Technical characteristics of ceramic bricks. Single, one and a half and double brick

!} Brick production is a responsible process. It is thanks to the technological features of manufacturing that the brick receives various qualities, and already for these qualities it is chosen for use in construction. All these data and parameters are reflected in the technical specifications, which are established by state standards, and are subsequently indicated in the certificate accompanying the batch.

A full-bodied product has a volumetric weight of 1500-1900 kg/m 3 , and an effective one - 1300-1500 kg/m 3 .

The brand of brick (marked with the letter "M") indicates its strength, and the numbers after the letter indicate how much pressure in kilograms per 1 cm 2 of the surface the material can withstand. Currently, ordinary building bricks are produced in the following grades:

• M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175.

Brick, which has a brand higher than M175, is usually referred to as facing. It is also worth pointing out here that the brand of the product directly affects its weight. That is, the higher the grade, the heavier the block.

Also, the brand of building bricks fully indicates the possibility of its use for the construction of certain structural elements during construction. So, for example, an ordinary brick of the M50 brand can be used for laying partitions, fences, as well as low unloaded structures in low-rise construction (up to 3 floors). Brick brand M75-100, with the same construction, can be used for curtain walls. And a product with a strength class of M100-150 is for load-bearing walls, arches and similar elements. The last category of building bricks (M150-M175) is usually used for equipping plinths and foundations.

The next important indicator of brick after strength is water absorption. It indicates the ability of a brick to absorb moisture. This value is measured as a percentage and shows the ratio of moisture to the volumetric weight of the material after 48 hours in water. Standard building brick has a water absorption rate of 13-15%.

Another important indicator is the frost resistance of the material, which is measured in cycles (freeze-thaw). This property directly depends on the previous one (water absorption). That is, it is the higher, the lower the water absorption of the material (the block is destroyed when it contains more than the permissible amount of moisture, which destroys it when it freezes). It is customary to designate frost resistance with the letter F, the indicator of which can be F25 or more. For example, a structural element that does not interact with the external environment can be laid out of F25 bricks, but this is no longer enough for facing masonry. The frost resistance index of such a brick must be at least F35.

The next important value is the thermal conductivity of the material. This value depends on the density of its structure (porosity) and varies with different types of ceramics. So for solid building bricks, the value should be 0.45-0.8 W / M x ° C, for hollow - 0.3-0.55 W / m x ° C. Such indicators satisfy modern requirements for wall thermal insulation, which allows it to be made with a thickness of about 1 m. For this reason, external brick walls always require additional insulation.

The last, but almost useless indicator is the color of the product, which depends, in most cases, on the composition of the clay. It’s worth mentioning right away that color does not affect technical indicators. Just according to GOST, the color of the brick must correspond to the standard sample, which was approved by the factory. And since most of the clays after firing have a brick color, they are called red-burning, and the products themselves are called red. However, white-burning clays are also found in nature. Products from such material are obtained in yellow, apricot or white.

Advantages of ceramic ordinary brick:

• High strength and wear resistance - 15 MPa and above - 150 atm.
• High density - 1950-2000 kg/m³
• Good soundproofing. Walls made of ordinary ceramic bricks comply with the requirements of SNiP 23-03-2003 "Protection from noise"
• Low moisture absorption - the indicator for the M100 and M125 brands is 9-11%, plus - it dries quickly
• Environmental friendliness - all components are environmentally friendly
• Resistant to almost all climatic conditions

Flaws:

• Large product weight
• Low heat-shielding properties
• High labor intensity of work
• Requires the involvement of masons of proper qualification
• The higher cost of a brick structure compared to a similar structure made of any other materials

The construction market meets us with such an abundance of wall materials that sometimes you don’t know who to go to with questions and how to study everything that is offered. We have devoted today's review to the traditional building brick, which, despite its "advanced" age of several thousand years, does not lose its popularity as a reliable, durable, weather-resistant material.

R?ben Chelsea clinker

What does an unprepared person know about him? Most people distinguish only red and white bricks, but there are many more types of this stone, and they differ not only in color, but also in shape, size, composition of raw materials and production technologies. So, what you need to know about the brick.

