Report about crop production in the Perm region. Report on the topic “Crop production. Varieties of cultivated plants

The grains of these plants are different from each other. For example, in rye, the grain is oblong, darker, in wheat - rounded, light.

Use of cultivated cereals

Plants from which bread is obtained are called bread plants.

Farmers have to spend a lot of time, effort, and money to grow grain crops, harvest crops and make bread. Therefore, it must be protected!

vegetable plants

Many vegetables are grown in the fields: cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, onions, etc.

white cabbage often referred to as the "queen of vegetables".

Cabbage is very rich in vitamins, it is the basis of many dishes. It is eaten raw in salads, boiled in cabbage soup and borscht, stewed, sauerkraut, pies are baked with it. A lot of knowledge, labor and time must be devoted to the cultivation of this crop. Cabbage loves warmth and moisture. Her homeland is warm countries. Without preparation, cabbage will not have time to ripen during the relatively short Ural summer. Therefore, in early spring, when the field is still resting, people plant small blackish round seeds in greenhouses or hotbeds. They grow light green plants with two leaves (seedlings).

When it becomes warm, seedlings are planted in fields and gardens. More and more leaves appear in plants. They hug each other tighter and tighter. This is how a head is formed. The inner sheets become juicy and white. There are 40 - 70 of them in a head of cabbage, and sometimes more, and they hold tightly, clinging to each other. Cabbage is harvested in autumn.

green cucumbers are a favorite vegetable plant. They are also good in winter pickled or salted.

spring seeds carrots, beets, radish sown directly on the beds and carefully watered. Small plants with green leaves appear. Their roots grow and become thicker and juicier. Nutrients accumulate in them: sugar, starch, vitamins. A month later, radishes ripen, and later - carrots and beets.

Plants that eat thickened roots are called root crops.

Onion- a valuable food product. It contains sugar and various vitamins. No meat or fish dish is complete without onions. Even in ancient times, onions were used as a healing plant for many diseases. Therefore, the people put together such a saying: "Onion from seven ailments." Our scientists have found that onions emit volatile substances (phytoncides), which kill putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the use of onions in food has a healing value.

Onions eat green leaves and onions. Onions are native to dry steppes. The plant has adapted to store nutrients in the bulb during the dry period, which has wonderful properties. Many people store onions in the winter, and they do not dry out. In spring, the bulb sprouts easily and produces green leaves, and in greenhouses even in winter. She can easily winter. Sometimes they plant lek on the beds before winter. When the snow begins to melt, green leaves will already appear on the onion.

Potato- a valuable food product. It is often called "second bread". Potato is an important industrial crop. Starch, alcohol, molasses are obtained from it.

In the underground part, potato stems produce underground white branches, at the ends of which thickenings are formed - young tubers. They gradually increase and fill with starch. In autumn, a rich crop of potato tubers is usually harvested.

The potato is native to South America. Potatoes were not immediately recognized in Russia. In the beginning, by mistake, they did not eat tubers, but bitter fruits. Therefore, many peasants did not want to plant it. Potato planting was distributed among the population by force, and this caused "potato riots" in ancient times. But gradually people mastered this culture and realized that potatoes are an indispensable food product. Now we grow many high-yielding varieties of potatoes. So, in potatoes, it is not the fruit that is eaten, but the modified underground part of the stem, called the tuber.

fruit and berry plants

Due to cold and long winters, horticulture in the Perm region is underdeveloped. But still, gardeners grow sea buckthorn, cherries, garden strawberries, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, plums, apple trees, etc.

Horticulture is concentrated in the south of the region and in the suburbs of Perm, Chusovoy, Krasnokamsk, Okhansk and other settlements. But still, most of the fruits for the population are brought from other countries and the southern regions of our country.

Floriculture

From year to year, our cities and towns are decorated with flowers in the spring and summer. In the spring, when the snow just melts, the first perennials appear on the garden plots: snow-white narcissus s with an unforgettable delicate aroma, red and yellow tulips, purple irises.

Lesson type: combined

Target

- the formation of a holistic picture of the world and the awareness of a person's place in it on the basis of the unity of rational-scientific knowledge and the child's emotional and valuable understanding of personal experience of communication with people and nature;

Characteristics of students' activities

Understand learning objectives of the lesson, strive to fulfill them.

Reveal dependence of crop production in the region on natural conditions. Work in a group: get to know each other based on the materials of the textbook and local history literature from one of the branches of crop production, Cook messages. Practical work: determine with the help of illustrations of the textbook field cultures in the herbarium; making a difference grain crops and varieties of cultivated plants. Formulate conclusions from the studied material, respond for final questions and evaluate achievement in the classroom.

Planned results

subject

Know

Be able to comply with the rules for the care of cultivated plants.

Metasubject (Regulatory. Cognitive. communicative)

P. - pose and formulate problems.

To carry out the analysis of objects with the allocation of essential and non-essential features. Build oral messages. Establish cause and effect relationships.

R. - make the necessary adjustments to the action after its completion based on its assessment and taking into account the nature of the mistakes made, use suggestions and assessments to create a new, more perfect result.

K.- argue your position and coordinate it with the positions of partners

Personal Outcomes

A feeling of love for one's land, expressed in interest in its nature.

Skills of cooperation in different situations, the ability not to create conflicts and find a way out of controversial situations.

Basic concepts and definitions

names of branches of crop production of our region.

Preparing for the assimilation of new material

We learn about the work of plant growers in our region. We will learn to distinguish between the branches of crop production, to correlate varieties of cultivated plants with them

Remember what sectors agriculture is divided into. What crops are grown in your area?

Try to explain what "varieties of cultivated plants" are. Where did they come from?

With the help of a textbook, establish which branches crop production is divided into.

What are the features of crop production in your region? This can be found in local history literature. Think about how these features are related to the natural conditions of the region.

Learning new material

VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS

Roses of different varieties

Once upon a time there were no cultivated plants on Earth. There were only wild ones.

A man began to grow some of them near his home. People selected, preserved, propagated the best of these plants. Thus, cultivated plants gradually arose - they acquired the properties necessary for man.

Man has bred a variety of varieties of cultivated plants. Many of them bear little resemblance to the wild plants from which they originate. Breeding of new varieties continues.

Now in the world there are only about 1,000 varieties of onion, 1,500 gooseberries, 2,000 plums, 5,000 pears, and at least 10,000 varieties of apple trees!

PLANT INDUSTRIES

Crop production is divided into several main branches: field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.

In each region, crop production has its own characteristics, which depend on the natural conditions of the region.

Comprehension and understanding of the acquired knowledge

Choose one of the branches of crop production. Get to know her in the textbook and local history literature.

Complete the tasks in the workbook related to this industry. Present the results of your work to the class. With the whole class, summarize the information about crop production in your area.

field farming

Practical work

Consider field crops in your area in the herbarium. Determine their names with the help of a picture. Compare them to each other. By what signs can these plants be distinguished?

2. Learn to distinguish grains of wheat, rye, oats and other grains

field farming is the cultivation field crops. The main field crops are cereals. These include wheat, rye, oats, barley, pro-so, corn, buckwheat.

White bread is baked from wheat flour, black bread from rye flour. Oatmeal is made from oats. Barley gives pearl barley, millet - millet groats (millet), buckwheat - buckwheat groats.

Corn for grain is grown in the southern regions (it is a heat-loving crop). In the more northerly regions, corn grain does not ripen, so here silage is obtained from it.

Other field crops - potatoes, sunflower, flax.

You know that people use potato tubers for food. They also go to feed pets. And in factories, starch is obtained from potato tubers. From sunflower seeds, sunflower oil is obtained, and from flax, flax fiber for making fabrics.

vegetable growing

Vegetable farming is the cultivation vegetable crops. There are many of them: cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions ... Continue this list orally.

Grow vegetables in the field, in the garden, in greenhouses. Vegetable growers call the field and vegetable garden open ground, greenhouses - protected ground. Many vegetable farms have entire towns of greenhouses in which you can harvest all year round.

Vegetables play a very important role in human nutrition. They are rich in vitamins, various salts and other healthy substances. Some vegetables - onions, garlic - contain phytoncides.

fruit growing

Horticulture is the cultivation of fruit crops. So it is customary to call plants that are grown to produce fruits. The most common in our country are apple, pear, cherry, plum, currant, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry.

You know well that fruits are very beneficial for human health. In addition, they are also very tasty!

Floriculture

Floriculture is cultivation flower crops. They are grown to decorate parks, squares, gardens, various premises, to obtain cut flowers. Some plants are grown in open ground, others - in greenhouses, greenhouses, rooms.

People began to engage in floriculture in deep antiquity. Interestingly, peonies, lilies, irises, and tulips were already grown in the garden of the Moscow Kremlin in the 16th-17th centuries. And in the 18th century, in 1704, a wonderful garden with beautiful flower beds was created in St. Petersburg - the Summer Garden. It is still a decoration of the city.

The world of flowers is amazingly diverse. And all of them delight people with their beauty, make a person's life happier.

Tulips Dahlias

check yourself

1. List the branches of crop production known to you. 2. What field, vegetable, fruit, flower crops are grown in your region? 3. What new, interesting things did you manage to learn in the lesson about agriculture?

Conclusion

Field growing, vegetable growing, horticulture, and floriculture are all branches of plant growing. In each region, crop production has features that depend on the natural conditions of this region.

Homework assignments

1. Write down in the dictionary the names of the branches of plant growing that are developed in your region.

2. If you live in the countryside, watch the spring work in the field, in the garden, in the garden. Take photos. Find out from adults what work has already been done and what remains to be done. Help adults in the work of growing plants. Prepare to tell the class what you have learned and done.

Class: 4

Goals:

• to form students' ideas about crop production in our region;
• introduce the branches of crop production, expand knowledge about plants;
• to develop cognitive interest, the ability to work with a herbarium, to observe and use their observations in practical activities;
• develop respect for nature.

Equipment:

• herbarium of field crops, models of vegetables and fruits, grains of field crops;
• illustrations of plants, photographs;
• video film "Crop production of our region."

During the classes

I. Organizational moment, communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

(Slide 1, 2)

- Today we will learn how cultivated plants appeared, what varieties of cultivated plants a person grows, we will get acquainted with the branches of crop production, we will learn to distinguish field crops according to their characteristic features.

II. Checking homework. Knowledge update.

- Having solved the crossword "Inhabitants of the reservoir", we will find out what our conversation will be about.

Crossword questions:

1. A plant with floating leaves and yellow flowers. Listed in the Red Book.
2. The animal is a rodent, swims well, builds dams, its tail looks like a shoulder blade.
3. Baby frog.
4. A plant with leaves - arrows with large wide tips.
5. Rodent swims and dives well.
6. A plant often referred to as bulrush, with a soft brown tip on the stem. (Slides 3, 4)

- We will talk about the swamp. Tell me, is it necessary to protect the swamps?

- Performing any action, a person should always think about the consequences. There is nothing superfluous in nature.

- Prove with examples that a reservoir is a natural community.

- Tell us about the rules of behavior at the reservoir. (Slide 5)

III. Individual work on cards.

Card 1

Artificial reservoirs include:
a) rivers, seas, oceans;
b) reservoirs, ponds, canals;
d) streams, rivers, lakes, seas;

Water plants are:
a) timothy grass, shepherd's purse, nivyanik;
b) cranberries, blueberries, moss;
c) water lily, duckweed, reed;

Sanitaries of fresh waters are considered ...
a) cancer, toothless;
b) a pond snail, a coil;
c) water strider bug, swimming beetle;

The living filter is called:
a) tadpoles;
b) crayfish;
c) bivalves;

Card 2

The builders of huts and dams on fresh water are:
a) people;
b) muskrats;
c) herons;
d) beavers;

Water is associated with life
a) finches, wagtails, jays;
b) herons, ducks;
c) swans, black grouse, owls;

Predators of fresh waters are:
a) beetles - swimmers, pikes, bugs - water striders;
b) crucians, bloodworms, crayfish;
c) cyclops, pond snails, tadpoles;

Water in freshwater bodies sometimes has a green color, because ...
a) it is a duckweed;
b) a lot of microscopic algae;
c) there is a lot of silt at the bottom;

IV. Working on a new theme.

Teacher's word. (Slide 6)

- In ancient times, primitive man was engaged in hunting and gathering. After all, in order to live, a person needs to eat. The success of hunting and gathering largely depended on the vagaries of nature: either a forest fire would destroy trees with edible fruits and drive away animals, or a drought would destroy the grass that gave people grains and roots ...

And, one day, women noticed that in the place where grains were usually ground on a stone grater, spikelets with the same grains grew. They guessed that it was randomly scattered grains that sprouted. We tried to deliberately scatter the grains - it turned out, and even how: where the grain fell, a whole spikelet grew, or even several. Now it was already possible to grow grains near the house, and not wander in search of forests and meadows. Years passed, man developed, agriculture improved, the plants that man grew became more and more diverse. Growing a good crop is not an easy task, for this you need to know a lot. Know when to plow the land, when to plant, water, what plants need for good growth, when to harvest ripened fruits.

– Cultivation is responsible for the cultivation of cultivated agricultural plants and their cultivation. Look in the dictionary, how does S.I. Ozhegov interpret the word crop production? (Crop production is the science of breeding cultivated agricultural plants, as well as such breeding itself.) (Slide 7)

– Crop growing is divided into several main branches: field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing and floriculture.

- In each region, crop production depends on natural conditions and has its own characteristics. (Slides 8-10)

- How did man make wild plants cultivated? He did not just grow plants near his house, but selected the best, preserved and propagated them. Many families have garden plots where they grow vegetables, berries, and fruits. Let's consider a simple example. People have harvested potatoes, and what's next? (Potatoes are taken to the cellar, sorted by size, selected for seeds for planting next year)

– And not just select, but take the best. Large potatoes are never left to seed. A good owner, relying on his experience, takes care of the future harvest. Laboratories and experimental stations are working on breeding new varieties.

- Let's talk separately about each branch of crop production.

Field farming. (Slide 11)

Think about what this industry does.

Children receive herbarium materials: wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, flax, their grains, corn, sunflower, potatoes. The work is carried out in groups.

Card Help. (Slide 12)

1. The name of the group of plants according to the place of cultivation.
2. What is obtained from each plant.
3. How are grains different? (Slides 13, 14)

Discussion: These plants are grown in the fields, which means they are field crops. Flour is obtained from wheat and rye and bread is baked. These plants differ in the shape of spikelets; rye has long, hard whiskers of different heights. Rye is higher than wheat. Rye and wheat grains differ in shape but are similar in color. Oat grains are oblong, porridge is cooked from them. Buckwheat is distinguished by brown grains and an unusual shape. Buckwheat is obtained from it.

- And what is obtained from millet and barley? (Pearl is obtained from barley, and millet is obtained from millet.) (Slides 15, 16)

What is obtained from sunflowers? (Sunflower oil and seeds) (Slide 20)

- What about linen? (Linseed oil) (Slide 21)

“It's a very interesting culture. Linen fiber is obtained from flax. In the old days, canvases were woven from this fiber and clothes were sewn.

- What about potatoes? (He uses underground parts for food - tubers) (Slide 19)

- Starch is also obtained from potatoes. Love kissels?

– Field cultivation is engaged in cultivation of such crops.

– These field crops are grown at our state farm AgroSvet.

Vegetable growing. (Slides 22-24)

– What does this industry do? (Growing vegetables)

- Correctly. Vegetables are grown not only in the fields, but also in gardens, and even in greenhouses. What vegetables do you know? (Cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini, carrots, beets, onions)

Display of dummies and samples of cultures.

