The indefinite form of the verb to save. Indefinite form of verbs

Any verb can be put in such a form, which is called the initial. She is also called indefinite form of the verb or infinitive. The indefinite form of the verb received such a name due to the fact that it does not show either time, or number, or person, or gender, that is, these signs are not defined.

Verbs in an indefinite form answer the questions what to do? what to do? Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.

The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in - be or - ti(sing, dance, go, go out, find, carry, crawl). These are suffixes. The indefinite form can be obtained with the help of other inflectional suffixes: -st (steal), -sti (carry, row).

Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root: guard - guard (root guard-, guard-), lie down - lie down (root lie-, lie down-). In some elementary school textbooks -ch is considered a suffix, and in high school they teach that -ch is included in the root.

In the indefinite form of verbs, if it ends NOT in –ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is the spelling for the rule: ь in the indefinite form of the verb.

Vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.

If they are unstressed, then there is always a spelling in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by the rule, they can only be recognized from the dictionary and memorized.

Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen
Suffix -e: see, offend, depend
Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, build
Suffix -ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow

In verbs, there is often a special suffix -sya or -ss. It is special because it is located after -t. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it its name - postfix("attached after"). Examples: swim, listen.

There is confusion with the indefinite form of the verb and verbs used in the complex future tense. The future compound tense is formed just from imperfective verbs and answers the questions what will I do ?, what will they do ?, formed from the verb to be (I will write, will smile). Although the infinitive is still an infinitive, elementary school teachers teach that it is the future tense, not the initial form. In the future compound tense, only the verb "to be" changes in persons and numbers.

Morphological features of the infinitive

The infinitive or indefinite form of the verb is the invariable, non-conjugated form of the verb. It has only constant grammatical features of verbs:

View- perfect, denoting a completed action (rewrite, wash), imperfect (cook, give away).
recurrence- returnable (hear, wrap up), irrevocable (fold, close).
Transitivity- transitional (read a book, see a picture), intransitive (have fun, live).
Conjugation- I conjugation (to make, mix) and II conjugation (to love, draw).
Also the infinitive of the verb is inherent inflectional sign of pledge: active voice (Mom decided to cook lasagna); passive voice (Lasagna should be ready soon).

We train in the formation of indefinite verbs

Let's find verbs in the indefinite form in the text.

It's good in summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) to sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) to swim in clear water, (what to do?) to pick mushrooms, berries in the forest, (what to do?) to listen to birdsong. It is interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and in the garden, (what to do?) to help the elders with the housework. I ( what will i do?) I will Great conduct(complex future tense, singular, not n.f.) summer time.

Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.

Let's take - what shall we do?, what shall we do? take

Let's add - what shall we do?, what shall we do? add

Let's beat - what shall we do?, what shall we do? whip

Let's pour out - what shall we do?, what shall we do? pour out

Let's add - what shall we do?, what shall we do? add

Let's mix - what shall we do?, what shall we do? mix

We bake - what do we do ?, what to do? bake

Flowed - what did you do?, last century, what to do? flow (root flow-flow)

Shear - what do I do ?, current v., what to do ?, cut

I will save - what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?

I will captivate - what will I do ?, bud.v., what to do ?, captivate (root attract)

Form indefinite verbs using the given suffixes and prefixes.

Prefixes VZ-, ON-, PRI-, FROM-. Roots -DREM-, -CASHL-, -DANCE-. Suffixes -IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -А-, -Я-, -СЯ.

Take a nap - prefix vs-, suffix -well-,

take a nap - prefix po-, suffix -a,

cough - prefix po-, suffix -i-,

cough - prefix from-, suffix -i-,

dance - prefix po-, suffix -a-,

to dance - prefix at-, suffix -yva-,

dance - prefix from-, suffix -yva-.

Instruction

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question to it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, breed, lie down.
There is always a soft sign at the end of such verbs.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The record of the finals of these forms is the same: [tutor "itsa] (studies) - [tutor" ita] (studies). In this case, pay attention to , the vowel before [-ca] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which of them is the infinitive, you need to designate the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, it needs a soft sign. So, in the sentence "Students will be able to work out additionally" the predicate "will be able to work out." And the indefinite form is "to work out."

The indefinite form of the verb can act as secondary members of the sentence. In such cases, it can be determined by following the logic of reasoning. Ask a question of the indirect case from the predicate to the infinitive. If possible, then in this case it is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do a warm-up”, the word “do” will be an object (said what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “ordered” is performed, and others will perform it. So this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “For what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train”, we ask the question “I came for what purpose?” to the infinitive.
By definition ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar”, the infinitive is -: the ability (what?) to play.

Infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb

A verb in its initial or indefinite form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question "what to do?" or "what to do?" It is never possible to ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is she doing?”, “What will she do?”, “What will she do?”, “What did she do?”, “What did she do? " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.

Examples. The verb "go" answers the question "what to do?". Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb "write" answers the question "what to do?" and is an infinitive. From this initial form, verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, the verb in the infinitive is always the zero (indefinite) form, from which you can always form different forms of the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What features of the verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine any signs of this part of speech, or morphological signs, from it? Yes, you can define constants, signs of the verb.

Firstly, according to the indefinite form, it is possible to determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question "what to do?" and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question "what to do?" and denotes a completed, finished action. For example, “walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, by the infinitive you can determine. There are two conjugations - the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in -et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and a few exception verbs in -it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in -it, as well as some exception verbs in -at, -yat and -et.

Knowledge of any language is unthinkable without knowledge of the basic units of speech. Equally important are grammatical rules that allow all parts of speech to be harmoniously connected with each other using cases, prepositions, and conjugations. Russian is a predicative language, it uses action categories or verb constructions more often. When getting acquainted with this part of speech, students will learn how it is formed and what the indefinite form of the verb is.

In the textbook for grade 4, when children get acquainted with this concept, a rule is given.

The indefinite form of the verb is the initial and invariable form from which all verbal parts of speech (participles, verbal adjectives) and forms of the verb formed during conjugation are formed.

What questions does the indefinite form answer: what to do? (what to do?).

The indefinite form in linguistics is called the term "infinitive" (from Latin Infinitus). By the infinitive, it is impossible to say who and when performs any action (for example, “to walk”: it is not clear who did it and when, there is no indication of either the number or the time). Its morphological features are the suffixes -t (-ty) (for example, id ti, saying be) or root ending in -ch (for example, le whose, se whose).

Peculiarities

The indefinite form of the verb does not change. This is the peculiarity of the infinitive, so it cannot be conjugated or otherwise changed.

The initial form of a verb can only have permanent features:

Conjugation (1st, 2nd, different conjugations).
Return (returnable, irrevocable).
Transitivity (transitive or intransitive).
View (imperfect or perfect).

The infinitive is devoid of signs of person, time or number, so it is impossible to tell from it who and when performs the action.

How to find the infinitive

For those who are learning Russian as a foreign language or for children who do not read enough, the issue of finding the infinitive can present some difficulties. How to find the indefinite form of a verb.

Those who know Russian at the level of their native language, as a rule, do not experience any special difficulties with this. How to put the verb in an indefinite form: mentally ask questions of the infinitive - “what to do?” or “what to do?”.

The infinitive can also be defined in another way:

Find out what form the verb in the sentence belongs to.
“Cut off” the personal endings that appear during conjugation, and (if necessary) the past tense suffix -l-.
Substitute the infinitive suffix -t (-ti) for the rest or simply ask the appropriate question.

Let's look at the following example: "They diligently wrote letters in a notebook." The initial form in this case will be "prescribe".

How we defined it:

We ask the question: They (what did they do?) Prescribed.
The question "what did you do?" indicates that the verb is imperfective (without the prefix “s”), which means that to determine the infinitive, you also need to ask without the prefix “s”: “what to do?”.
We remove the ending -and and the past tense suffix –l-. We have: prescription-.
We substitute the infinitive suffix -t for the rest of the word: (what to do?) - prescribe.

Note that in this case, you can make a mistake and call “prescribe” as an answer, it will be wrong, since “prescribe” answers the question “what to do?”, That is, it stands in its perfect form.

Important! When determining the initial form, it is necessary to put a question to the verb in the sentence itself in order to determine its form.

A hint on how not to make a mistake when determining the (in) perfect form: in the infinitive, all prefixes and suffixes (with the exception of the past tense suffix -l-) of the form of the verb with which you are working in the text are preserved.

Note! In the process of searching for N.F. you can go in two ways: ask the question - "what to do?" or “what to do?”, or follow the above method.

syntax function

What is the role of the indefinite form of the verb in the sentence. It can perform various syntactic functions. A summary of the possible members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive, is given in the table:

The infinitive as an object is almost never found. However, in the sentence “He ordered coffee to be served”, “serve” can be interpreted as an addition (ordered what?).

Definition online

If you find it difficult to determine the initial form yourself or are not sure that you did it correctly, you can check yourself using online services for.