Brick - building material in the form of an artificial stone of the correct form.

Types of bricks by material

Ceramic brick

Made from clay (sometimes a mixture of various clays), after molding and drying, it went through high-temperature firing (about 1000 ° C). This is the most recognizable red brick. A high-quality stone has a matte rough surface, emits a characteristic sonorous sound upon impact, is porous and uniform, light at a break. The requirements for clay bricks are presented in GOST 530-2007 "Brick and ceramic stones".

There are two types of ceramic bricks: actually building - it is also called wall, backfill, basement, masonry, clay or ordinary brick; and front - facing brick.

It is made from a mixture of sand and lime (90% quartz sand and 10% air lime), usually recognizable by its white color, but can be made to order with the addition of any color pigment.

The main advantages are good sound insulation and reduced thermal conductivity; the disadvantage is less moisture resistance than that of red brick and a rather large weight.

Requirements for the quality, size and appearance of silicate bricks are similar to those for ceramic bricks, and are set out in GOST 379-95 “Silicate brick and stones. Specifications".

Silicate brick is not as versatile as ceramic, it cannot be used in foundations, plinths, fireplaces, stoves and other critical structures.

Produced from a special mixture of limestone, cement and special dyes; is a regular in shape and ideal in color bar, which is used for finishing facing works. Brick with a heterogeneous structure is especially popular, which makes it possible to stylize facade cladding under a “torn” stone.

Types of bricks by purpose

Ordinary brick

This is a standard building material (it is called so - standard brick, or wall, red, backfill, clay, working brick), which is used for the construction of foundations and load-bearing structures. It is easy to paint and plaster, so it does not require high aesthetic qualities, so cracks and chips are not yet a sign of poor quality stone.

face brick

Facing (facing, finishing, facade) brick is used only for surface finishing. The requirements for its aesthetic qualities are high: deviations in size are allowed no more than 4 mm in length, 3 mm in width and thickness; the color should be uniform, external defects should be absent.

There are two types of facing bricks: textured, which has a relief surface, and shaped, used for finishing the decorative parts of the building, window and arched openings, cornices.

Chamotte, or refractory, brick is designed for finishing stoves and fireplaces and is easily recognizable by its characteristic sandy (yellow) color. It is smooth, even, has a good density, is resistant to strong heat and is able to withstand temperatures up to 1600 ° C. It goes well with the finishes of any style in the interior.

Clinker brick

Clinker bricks, a ceramic building material made from clay by firing raw materials to complete sintering, are extremely strong and durable, and have a very high wear resistance. It has practically no restrictions on texture and colors, it can imitate an antique surface, retain the effect of firing, which makes it extremely aesthetic and in demand in various areas of construction.

In everyday life, the word "clinker" also refers to brick tiles of increased strength and paving slabs.

Characteristics of a brick

Brick size and weight

There are three standard sizes in construction:

• Single brick (single row) - 250 x 120 x 65 mm, weight 2–2.3 kg
• One and a half brick (thickened) - 250 x 120 x 88 mm, weight 3–3.2 kg
• Double brick (2NF) - 250 x 120 x 138 mm, weight 4.8–5 kg

For decoration or restoration, non-standard brick sizes can be used.

Brick strength

The most important characteristic of a brick is strength, that is, the ability to resist deformations and internal stresses without collapsing. According to the strength indicator, the brick is divided into grades, denoted by the letter "M" with a numerical designation: brick M-50, brick M-75, brick M-100, etc. The figure indicates the permissible load in kilograms per square centimeter in accordance with GOST 530-2007. The higher the numerical value of the brand, the stronger the brick.

Brick hollowness

There are two types of ceramic bricks: solid and hollow (slotted).

Solid brick - not having voids (through holes) or with voids not exceeding 13%.

Hollow brick (slotted or perforated) - having through holes (voids) of various shapes and sizes, due to which it has less weight and greater heat-insulating ability.

The use of hollow bricks in construction makes it possible to reduce the load on the foundation and reduce the thickness of brick walls, besides, slotted bricks are cheaper than solid bricks. However, traditional ceramic bricks withstand overload better.

