Specialized periodicals are designed for a specific audience, which gives them stability in the market, although in most cases they do not promise a huge general demand. The role of reference points in this case is played by socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, education, income level, profession, religion, etc.). However, specialization also takes into account more detailed market segmentation. Thus, a narrowly focused press is published for consumer groups united by personal interests (for amateur motorists - "5 wheel", for sports fans - "Soviet Sport", for fans and stage servants - "Teatralnaya Gazeta", etc.) .
Sociological research shows that a significant proportion of journalists do not know their intended audience well. A huge array of publications is addressed to some abstract reader. This entails an average style of materials, the facelessness of publications and their similarity to each other. Only the leading national publications and broadcasting programs can afford the luxury of counting on the interest of all segments of the population. Publishing characteristics. This refers to the whole complex of information about the frequency of publication, circulation and prevalence, format, volume of the publication or program. These are by no means formal attributes. There are daily publications, weekly, ten-day, monthly, quarterly, and also those that do not have a regular periodicity. Publications published less than once a year do not belong to periodicals. The format is indicated by the standard parameters. In broadcast journalism, this word usually refers to the whole model of a program or channel (for example, music or info-music formats). For the press, standard page sizes are set: A2, A3 and A4. These parameters owe their origin to the sizes of printing paper to which printing machines are configured. With the advent of the possibility of printing a circulation on foreign technology, a new format came to the publishing business - tabloid - it is slightly smaller than the usual A3. The tabloid format can be found in newspaper-type weeklies, new thin magazines, as well as in newspapers that are genetically related to their Western prototypes. The volume of transmitted information is also measured in standard units. On radio and television, this, of course, is timing (“half-hour broadcast”, “five-minute news”, etc.). In the press, to indicate the volume, they give the number of pages (and not pages, as people far from journalism say): four-page, eight-page edition, etc.
Media system. Typologically diverse media together form an integral system of journalism. Structurally, it is represented by three groups of media: - printed press: newspapers, magazines, weeklies (newspaper and magazine types), digests, bulletins, time-based calendars; - audiovisual media - radio, television (air and cable), documentaries, video broadcasting; teletext forms a special, intermediate subgroup; - information services - telegraph agencies, advertising bureaus, press services, public relations agencies, professional journalistic clubs and associations.
11.Periodical press in the media system: functions, main types of publications. Dynamics of the development of periodicals in the conditions of the information market.
The press is the most ancient subsystem of journalism, the rudimentary forms of which can be found among the pra-journalistic phenomena. They are characterized by limited and inconsistent distribution of publications, addressing a narrow audience, and the lack of printing equipment that allows them to quickly replicate products. Typological features: 1. Publisher. 2. Goals and objectives. One of the main type-forming features of the publication. To determine it in the analysis process, the following questions should be answered:
What tasks are facing the publication in accordance with the tasks of the founder and publisher (from state and industry regulations); - What is the program of the periodical? (from editorials in the first issues of the year and from other sources); - how does the publication fulfill its tasks and program in fact? (subject of materials, their content, genres, sections, headings, authors aimed at solving this program; examples of the implementation and non-execution of the program); - what role do genres, structure, readership and authors, and other features play in the performance of tasks and programs? (no details, only in connection with the program, because the analysis of other typological features will be carried out separately). 3. Readership. The readership should be determined from: a) materials of readers' conferences (if any were held by the editors); b) editorial reports or editorials; c) letters from readers and their reviews; d) by the nature of the materials.
4. Author's composition. It is determined from the materials of readers' conferences, editorial reports and signatures to publications. 5. Internal structure. It is necessary to write out all sections and headings from journal issues, note their repetition, determine the physical and meaningful relationship between them. Some sections in the magazine are permanent, appear from issue to issue, others - 2-3 times a year, others, having appeared once, disappear completely, giving way to new ones. 6. Genres. In addition to the well-known genres of journalism (article, correspondence, reportage, essay, sketch, note, etc.), there are a number of specific genres that are unique to individual publications. Among them, for example, for special journals, it is necessary to distinguish (and apply in the analysis process) the following: scientific article, communication, special article, note, informational special article, review, review, etc. 7. Registration. Determine the number of illustrations of various types - color and black-and-white photographs, drawings, diagrams, diagrams, etc., as well as the area that they occupy in the total volume of a magazine or newspaper issue (for example, in terms of the number of pages or as a percentage) .8. Periodicity. Determine how the periodicity of the publication corresponds to its objectives and type. Compare with other similar publications. At what time intervals is the publication actually published? 9. Volume. Data on volume are taken from the output information in accounting and publishing and physical sheets. These data should be compared with each other in order to determine the density of the printed sheet. Determine the number of pages in the issue with a given format of the magazine, newspaper. Compare the volume of the publication with others similar in type, note the changes in this indicator over time, if any, and their reasons. For a sheet edition, the term "volume" can be replaced by the term "area". 10. Circulation. Among the different concepts of circulation (annual, monthly, etc.), the concept of a one-time circulation of one issue (issue) is usually used for research. Circulation is determined as an average of output data for all issues of the year (for a magazine) or month, week (for a newspaper).
In Russia, the first newspaper Vedomosti began to appear in 1703 by decree of Peter I. It is curious that in the West the first newspapers were of a commercial nature, while in our country Vedomosti was a propaganda newspaper published by the autocrat in order to promote state reforms. Advantages of printing: - the ability to quickly familiarize yourself with the entire array of materials included in the issue; - the possibility of delayed reading - until a convenient time; - the ability to perceive information at an individual pace. Minus printing: - lack of efficiency; - lack of direct interactivity; - high cost. The classification of print media (newspapers and magazines) is possible in many ways. S. Korkonosenko proposes the following division of periodicals: - by region of distribution (transnational, national, regional, local press); - by founder (state and non-state press); - by audience characteristics (age, gender, professional, confessional characteristics); - by publishing characteristics (periodicity, circulation, format, volume); - legitimacy (in terms of having a permit for publishing activities); - content content (quality and mass).
L. Resnyanskaya notes that the most common and relevant is the division of printed publications into universal and specialized. Universal implement the "for all about everything" model. These are publications that implement all the basic functions of the media and cover all spheres of public life. Specialized publications may have models: – “not about everything for everyone” (thematic profiling of the press - “Sport-Express”, “AIDS-info”, “Financial Russia”); – “not for everyone, not about everything” (limitation of the audience and topics - professional industry, women's, men's, children's).
The formation of the structure of the journalism system was carried out in different ways. Historically, at first, separate, widely published publications arose, and then, in the process of the development of the media, new newspapers, magazines, radio and television programs of various thematic, program, and audience orientations began to appear. This is how a variety of media gradually emerge, discovering and “living in” those “information niches” that have arisen in connection with the state and needs of various segments of the potential audience, whose attention one or another social force would like to win.
In conditions where such a natural process was artificially suppressed (for example, during the reign of totalitarianism and mono-ideology), the elimination of restraining forces led to the "explosive" emergence of many publications thrown onto the "market" at the same time.
If in the first case, the founders and journalists have the opportunity to "look around" and more or less clearly define their information "niche", then in the second case, haste leads to unreasonably large "concentrations" in some areas, and a vacuum in others. But in the end, with both development options, optimization processes take place, especially when journalists act actively and with an understanding of the laws governing the functioning of journalism as a media system. Some publications (programs) appear, others leave the stage, still others unite, fourth ones change their profile, fifth ones struggle for existence and influence, and so on. Survive and become a serious social force (political on a national and global scale or “hobbit” among lovers of gardening or pets - another question) only those of them who have discovered their information “niche” and “settled down” well in it, declaring themselves as clearly defined type of publication (program).
The type (Greek typos “imprint, form, sample”) of publications and programs is determined by a stable set of a set of characteristic features that appear under the influence of type-forming factors.
When considering the problem of journalism as a social institution, it has already been necessary to turn to a typological analysis of the media. It turned out to be necessary to apply two typological approaches.
In accordance with one, the historical types of journalism were singled out - feudal-monarchical, religious-clerical, bourgeois, socialist - the formation and functioning of which is associated with the ideological and socio-economic forces of different eras in the history of mankind. Moreover, all these historical types, for a number of reasons, live in different countries and societies in our time. The trend is the formation of a typologically uniform (with many internal differences determined by the specific circumstances of different countries and societies) journalism of a new civilization.
In accordance with the other, social types of journalism are defined - the media of civil society (in the aggregate of three sectors), the state media and the state-public media. For a modern society, all three are necessary so that, on the basis of the complementarity of these types, the information support of democracy is achieved through the establishment of an optimal information order in society.
In the formation of specific publications and programs "inside" each of the types of journalism, specific type-forming factors operate that determine the specifics of publications and programs. These include, first of all, a socio-political orientation, a set of problem-thematic lines, audience orientation, frequency, distribution region, creative image, etc.
Several factors act as driving forces in the formation of the mass media system of the main social types.
The first factor contributing to the formation of the optimal structure of the media system, lies in the fact that journalism should represent all possible social positions at this stage of development of society. All and all state and public organizations, parties, associations, associations, individual citizens have the right to declare and defend their point of view, assessments of the present and ideas about the ways to the future (of course, within the framework of the law). Only under this condition will society be able to listen to "all sides" and, on the basis of "disputations of the parties", make the best possible decision. Therefore, the founders (or co-founders, or sub-founders) not only can, but must be a variety of forces. Pluralism also provides both the possibility of presenting each of the existing positions to the society, and the choice by the society of the most correct one. Of course, consensus may not be found, but the desire for it must be at the heart of the formation and operation of the media system. And the structure of the system and the actions of its elements should be such that every opinion (even if it is the opinion of a minority or just a small group) is conveyed to the addressee and discussed. Otherwise, the requirement of democratism of the information order is violated and there is a threat of losing approaches and ideas that are essential for developing the right solution.
Second - the totality of publications and programs should be such that the picture of reality being created is as complete, voluminous, comprehensive and complete as possible. Therefore, in journalism there are many publications and programs, and within them - rubrics, pages, rubric programs that address various spheres of reality. Their range is extremely wide ("Timber industry" * “Culture”, “Garden and Garden” and “Fashion Magazine”, “In the Animal World” and “Music News”, “Peasant Question” and “In the Business World”, etc. D-) - Moreover, these publications and programs can be designed both for huge regions (countries, continents, the whole world - Business Week or Reader's Digest is published in several languages), and for localized distribution in small regions (an environmental page for a small area or a sports publication for a city). At the same time, different publications and programs often refer to the same thematic layer - competing and (and) complementary to each other.
The third the factor includes the needs and characteristics of the audience in accordance with its social status, ideological and political orientations, needs and interests in the field of information, requests and preferences, level and nature of education, other demographic characteristics (age, gender, profession, etc.). ), among which national, religious, regional, etc. are very important for the information policy of publications and programs in certain situations. This diversity of features and, accordingly, the needs of the audience gives rise to a huge number of strictly oriented publications and programs specifically addressed to a specific audience group. “Peasant Woman” and “Worker Woman”, “Veteran” and “Working Tribune” - already the names of these publications indicate their audience orientation, as well as the names of the headings in the general media - “Collector's Corner”, “Advice to Housewives”, “Christian Program”, "Opposition".
Estimated scale is important distribution region. In modern conditions, there are more and more "worldwide", globally distributed publications and programs, as well as media operating within the continents (for example, pan-European TV or the newspaper "European"). Of course, the national mass media, which form the backbone of the “information space” of each country, retain their importance, sometimes growing. There are more and more active tendencies leading to the growing importance of local media (for example, regional television and radio broadcasting, regional newspapers, district radio).
The nature of the media also depends heavily on periodicity. In accordance with the natural cycles of life, daily publications and TV and RV programs are formed or are released several times a week (for example, every other day). A special place is occupied, having specific features, by weekly or weekly programs of RV and TV (in particular, Itogi), as well as magazines and headings that appear once every two weeks, three times a month, etc. Finally, it is worth noting publications and programs published monthly (monthly magazines, television and radio reviews, etc.).
Formed accordingly and creative face publications and programs. Typological features in this area are associated with genre preferences (for example, "Arguments and Facts" mainly resort to interviews, conversations, answers to questions, and digest publications and programs - to a review, abstract, retelling, i.e. to forms based on compression information), with presentation style preferences (some publications and programs widely use forms of dialogue, discussion, polemics that represent and compare different opinions and views; others focus on a unidirectional monologue presentation of their positions), a certain type of authors, as well as layout features, decorations, etc.
In connection with the huge differences and constant changes in the objective position and social orientations, information preferences and areas of interest of various segments of the audience, journalists constantly face the difficult task, both organizationally and creatively, of creating and recreating such a set of publications and programs aimed at various audiences. a group of headings, pages, broadcasts, which at any given moment would turn out to be “necessary and sufficient”, primarily from the point of view of meeting the needs (needs, interests, requests) of the audience, would be able to create a wide and varied picture of reality and would be accessible to each layer of the audience to show the attitude of diverse social forces towards it.
Optimal system structure can be called when such a set of publications and programs will be formed, from which each representative of the audience will be able to choose the necessary information that satisfies all his interests, aspirations, preferences in the mass information sphere and contributes to the achievement of maximum awareness. And it is important for a journalist to understand that only relying on the satisfied interest and request of the audience, one can realize their tasks of creating a picture of life and convincing one's approaches and assessments, judgments and proposals are correct.
Thus, all factors in the formation of the structure of the media system act as a whole. These differentiating factors operate constantly and determine the processes of modification of the media system depending on the nature of the content of each of the factors. The emergence or separation of a new layer of the audience (for example, entrepreneurs) led to the formation of a whole group of publications of the "business" media; the consolidation of a number of regions located in Siberia leads to the creation, for example, of the Sibirskaya Gazeta; the deployment of the activities of a new political association contributes to the founding of a publication expressing its point of view. Thus, at the “crossroads” of various type-forming factors (field of life - social position - characteristics of the audience - region of distribution - periodicity - creative “handwriting”, etc.), a typological image of the media (newspaper, magazine, TV or RV program) is formed.
Wherein nationwide publications and programs are very distinctive in their typological appearance. Their unifying principles are only the region of distribution and, in part, the thematic field. And the position, audience guidelines, creative image are very different, which leads to the formation of unique types of publications and programs. Such, for example, are Kommersant-daily or Segodnya, Izvestia or Pravda. However, national publications form some subsystems in the structure of the media.
By the nature of the appeal to thematic layers, one should single out universal publications and channels of TV and RV, in the field of view of which (taking into account the technical specifics of the press, radio and television) there are practically all spheres of society (sometimes these media are called general political, which is not very successful, since they cover not only political issues). Addressing a wide range of topics, these publications and programs (such as, for example, the Izvestia newspaper, the Ogonyok magazine, the Vesti program) can only touch on issues of the “second” and “third” plan, moreover, in a kind of concise development . Therefore, there is a need for the media, where, in principle, the same thematic layers could receive more complete and in-depth coverage.
Along with the universal ones, there are publications and programs multidisciplinary, covering a number of problem-thematic lines interconnected by a certain centering direction and nature of information. Thus, the weekly journals Abroad and Novoye Vremya deal with foreign issues, but one of them builds its work based mainly on publications of the foreign press, and the other - on the materials of domestic authors-analysts of international relations. And if these publications are designed for the most mass audience, then the International Life magazine focuses mainly on specialists. There are also magazines specializing in regions (Africa and Asia, USA and Canada, etc.). Literaturnaya Gazeta and Kultura are also multidisciplinary in their own way, concentrating their information around broadly understood problems of literary and cultural life, attracting authors mainly from circles of the creative intelligentsia.
Such publications as "Literaturnaya Gazeta" and "Culture" are, as it were, transitional from multidisciplinary to specialized addressing one problem-thematic line. These are, in particular, "Sport Express", "Football", "Hockey" and other sports publications. At the same time, it is easy to notice that, covering a sports topic in full or choosing one or several sports "disciplines" (for example, the magazine "Sports Games"), these media cover sports topics widely, considering social, ethical, legal, aesthetic and many other aspects of sports life, while addressing it to the mass audience, and not to specialists in this field (although these media should be interesting for specialists as well).
“Next to” and in addition to the national ones, a system is being formed regional(republican, regional, district) mass media.
If many newspapers of wide distribution (“Medical newspaper”, “Gudok”, “Trud”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, etc.) are often unique in their typological characteristics and have no analogues, then regional newspapers as a type of publication are characterized by similar features, even if are published not only in different regions, but also in different CIS countries and are published in different languages.
The typological specificity of regional newspapers is determined by the fact that they fulfill their tasks in relation to the audience, the socio-political institutions of the region and on the material of the life of this region. And even if several newspapers are published in the region, any of them appeals mainly to all sections of the region's inhabitants (only young people usually have their own newspaper), although from different political and ideological positions.
Hence the peculiarities of the regional media: the set of headings "closes" the entire thematic space when referring to various audience groups (professional, age, national, educational, groups of consciousness and positions, etc.). At the same time, more often than in others, in regional publications and programs, it is possible (and even necessary) for the founding participation of various social forces. Different co- and sub-founders can maintain their headings and even pages in one publication, organize and maintain a constructive dialogue among themselves, discussions and heated debates. The full implementation of such properties of regional publications is especially important where there is only one newspaper (and with financial and organizational difficulties, this situation will occur more often).