Vegetables play a huge role in human nutrition.

- Vegetables such as onion and garlic are able to kill pathogenic microbes because they contain phytoncides. It is no coincidence that they are recommended to be eaten raw during influenza epidemics. (Slide 25)

V. Physical education.

(Slide 26)

Tara-tara-tara-ra!
From the collective farm
Tractors are leaving.
Let's sow and plow
Plant seeds.

VI. Work on the topic.

Fruit growing. (Slide 27-29)

- Fruit growing is the cultivation of fruit crops that produce fruits. What fruit and berry trees and shrubs do you know? (Apple, pear, cherry, plum, raspberry, currant)

Floriculture. (Slide 30)

– You will read about floriculture yourself on page 206.

- Why are some flowers grown in open ground, others in greenhouses, and still others in a room? (In greenhouses and rooms, flowers are grown all year round. And in open ground, plants are grown that have time to bloom before the cold. Flowers are thermophilic and not very.)

The world of flowers is amazingly beautiful and diverse. Remember what beautiful flowers met us on September 1 and delighted us with their beauty.

Work in a workbook. (Slide 32)

S. 68 No. 1,2,3.

VII. Consolidation of what has been learned.

- List the branches of crop production. (Field growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture).

What industries are developed in our region?

VIII. Game "Recognize the plant."

(Slide 32)

- Guess the plant and name the branch of crop production that grows it.

For a curly tuft
Dragged a fox from a mink.
Feels very smooth ,
Tastes like sugar, sweet.
(Carrots, vegetable growing)

Balls hang on knots
Turned blue from the heat.
(Plum, fruit growing)

amazing sun,
This sun has a hundred windows.
From those windows they look
Hundreds of little jackdaws.
(Sunflower, field cultivation)

The sun is burning my head
Wants to make a rattle.
(Poppy, floriculture)

In the field - with a whisk,
In a bag - pearls.
(Rye, field cultivation)

The lady sat down in the garden,
Dressed in noisy silks.
We are preparing tubs for her
And half a bag of coarse salt.
(Cabbage, vegetable growing)

Low and prickly
Sweet and not smelly.
Pick berries -
Take your whole hand.
(Gooseberry, fruit growing)

– Complete the “Crop Production” scheme on your own with the names of the crops that each industry grows. (Peer-to-peer check)

1. Complete tasks for group work.

1) Field farming.
a) Write down the definition. Crop farming is the cultivation of field crops.
b) Give examples of field crops grown in your area.

wheat, rye, oats, corn, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, sunflower

2) Vegetable growing.
a) Write down the definition. Vegetable farming is the cultivation of vegetable crops.
b) Give examples of vegetable crops grown in your area.

cabbage, carrots, onions, garlic, tomatoes, cucumbers

3) Fruit growing.
a) Write down the definition. fruit growing - is the cultivation of fruit crops.
b) Give examples of fruit crops grown in your area.

apple trees, pears, strawberries, cherries, plums

4) Floriculture.

a) Write down the definition. Floriculture - is the cultivation of flower crops.
b) Give examples of flower crops grown in your area.

chrysanthemums, asters, peonies, roses, hyacinths, gladioli

2. The wise turtle wants to know if you can classify cultivated plants. Show with arrows which groups the plants shown in the figure belong to. Ask a classmate or teacher to check your work.

3. Cross out the extra word in each row.

a) wheat, rye, carrot, barley - carrots are a vegetable, and everything else is field crops.

b) Tomato, cabbage, onion, plum - plum is a fruit crop, and everything else is a vegetable.

c) apple tree corn, cherry, apricot - corn is a field crop, and everything else refers to fruit crops.

G) Cucumber, peony, lily, narcissus Cucumber is a vegetable, everything else is a flower.

Explain your decisions (orally). Think of a similar task for classmates with other examples. Write it down.

• strawberry, currant, radish, cherry
  
• onions, carrots, tomatoes, rye
  
• tulip, barley, wheat, oats
  

Listen and evaluate the answers of your classmates.

4. As instructed by the textbook (p. 193), observe the spring work in the field, in the garden, in the garden. Do the necessary work yourself. Write a short report about what you saw and did. You can draw or paste a photo.

This spring, I helped my grandmother plant onions in her garden. It was very interesting.

First we took a shovel and dug up the ground under the bed. Then we leveled the ground with a rake and formed a rectangular bed.

Then the grandmother took a stick and drew straight longitudinal grooves on the bed. It was in these grooves that we began to plant small bulbs, which my grandmother called “onion sets”.

Grandmother said that all the bulbs should be at an equal distance from each other. We deepened them a little into the ground and made sure that the root was always at the bottom, and the tail with a green seedling at the top.

Then we sprinkled the planted bulbs with earth and watered them well from a watering can. I hope our bulbs will germinate quickly and we will use them for cooking all winter.

Topic: PLANT PRODUCTION IN OUR REGION

The objectives of the lesson: to form students' ideas about crop production in our region, to introduce the branches of crop production, to expand knowledge about plants, to develop cognitive interest, the ability to observe and use their observations in practical activities; to cultivate a careful attitude to bread, the work of parents.

Equipment: herbarium of field crops, models of vegetables and fruits, handouts for the survey, presentation "Crop production in our region."

During the classes:

I. Organizational moment. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Today we will learn how cultivated plants appeared, what cultivated plants are grown in our region, get acquainted with the branches of crop production, and learn to distinguish field crops according to their characteristic features.

II. Checking homework.

one). The work of students on the cards "Forest, meadow, reservoir - natural communities" (attached)

2). Class work.

Slides captions:

Crop production in our region Cultivated plants A lesson on the world around us in grade 4 Development of a primary school teacher MBOU secondary school No. 37 x. Krikuna SURNEVOY Natalya Aleksandrovna

Agriculture is an integral part, or branch, of the economy. Part of agriculture is crop production - the cultivation of cultivated plants. Crop production is the science of breeding cultivated agricultural plants, as well as such breeding itself. (S.I. Ozhegov "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language")

Plant growing I. Farming II. Vegetable growing III. Fruit growing IV. Floriculture

Field farming is the cultivation of field crops: Wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, corn, buckwheat, potatoes, sunflower, flax, sugar beet, fodder beet, alfalfa

Grain crops are the most important group of cultivated plants that provide grain, the main human food product, raw materials for many industries and feed for farm animals Wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, corn, buckwheat, rice

CEREALS barley wheat

CEREALS rice corn

FIELD CROPS POTATOES SUNFLOWER

I. Farming What do tractor drivers do to grow wheat? Tractor drivers, in order to grow wheat, plow with a plow and loosen the ground with harrows.

Tractor drivers sow grain and remove weeds from the field.

The agronomist will tell the tractor drivers what to sow, when to sow, where to sow, whether it is time to water the land, what fertilizers to feed.

After the wheat has grown, who removes it from the field? Combiners remove it from the field, and drivers help them.

People grow crops not only to get food, but also to provide food for their pets.

Forage crops Clover Fodder beet

Harvesting fodder beets.

Industrial crops These crops include: sunflower, flax, cotton.

II. Vegetable growing Vegetable growing is the cultivation of vegetable crops. There are a lot of them. They are rich in vitamins, various salts and other healthy substances.

Vegetable crops Some vegetables - onions, garlic - contain phytoncides. They kill pathogenic bacteria.

Solve the riddle. It grows on the ground, is removed by winter. The head looks like an onion. If you only chew Even a small slice - It will smell for a very long time.

Tomatoes I grow in the garden. And when I ripen, they boil a tomato out of me, they put it in cabbage soup, and so they eat it.

III. fruit growing

FRUIT-GROWING is the cultivation of fruit crops

Fruits are very beneficial for human health. Besides, they are very tasty!

IV. Floriculture

Floriculture is the cultivation of flower crops. They are grown to decorate parks, squares, gardens, various premises.