Frost resistance of brick

The resistance of a brick to changes in temperature and humidity is determined by such a quality as frost resistance - the ability of the material to withstand the change of thawing and freezing in a water-saturated state. Frost resistance is indicated by the letter "F" with a numerical value and is measured in cycles: brick F-15, brick F-35, brick F-50, etc.

The brand of frost resistance of bricks for construction and decoration is chosen in accordance with regulatory documentation, depending on the climatic characteristics of the region; the lower the frost resistance index, the cheaper the brick. This indicator must be checked before buying the material.

Thermal conductivity of a brick

Thermal conductivity - the ability of a brick to conduct thermal energy through its own volume. The actual thermal conductivity depends directly on the density of the brick: the more cracks and voids in the brick, the more efficiently it retains heat. Thus, heavy and durable clinker bricks of the M-500 brand have the highest coefficient of thermal conductivity, and less durable ceramics of the M 75 brand have the lowest.

Depending on the conditions of use, it is necessary to choose one that has. This is most eloquently indicated by its brand, which determines the compressive strength, as well as the frost resistance index.

Density is a parameter that determines the weight of a material of a certain volume. Y reaches values ​​from 1.3 to 1.45 tons per cubic centimeter. In this case, the porosity index can reach up to 14 percent (minimum - 6 percent). As for strength, it shows what load (in kilograms) one square centimeter of the brick surface can take on.

Strength is indicated by grades, where after the letter "M" is this indicator. There are seven brands of ceramic facing bricks: from M75 to M300. But for cladding, as a rule, too high grades are not required - after all, the material does not experience such loads as, say, an ordinary brick when laying a foundation. Or load-bearing walls. Therefore, facing products of the M300 brand are not produced at all.

Ceramic bricks used for facing work, for the most part, have voids inside. So you can solve two problems at once: make it easier and more convenient to lay it, as well as improve the heat saving of the walls lined with this material. But hollowness does not affect the tensile strength. We decided not to present the grades of ceramic bricks in terms of strength in the form of a table, limiting ourselves to a brief description of the merits of each of them.

This video will tell you more about the types and brands of red brick:

M75

Products of this type are the least durable, but they are the cheapest. This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of construction work.

Basically, ceramic brick grade 75 is of an ordinary type. It is used for erecting walls of low-rise buildings, as well as various buildings.

M100

So, the technical characteristics of ordinary ordinary red brick brand 100. In the ordinary version - one of the most popular budget options.

More durable than M75, suitable for building walls (load-bearing and external). The versatility of this material allows it to be used for many low-rise buildings (not exceeding three floors).

M125

The front brick of this brand is suitable both for lining the exterior facades of buildings with a different number of floors, and for the manufacture of decorative buildings,. Buildings up to three floors, columns, pillars, partitions are built from ordinary bricks.

For cladding, as a rule, a hollow version is used, which has the following characteristics:

• The weight of one piece is from 2.2 to 2.5 kilograms.
• Strength (in compression and bending) - from 1.4 to 1.6 MPa.
• Absorption of liquid (water) - no more than 8 percent.
• Thermal conductivity coefficient - from 0.2 to 0.26 watts per meter per degree Celsius.

A solid brick of this brand has the same margin of safety, but a high coefficient of thermal conductivity (0.513 watts per meter per degree Celsius) and a more solid weight (up to 3.5 kilograms). Brick ceramic thickened brand 125 has an acceptable price.

M150

One of the popular brands (M150) ceramic solid brick brand M150 GOST.

• In the ordinary version, it is suitable for the construction of the basement of buildings, as well as foundations, walls of houses (including multi-storey ones).
• For masonry walls, both load-bearing and external, this brand is often used.
• The front brick is suitable for facing buildings, as well as the construction of various buildings (arbors, fences, benches in a summer cottage).

M200 and M250

Quality and reliable products. Able to withstand heavy loads and have excellent water resistance.

• Ordinary bricks of these grades can be used for and for the construction of multi-storey buildings.
• The facing option is suitable not only for performing all the above works, but also for laying out (for example, on a plot near the cottage).

M300

As already mentioned, it is typical only for ordinary bricks. Such building material is used in places experiencing heavy loads.