Another typological feature of the regional media is that in conditions when the regional newspaper is the only printed source of information for so many residents of a particular region (only part of the audience turns to publications distributed throughout the country), a significant part of its area is given to information " across the country and the world." This information comes most often from agencies and various press bureaus that distribute press releases; Reviews and digestion of media materials of the country and other states, information from the Internet, as well as exclusive (specially ordered for a newspaper) and syndicated (distributed by subscription to a number of newspapers) media materials of the country are becoming more and more significant. At the same time, it is very important to conduct relevant topics “in the country and the world”, when preference is given to what connects the region with other regions of the country and the world. After all, readers can get general information from other newspapers, radio and television.
The typological characteristics of regional radio and television are close to the characteristics of regional newspapers (with the exception of the topic "around the country and the world"). The need to highlight the interregional and international relations of the regions remains in force. At the same time, the audience receives generally significant radio and television materials about the life of the country and the world through other channels. (On the interaction of the press, radio and television in the region, see specifically in the next section).
The typological features of the regional press are similar to those of regional publications. District newspapers are the closest publications for residents of villages and the district center, since they write about what they are generally familiar with, moreover, often about people who maintain contacts with each other, and sometimes are related.
It is especially important that apart from fifteen or twenty-minute radio programs that go on the air two or three times a week, the regional newspaper has no “comrades-in-arms” and competitors (there are simply no funds to publish other newspapers, because even the only publication is most often unprofitable and needs subsidies). Therefore, it is promising to switch to the weekly publication of newspapers with the daily work of the regional radio with up-to-date information. Then the whole range of topics, the interests of all segments of the audience, the positions of all socio-political and other organizations operating in the region will be able to be represented.
So, in our country there are many publications and programs that differ in a variety of typological features. If we take into account the emerging joint publications and programs with foreign newspaper and magazine companies and television and radio organizations, cable television studios, as well as the distribution of foreign publications and programs, then we can already talk about the emerging trend towards a high saturation of information flows. However, for a number of reasons (political, economic, organizational) Russia's "information space" is still poorly equipped. And great efforts are required to improve the system of journalism so that the awareness of citizens (and this is the main concern of journalists) is ensured sufficiently reliably.
Improving the media system to a large extent depends on understanding the real and necessary nature of media interaction.
INTERACTION MASS MEDIA
The filling of the "information space" with many publications and programs that have outlined their information "niche" and are striving to firmly establish themselves there suggests that the media enter into certain relations with each other. Moreover, regardless of whether the journalists want it or not. After all, when entering the information market, some media “collide” with others in front of the “face” of the consumer-audience, and these “collisions” are just different forms of interaction.
From the first steps of its formation and throughout its life, each media is involved in macro interaction between all existing media. In this case, the media, in search of its "niche", is looking for its distinctive properties, as if "starting" from those available on the market. For example, the weekly "Za Rubezhom" defines its own problem-thematic field, its audience, its form (from the title, format and type of layout to the originality of heading complexes and the method of indicating sources of information). It is also necessary to provide for the distinguishing properties in comparison with other weeklies on international topics (for example, New Time or Echo of the Planet).
However, such a differentiating "negative" interaction cannot but coexist with a "positive", integrating one. After all, "Abroad" must take into account that other media, daily newspapers, TV, RV also contain foreign information. Therefore, the journal, as it were, supplements and develops those brief references to foreign sources of information that are presented in various forms (citation, presentation of individual theses, links to already published facts and opinions, etc.) in other media. Therefore, in addition to original materials, this newspaper reports “the unknown about the known”, such details and particulars, detailed judgments and arguments, not to mention full translations or detailed digests, which, due to their typological features, do not and cannot give other publications. In addition, on foreign material, the newspaper "Za rubezhom" presents variable repetitions of what other publications and programs do on "internal" material. It is variable - in terms of content, sources, presentation, authors, etc., which is dictated by the laws of mass information activity.
Thus, in the process of macro-interaction, all possible types of relations between different media are manifested - both “friendly” and “hostile”.
"Friendly" interaction proceeds primarily as mutual assistance, cooperation (from the Latin cooperatio, "collaboration"). A simple manifestation is the interaction of publications and programs of different levels (national, regional, district) when referring to the same thematic area. So, for example, the issues of international economic relations can be considered both on a global scale and at the level of interaction between firms from different countries or as a topic of "entering" the arena of international economic relations of enterprises of the region. Accordingly, in the first case, the topic will be covered by publications and programs of the country, and in the latter - by the region, although it is not excluded (and often useful) the appearance of “micro-level” materials in “macro-publications” and “macro-programs”. The presence of media of different scales provides both a detailed deployment of thematic layers, and variable (in this case, in terms of the scale and nature of the material) duplication and complementarity of publications from different publications and programs. All this also testifies to the constant interaction of the media as an objectively existing phenomenon (and it is good if this is realized by journalists and the interaction is organized, conducted smoothly and constantly).
Consciously realized cooperation can be simple and complex.
Simple cooperation involves the joining of efforts in solving a single problem based on the use of the regularities of the constancy effect and the cumulative (accumulative) effect. A basically unified information policy is carried out using the common features of various media. Thus, when a newspaper distributed throughout the country gives a weekly "International Review", and a few days later the TV viewers get the opportunity to see the "International Panorama" covering the same topics, and the radio listeners are addressed by international observers who have gathered at the "round table" - this is an example of simple cooperation. In this case, there is a greater or lesser redundancy of information. However, when cooperating, it is possible to ensure that the redundancy does not exceed the allowable (and most often necessary) norms required for the effective assimilation of transmitted messages. Of course, direct repetition should be avoided, as is the case in the case of using a form like "in the morning in the newspaper, in the evening on the screen."
Simple cooperation inevitably develops into a complex one, since it involves media with a different physical nature of the signal carrier (press, radio, television with their specific capabilities), different levels (from the World Radio Service to a regional newspaper), different types (at least according to set of problem-thematic lines). Complex cooperation is based on the use of the division of labor with comprehensive consideration of the specifics of various publications and programs. Thanks to this, each media takes upon itself, first of all, that part of the tasks that it can perform most effectively.
Cooperation is inherent not only to publications of one "camp" in journalism. On more or less politically neutral topics, it is possible for publications of different orientations. Using, for example, the efficiency of radio, the ability of television to give a “picture”, the press to keep attention on a serious comment with a lack of efficiency and visibility, it is possible to divide the conduct of a sports topic as follows: give private short operational messages on the radio (not excluding elements of reporting and commentary), Conduct a “picture” report on television (not forgetting the minimum commenting on the “picture” and reporting additional information if a visual vacuum arises), and entrust a consolidated commentary and detailed analysis to the newspaper and magazine (based on facts and reporter observations).
The possibility of complex cooperation suggests that it is better to leave live broadcasts from the theater to television, from concert halls to radio, and stories and novels to be published in the press. At the same time, one should not forget about the need for a certain redundancy, partial duplication of information. On the radio you can listen to "Eugene Onegin" performed by the master of the artistic word for several evenings in a row or on television more than once you can see the world-famous conductor during the performance of a Beethoven symphony. Of course, in this case, the emphasis is obviously transferred from the works themselves to the performers and the nature of their interpretation of the works.
Complex cooperation, therefore, makes it possible to effectively fulfill journalistic tasks based on the unity of unique information in each individual media, its proximity to duplicating (partially or completely), supplementing and developing information related to publications of other publications and programs that are in cooperation.
For the successful implementation of cooperative ties and the full use of the possibilities of cooperation, it is necessary to establish coordination (lat. coordinatio "bringing in order") - a conscious, purposeful, organized distribution and unification of efforts of publications and programs that interact in a cooperative type. Organizational provision of coordination can take various forms - from sporadic communication to the creation of coordinating centers, which include representatives of the founders and journalistic teams. The result of organized activity is the development of an information policy, which can also vary from general recommendations to detailed plans for conducting information activities in various areas, including campaign plans (during elections, on major political events, due to the need to implement long-term journalistic shares, etc.).
The simplest form of coordination of journalistic activities is the establishment of a newspaper, magazine, radio or television program. After all, already at the level of functioning of one editorial office, it is required to develop an information policy for a certain period of time on the problem-thematic areas being conducted in this journalism body. At the same time, the information policy is determined by a wide range of journalistic problems: along the political line of the publication (program), the main problem-thematic areas, the nature of their conduct, the system of headings, the attitude towards publications of other media, the authors involved, the genre structure, the arrangement of materials by page (in program structure), etc.
Of course, for the development, adjustment and continuous implementation of a certain information policy, governing bodies are needed (in a newspaper, this is the editor-in-chief, the editorial board and the secretariat, working in accordance with the provisions of the editorial charter in various kinds of contacts with the founder).
But if we take into account that even within the framework of one edition, the information policy cannot be implemented in rigid forms, since life intervenes, dictating its own laws, since the personal characteristics of journalists (their views), etc., leave their mark on the activities of the media, etc., then it should be stated that on a larger scale, the situation with the coordination of the activities of the media is even more complicated. After all, when coordinating the activities of a number of publications and programs, in addition to the difficulties that arise within the framework of one edition, there are a number of difficulties in coordination of actions of various teams of various specifics and levels.
When coordinating the activities of different media, cooperation is established both horizontally - between “single-scale” publications and programs of various types distributed either throughout the country or in a region, region, district, and vertically - between publications and programs of various levels (say, between publications intended for the audience of the whole country, and publications published in the regions, up to regional newspapers).
However, overcoming the difficulties of coordination, journalists who adhere to the same orientations get the opportunity to achieve greater results with less effort, because in this case the so-called “emergent” properties of the system come into play, the impact of the media on the audience increases due to the “combination of forces”, which gives a qualitatively other results, greater than the simple sum of the results of the activities of individual publications and programs. It is no coincidence, for example, that for official journalism bodies, whose founders are power structures, a state program of information policy of the mass media is being developed, and for its implementation a council is organized to provide information support to the policy pursued by the authorities.
"Hostile" interaction - this is the relationship between publications and programs that seek to oust their competitor from the information market (even if they are like-minded, but with whom they are “close” in the same “information niche”), as well as to overcome the influence (and, accordingly, oust from the market) of a political and ideological enemy.
In the context of pluralism, many multidirectional publications and programs aimed at the same audience are being created. The fight between them is very tense. And the interaction between the media of different positions (and their range is very wide - from "right-wing radicals" to "ultra-left") inevitably takes on the character of political rivalry for influence on the mass audience. However, this rivalry has a different character and different forms.
Between publications and programs created or supporting forces whose positions are irreconcilable (antagonistic), there is a struggle for exclusive influence on the public as a whole or on that part of it (class, national, religious, etc.), which is given preference, whose interests expresses and on whose victory the given political grouping counts. Of course, on issues that are not related to the main political problems or are indirectly related to them, there may not be such a struggle (moreover, positions, assessments and proposals on such issues may be close or even coincide), although sometimes questions that are far from politics in the heat of the struggle, they are “politicized”, artificially drawn into the sphere of political battles, because if you want to find a connection with politics (say, sports, technical achievements, environmental issues, etc.), you can always find it, but in real life everything is somehow interconnected. On the main political issues between the media of irreconcilable forces, the struggle goes "to destruction", examples of which the history of journalism knows as many as you like. However, since the second half of the 20th century, when in the life of human society "increasingly" there are processes of formation of a different type of civilization than before, when the struggle "to annihilate" threatens a global catastrophe, the objective logic of social development requires other types of interaction of political forces and those associated with them to the media.
Therefore, there is a type of interaction that can be called dialogue interaction. the essence of which is in the implementation of the idea of "social partnership" between political forces (which differ in their views on the future and ways of moving towards it) in order to achieve agreed decisions in the interests of, if not all, which is extremely difficult, then at least the main sections of society.
There are several possible solutions along the way. Firstly, they are based on a clear definition of the positions of all forces and their presentation of the most convincing arguments in defense of their positions. Secondly, dialogue partners can and should follow the path of rapprochement by comparing views, checking “their own” and “others'” opinions for validity. This is possible if each participant in the dialogue in the media really wants to find the best solution, and not defend the initially adopted position “by all means”. Hence the value of the ability to listen and understand a partner, determine his strengths and weaknesses, change his beliefs, taking into account the strengths of the positions of the “rival” and the ability to convince him to change his views, etc. Controversy, dispute, discussion of constructive content - the essence of the dialogue, which is not a simple "exchange of remarks", but a movement through the exchange of views towards a convergence of positions.
Thirdly, one should always strive for the optimal solution, the best one under the given conditions. It can also be a consensus - the formation of a single view, moreover, unanimity (Latin consensus letters "sympathy"). But agreement is also possible in the main points, with a divergence in particulars, even essential ones. If close views and solutions arise, a compromise is possible - an agreement through mutual concessions. But every compromise has its limits, and the journalist must not deviate from the vital interests of the groups he represents. Hence the need to resume dialogue in an effort to find a satisfactory solution for all.
Dialogue interaction requires tolerance, a disposition to achieve a positive result of all participants (even political "opponents"). This obliges to overcome a number of psychological difficulties (“intergroup discrimination”, “intragroup favoritism”, fear of “losing face”, “giving up positions”, etc.). Often, the “open” dialogue is hindered by the “winning” mood of one of the parties with the help of manipulative techniques, false argumentation, concealment of facts, incomplete analysis of the situation, etc., which indicates a “closed” position. There are also many epistemological difficulties even with an open dialogue - incompleteness of knowledge, complexity of the problem, entanglement of relationships, poor command of argumentation, etc. Mutual inductance is important for the success of the dialogue (the motivation to search for a solution even through "hints" to the opponent of "favorable" moves in the dispute in order to both show their openness and make the space of dialogue more complete and accurate), the transition of the parties from a colloquium (exchange of remarks, analysis of the positions of the other side) to a soliloquium - an internal analysis of what was achieved in the dialogue, in order to proceed to the next stage, so to speak, regrouping forces . And one should always be ready for the partner's refusal to continue the dialogue, which leads to the conservation, and sometimes to the aggravation of conflict relations. In such a situation, patience and persistence in addressing the unresolved problem with an incentive to resume dialogue, and not to exchange "blows" are required.
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Mass communication is a way of bringing information (knowledge, spiritual values, moral and legal norms, etc.) with the help of technical means (press, radio, television, etc.) to large and dispersed audiences.
The mass media (MSK) include special channels and transmitters, through which information messages are distributed over large areas.
Mass communication has the following features, such as:
- the use of technical means that establish constancy and replication;
- the social significance of information, which helps to increase the motivation of mass communication;
- the mass nature of the audience, which, due to distribution over long distances and anonymity, requires a carefully considered value orientation;
- multi-channel and the possibility of choosing communication means, which should provide both variability and, at the same time, normativity of mass communication.
Mass communication is determined by the specifics of the audience and the communicator. The structure of mass communication in modern society looks like a complex system designed to connect the individual and the technical means of mass communication.
The modern QMS system is divided into three types of information channels: media, telecommunications and informatics.
The mass media include: organizational and technical complexes that allow rapid transmission, mass replication of large volumes of verbal, figurative and musical information.
The structure of the media system includes:
- newspapers, magazines, digests, weeklies, etc.;
- radio, television, documentaries, teletexts, etc.;
- telegraph agencies, advertising bureaus, PR agencies, professional journalistic clubs and associations.
Telecommunication as a type of information channel QMS is a technical service that is engaged in ensuring the transmission and reception of messages.
Informatics is represented by a system of data processing tools with the help of computers (computers). In the historical aspect, computer science uses the so-called culture of evidence, the essence of which is that the main thing is the truth, scientific research and evidence of the existence of natural limitations. This type of information channel of the QMS works on the study of human language and its logical foundations through the formation of a new language and the embodiment of its communicative functions.
In order to more clearly present the modern media economy in its theoretical and practical aspects, let us consider the structure and constituent elements of the modern media system.
The traditional approach to the media system assumes that print and audiovisual media were their basic components. The first group includes periodical press - daily and weekly newspapers, magazines of various periodicity and topics. Many researchers include in this group non-periodical publications - books that also play a significant role in the modern system of creating, storing and disseminating knowledge. Books acquire a special role in the modern media system in the conditions of computerization of publishing, when the text is stored in digital form and becomes available through computer networks in an interactive mode. Periodicals share a number of similar characteristics, which are largely based on common economic grounds. In the print media economy, manufacturing is the most important industry, creating and packaging content that must then be distributed. Distribution systems are also subordinated to production, which distinguishes print media from audiovisual media, where the production of content and its distribution (transmission of an audiovisual signal over a distance) can either exist independently of each other or complement each other.
The group of audiovisual (sometimes also called electronic) media includes, of course, radio and television. But over the years, with the progress of information and computer technologies (ICT), it becomes increasingly difficult for both groups to find an exhaustive universal characteristic. Thus, ideas about radio are expanding due to both an increase in the number of receivers (not only individual radios, but also radios built into watches, mobile phones, car radios), and the development of radio signal propagation methods (cable, air, Internet), and also due to the emergence of various sources of energy for radio receivers (electricity, batteries, winding mechanisms). Obviously, this is of great importance for the broadcasting economy, since it allows you to interact with different segments of the audience using limited means. Needless to say, a significant part of the radio broadcasting economy is related to the production and/or acquisition of textual and musical content.
For television, the progress of ICT brings even greater opportunities. Our ideas about television today are not limited to terrestrial TV, we also include cable networks, satellite TV channels, which have become a daily reality in many countries, as well as actively developing and promising Internet television. The methods of delivering a television signal to viewers determine the difference in the economic foundations of the functioning of TV, but they affect only one side of the television economy - its distribution. The production of television programs may not necessarily be associated with the activity of distributing a television signal.
It is in this aspect that we are entering a new level of analysis of the media system, which embeds the media in the broad context of the modern economy and turns them into an important sector of the post-industrial economy. No traditional media - newspaper, magazine, television, radio - can do without a special infrastructure that ensures the constant delivery of news. As such, print and audiovisual media are just the tip of the iceberg above a solid foundation. It is completely unimportant that for the average reader, viewer, listener this basis of the daily activities of the media is not too noticeable. In fact, his role is huge. It is the existence and functioning of this basis that ensures the unity of the information industry, forms that unshakable internal structure, in other words, the media infrastructure that binds the media complex together.
The media infrastructure is, firstly, several sectors for the production of content, which is subsequently distributed through traditional media channels. News agencies collect and distribute news used by print and audiovisual media. Recording studios produce records, cassettes, CDs - the basis of programs for most radio stations. TV program producers, video and film studios are a kind of content production factories for TV channels. A special group today is formed by online media - enterprises that distribute content in the digital interactive environment of the Internet. They can be considered at the same time as part of a group of electronic media, since in many respects they operate on the same economic, organizational and professional principles as television and radio broadcasting. From the point of view of the media economy, the most important provision is the separation of the sectors of production and distribution. On the other hand, the Internet is a technical channel for the distribution of various kinds of meaningful products - content. For many traditional media enterprises, it acts as a kind of infrastructure that provides constantly updated news, additional analytical information, and illustrative material. It is no coincidence that many news agencies are using the Internet as a new technological channel for distributing their stories.
Secondly, the media infrastructure is made up of those enterprises that provide media enterprises with a constant flow of money - advertising agencies and public relations agencies. These types of businesses provide the interface between the leisure industry, in which the media plays the most important role, and marketing communications, which are an important part of any market economy. However, the importance of advertising and public relations systems for the media industry is determined not only by their financial role, but also by the fact that materials produced by advertising and PR agencies also form an important part of the media content.
The medium is the message, - said the outstanding Canadian researcher M. McLuhan almost half a century ago, emphasizing that each media channel distributes a type of content that is characteristic only for it. The modern media industry, relying on developing infrastructure and technological progress, expands the traditional ideas about the media system, as the production of a content or advertising basis for the media becomes an increasingly independent and economically important process. The Internet brings this process to perfection: the user receives any type of media content through the most modern and farthest channel from traditional media. However, in the development of modern media, the moment has not yet come when all traditional media are integrated and merge into one channel.
14. Television news of global media companies: principles, functions.
In the programs of global television networks, news is a priority. TV channels began to work in the mode of news agencies. Up-to-date information is a priority: the news flow is constantly updated, emergency events are reported immediately, in real time. The news of global TV channels report on the most important events in the field of politics, economics, sports, their goal is to create a complete picture of today's world, highlight its problems and conflicts. The efficiency of the work of journalists of television networks contributes to the instantaneous transmission of news from anywhere in the world.
The news cycle is the element of unpredictable events that need to be covered in the conditions of the “tyranny” of real-time mode. Global television news is especially whimsical: it depends on the "appetite" for fresh information, which can instantly "outdated", giving way to the next message of extreme importance.
The news cycle can be very rich and constantly updated (when more and more new reports are received during the day from events taking place in different parts of the world), or it can be focused on one topic. The selectivity of the news cycle often leads to the fact that many important events remain behind the scenes.
A significant event that claims to be intensive coverage in global television news, as a rule, has a number of features, among which are:
1. Drama, tragedy, conflict, conflict of interests, entertainment. Wars, catastrophes, terrorist attacks become the first subjects of news of global networks. Coverage of scandals and scams around well-known politicians will inevitably get into the lead in the news.
2. Surprise (terrorist attacks, natural disasters, catastrophes - events that always happen “suddenly”), the ambiguity of the event, new details of what is happening, elements of the investigation, detective scenarios (the hunt for Saddam Hussein has turned into a real detective series). The factor of ambiguity in the interpretation of events of world significance is no less important.
3. "Story with continuation": a stage-by-stage event with elements of unpredictability, for example, military conflicts in Kosovo, Chechnya, East Timor, interventions in Somalia, Afghanistan, etc. The anticipation of a dramatic finale gathers millions of viewers at the screens. This process is accompanied by the effects of empathy, and suspense may even arise - an over-stressed expectation of a denouement.
4. Newsmaker - the main face of the story; an event that develops around the main character. Statements by the President of the United States, trips by the Pope, scandals around influential people, interviews with politicians, diplomats, and heads of corporations almost always become significant events.
The impact of TV news on viewers is quite powerful: the effect of "real virtuality" completely immerses the audience in virtual images, programming the minds of viewers. The idea of the events shown on the air of global television forms a certain picture of reality in the viewers, and it does not always correspond to what is actually happening. Television is a mirror with selective reflection, primarily due to the fact that reality is “compressed” into short stories. In fifteen minutes of airtime, the viewer learns about events in various spheres of life, easily navigating the information kaleidoscope thanks to the clear structure of TV news releases. Global news covers three main information blocks: socio-political, financial and economic and sports news.
Socio-political news is the main component of the news release of global television networks, with the exception of financial and economic channels focused on business information.
The functions of socio-political news of global television networks are as follows: setting the agenda for the world political and economic elite, as well as public and non-governmental figures; personification of international politics; the function of integrating the international community; internationalization of events; educational function.
Socio-political news of global television form the agenda for politicians and diplomats. The distribution of events according to the degree of importance, the intensity of coverage of what is happening affect the perception of events by the international elite and the world community. Global television serves as a means of personifying international politics: heads of state governments, major political figures are one of the main newsmakers of news channels.
The function of integrating the world community is one of the most important. Millions of people who, through global TV, could watch the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, these days were in solidarity with the United States. After the terrorist attacks in the United States, many viewers found, strange as it may sound, comfort in watching the news. This was due to the information “hunger”: panic was growing, what was happening seemed unreal, monstrous, incomprehensible. Information about the development of the situation, reports and comments by government representatives and analysts, of course, reassured the audience a little and convinced that the end of the world had not yet come, the president was still in charge of the country, and so on. During crises, the audience needs to get as much information as possible about the event, about the causes of what is happening, about the possible consequences, to learn about the reaction of other people, and the forecasts of specialists. An information vacuum in such periods simply cannot be allowed.
The "internationalization" of global news means that the national specificity of broadcasters should not influence the interpretation of an event.
Business news of global networks perform the function of a kind of information balance. In addition to the increasing value of economic information in explaining socio-political changes, they soften the dominant negative aspect of political news. Global news flows are closely linked to the international structures of finance and production. Mark Olein, in The News Revolution, developed a formula for the economic value of information:
Information value = usefulness + speed + quality
Utility includes: a) the ability to converge with any other information; b) the knowledge necessary to make a decision; c) the possibility of creating competitive expectations; d) symbolic value
The financial and economic information of international television networks and news agencies has acquired world significance. Today there is a need for the "intellectualization" of economic life, which means that the role of the information industry in this sector is increasing. In addition, a clear trend has recently emerged: the mutual influence of political and economic information. Often it is political events that affect the state of the economy. Financial markets are very sensitive and extremely dependent on political information: in case of bad news, indices go down sharply, oil prices rise, etc. News is the catalyst for stock markets. They have a special impact on stock market players of various categories: from ordinary shareholders to large businessmen. Modern financial messages are often news expressed in numbers.
And, finally, the third block of news information of global television networks is sports news. The consistently high rating of sports news and programs testifies to the great importance of sports in people's lives. Sports news from global TV networks - a digest of current sporting events, a kaleidoscope of vivid images and exciting moments of matches and competitions.
Attracting an audience is considered a key task for global TV networks. Sometimes the desire to satisfy the tastes of the public outweighs the more important principles of the approach to the reflection of events. Let's try to analyze how this happens.
The standard concept of global TV news - a combination of efficiency, objectivity and responsibility - is proclaimed by media companies as a priority of information policy.
Efficiency means speed multiplied by the ability to instantly analyze a situation, isolate the relevant facts, verify them, and arrange them accordingly.
Objectivity and balance in the coverage of events are achieved by a clear separation of facts and comments. Facts are also a kind of alibi for journalists: if claims are made, a correspondent or a TV company will be able to defend their position. The correlation of facts is also of great importance, so that the built configuration of the event does not mislead the audience. Therefore, journalists try to use several reliable sources of information. In almost any report, not to mention the event covered in detail, correspondents and TV network hosts refer to the opinions of various parties - politicians, diplomats, economists, public figures, experts.
The formula considered above fits into the definition of "hard" news (hard news), "not allowing opinions or subjective assessments of journalists and observing the canons of strict lapidary messages, which, in terms of language and tone, should be of an objectively responsible nature." However, in reality, global network journalists do not always follow these canons, and in the 1990s. broadcast of global television was filled with reports of "pseudo-events".
Steady trends in the news of television networks - infotainment (infotainment; information + entertainment - information + entertainment, or infotainment), politics (politainment; politics + entertainment, politics + entertainment), businesstainment (businesstainment; business + entertainment, business + entertainment) - are caused by desire global television networks to gather a large viewership, which is not always possible to be interested in international news.
The priority given to "hard" news as claimed by news media executives would seem to be to minimize the desire for "infotainment," which reflects the media's proclivity for sensational events and crime incidents to "entertain" viewers. Indeed, in general, global television networks select events according to the degree of importance and scale of the incident, and approach the coverage of what is happening responsibly. However, during periods of a news vacuum, sensational events can come to the fore and remain on the air for a long time.
15. Media competence of a PR specialist. The relevance of media education. The concept of "information culture".
Tasks of media education:
Development of abilities for perception, identification, interpretation, decoding, evaluation, understanding, analysis of information and media texts;
Development of knowledge of social, cultural, political and economic meanings and subtexts of the functioning of mass media in society;
Development of communication skills of the individual, preparation for effective functioning in a democratic society;
Teaching self-expression skills with the help of mass media, allow experimenting with various ways of technical use of media, creating media products / texts;
Develop independence of judgment, critical thinking, preferences, aesthetic taste;
To give knowledge on the theory and history of media and media culture.
Information culture - a set of material and intellectual values in the field of information, as well as a historically defined system of their reproduction and functioning in society; in relation to the audience, information culture can act as a system of levels of development of a person's personality, capable of perceiving, analyzing, evaluating information, assimilating new knowledge in this area.
Media competence of a person is a set of his motives, knowledge, skills, abilities (indicators: motivational, contact, informational, perceptual, interpretative/evaluative, practical-operational/activity, creative) that contribute to the choice, use, critical analysis, evaluation, creation and transmission of media texts in various types, forms and genres, analysis of the complex processes of the functioning of media in society.
Media criticism is a field of journalism, creative and cognitive activity, during which critical knowledge and evaluation of socially significant, relevant creative, professional and ethical aspects of information production in the media is carried out, with an emphasis on the creative side of media content; this is communication with the audience, during which, based on the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of media texts, genre and style forms of their embodiment, the perception of media content, the ideas about the material and spiritual world that are formed in the minds of the audience are influenced.
Media culture is a set of material and intellectual values in the field of media, as well as a historically defined system of their reproduction and functioning in society; in relation to the audience, "media culture" can act as a system of levels of development of a person's personality, capable of perceiving, analyzing, evaluating a media text, engaging in media creativity, and assimilating new knowledge in the field of media.
Media education is a direction in pedagogy that studies the patterns of mass communication processes (through the press, television, radio, cinema, video, etc.). The main tasks of media education are: to prepare a new generation for life in modern information conditions, for the perception of various information, to teach a person to understand it, to realize the consequences of its impact on the psyche, to master communication methods based on non-verbal forms of communication using technical means.