Since the definition of the infinitive is an obligatory part of it, you can go to any web page that offers this service and enter the desired verb in the form in which it is used in the sentence.

The first word that will be indicated will be N.f. verb..

Note that, in general, the ability to determine parts of speech, change them by person, number, tense, largely depends on innate literacy and linguistic instinct. But even if this is not all right, learning what questions an indefinite form answers is not so difficult. For the rest, follow the above schemes and tips.

To consolidate (or form) knowledge on this topic, a number of tasks and exercises can be recommended:

Distinguishing parts of speech with similar endings (put a cast-iron in the oven (n.) - bake pies (ch.), Sing, come here! (proper name) - sing songs (ch.)).
Transforming an imperfective verb into a perfective verb and vice versa.
The formation of a verb from a noun (for example, travel - to travel, food - to eat, trip - to travel).

With practice, the necessary skills will come.

Useful video: Indefinite form of the verb

The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. It studies the features of parts of speech, their permanent and variable features. The article discusses verbs-infinitives in detail.

Infinitive

Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. in its original form. It represents the verb in dictionaries. For example, in the explanatory dictionary there is no verb dating, since this is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - meet. You can put the verb in this form by asking the question what to do? or what to do?: dating - what to do? meet, draw - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back. The infinitive differs from other verb forms not only in a question. Suffixes of infinitives (verbs in the initial form) are special: -t, -ti, -ch. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if the verb has such morphemes.

The verb and its indefinite form

Pupils and students who are especially keen on learning the Russian language are concerned about the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. Firstly, the very word "infinitive" goes back to the Latin word, which translates as "indefinite". Secondly, the form of the verb is not determined by the infinitive, more precisely, its personal form, the form of tense, mood, gender, number, and so on. The infinitive determines the constant features of the verb, such as aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity. They will be discussed below.

Invariable signs of the verb

When performing, it is required to designate its signs. Permanent signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.

View is a part-time category that reflects the relation of an action to its internal limit: completed / happening. Infinitive verbs that answer a question what to do? look perfect: say, prepare, leave. Verbs in the initial form that answer the question what to do? are imperfect: talk, cook, go. Species pairs are distinguished, that is, words with the same meaning, but of a different type: decide - decide, say - speak, sew up - sew up, bake - bake.

Traditionally defined by the initial form. The 2nd conjugation includes those that end in -it(exception shave, lay, build), and verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend; to the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class is distinguished which, when changed, combine the endings of 1 and 2 conjugations. These are the words to give, eat, run, want.

Transitivity is the next constant feature. Infinitive verbs that can govern a noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot are intransitive. For example, sew on (what?) a button, record (what?) a film, draw (who?) a child- transitional; be surprised, call, shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.

Reflexive are those verbs that have the postfix -sya: build, wash, make a reservation. Irreversible - those who do not have this affix.

Question about the morpheme

Indicators of the initial form of the verb - morphemes -t, -ti, -ch - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, referring to their ability to change: say - said, indicate - indicated. However, the infinitive is considered an invariable form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that the morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.

Impersonal form of the verb

Infinitives refer to the impersonal forms of the verb. This is due to the fact that this is an invariable form in which the person, gender, number are not determined. Infinitives do not carry nouns in the nominative case, unlike personal forms. They only name the action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not associated with the category of time, which is determined by personal forms. Their inclination is also indeterminate. That is, the infinitive is unreal, it is out of time, it only names the action. Some students ask the question of what is the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. An infinitive is, in a different way, a verb in its initial form.

In Russian grammar, other non-personal forms are also distinguished - these are participles and participles. They, like the infinitive, do not change in faces. A gerund is such an invariable form of a verb that combines the features of an adverb and a verb and answers the question having done what? doing what?: reading, publishing, pointing, humming. The participle is such a form of the verb that denotes a sign by action, combines the signs of an adjective and a verb, answers the questions of adjectives: which? surrounded, acting, watching, forgotten.

The role of the infinitive in a sentence

The peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb is that it can play the role of any member in the sentence. Quite often the subject is a verb-infinitive in Russian. Examples: Seeking the truth in everything was her goal in itself. To appreciate the work of others is worthy. It's useless to talk to him. Denoting an action, the infinitive plays the role of a predicate: You will not see rest! Don't understand him. She is unrecognizable. Often it comes in following the auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena started working immediately after her appointment. He stopped joking after receiving the remark.

Minor members of the sentence can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. So, the infinitive plays the role of an object in sentences: The captain gave the order to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to work. The definition can be expressed in the infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to leave. The hope of leaving by morning reassured them. The circumstance represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. Children come to her from all over the city.

Infinitives in folklore and fiction

Infinitives have long been used by the people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Promise less, sin less. To indulge a thief is to steal yourself. Not hard to do, but hard to come up with. In fiction, infinitive verbs are widely used. Examples: "Dense stump - I will be able to live", "That's why I called you - to find out", "Let me come first", "and no one cared about his worries, and so - just to talk"(Shukshin V.M. "Stoves-benches"); "No one wants to change... equilibrium","the habit of smilingin a way... slightly pulled aside the lower part of his... face","you could ask not to sprinkle it with crushed peanuts"(Iskander F.A. "Summer Day").

It would seem, what a simple thing! But this linguistic phenomenon also has its own characteristics and even "pitfalls", which will be discussed later in this article.

Brief description of the infinitive in Russian

An infinitive verb is what we see written in a dictionary entry. It has no mood, person, number, time, that is, it does not change depending on who performs the action, since there is simply no such subject. However, such a verb still has some features - aspect (perfect or imperfect) and conjugation (first or second). In addition, it is characterized by recurrence or irreversibility, as well as transitivity or intransitivity.

How to understand that the verb is in the infinitive

To determine that a given form of an action word is in fact an infinitive, you need to ask questions of the indefinite form of the verb to it. These include: " what to do?' (for example, 'read' or 'talk') or ' what to do?" (for example, "gift" or "drink"). If the verb answers them, then it is in the initial form.

In addition, there are always suffixes in: -t-, -ti-, -ch-, -st- and -sti-. It is worth noting that some linguists argue that these are the endings of indefinite verbs, since this morpheme is subject to change. However, the controversy has not subsided so far.

What is the indefinite form of the verb used for?

The Russian language is rich enough in various possibilities of using the infinitive. The indefinite form of a verb can be a subject, predicate, definition, object in a sentence, and also be an integral part of the verb predicate, express the imperative mood or the future tense. Next, we will consider each of these cases in more detail with examples.

Specific syntactic roles of the verb in the initial form

So, a verb in an indefinite form is a subject if it is somehow characterized. For example:

Drawing was the meaning of his life.
Being a mother is the meaning of Svetlana's life.

In these proposals draw" and " to be (mother)» are subject, as they are separate, independent actions.

In addition, a sentence can contain two infinitives, one of which characterizes the other:

To live means to love.

Then here" live" is the subject, and " be in love"- predicate. The member of the sentence is determined in this case easily: the subject goes before the predicate. Also instead of " means" can be a dash or the words " this", "is» and the like.

An infinitive can be a definition if it is in this form, for example:

He went to bed determined to read a book tomorrow.

It turns out that the verb "read" here answers the question "what kind?" With what decision did he go to bed? Read (tomorrow a book). That is, a verb of an indefinite form is a definition if it refers to a noun, which means necessity, decision, desire, expression of will, and the like.

The indefinite form of the verb is also an object if, for example, it is used in such a phrase:

Dad asked Lena to pick up the pencil.

That is, the verb "asked" here has a full-fledged lexical meaning. Both verbs refer to different people (" asked"to dad, and" raise"- to Lena).

The infinitive is an integral part of the verbal predicate if used with a verb that denotes the beginning, continuation or completion of an action, that is, it has an auxiliary meaning. For example:

The puppy quickly began to fall asleep.
The teacher continued teaching.

"Started" and " continued" are just such verbs, therefore " fall asleep" and " lead" will be parts of the predicate.

The infinitive expresses the imperative when used in a commanding tone. For example, a squad leader might order: Be silent!", and the captain of the ship shout:" All hands on deck!»

The initial form of the verb expresses the future tense in sentences like this:

Yes, Ivan should not be a pilot!

That is, it must contain a certain shade of annoyance or regret.

Common spelling mistakes

In most cases, an infinitive verb is an easy thing to spell, but sometimes people get confused. This happens when the verb is reflexive. The soft sign in front of the suffix is simply forgotten - Xia-, so it turns out that the verb is in the third person and singular. And sometimes it makes it very difficult to understand when reading.

In order to avoid mistakes and correctly write suffixes (or the endings of indefinite verbs), you need to mentally ask them questions every time: “h what to do?"or" h then do?» If the verb clearly answers exactly to them, it is necessary to put a soft sign. For example, in the last word in the sentence " Petya is going to sleep tonight" put a soft sign, because Petya going what to do? Get enough sleep.

Thus, the indefinite form verb is a rather interesting and important part of the language that can be used in different cases, the main thing is to learn them well.

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