For example, for laying the foundation of a house with many floors. Or basement structures, the walls of which need to be further strengthened. This brand is good for laying fireplaces and stoves.

Frost resistance characteristic

This characteristic shows how many times the moistened material is able to withstand freezing and thawing (the temperature during freezing should be minus 18 degrees Celsius with an error of up to 2 degrees). This indicator is in the brand designation after the letter "F". There are the following main brands for this parameter: F100, F75, F50, F 35, F30, F25, F15.

It is worth knowing that the tests of bricks are carried out in laboratory extreme conditions. So, let's say, Brand F50 can actually withstand not fifty freeze-thaw cycles, but much more. Moreover, winter is different in winter, some are quite warm.

According to DSTU B V.2.7-61-97, the brick used for cladding must have a grade that is not lower than F25. Therefore, you should especially pay attention to the fact that for the front brick, unlike the ordinary one, the F15 brand does not exist.

Naturally, the margin in terms of frost resistance will never be superfluous. Therefore, with a small difference in price, it is worth preferring a material of a higher brand.

This video will tell you how the red brick is tested for strength:

Types of brick

The modern construction market today meets us with an abundance of various wall materials. But, despite this, the traditional building brick does not lose its huge popularity, although it has a rather “advanced” age. Of course, today's types of bricks differ from their ancestors - raw bricks - like day from night. They perfectly retain heat, perfectly tolerate high humidity and any temperature fluctuations, and, therefore, are optimal for the construction of buildings in Russia. Most people distinguish between red and white building bricks. However, in fact, there are many more types of bricks. A variety of types of bricks is explained by different areas of application. Brick can differ not only in shape and size, but also in its composition, and in addition, the technologies that are used for its production. Brick is one of the most popular building materials, however, it is not so easy to understand the rich variety of brick types.

Types and characteristics of bricks based on the material of manufacture:

- Ceramic brick.

This type of brick is made from clay, sometimes a mixture of various types of clay, and after molding and drying, it goes through high-temperature firing (about 1000 degrees Celsius). A ceramic brick that has not been in the oven for enough time can be identified by its color (it is lighter than usual), as well as its sound (deaf). A good brick has a matte surface, and when struck, it makes a characteristic sonorous sound. It is required that at its fracture it be porous, uniform and light. If the brick has deep cracks on the outside and voids inside, it is considered defective. The main requirements for finished products are presented in a special GOST for bricks (this is GOST 530-2007 "Brick and ceramic stones").

- Silicate brick.

This type of brick is made from a mixture of sand and lime. Its main advantages are good sound insulation and reduced thermal conductivity. Thin walls built of silicate bricks will have the same sound insulation and heat retention indicators as much more impressive walls made of ceramic bricks. Its disadvantage compared to ceramic bricks is less moisture resistance. That is why white brick is used only in the process of building walls and partitions, however, it is not used in the construction of fireplaces, foundations, stoves, etc.

- Hyper-pressed brick.

This type of brick is made from a special mixture of 90% limestone, 8% cement and 2% special dye. The mixture is pressed in special forms, as a result, a bar is obtained, ideal in shape and color, which is used for various types of finishing and facing types of work. Hyper-pressed bricks are also produced with a heterogeneous structure, used for cladding under the so-called “torn stone”.

Types of bricks for the purpose of application:

- Ordinary brick.

Ordinary brick (construction brick, or it is also called standard brick, red brick, wall brick, backing brick, clay brick, rough brick, working brick) is widely used for building foundations, as well as erecting reliable load-bearing structures. It can be subjected to subsequent painting or plastering. Thanks to this, the brick does not need to be given high aesthetic external qualities. Because of this, a bar of this brick has a non-uniform structure and color, it may have various defects, etc., however, this does not really matter, since it does not in any way affect the strength indicators of a brick of this kind and this indicator fully meets state standard.

- Brick facing.

