Flower crops grown in our region. Examples of field crops grown in our region. III. Individual card work
- Try to explain what "varieties of cultivated plants" are. Where did they come from?
- With the help of a textbook, establish which branches crop production is divided into.
- What are the characteristics of crop production in your area? This can be found in local history literature. Think about how these features are related to the natural conditions of the region.
Varieties of cultivated plants
Once upon a time there were no cultivated plants on Earth. There were only wild ones.
A man began to grow some of them near his home. People selected, preserved, propagated the best of these plants. Thus, cultivated plants gradually arose - they acquired the properties necessary for man.
Man has bred a variety of varieties of cultivated plants. Many of them bear little or no resemblance to the wild plants from which they originate. Breeding of new varieties continues.
Now in the world there are only about 1,000 varieties of onion, 1,500 gooseberries, 2,000 plums, 5,000 pears, and at least 10,000 varieties of apple trees!
Branches of crop production
Crop growing is divided into several main branches: field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
In each region, crop production has its own characteristics, which depend on the natural conditions of the region.
Choose one of the branches of crop production. Get to know her in the textbook and local history literature.
Complete the tasks in the workbook related to this industry. Present the results of your work to the class. As a class, summarize information about crop production in your area.
field farming
Practical work
- Consider field crops in your area in the herbarium. Identify their names with the help of the picture. Compare them to each other. How can these plants be identified?
- Learn to distinguish grains of wheat, rye, oats and other grains.
Crop farming is the cultivation of field crops. The main field crops are cereals. These include wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, corn, buckwheat.
White bread is baked from wheat flour, black bread from rye flour. Oatmeal is made from oats. Barley gives barley groats, millet - millet groats (millet), buckwheat - buckwheat groats.
Corn for grain is grown in the southern regions (it is a heat-loving crop). In the more northern regions, corn grain does not ripen, so silage is obtained from it here.
Other field crops are potatoes, sunflower, flax.
You know that people use potato tubers for food. They also go for pet food. And in factories, starch is obtained from potato tubers. Sunflower oil is obtained from sunflower seeds, and flax fiber for making fabrics is obtained from flax.
vegetable growing
Vegetable farming is the cultivation of vegetable crops. There are many of them: cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions ... Continue this list orally.
Grow vegetables in the field, in the garden, in greenhouses. Vegetable growers call the field and vegetable garden open ground, greenhouses - protected ground. Many vegetable farms have entire towns of greenhouses in which you can harvest all year round.
Vegetables play a very important role in human nutrition. They are rich in vitamins, various salts and other healthy substances. Some vegetables - onions, garlic - contain phytoncides.
fruit growing
Horticulture is the cultivation of fruit crops. So it is customary to call plants that are grown to produce fruits. The most common in our country are apple, pear, cherry, plum, currant, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry.
You know well that fruits are very beneficial for human health. In addition, they are also very tasty!
Floriculture
Floriculture is the cultivation of flower crops. They are grown to decorate parks, squares, gardens, various premises, to obtain cut flowers. Some plants are grown in open ground, others - in greenhouses, greenhouses, rooms.
People began to engage in floriculture in ancient times. It is interesting that peonies, lilies, irises, tulips were already grown in the garden of the Moscow Kremlin in the 16th-17th centuries. And in the 18th century, in 1704, a wonderful garden with beautiful flower beds was created in St. Petersburg - the Summer Garden. It is still a decoration of the city.
The world of flowers is amazingly diverse. And all of them delight people with their beauty, make a person's life happier.
check yourself
- List the branches of crop production known to you.
- What field, vegetable, fruit, flower crops are grown in your region?
- What new, interesting things did you learn in the lesson about agriculture?
Homework assignments
- Write down in the dictionary the names of the branches of crop production that are developed in your region.
- If you live in the countryside, watch the spring work in the field, in the garden, in the garden. Take photos. Find out from adults what work has already been done and what remains to be done. Help adults in the work of growing plants. Prepare to share what you learned and did with the class.
- Stay in a greenhouse. Pay attention to how it is arranged, what plants are grown in it. If possible, get acquainted with the greenhouse device. How is it similar to a greenhouse, and how is it different from it?
Pages for the curious
Who helps to save the harvest
Scientists have done this. They fenced off the area with 70 larvae of the Colorado potato beetle in a potato field. They let in 5 predatory ground beetles. A few days later all the larvae were eaten by ground beetles...
A ladybug crawls on the leaves of an apple tree. What is she looking for here? Of course, aphids. During her life, she eats about four thousand of them. Ladybug larva is also a predator. She eats about a thousand aphids in her life.
Very beautiful lacewings! Light, delicate, with lacy bluish-green wings, they look like small dragonflies. And their eyes, like golden beads, sparkle in the sun. The larvae of lacewings have huge jaws compared to their bodies. With the help of these jaws, the larvae eat aphids.
In the next lesson
We learn about the work of livestock breeders in our region. We will learn to distinguish between branches of animal husbandry, to correlate breeds of domestic animals with them.
Recall what you learned about animal husbandry and animal husbandry professions by studying the natural areas of our country. What pets are bred in your area?
Voykovskaya secondary school
I – III steps
Open lesson on the world around
in 4th grade
on the topic "Crop production in our region"
Prepared
primary school teacher
Andrienko N.V.
2015
Topic : PLANT PRODUCTION IN OUR REGION
The objectives of the lesson: to form students' ideas about crop production in our region, to introduce the branches of crop production, to expand knowledge about plants, to develop cognitive interest, the ability to observe and use their observations in practical activities; to cultivate a careful attitude to bread, the work of parents.
Equipment:Gherbarium of field crops, vegetables, fruits, cereals, illustrations
plants, software, presentation.
During the classes
І. Organizing time
- Every day, always, everywhere
In class and play
Be bold, speak clearly
And sit quietly.
– About our wonderful land,
Where we all live together
About a beautiful sweet land
Let's have our conversation.
- In the last lesson we talked about the life of a fresh water body.
II . Checking homework
Crossword questions:
A plant with floating leaves and yellow flowers. Listed in the Red Book.
The animal is a rodent, swims well, builds dams, its tail looks like a shovel.
Baby frog.
A plant with arrow-shaped leaves with large broad tips.
Musk rat I
My whole family is in the hole.
The mink itself is on the mountain,
And the entrance to the mink is in the water
A plant often referred to as bulrush, with a soft brown tip on the stem.
Keyword:Swamp.
Alignment of students' knowledge (frontal work).
Tell me, is it necessary to protect the swamps?
Prove with examples that a reservoir is a natural community.
Tell us about the rules of behavior at the reservoir.
– What problem do fresh water bodies of our region, country solve? (they are the keepers of clean water, they solve the problem of clean fresh water)
- How to solve this problem? (to protect, not litter rivers, lakes, ponds, to preserve the natural communities of water bodies)
- Nowadays, the problem of clean fresh water is one of the most important, because fresh water is needed by animals, people, and plants.
ІІІ. CREATING A PROBLEM SITUATION.
Consider objects (pictures depicting fruits, vegetables, trees)
What are these items? What common? (these are plants)
What is different about them? (some are fruits, others are vegetables, others are trees).
Are there any other differences? (some will answer NO, others will say that there are plants that people grow, but there are wild plants)
І V .MESSAGE TOPICS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON.
Do you think humans can live without plants? (they put forward a hypothesis: the plant world is inextricably linked with man, it is impossible to do)
Today in the lesson we will learn how cultivated plants appeared, get acquainted with the branches of crop production.
For what? (we will learn to distinguish cultivated plants according to their characteristic features).
And we will also find out whether our hypothesis was correct.
V. WORK ON NEW MATERIAL (operational-executive stage)
On the tray are the following items: carrots, potatoes, buckwheat, white bread, black bread, sunflower oil, an apple, a pear.
Guys, what do all these items have in common? (You can eat. All this is given by plants).
And why, at the very beginning of the era of the primitive world, plants could not give people white bread, vegetable oil, and much more? (All plants were wild, people did not know how to care for plants).
What are the names of plants grown by humans for food? (children's versions; cultural)
How did wild plants become cultivated? (People eventually began to plant plants themselves and take care of them).
You are right guys. People began to select, preserve and sow the best seeds, to pass on their experience from generation to generation. So man learned to breed varieties of cultivated plants. Many of them bear little or no resemblance to the wild ones from which they are descended. Thus, the science of crop production was born. How do you understand the meaning of this word? (children's guesses).
The entry opens on the board: PLANT.
A definition is given: crop production is the science of breeding cultivated agricultural plants.
GROUP WORKPE:
Before you photos: wheat, rye, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, carrots, apples, pears, plums, cherries, roses, asters, lilies, gladioli, sunflowers, potatoes.
Divide the plants into 4 groups and try to name each group.
Checking the work of each group, followed by filling in the diagram on the board and individual diagrams.
Now let's take a look at each industry:
1. FIELD GROWING is the cultivation of field crops
Work with herbarium: rye, corn, barley, oats, millet and grains of these plants.
Where are these plants grown? What are these cultures called? (These plants are grown in the fields, so these are field crops)
How can each of these plants be distinguished from the others?
The main field crops are cereals (wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, corn, buckwheat). The fruits of these plants are called grains.
In each region, crop production has its own characteristics. It depends on natural
conditions.
Guys, try to explain what people do from the grain of these plants:
- from wheat (white bread, semolina);
- from rye (black bread; bran, straw - animal feed; straw hats);
- from oats (oat flakes);
- from barley (pearl barley);
- from millet (millet);
- from buckwheat (buckwheat);
- from corn (corn flakes, corn oil)
OTHER CROPS:
sunflower (sunflower oil, seeds);
potatoes - “second bread” (for food, in factories - starch);
linen (linen fabric, linseed oil)
The most early-ripening, most winter-hardy and most drought-resistant wheats on the globe are soft wheats. They bake buns and pies. The quality of these products is improved by the addition of durum wheat flour. Pasta, vermicelli, semolina, so that they do not boil soft, are made from durum wheat flour.
- What is obtained from millet and barley? (from barley - pearl barley, from millet - millet)
-From oats, buckwheat? (Oat grains are oblong, they get oatmeal. Buckwheat has brown grains. It was brought from Greece, which is why it got its name. They get buckwheat).
What is obtained from sunflower? (sunflower oil and seeds)
- And from flax? (linseed oil)
- This is a very interesting culture. Flax fiber is obtained from flax. In the old days, canvases were woven from this fiber and clothes were sewn.
- And from potatoes? (for food - underground parts (tubers), they get starch)
- Which of these cultivated plants are grown in our region? (wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, corn (does not ripen, goes for silage))
-The cultivation of these plants is engaged in……………………… field cultivation
Guys, what do you think, are all these field crops grown in our region? Why?Field farming.
-Think about what this industry does? (growing field crops, the main ones are cereals)
-Why is it called that? (these plants are grown in the fields, which means field plants)
- What types of this industry do you know? (wheat, rye, barley ...)
- Flour is obtained from rye and wheat and bread is baked. Semolina and pasta are obtained from wheat. Rye is higher than wheat. Its stem is taller than human height. Rye and wheat grains differ in shape but are similar in color. Black bread is baked from rye grains. From rye, bran and straw are obtained, which are fed to domestic animals. And summer hats are woven from long straw stalks.
Wheat is the most widespread cereal in the culture. Man began to cultivate wheat many thousands of years ago. In 8-7 millennia BC, wheat was grown on the territory of modern Iraq, Iran, Jordan and Turkey, as evidenced by archaeological finds. The first written evidence that ancient people grew wheat was found on cuneiform tablets of the inhabitants of an ancient state that existed in the 4th-3rd millennium BC between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Now its crops occupy almost half of the world's arable land allotted for grain crops. And sow wheat literally everywhere.
Wheat is spring and winter. Spring is sown in the spring, and after 3-4 months it is already harvested. Winter - in the fall, better in September (although the timing for our large country may be different). But it is impossible to be late with sowing. Plants should have time to spread, get stronger and harden before the onset of frost. However, you can't rush. Sow early and the plants will overgrow.
2. VEGETABLE - is the cultivation of vegetable crops
Where are vegetables grown? (in the field, in the garden, in the greenhouse).
Vegetable growers call a field and a vegetable garden an open ground, and greenhouses - a protected ground. Why do you think? Many vegetable farms have entire towns of greenhouses in which you can harvest all year round.
Heat-loving: tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini
What is the importance of vegetables? (nutrition - vitamins; contain phytoncides that kill pathogenic microbes - onions, garlic).
In individual schemes, write down the name of vegetable crops that are grown in our region in open ground (beets, carrots, cabbage).- Reading a poem
VI . Fizminutka.
- The wind blows over the fields
And the grass sways. (Children gently swing their arms over their heads.)
The cloud floats above us
Like a white mountain (Sipping - hands up.)
The wind carries dust over the field.
The ears are leaning
Right-left, back-forward,
And then vice versa. (Tilts right-left, forward-backward.)
Mice hide in the rye.
How to see them, tell me?
A vole is hiding in a mink.
Show yourself, you bastard!
(Squats.)
We're climbing the hill, (Walking in place.)
And let's get some rest. (Children sit at their desks.)
VII . New material (continued)
3. FRUITS - growing plants to produce fruits
Demonstration of photos.
In addition to apple trees, pears, peaches, ... garden raspberries, garden currants, garden strawberries, gooseberries belong to fruit crops.
What is the importance of fruit crops? (useful, contain many vitamins)
NRK: What fruit crops are grown in our region? Fill in individual charts.
4.FLORITURE - growing flowers
Demonstration of photos.
Where can flowers be grown? (in open ground - cold-resistant, in protected ground: in greenhouses, in greenhouses - heat-loving)
What is the significance of this industry for a person? (for beauty) Show photos.
Guys, what do you think, which of the branches of crop production are the most developed in our country?
edge? Why?
Guys, look at the photo and determine which plant you see? (pictured pepper tomatoes). Why were you wrong?
The science of crop production does not stand still. Scientists are developing new varieties of plants. Demonstration of photos.
Currently in the world:
onions - 1000 varieties;
gooseberries - 1500 varieties;
pears - 5000 varieties;
apple trees - 10,000 varieties.
VIII . Reflection.
Confirmation of the hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the lesson
Guys, let's find out if the hypothesis we put forward at the beginning of the lesson was correct. Is it possible to do without plants? Why?
Why does a person need knowledge about plant life?
2. GAME "GUESS". Name the plant and branch of crop production.
1) A child is wrapped in a hundred diapers (cabbage, vegetable growing).
2) Balls sit on the branches,
Turned blue from the heat (Plum, fruit growing)
3) Planted a seed, raised the sun (sunflower, field crops).
4) She has been proud of antiquity for ten thousand years,
Noisy in the fields under the blue sky
And feeds us all with white bread (wheat, field crops)
5) I won’t find such a flower in the field, it blooms on the bushes in the garden.
It is pink, red, it is of different varieties,
It is called the queen of flowers (rose, floriculture).
6) For a curly tuft
Dragged a fox from a mink.
Very smooth to the touch
Tastes like sugar is sweet (Carrot, vegetable).
7) Low and prickly,
Sweet and not smelly.
Pick berries -
Rip off your whole hand (Gooseberry, fruit growing)
Test
1. What area do vegetable growers call protected ground?
a) field b) vegetable garden c) greenhouse
2. Which industry does not belong to crop production?
A) poultry farming B) fruit growing C) field growing
3. From the seeds of which plant is oil made?
A) millet B) oats C) sunflower
4. Which crop is not a grain?
A) corn B) sunflower C) rye
5. What do fruit growers grow?
A) flowers B) fruits C) vegetables
6. Which plant is not a field crop?
A) carrots B) buckwheat C) raspberries
7. What flour is used to bake white bread?
A) from wheat B) from rye C) from barley
8. What plant do fabrics come from?
A) from sunflower B) from potatoes C) from flax
9. What plant does starch come from?
A) from flax B) from potatoes C) from sunflower
XI . LESSON SUMMARY. EVALUATION.
What topic were you working on?
- What branches of crop production did you learn about?
- Why do you need this information?
- What tasks caused difficulties in their implementation? Why?
What tasks did you find difficult to complete?
- how do you evaluate your activity?
Lessons are different.
What was our lesson like?
Agree - I hear cotton,
If you don't agree, shut up
And sit quietly.
Our lesson was:
- interesting;
- unusual;
-boring-boring;
-delicious-delicious;
- warm-warm;
-very light
-sad-sad;
-very lethargic
- appetizing;
-vitamin.
During the long winter, our body is tired, it needs help.
Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits and get vitamin grades for good work!
XI. HOMEWORK
(optional): compose a riddle or prepare a message about one of the cultivated plants grown in our region, read in the textbook p. 188 - 194.
crop production – culture scienceagricultural plants, andsuch breeding.("Explanatory Dictionary" S.I. Ozhegov)Plants , which the person himself planting, takes care of seedlings, with harvests , uses for food called cultural.
Crop growing is divided into several main branches: field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
field plants
A field is an open, treeless area in which cultivated plants are grown.
In the Perm Territory, grain crops are cultivated in the fields - rye, wheat, barley, oats, millet and buckwheat; vegetable crops - cabbage, carrots, beets, cucumbers, etc.; fodder crops - clover, vetch, peas, turnips, fodder beets, etc.; industrial crops - flax, potatoes.
Grain crops occupy the leading place in field crops. They are the basis for the development of other branches of agriculture and industry.
Among grain crops, the first place in terms of crops in the region is occupied by winter rye. It is cultivated in the north, in the central and southern regions. She is not afraid of cold weather, gives a good harvest and ripens early.
The second place in terms of crops of grain plants is occupied by wheat- the most valuable grain culture. She loves warmth, so she is cultivated in the southern part of the region.
Also grown in the northern regions barley and oats. In the south of the region - millet.
|
Barley |
oats |
Millet |
The grains of these plants are different from each other. For example, in rye, the grain is oblong, darker, in wheat - rounded, light.
Use of cultivated cereals
|
The name of the cultural plants |
What do they get |
|
Rye |
Rye flour (bake rye bread). The bran is fed to livestock. The straw goes to bedding. |
| Wheat |
Wheat flour (bake white bread, make confectionery, pasta). Wheat groats. Semolina. |
| Barley |
Barley flour. Barley grits. Pearl barley. |
| oats |
Oat flour. Oatmeal. Oatmeal. Hercules. |
| Millet | Millet groats. |
Plants from which bread is obtained are called bread plants.
Farmers have to spend a lot of time, effort, and money to grow crops, harvest crops and make bread. Therefore, it must be protected!
vegetable plants
Many vegetables are grown in the fields: cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, onions, etc.
white cabbage often referred to as the "queen of vegetables".
|
Cabbage is very rich in vitamins, it is the basis of many dishes. It is eaten raw in salads, boiled in cabbage soup and borscht, stewed, sauerkraut, pies are baked with it. A lot of knowledge, labor and time must be devoted to the cultivation of this crop. Cabbage loves warmth and moisture. Her homeland is warm countries. Without preparation, cabbage will not have time to ripen during the relatively short Ural summer. Therefore, in early spring, when the field is still resting, people plant small blackish round seeds in greenhouses or hotbeds. They grow light green plants with two leaves (seedlings). |
When it becomes warm, seedlings are planted in fields and gardens. More and more leaves appear in plants. They hug each other tighter and tighter. This is how a head is formed. The inner sheets become juicy and white. There are 40 - 70 of them in a head of cabbage, and sometimes more, and they hold tightly, clinging to each other. Cabbage is harvested in autumn.
green cucumbers are a favorite vegetable plant. They are also good in winter pickled or salted.
|
|
Homeland cucumbers is India - a warm southern country. In our conditions, cucumbers give a good harvest if they are grown correctly. Cucumbers, like cabbages and tomatoes, are first planted in greenhouses or greenhouses, i.e. a person, as it were, artificially lengthens the summer for them. Then, with the onset of warm weather, they are transplanted into beds. From seedlings grow low plants with creeping fragile stems, rough leaves, then yellow flowers bloom in the form of gramophones, and from them oblong, bright green juicy fruits - cucumbers are formed. |
spring seeds carrots, beets, radish sown directly on the beds and carefully watered. Low plants with green leaves appear. Their roots grow and become thicker and juicier. Nutrients accumulate in them: sugar, starch, vitamins. A month later, radishes ripen, and later - carrots and beets.
|
Carrot |
Beet |
Radish |
Plants that eat thickened roots are called root crops.
Onion- a valuable food product. It contains sugar and various vitamins. No meat or fish dish is complete without onions. Even in ancient times, onions were used as a healing plant for many diseases. Therefore, the people put together such a saying: "Onion from seven ailments." Our scientists have found that onions emit volatile substances (phytoncides), which kill putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the use of onions in food has a healing value.
Onions eat green leaves and onions. Onions are native to dry steppes. The plant has adapted to store nutrients in the bulb during the dry period, which has wonderful properties. Many people store onions in the winter, and they do not dry out. In spring, the bulb sprouts easily and produces green leaves, and in greenhouses even in winter. She can easily winter. Sometimes they plant lek on the beds before winter. When the snow begins to melt, green leaves will already appear on the onion.
Potato- a valuable food product. It is often called "second bread". Potato is an important industrial crop. Starch, alcohol, molasses are obtained from it.
|
In the spring, a lot of potatoes are planted in the fields and gardens of the region. Herbaceous plants grow in the form of bushes with branched stems. They reach a height of 50 - 60 cm. In the middle of summer, white-pink and purple flowers form on them. Once upon a time, for the sake of these flowers, potatoes were grown to decorate clothes, not knowing about the properties of the underground parts of this plant. Watching the flowers, you can see that then round, green, small-seeded fruits resembling tomatoes appear from them. They can not be eaten, they are bitter and poisonous. |
|
In the underground part, potato stems produce underground white branches, at the ends of which thickenings are formed - young tubers. They gradually increase and fill with starch. In autumn, a rich crop of potato tubers is usually harvested.
|
The potato is native to South America. Potatoes were not immediately recognized in Russia. In the beginning, by mistake, they did not eat tubers, but bitter fruits. Therefore, many peasants did not want to plant it. Potato planting was distributed among the population by force, and this caused "potato riots" in ancient times. But gradually people mastered this culture and realized that potatoes are an indispensable food product. Now we grow many high-yielding varieties of potatoes. So, in potatoes, it is not the fruit that is eaten, but the modified underground part of the stem, called the tuber. |
fruit and berry plants
Due to cold and long winters, horticulture in the Perm region is underdeveloped. But still, gardeners grow sea buckthorn, cherries, garden strawberries, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, plums, apple trees, etc.
|
garden strawberry |
Cherry |
Raspberry |
Plum |
|
Sea buckthorn |
Gooseberry |
Apple tree |
Currant |
Horticulture is concentrated in the south of the region and in the suburbs of Perm, Chusovoy, Krasnokamsk, Okhansk and other settlements. But still, most of the fruits for the population are brought from other countries and the southern regions of our country.
Floriculture
From year to year, our cities and towns are decorated with flowers in the spring and summer. In the spring, when the snow just melts, the first perennials appear on the garden plots: snow-white narcissus s with an unforgettable delicate aroma, red and yellow tulips, purple irises.
Try to explain what "varieties of cultivated plants" are? Where did they come from?
Answer. Variety - a group of cultivated plants, united by certain economic characteristics. Varieties of cultivated plants are bred by plant breeders from cultivated wild plants.
With the help of a textbook, establish what branches crop production is divided into?
Answer. Crop production is a branch of agriculture that specializes in the cultivation of cultivated plants. Branches of plant growing - field growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
What are the characteristics of crop production in your area? This can be found in local history literature. Think about how these features are related to the natural conditions of the region?
Answer. Agriculture of the Chelyabinsk region is a branch of the economy of the Chelyabinsk region, engaged in the production of agricultural products.
Features of the development of agriculture in the region depend on the characteristics of its climate and soil cover. The Chelyabinsk Region is located in the Southern Urals in the center of Eurasia. Large areas are occupied by crops. This is facilitated by fertile chernozem soils and climatic conditions - warm and enough rainfall.
Branches - field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
Choose one of the branches of crop production. Get to know her in the textbook and local history literature.
Complete the tasks in the workbook related to this industry.
Answer. Field farming is the most important branch of crop production in which field crops are cultivated. It provides the population with basic foodstuffs, animal husbandry - feed, light and textile industries - raw materials.
People of many professions work in field farming: agronomists, agronomists-seed growers, agrochemists, machine operators, and others.
A tractor driver of a wide profile is the most common profession in field farming. The tractor driver must know perfectly not only agricultural machinery, but also the methods of cultivating plants, their biological characteristics. He must be able to carry out maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery.
According to the purpose of the products, economic characteristics and characteristics of cultivation, field crops are divided into groups6 of cereals, legumes, oilseeds, spinning, fodder.
Forage grasses are grown for livestock feed. They belong to two botanical families: cereals and legumes. According to their life expectancy, they are divided into annuals, biennials and perennials.
Herbs are of great agrotechnical importance. Legumes, thanks to symbiosis with nodule bacteria, enrich the soil with nitrogen. Cereals, having a powerful root system, contribute to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. Forage grasses improve soil structure.
P. 189 Practical work
1. Consider the field cultures of your region in the herbarium. Identify their names with the help of the picture. Compare them to each other. How can these plants be distinguished?
Answer. Herbarium field plants - rye, wheat, barley, oats. They differ in the structure of terrestrial organs - leaves, ears.
2. Learn to distinguish grains of wheat, rye, oats and other grains.
Answer. Grains of cereals differ in size, color, luster, surface.
S. 192.
check yourself
1. List the branches of crop production known to you.
Answer. Field cultivation, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
2. What field, vegetable, fruit, flower crops are grown in your region?
Answer. Field: rye, wheat, barley, potatoes, sunflower, flax.
Vegetables: carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage.
Fruit: apples, pears, plums, strawberries, wild strawberries, chokeberry.
3. What new interesting things did you manage to learn in the lesson about agriculture?
Answer. I learned the branches of plant growing, the peculiarities of growing some plants.
Homework assignments
1. Write down in the dictionary the names of the branches of crop production that are developed in your region.
Answer. Branches:
field farming is the cultivation of field crops (wheat, rye, oats, corn, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, sunflower)
vegetable growing - growing vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes);
fruit growing - growing fruit and berry crops (apple, pear, strawberry, cherry, plum);
floriculture - cultivation of ornamental crops. (chrysanthemums, asters, peonies, roses, hyacinths, gladioli).
2. If you live in the countryside, watch the spring work in the field, in the garden, in the garden. Take photos. Find out from adults what work has already been done and what remains to be done. Prepare to share what you learned and did with the class.
Answer. In the spring, the following work is carried out:
Cleaning is carried out from the fields of stones that are squeezed out by frost to the surface;
Loosening a strong crust on the surface of the earth. This will provide the necessary air exchange for the seeds;
Removal of stagnant water from fields. Excess moisture is detrimental to many crops, it leads to decay of the root system and can significantly reduce crop yields;
Cleaning of free land areas from moss, shrubs, alluvial sand;
First of all, replenishment of mineral and organic substances in the soil, fertilizing the soil with manure;
Carrying out measures aimed at preparing fields for sowing;
Cleaning, sorting seeds for sowing;
Soil sowing;
Plowing up the brought manure.
Simultaneously with these works, others are carried out, familiar to every gardener and gardener:
Fertile soils are developed with subsequent fertilizer;
Seedlings are sown in greenhouses, greenhouses, in open beds;
Seed plants, tubers are planted;
Trapping heaps are arranged (for the larvae of the May beetle).
3. Visit the greenhouse. Pay attention to how it is arranged, what plants are grown in it. If possible, get acquainted with the conditions of the greenhouse. How is it similar to a greenhouse and how is it different from it?
A greenhouse is a small mobile unheated structure designed for growing seedlings and protecting them from adverse weather conditions, followed by planting them in open ground.
A greenhouse is a heated structure in which you can organize the growth of plants throughout the year, from planting seeds / seedlings to harvesting.
The greenhouse has a more complex and robust design than a greenhouse. Often it is installed on a solid foundation, has walls and a roof made of polyethylene, glass frames or cellular polycarbonate. The greenhouse structure is much simpler, it is easy to build even for a non-professional. Often a greenhouse consists of a removable arched roof, which is a frame covered with plastic wrap. Less commonly, the greenhouse is covered with glass or polycarbonate.
In greenhouses, vegetable and flower crops are most often grown.
Recall what you learned about animal husbandry and animal husbandry professions by studying the natural areas of our country. What pets are bred in your area?
Answer. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding of domestic animals. In different natural areas, they breed different animals. This is envy of natural conditions. For example, deer are bred in the tundra, and camels are bred in the deserts.
In our region - the zone of steppes and forest-steppes, cattle and small ruminants, horses are bred. In our region there are large poultry farms where chickens, ducks, and turkeys are bred. Carp and trout are bred in lakes and ponds.