This type of brick (facing brick, facing brick, finishing brick, facade brick) can be described as a good facing building material that does not have foreign defects, is uniform in color. Just these qualities are especially appreciated among facing materials. In its production, it is important to comply with all recipe standards and manufacturing technology, otherwise unnecessary extraneous inclusions may appear, or violations in the structure of the limestone layer will be found. Moisture is very dangerous for a brick with limestone inclusions, since a chemical reaction can begin that violates the integrity of the building material. According to the GOST requirements for all the qualities of a brick and its appearance, the deviations in size for this type of brick should not be more than 4 millimeters in length, 3 millimeters in width, and also a couple or three millimeters in thickness. However, unlike the draft brick, the facing brick meets the standards observed with high accuracy much better. Specialists distinguish two types of front bricks: a textured brick with a relief surface, and a shaped brick, which is used to finish window openings, cornices and other decorative facade parts of the building. The non-standard form and structure helps to create a truly unique design of any building, rounding the edges and erecting arched structures.

Rice. 1. The main colors of the front brick.

Ivory, Straw, Red, Terracotta, Brown

- Chamotte brick.

This type of brick is intended for both interior and exterior decoration of various fireplaces and stoves. Since it must meet the highest operational requirements, fireclay bricks have good density, high weight, are resistant to strong heat and are able to withstand temperature drops of the order of 1000 degrees. As a rule, refractory bricks have a yellow (sand) color.

- Clinker brick.

The name of this type of brick comes from the name of the technology used in its manufacture. During this procedure, individual clay layers are sintered until a solid mass is formed. As a result, the formation of many defects that appear in the form of structural disturbances and foreign inclusions can be avoided. Since the clinker brick is homogeneous, it is a truly strong building material with increased wear resistance. And the fact that there are no restrictions on textures and colors allows it to cover the numerous needs of the construction market, because it can be used to perform a wide range of works, such as paving, cladding, etc.

Types of ceramic bricks according to the manufacturing method:

plastic molding bricks

This type of brick is the most popular. has no restrictions on use. It is obtained by pressing under high pressure. The formed bar goes through the process of drying and firing. In a special oven, it is heated to a temperature of 800-1000-Chu degrees. Sometimes the temperature can be more than 1000 degrees, if required by the construction regulations.

Semi-dry bricks

Semi-dry pressed bricks are made from clay by pressing followed by brick firing. For these purposes, there is not even a need to dry the brick. True, the scope of semi-dry brick molding is limited, because this type of brick has a more porous structure, therefore, moisture becomes dangerous for it. As a result, it cannot be used for the construction of load-bearing walls, various fences and structures, since they will not be durable. Semi-dry pressed brick can be successfully used for the construction of internal ceilings and walls, because it has such advantages as a smooth and even surface, ideal geometry. Walls made of it do not need leveling at all, and this significantly saves money and time.

Characteristics of a brick.

What is the voidness of a brick

Ceramic brick (often called masonry brick, backing brick, clay brick, red brick) is corpulent and hollow (slotted brick, effective brick).

solid brick

A brick that does not have voids (through holes) or with a voidage of not more than 13% (according to GOST 530-2012 p. 3.4), is smooth, corrugated or knurled for ease of applying plaster.

Hollow brick (slotted brick, perforated brick)

A brick having through holes (hollowness) of various shapes and sizes, due to which such a brick has a) less weight, which reduces the load on the foundation (the weight of a slotted brick is less than the weight of a standard solid brick), and b) a greater heat-insulating ability, which allows to reduce thickness of brick walls. brick price solid higher than slotted brick .

Rice. 2. Voidness of a brick.

Solid brick, slotted (hollow) brick

The size and weight of the brick.

When choosing a brick, you need to know its dimensions. Three main standard brick sizes are used in construction:

Single brick size and weight

It is also called a brick. A standard or single-row brick has a standard size of 250x120x65 mm., Where 65 mm is the height of the brick, and the weight is 2-2.3 kg. ;

Size and weight of one and a half bricks

It is also a thickened brick with a size of 250x120x88 mm, a height of 88 mm, and a weight of 3-3.2 kg. ;

Size and weight of a double brick (Stone)

It is also called a double stone, a 2NF brick with a size of 250x120x138 mm, a height of 138 mm, and a weight of 4.8-5 kg.

Additional information about different types of bricks: