Which industry has the most impact on the environment? Impact of enterprises on the environment. General characteristics of environmental protection activities in the construction industry
Atmospheric pollution is caused by the emission of harmful substances. There are more and more cars on the roads every year, and the exhaust gases produced by cars every day pollute the air. Industry also has a strong negative impact on the atmosphere. Huge amounts of harmful emissions enter the atmosphere every day from plants and factories. The cement, coal, and steel industries pollute the atmosphere the most, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the planet from aggressive ultraviolet rays.
Contamination with radioactive elements
This type of environmental pollution causes the most serious damage. Accidents that occur at nuclear power plants, nuclear waste stored in the earth for decades, the development of nuclear weapons and work in uranium mines affect both human health and pollution of the entire planet.
Soil pollution
Pesticides and harmful additives that are commonly used in agriculture heavily pollute the soil. Waste from agricultural enterprises, which are dumped into the sewers, also has an extremely negative impact on its condition. Deforestation and mining also damage the soil.
Water pollution
Reservoirs are exposed to severe toxic effects due to garbage discharges into rivers. Tons of human waste enter the water every day. In addition, plastic bottles and plastic products, which pose a great danger to fauna, are very harmful to nature. Rivers and other bodies of water in large cities with developed industry are especially affected.
Noise pollution
This type of pollution is specific. Unpleasant, loud, harsh sounds that factories, cars, trains make every day cause noise pollution. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and hurricanes also cause noise pollution. Because of these processes, people develop headaches and other health problems.
In terms of scale, pollution can be global, regional and local. However, any of them leads humanity to health problems, as well as a reduction in life by about 8-12 years. Unfortunately, every year environmental pollution progresses, and only humanity itself can cope with this problem.
Air pollution in cities during the day is uneven, which is determined by the uneven work of transport and industrial enterprises.[ ...]
Cadmium contamination of food products and food raw materials, as a rule, occurs along with sewage and other waste from industrial enterprises associated with the production and use of special alloys, automation, and semiconductors. nuclear and rocket technology, anti-corrosion coatings, polymers, as well as the use of phosphate fertilizers and pesticides. Atmospheric air pollution with cadmium occurs when plastic waste is burned. In the air of rural areas, the concentration of cadmium is 10 times higher than the levels of the natural background, and in the urban environment, in the presence of the enterprises listed above, the amount of cadmium increases almost and in
The building materials industry uses waste and by-products of other industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, thermal power plants, chemical industry, etc.) as a valuable feedstock for the production of high-quality building materials, products and structures, which has a positive impact on the economy of enterprises in various industries and significantly reduces the harmful impact of industry on the environment. Recycling of waste makes it possible to free up scarce land allocated for dumps and to significantly reduce environmental pollution. Currently, technologies have been developed and are being implemented for the use of waste from gypsum production of lightweight concrete. At the same time, the technology of autoclave-free production of large blocks and other wall materials is gaining popularity, which significantly reduces the energy intensity of production and thermal pollution of the environment.[ ...]
Among the causes of atmospheric air pollution, those associated with radioactivity are becoming increasingly important. This is due to the increase in the number of industrial enterprises using radioactive isotopes, and the emergence of nuclear reactors (both for industrial and research purposes), which leads to the formation of fission products, decontamination of radioactive waste, etc.[ ...]
Industrial enterprises, urban transport and heat generating installations are the cause of smog (mainly in cities): unacceptable pollution of the outdoor air environment inhabited by humans due to the release of harmful substances into it by the specified sources under adverse weather conditions (lack of wind, temperature inversion, etc.). [...]
Pollution of the environment (air, water, soil, vegetation) by oil-derived hydrocarbons is also closely related to wastewater from industrial enterprises and dumps of household and industrial (chemistry, petrochemistry) waste.[ ...]
Industrial ecology studies the impact of emissions from industrial enterprises on the environment and the possibilities of reducing this impact and preventing pollution through better technologies, better organization of environmental activities and more rational use of raw materials and energy resources.[ ...]
Pollution by its origin can be organic and mineral. Organic contaminants are able to break down to the final decomposition product, turning into mineral salts. Organic matter is a good breeding ground for various bacteria, including pathogenic (pathogenic) ones that cause infectious diseases. Therefore, waste of organic origin should not be allowed to accumulate on the surface or deep in the soil and in water bodies. It is necessary to remove these wastes from the territory of a populated area or an industrial enterprise in a timely manner and neutralize them. Wastewater should be cleaned and neutralized before being discharged into the reservoir, otherwise the reservoir is polluted at a considerable distance from the place of their discharge.[ ...]
And thirdly, when assessing and normalizing the level of atmospheric pollution, the passivity of the emitted harmful substances, their practical non-reactivity, is postulated in advance. In fact, many gaseous pollutants (L?x, 30g, CO2, hydrocarbons, etc.), entering the atmosphere and interacting with other substances, or under the influence of solar energy, transform into new chemical compounds, or initiate their formation. Secondary pollutants formed in this way are often more toxic and, falling together with atmospheric precipitation on soil and vegetation, have a more detrimental effect on them than primary gaseous pollutants. Moreover, such an impact is manifested, as a rule, not near the sources of release of primary pollutants into the atmosphere, but at distances quite remote from them. This circumstance suggests that the achievement of clean air within the boundaries of an industrial enterprise and its sanitary protection zone can actually be ensured by increasing the environmental risk in other areas, which is inherently immoral when it comes to the habitat of all living things.[ .. .]
In industry, the largest volumes of polluted wastewater are discharged by pulp and paper, chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power, ferrous metallurgy, coal industry and mechanical engineering.[ ...]
In the industrial part of the city, where oil refining, petrochemical, chemical and other industrial enterprises form a gigantic source of pollution of the natural environment, groundwater, as mentioned, contains abnormally high concentrations of many chemical compounds (organic and inorganic). Studies show that the geological environment is most intensively affected from the surface to a depth of 15-20 m. Dioxins and heavy metals in soils on the territory of industrial enterprises are concentrated in the near-surface zone (up to 5-7 m). In the depth range from 5-7 m to 20 m, their content is significantly reduced. Liquid organic pollutants and water-soluble salts penetrate almost the entire zone of active circulation.[ ...]
But even in this Handbook, the list of materials required for design is very limited, presented in an overly general form and not always correct. Thus, when pointing out the need for water analysis, the importance of indicators of industrial pollution is not emphasized and to which sections of the reservoir they should be tied; data on the hydraulic characteristics of the reservoir are insufficient for calculating the dilution of wastewater; mention is made of the self-cleaning capacity of the reservoir, which can be determined by calculation only in relation to organic pollution of domestic wastewater, but there is no indication of data on possible dilution of wastewater. Along with this, the importance of data on the composition of specific industrial pollution and the obligation to identify the possibility of technological rationalization of production processes, when it comes to effluents from industrial enterprises, are not indicated; among the normative data on which the project assignment is based, the standards of the “Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by sewage” are not indicated.[ ...]
The seas and oceans play a crucial role in the conservation of habitats, influence the Earth's climate and ensure the balance of its ecological system. At present, the water space has become a receptacle for a variety of waste. As a result of the discharge into rivers and then into the ocean of wastewater from various industrial enterprises, their runoff from fields and forests treated with chemicals, and the loss of liquid fuel during transportation by tankers, pollution of the oceans and seas with such substances harmful to life as oil, heavy metals, pesticides, radioisotopes, etc.[ ...]
Removal of pollution - 1) the transfer of enterprises and even a significant part of industrial sectors in business that adversely affect the human environment from their own country or from an industrialized region within the country to another country or region, often less polluted; 2) export of hazardous waste from one country or region of the country to other countries and regions, usually less industrialized. V.z. - a form of ecological expansion.[ ...]
The geography of environmental pollution is directly related to the economic geography of the location of industry and the resettlement of people, and pollution from large industrial centers and associations spread over vast distances. Thus, emissions of sulfur dioxide by enterprises in England and Germany have a negative impact on forests and lakes in Sweden and Norway. Pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies do not recognize borders. Mexico, for example, has claims against the United States that damage their economy. Scientists' research shows that pollution spreads over tens, hundreds, and in some cases thousands of kilometers from the source of their formation. Under appropriate climatic and geographical conditions, in certain regions of our planet, a sharp increase in the level of atmospheric pollution is possible, sometimes to a critical level.[ ...]
Local pollution of the biosphere. Environmental pollution occurs very unevenly. The main centers of anthropogenic impact on nature are located in regions with developed industry, maximum population concentration and intensive agricultural production. Such pollution, usually observed around an industrial enterprise, a large mine, or a settlement, is called local. Their chemistry is determined, on the one hand, by the sectoral affiliation of the pollution source, and, on the other hand, by the topography, climatic features and other natural conditions of the pollution site. So, the soil around the mines of polymetallic ores and plants for the smelting of non-ferrous metals always contains an increased amount of heavy metals - copper, zinc, lead, cadmium. The same local soil contamination with lead is observed along highways with heavy traffic.[ ...]
The total pollution of the territories of the Russian Federation is determined by emissions from stationary (enterprises that use lead in production) and mobile sources (vehicles). Urban areas are most polluted with lead, since industrial enterprises and vehicles are concentrated in cities. In 1995, in 20 cities of Russia, the average monthly concentrations of lead in the air exceeded the MPC values. According to Roshydromet, in 120 cities of Russia, in 80% of cases, there are significant excesses of the AEC in the content of lead in the soil. In a number of cities, the average concentration of lead in the soil is more than 10 times higher than the TEC: Revda and Kirovograd in the Sverdlovsk Region, Rudnaya Pristan, Dalnegorsk and Vladivostok in the Primorsky Territory, Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Khabarovsk Territory, Belovo in the Kemerovo Region, Svirsk, Cheremkhovo in Irkutsk region, etc. Many cities, having a favorable average picture, are significantly polluted with lead in a significant part of the territory. So, in Moscow, according to the target program "Protection of the natural environment from lead pollution and reducing its impact on public health" (1995), more than 86 km2 of the territory (8%) is contaminated with lead in concentrations exceeding the OPC.[ ... ]
Japan, the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany are among the countries with the highest levels of air pollution. The main sources of air pollution are road transport, heating systems, industrial enterprises.[ ...]
Chemical pollution of the environment, i.e. pollution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises and mining companies (pollution with industrial waste), the agro-industrial complex (pollution with pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides), the transport complex (pollution with industrial waste and oil products ), housing and communal services (pollution with domestic sewage), military facilities (pollution with rocket fuel and fuels and lubricants, raw sewage and emissions), as well as as a result of man-made accidents and global pollution transfer (oil spills, acid rain and etc.).[ ...]
Sources of environmental pollution with dioxins in Russia are a variety of industrial enterprises. The main dioxin hazardous facilities include: pulp and paper mills and combines (Svetogorsk, Novodvinsk, Isakogorka, Kaliningrad, Sovetsk, Baikalsk, Amursk, etc.); chemical plants (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Ufa, Tomsk, etc.), as well as many other enterprises, including the radio industry, woodworking, paint and varnish, etc. In total, there are about 150 objects in Russia that can be classified as dioxin hazardous.[ ...]
The impact of industrial pollution on vegetation is largely modified by edaphoclimatic environmental conditions. In particular, in waterlogged habitats on microrelief depressions, soil salinization is the leading factor determining the parameters of phytocenoses, while in habitats with insufficient and normal moisture, soil drainage and the direct impact of high concentrations of technogenic impurities in the atmosphere are more pronounced. In general, even intense industrial pollution, as a rule, is inferior in terms of the impact on vegetation to such environmental factors as the moisture regime, microrelief, mechanical disturbance of soils and vegetation cover, which is typical not only for objects of study, but also for other industrial enterprises [Shilova , Kapelkina, 1988; Kapelkina, 1993].[ ...]
Ministries and departments of the USSR do not ensure that all enterprises under their jurisdiction located in the basins of the Black and Azov Seas carry out the necessary set of measures to minimize the amount of untreated wastewater and reduce their pollution, poorly introduce progressive production technology at industrial enterprises that prevents environmental pollution, slowly solve the issues of complex processing of raw materials and waste disposal.[ ...]
Bacterial and biological contamination is characteristic mainly of domestic wastewater and the effluents of some industrial enterprises. Among the latter are slaughterhouses, tanneries, primary wool processing factories, fur production, biofactories, microbiological enterprises, etc.[ ...]
The ministries and departments in charge of enterprises and organizations that discharge untreated wastewater into rivers and other water bodies of the Black and Azov Seas have been assigned tasks to take measures by the specified date in order to completely stop the discharge of untreated wastewater into these rivers and water bodies by introducing progressive production technology that prevents pollution of the external environment, complex processing of raw materials, disposal of industrial waste and construction of efficient treatment facilities and neutralizing plants.[ ...]
Harmful emissions from industrial enterprises and other sources of pollution have a negative impact not only on the environment, but in some cases also significantly affect the operation of technical equipment. For example, outdoor power plant equipment and overhead transmission lines are significantly affected by fossil fuel emissions.[ ...]
Along with the control of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to control the content of persistent organochlorine compounds (PCB, DDT, HCCH, etc.) in agricultural landscapes. The latter are one of the main secondary sources of environmental pollution by these substances. The accumulation of COS in agrolandscapes was the result of large-scale and long-term use of COPs in agriculture. Thus, a survey of agricultural areas of the Kuban lowland showed that the pressure on the soil cover of residual amounts of OCPs is commensurate with the load of industrial pollutants. High concentrations of PCBs and DDT residues in soils under certain agricultural crops and perennial plantings, as well as evaporation fields, where municipal and industrial wastewater containing CHOS, H1AU, and carcinogenic metals are discharged, deserve special attention. After the evaporation of water, dirty layers of soil form on them, easily blown away in the form of dust powder even by a small wind. Under such conditions, dust particles can enter the lungs and esophagus of people living in the area and contribute to the occurrence of cancer.[ ...]
In our country, great attention is paid to the fight against environmental pollution. In recent years, air pollution has significantly decreased in Moscow, Leningrad, Kemerovo, Tbilisi, Gorky and many other cities. Thus, in Moscow, the air has become five to six times cleaner due to the gasification of boiler houses, industrial enterprises and power plants, the installation of gas and dust collection facilities, and a change in the technology of some industries 2.[ ...]
From the point of view of the multifaceted impact on human health, the presence of PCDD/F in water is unacceptable, since due to their high toxicity, biological activity and stability in environmental objects, they are classified as hormone-like superecotoxicants. It has now been established that one of the main sources of pollution of natural objects with PCDD/F is wastewater from organochlorine synthesis enterprises. However, the inventory of PCDD/F emission sources focuses primarily on air-gas emissions, as it is believed that thermal processes are the main sources of dioxins. Meanwhile, studies show that up to 90% of dioxin emissions from organochlorine synthesis plants, including toxic waste incinerators, occur with wastewater that enters biological treatment facilities (BTP) and further into natural water bodies. Thus, the biofeedback system is practically the only barrier between the source of pollution and the environment. However, at present, the problem of distribution of dioxins in the biofeedback system remains practically unexplored.[ ...]
The protection of groundwater from pollution should include both general measures aimed at protecting the natural environment as a whole (implementation of technical and technological measures to reduce waste and create waste-free industries, reuse water, prevent wastewater leaks, controlled and limited use of pesticides and fertilizers), as well as special events. The latter include the organization of zones of sanitary protection of water intakes, the identification of existing and forecasting potential sources of pollution, the implementation of protective measures to eliminate and localize existing sources of pollution and prevent their formation in the future, the choice of locations for new industrial enterprises and agricultural facilities, a detailed hydrogeological justification for the possibility of underground burial industrial effluents, etc.[ ...]
Anthropogenic sources of pollution are very diverse. Among them are not only industrial enterprises and a heat and power complex, but also household waste, animal husbandry, transport waste, as well as chemicals that humans invariably introduce into ecosystems to protect useful producers from pests, diseases, weeds.[ ...]
The state of the external air environment in different places of the site of an industrial enterprise and the microdistrict of a populated area is not the same. The cleanest air is in well-aerated places, where pollution from technological, ventilation, unorganized (accidental) and transport emissions gets to a lesser extent. It is in such places that air inlets for forced ventilation should be located. According to the standards existing in the USSR (SN 245-71), the concentration of harmful substances in air intake areas at industrial enterprises should not exceed 0.3 MPC for indoor air.[ ...]
Studies to assess the impact of pollution on the health of the population should be comprehensive and cover a significant number of populations. The huge amount of information obtained in this case requires the widespread use of electronic computers. The need for the latter is also related to the fact that the established quantitative relationships between environmental conditions and the state of health of the population will make it possible to carry out mathematical modeling of the processes under study. At the same time, studies conducted on a limited number of people, the main task of which is to establish sanitary protection zones for industrial enterprises in specific natural, climatic and other conditions, do not lose their significance.[ ...]
Our country has accumulated a large and positive experience in conducting recreational activities. Practice shows that the system of nationwide measures aimed at further improving the distribution of productive forces and curbing the growth of large cities, at addressing issues of protecting atmospheric air, water bodies and soil from pollution by emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles.[ ...]
At the same time, the size of the interest rate of payments for environmental pollution in the cost structure for oil and gas industry enterprises is very small. As the calculations show, they are only a fraction of a percent of the total cost (calculations in chapters 4 and 5).[ ...]
This approach seems to be very promising and economically very important. For the destruction of MSW abroad, powerful waste incineration plants (up to 900 tons / day and more) are being built in order to generate energy. At the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. the share of incinerated waste in the US is up to 4%; Japan -26%; Germany - 35%; Sweden - more than 52%; Switzerland -75%, etc. Some of these plants produce electricity, but mainly steam is produced, which is used in industrial enterprises or in residential buildings. The most important distinguishing feature of waste incineration in European countries, the USA, and Japan is the highest degree of purification of emissions into the atmosphere and other possible sources of environmental pollution in the waste incineration technology used. In 1990, slightly more than 1420 thousand tons of household waste were taken to waste processing plants in our country.[ ...]
The organizing principle in ensuring the cleanliness of the environment is the scientifically and economically sound design of its protection, which makes it possible to find optimal solutions to this issue. So, in a complex project of an industrial enterprise, it is necessary to develop sections to ensure the purity of the air, hydrosphere, acoustic environment from pollution, as well as the protection of the environment from pollution by its solid production waste.[ ...]
For a specialist in the field of environmental quality management, it is especially important to know that wind flows are the most important factor in the transfer, dispersion and precipitation of pollutants entering the atmosphere from industrial enterprises, thermal power plants, and transport. The strength and direction of the wind determine the modes of environmental pollution. For example, calm in combination with air temperature inversion is considered as unfavorable meteorological conditions (NMU), contributing to long-term severe air pollution in areas of industrial enterprises and human habitation.[ ...]
Currently, there is no unified system of environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation, and this greatly complicates the activities of various government bodies responsible for ensuring environmental safety. According to the State Report “On the State of the Environment of the Russian Federation in 1996”, the process of soil degradation continues due to contamination with harmful substances emitted into the environment by industrial enterprises and vehicles. In addition, despite the decline in production and a decrease in industrial emissions, the tendency to accumulate toxic substances in soils remains.[ ...]
Reservoirs are polluted mainly as a result of the discharge of sewage into them from industrial enterprises and settlements. As a result of wastewater discharge, the physical properties of water change (temperature rises, transparency decreases, color, tastes, odors appear); floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir, and sediment forms at the bottom; the chemical composition of water changes (the content of organic and inorganic substances increases, toxic substances appear, the oxygen content decreases, the active reaction of the environment changes, etc.); the qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition changes, pathogenic bacteria appear. Polluted reservoirs become unsuitable for drinking, and often for technical water supply; lose their fishery importance, etc.[ ...]
The monograph gives a complete picture of the possibilities of ecoanalytical chemistry in the control of environmental pollution (including in the monitoring mode) and the assessment of the ecological state of regions and territories. On real examples of environmental analyzes performed at different times in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic republics, as well as in the USA and European countries, the effectiveness of analytical control in determining air pollution (atmosphere, city air, air of the working area of industrial enterprises) is shown. and administrative buildings, emissions from plants and factories, etc.), water (waste and natural water, spring and tap water, rain and snow water, etc.), soil and bottom sediments (determination of heavy metals, organometallic compounds, toxic substances and supertoxicants in the territories of landfills, in places of burial of chemical waste, in the waters of seaports, etc.).[ ...]
The functions of the generalized state environmental monitoring are assigned to the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Ministry of Health. In large industrial cities, environmental control is carried out by automated air quality control systems (ANKOS-AG). Thus, the availability of continuous information about the state of the environment in large cities allows you to quickly take the necessary measures to eliminate excessive pollution by reducing emissions from industrial enterprises and (or) reducing the density of vehicle traffic. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere due to their short-term reduction during periods of adverse meteorological conditions must be carried out in accordance with RD 52.04.306-92. (Guiding document: Nature Protection. Atmosphere: Guidelines for forecasting air pollution (RD 52.04.306-92).[ ...]
The main component of the structure of terrestrial animal communities is animal soils, reaching 90-95% in terms of biomass, the number of animal species inhabiting the landscape [Krivolutsky, 1994; Krivolutsky et al., 1985]. This group of organisms forms a sedentary population, closely contacts the soil, in which all types of pollutants are deposited and sorbed, so any anthropogenic impact on the environment ultimately affects soil animals. The traditional assessment of the impact of industrial pollution on soil fauna is carried out by assessing the bioaccumulation of pollutants by representatives of various groups of invertebrates living in the soil, comparing abundance and biomass, as well as the degree of variability of these indicators. An important indicator value is attached to the change in the species composition of various groups of organisms and the structure of the pedobiont complex in the zone of industrial enterprises and in the background territory [Khotko et al., 1982; Ryabinin et al. 1988]. It is possible to analyze the state of the environment at the level of large taxa of soil organisms and spectra of life forms.[ ...]
The expediency of using small-sized mobile gas-and-gasoline installations (MGBU) for flare disposal is shown. The construction of the MGBU will allow, with the maximum extraction of valuable components, to reduce environmental pollution and the senseless destruction of valuable raw materials. Locally produced products will significantly reduce transportation costs for providing consumers (nearby settlements, industrial enterprises and motor vehicles) with liquefied gases and gasoline. The technical solutions incorporated in the MGBU are described, which make it possible to increase the profitability of using the installation for the disposal of flares.[ ...]
The global processes of the 20th century, which had a decisive influence on the state of ecology on Earth, include the scientific and technological revolution, to a certain extent directed by industrialization. Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale industrial production in all sectors of the national economy. On the one hand, it improved the quality of life of people, which led to a sharp increase in the population of the planet, and on the other hand, it resulted in the uncontrolled use of natural resources and pollution of the environment with waste from human economic activities. The greatest harm to the environment is caused by industrial enterprises and means of transport - integral attributes of urbanized territories.
Industrial enterprises benefit the economy of many countries, but the environment is harmful. To date, the following industries have a negative impact on the environment:
- metallurgical;
- petrochemical;
- engineering;
- chemical.
As a result of the operation of these facilities, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, ash and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. These elements primarily pollute the atmosphere, as well as soil and water, and affect flora and fauna.
Pollution from metallurgical enterprises
Experts believe that among all enterprises, the most pollution comes from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants. As a result of their activities, emissions of harmful substances enter the air. Metallurgical enterprises discharge a large amount of wastewater into reservoirs. To reduce the negative impact of factories on the environment, they need treatment facilities. Old ones need to be replaced with new ones, and they should be used to their full potential.
Pollution from chemical industries
Chemical enterprises, as the name implies, cause direct damage to the environment. In the process, rubber, various acids, dyes, polymers and other substances are used. They emit harmful elements that are released into the atmosphere and washed off with water. During the production of some chemicals and materials, not only synthetic, but also natural resources are used. When interacting, raw materials of a natural nature are contaminated with other substances.
At chemical and petrochemical enterprises, the following substances enter the environment:
- nitrogen oxides;
- carbon dioxide;
- sulfur dioxide;
- various gases.
Surface waters are polluted with formaldehydes and phenols, methanol and various heavy metals, chlorides and nitrogen, benzene and hydrogen sulfide.
The results of environmental pollution by industrial enterprises
While working, industrial enterprises produce a lot of useful products, ranging from dishes and household utensils to cars, ships and aircraft. For the manufacture of certain items, a large amount of resources is required. During their processing, a large amount of waste is generated. They need to be well reviewed, since some can be recycled. Using a rational approach to nature management, it is possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution by industrial enterprises.
Metalworking enterprises are associated with the production of metal products and are often included in the composition. Products from are widely used in various sectors of the national economy. The processing of metal blanks, cutting and welding processes are used in almost all industry complexes, including construction, energy and various types of transport (ground, underground, water, air). However, there is a certain specificity of the impact of metalworking on the natural environment associated with the interaction of various processing materials on metal surfaces, with vibrations and noises of metalworking equipment, radiation (both used in metalworking and emitted during equipment operation), etc.
Metalworking and operation of metal products are accompanied by the release of both material and energy pollutants into the environment. Energy pollutants include a high level of noise (which is one of the specific features of metalworking), vibrations, thermal pollution (due to the release of heat during surface treatment and equipment operation), electromagnetic fields emitted by operating equipment (transformers, inductors, various generators), reflected laser radiation arising from the use of lasers in the process.
A high level of sound pressure is associated with the operation of hammers and mechanical presses (up to 130 dB), chippers, metal-cutting and other equipment (up to 115 dB), compressor and pumping units (up to 150 dB), etc.
Material contaminants generated in metalworking are diverse and significant. As a result of the operation of metalworking industries, substances are obtained that pollute the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere. Below is a brief description of these processes.
A specific feature of pollutants entering the atmosphere is that they are solid aerosols formed by dusty particles and abrasive materials consisting of silicon oxide (IV), iron silicates, aluminum, oxides of iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese (II). Aerosols may also contain liquid components, consisting of oils, components of cutting fluids (coolants), solvents, acids,; these aerosols are fogs. A special group is formed by welding aerosols containing solid particles up to 1 micron in size.
Metalworking is also characterized by gaseous (vaporous) pollutants: carbon monoxide, a mixture of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, benzene vapor, etc.
Mixtures of organic waste with metals are processed in incinerators and separated by magnetic separation. Garbage of organic composition can be subjected to pyrolysis, while obtaining combustible gas, tar and carbon residue.
The problem of disposal of used oils, large quantities of which are part of the coolant, is an urgent one. Coolant regeneration begins with the separation of metal dust, chips and dust from the abrasive material from waste liquids. Further, dissolved impurities are separated, for which adsorption on clays and ultrafiltration through membranes are used. It should be noted that this problem is still waiting for its solution.
An integral part of environmental protection measures at metalworking enterprises is the regeneration of spent pickling solutions, for which chemical, physicochemical and electrochemical methods are used. When etching solutions are disposed of, ammonium sulfate is obtained (it can be used as a fertilizer), zinc hydroxide, red lead (coloring pigment) and other substances.
Noises and vibrations are the scourge of metalworking industries, so the fight against them is one of the most important environmental protection tasks in the industry. To combat industrial noise, individual means of protection and general means are used, which include noise reduction at the source of its formation and noise attenuation along the path of its propagation.
To reduce the level of industrial noise, sound insulation, sound absorption and noise silencers are used. Soundproofing means include soundproof fences (including those made from plants), soundproof booths, acoustic screens and soundproof casings. The use of these tools reduces the impact of sound pressure by 30-40 dB. To reduce the level of aerodynamic noise, silencers are used, installed on the air ducts. They reduce their level by 15-30 dB.
Noise reduction can be achieved by rational planning of enterprises, workshops and optimal placement of equipment. There are other methods of dealing with noise and vibrations, which are not considered in this manual.
It should be noted that there are still many unresolved problems in the protection of nature in the metalworking production complex, which are still waiting for their solution. And these problems need to be addressed if we do not want to end up in a state of ecological catastrophe. Research is to be carried out to develop active ways to protect the environment from the impact of this industry; Such studies are being carried out and are already yielding positive results.
General characteristics of environmental protection activities in the construction industry
Environmental protection activities in the construction industry are multifaceted due to the fact that it covers the extraction of minerals (raw materials for obtaining building materials or directly building materials), the production of building materials (one of the varieties of chemical industries), the implementation of construction as such and the operation of buildings within settlements . In settlements, there are motor vehicles, ground and underground rail transport (trams, electric trains, metro), as well as electric transport without the use of rails (trolleybuses). Therefore, in the construction industry, all methods of environmental protection used in road and rail transport, in the chemical industry, as well as some specific methods, are widely used. Since the implementation of production activities in the construction industry pollutes the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere, the protection of these biosphere objects is applicable to the implementation of environmental activities in construction.
Let's consider some of the most important environmental protection measures carried out in construction.
1. Reduction of construction time from the zero cycle to completion, since the longer the duration of construction work, the longer the production activity affects the nature (the presence of construction waste dumps, waste flushing into water bodies, etc.).
2. Development of the territories occupied by construction in a strict technological sequence within the established time limits, since a violation of construction technology leads to the need to repeat various works (for example, digging land for trenches, etc.); this not only increases the cost of construction, but also has an additional negative impact on the environment.
3. In order to reduce atmospheric gas contamination and the noise level arising from the operation of transport and other machines and mechanisms used in construction, it is necessary:
1) introduce the technology of complete combustion of fuel in car engines through the use of catalytic converters;
2) use less toxic fuel, such as natural gas, as fuel for machines working in construction (this reduces fuel costs, reduces the presence of sulfur, nitrogen and CO oxides in exhaust gases);
3) use electrical energy in the operation of construction machines;
4) to carry out more rational cargo movement, in which, if possible, empty runs of vehicles are excluded;
5) prevent the use of open fire for heating building materials (melting of bitumen during insulation work, etc.), soil, water through the use of tubular electric heaters, or heaters of another type;
6) rationally regulate the traffic flow, thereby minimizing the number of forced stops, traffic jams, etc.
4. Preservation of the soil and plant complex on the site of new buildings (a classic example is the construction of a residential area in the city of Zelenograd, which is part of Moscow). This reduces the damage to the natural environment, reduces the amount of work on the formation of a new landscape, etc.
5. Replacement of asphalt concrete pavements with other types of pavements (concrete, pavers and other materials). This prevents pollution of the environment by evaporation products from the asphalt, increases the durability of the coating, etc.
6. The use of internal roads with a hard surface, which reduces the destruction of the natural surface and reduces the amount of restoration work.
7. Recultivation (restoration) of lands disturbed during construction work. This partially restores the original landscape, makes the resulting natural-building complex more comfortable for the residents of this residential area (or for the employees of the enterprise). The resulting construction waste in the form of construction waste can be disposed of when backfilling ravines, and the upper layers of soil can be used in agricultural work.
8. The fight against noise in construction and in cities is carried out through the use of soundproof materials, the different arrangement of living rooms relative to highways, the use of protective strips of plants, the special layout of residential and industrial quarters, the prohibition of sound signals at night and other methods that are known to specialists in this area and are not the subject of this manual.
9. An important environmental measure in the construction industry is rational planning in urban planning, which takes into account the environmental characteristics of a particular region and allows them to be used for the construction of environmentally sound residential and industrial premises.
10. Of great importance to the construction industry is the protection of natural waters. In this sector of the economy, water finds a very wide application: it is used for the preparation of concrete mixtures and mortars, whitewashing, painting the surfaces of buildings, washing premises and construction machines, heat and water supply to the population, and in the production of building materials. The protection of natural waters in construction is carried out through the economical use of water and the use of technical water instead of drinking water for technical needs; introduction of recycling water supply where possible; use of water treatment facilities, etc.
11. Recycling of construction waste. It is carried out in different ways, one of which is that the dump rocks obtained in one area are used to carry out work in another area (that is, the construction industry itself is an absorber of its waste). During construction, the death of large plants occurs, some of which can be used after some processing as livestock feed, and some - as seedlings for reclamation work. When carrying out construction work in places of accumulation of peat or sapropel (bottom sediments in water bodies), they can be used in agriculture or to improve soil properties, or as bedding for cattle.
12. The construction industry as an industry that utilizes waste products from other industries. So, for the production of mineral binders, waste from metallurgical industries - solid slags - is used. Slags from thermal power plants, non-ferrous metallurgy, electrical phosphorus production can be used as fillers in concrete. Phosphogypsum, obtained in large quantities in the production of double superphosphate, is widely used as a fast-hardening gypsum binder. Gypsum waste from the chemical industry is also a raw material for construction. In the process of construction work, it is possible to dispose of such solid waste that cannot be used in other sectors of the national economy.
The impact of the food industry, mass catering, commerce and trade on the environment
The food industry is formed by various enterprises that produce food products or semi-finished products. It includes cheese, butter, dairies, slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, confectionery factories, wine and vodka production and the production of beer and soft drinks, mills and bakeries and other enterprises. The sphere of mass catering, trade and commerce includes canteens, bistros, cafes, restaurants, various shops (food, manufactured goods, department stores, supermarkets), wholesale and vegetable bases, etc.
A characteristic feature of the food industry, the sphere of trade enterprises and mass catering is that they (for the most part) are part of settlements and therefore their activities have a great impact on the population (primarily and directly), and have a direct effect on nature. and indirect impact.
Like any production, the food industry is associated with the use of various equipment that provides the production process, which is accompanied by the cost of various types of energy. In the industry under consideration, vehicles are used that have a certain impact on the environment. However, the sphere of mass nutrition, trade and the food industry also has its own specific influence associated with the substances that are used in this case.
In the food industry and in the field of mass nutrition, gaseous, liquid and solid wastes are formed, while most of them belong to organic substances, although the formation of inorganic compounds as decomposition products of organic substances is also possible. The resulting solid or mixed (solid-liquid) waste, especially from the operation of public catering establishments, is a valuable raw material for animal husbandry, or, after a certain processing, for crop production.
The danger of most mixed waste is that they are a substrate (food base) for various saprophytic organisms (fungi, bacteria, etc.), which creates the possibility of epidemics.
Waste from the meat and dairy industry sharply worsens the organoleptic qualities of the environment (unpleasant odors appear, negative taste sensations appear, etc.), and contribute to the emergence of a large number of insects - carriers of diseases. Careless housekeeping at the enterprises of the food industry, trade and mass catering is accompanied by a significant reproduction of mouse-like rodents (rats, etc.), which also creates prerequisites for the emergence of epidemics.
Flour dust mixed with air gives flammable and explosive mixtures, which is typical for the flour-grinding and baking industries.
In the course of the activities of commercial enterprises, waste is generated in the form of containers, damaged goods, various household waste, household wastewater contaminated with detergents, suspensions of solid particles (clay, sand), and various dissolved substances.
Thus, the nature of pollution of the natural environment by trade enterprises, mass catering and the food industry partially coincides with those for any industry (these include noise, vibration, various electromagnetic radiation). A certain part of the polluting impact of this industry is associated with the use of road transport, and sometimes land rail transport, and, finally, specific pollution caused by the formation of food or non-food waste containing a large amount of organic compounds (for example, waste from the production of sunflower and other oils - husks seeds, bagasse, or waste products from the production of sugar from sugar beet - bagasse, calcium carbonate, sulfates, etc.). A certain part of the pollution is formed by spoiled goods that have lost their consumer properties, as well as household waste.
Brief overview of environmental protection activities in the field of food industry, mass catering and trade
Part of the environmental protection activity is related to activities similar to those carried out on vehicles, as the food industry uses different means of transport. Large food industry plants have workshops and workshops associated with the repair of metal equipment, which requires environmental protection activities characteristic of the metalworking industry, although on a smaller scale and not in all directions.
At food industry enterprises, there is some peculiarity in the implementation of the principle of the integrated use of raw materials and waste, due to the fact that for the most part raw materials and waste consist of organic compounds. In addition, there are certain national and other traditions in the preparation and use of food. Thus, many wastes from food production and mass catering enterprises can be disposed of in animal husbandry, using them as livestock feed. Waste that is not suitable for fodder purposes is used as a basis for obtaining organic fertilizers (through composting).
As in other industries associated with high water consumption, the use of closed water cycles plays an important environmental role.
An important environmental measure is to obtain environmentally friendly and environmentally useful products. It is known that due to the intensification of agriculture, substances harmful to the human body (heavy salts, nitrates, nitrites, etc.) enter into food. To give a marketable appearance, various additives are introduced into food (dyes, antioxidants, baking powder, etc.). These substances must be harmless or added in such quantities that will not have a significant effect on the human body. But often this is not respected and products that do not meet environmental standards are put on sale. In addition, products may contain excessive amounts of fats and carbohydrates, which, when ingested, adversely affect metabolism, causing obesity and associated diseases. Consequently, the problem arises of developing recipes and manufacturing environmentally friendly products by introducing additives derived from various plants that contribute to better absorption of food by the human body. So, in the manufacture of confectionery products, additives from soy seeds, powders from apple pomace, puree and roasts from small-fruited apples, mountain ash, sea buckthorn, etc. have proven themselves well. The use of whey in the baking industry allows enriching food with valuable essential amino acids, etc. .
Utilization of inorganic compounds used in the food industry not only cleans the atmosphere from harmful impurities, but also reduces the cost of production and extraction of raw materials from natural sources. True, this is not yet a solved problem (this refers to the utilization of sulfur dioxide, carbon, which are either used in food production technology (sulphurous gas as a clarifier), or released as a result of technological processes - carbon dioxide in brewing and fermentation industries).
An important measure for the protection of the environment is the strict observance of technological processes that prevent the ingress of products and production waste into the environment, in particular, into the soil.
As in any activity, systematic environmental education plays an important role in environmental protection in this area of production.
Impact of household activities on the environment
In production, a person spends a little more than 1/3 of his life, and the rest of it takes place outside the sphere of production, that is, in everyday life. Household activities are associated with free time, and with the implementation of life processes, and with the upbringing of the younger generation, and with other activities. Household activities are a powerful lever of human influence both on the natural environment and on oneself, and after all, a person is also a component of nature, and his influence on himself as a person and on other people also refers to environmental impacts. No wonder they talk about the family, the ecology of spiritual life, etc.
Let us consider in a narrower aspect the impact of everyday activities on the natural environment, because the problem of everyday life - the environment is very complex and multifaceted and requires for its consideration not a subsection of a textbook, but several monographs. Therefore, we will highlight only some aspects of this problem.
A person, like any living creature, releases waste products (gaseous, liquid and solid) into the environment, which in a certain way affect this environment (CO when breathing - together with CO 2), hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc. These substances primarily harmful to humans.
In the process of life, a person uses various products for cooking, while solid and liquid food waste (including unused, spoiled food) occurs.
When performing hygiene procedures, caring for clothes, underwear and bed linen, wastewater containing detergents, including synthetic ones, is formed. Using medical and decorative cosmetics, a person pollutes the environment with dyes, deodorants and other substances. Shoes and clothes wear out, waste paper appears after reading periodicals, containers accumulate after using food products, i.e., non-food solid household waste occurs.
Spending their free time in nature, people often throw paper, leftover food, wrapping materials, bottles (glass and polymer materials) on paper. Spent batteries from tape recorders, radios, leftovers from cigarettes, cigarettes, candy wrappers are thrown away as they appear on the territory where the person is located. Being on a field, in a forest or in a park, a person mercilessly tramples down grassy vegetation, breaks off tree branches, and plucks flowers unnecessarily.
Many residents have household plots. Not knowing the technology of applying fertilizers, they can use them irrationally, which contributes to environmental pollution.
There are many vehicle owners in our country. They lovingly look after their car, but they do not pay attention to the fact that the water used to wash the car, containing oils and fuel, falls to the ground, soaks into it and pollutes it so that life becomes impossible on this soil.
Here is a far from complete list of the negative impact of human activities on the environment.
A person is no less ruthless to his personality and to his kind. Without thinking, he destroys his own health and the health of others, in particular because of a person's addiction to smoking. Many people know about the dangers of smoking, but they believe that this does not apply to them. Smoke "is a rocker" not only in smoking rooms (this, of course, is permissible, since the room is special), but also in working rooms, regardless of whether everyone smokes or not. A smoker does not think that his addiction is harmful to non-smokers, because passive smoking does no less harm than active smoking.
In moments of leisure, a person wants to relax, which is often achieved by using alcoholic beverages. A small amount of ethanol does not pose much harm, but its systematic use destroys human health (not only physical, but also moral and social). Even more terrible harm to health is caused by the use of drugs and toxic substances, leading to a euphoric state of the body. Conditioned reflex connections, metabolism are disturbed, processes leading to the death of the organism are intensified. This is especially scary for an organism that is in the formation stage.
Sometimes a person involuntarily destroys his health, not wanting it, in particular, by eating ecologically unhealthy food (hard-smoked sausages, various types of delicacies, milk containing preservatives that adversely affect the body), as well as irrationally organizing a diet and rest.
All of the above shows that in the domestic sphere, as well as other areas of human activity, work is needed to implement environmental protection measures both in relation to the environment and in relation to the person himself. When implementing environmental actions, one must always remember that this is not a formality, but something necessary that a person needs first of all, because without this, humanity will not be able to exist on planet Earth in the future.
Features of environmental activities in everyday life
A feature of environmental activities in everyday life is that environmental education and upbringing comes first in it, because without knowledge about the impact of a person on his environment and on himself, there will be no need to take actions to protect his health and create an environment conducive to this, i.e. in protecting their environment.
It should be noted that work on environmental education should be carried out not intrusively, not formally, but arouse involuntary interest, it should be free from dry didactics and edification. It is not enough to prohibit or not recommend swimming in the water of a particular reservoir. It is necessary specifically, using available experiments (even in field conditions), to show the danger of such bathing. For example, a substance known in everyday life as "potassium permanganate" allows us to show that there are a lot of organic substances in water that are unsafe for human health. To do this, you need to prepare a weak, raspberry-colored solution in distilled water at home, take it and a glass bottle. From a reservoir where it is not recommended to swim, take a sample of water and add a solution of potassium permanganate (“potassium permanganate”) to it and, in parallel, add the same amount of reagent solution to water, the purity of which is undeniable. After some time, the result will be noticeable - a brown precipitate forms in dirty water, in clean water the color will remain unchanged during this time. Interesting and persuasive. It is necessary to look for ways to intensify environmental work in the domestic sphere, to find new ways that arouse the interest and desire of each person to contribute to the improvement of their environment.
Conservation activities in everyday life are numerous and often routine. Maintaining a constant order and cleanliness of the workplace and living room, a person creates more comfortable conditions for his existence, contributes to the improvement of his environment.
By following the daily routine, doing systematic hygiene procedures, performing various physical exercises that strengthen the body, improving nutrition, making it more rational, healthy and complete, excluding the systematic use of alcoholic beverages from your diet, giving up smoking, a person maintains his health for a long time. . It is important to develop for yourself an active position in creating a personal healthy lifestyle, not to waste the reserves of your body.
In everyday life, it is also important to study environmental and legal legislation, which will allow you to correctly navigate in the conditions of modern life and create an appropriate basis for the implementation of a healthy lifestyle.
As mentioned above, in the process of everyday life, various household wastes are generated. Each person must correctly collect them, sort them (this is an ideal option, which is far from being implemented in our country) and take them to collection points. Food waste can be used as food for animals (if possible). If there is a backyard garden plot (dacha), such waste can be placed in a compost pit and, after processing, used as an organic fertilizer.
When using household insect or rodent control products, safety precautions and the rational use of such products must be observed.
Used clothes and shoes should be taken to a recycling center or disposed of in the household, and not just thrown into the environment.
It is necessary to carefully use products for the care of clothes and shoes, for furniture and various surfaces of the home (floor, walls, etc.).
Do not drain food residues with solid particles, pollutants, acids and alkalis used in everyday life into the water supply.
When cooking, it is necessary to strictly observe the technology of its preparation, because overcooking, digestion leads to a loss of nutritional properties (destruction of vitamins, formation of substances harmful to the body, resulting from the heat treatment of food).
An important element of environmental protection is the correct, from an ecological point of view, behavior in places of recreation and mass festivities. While on a hiking trip, you must strictly follow the rules for handling fire, do not use live trees for a fire, use the same permanent place for a fire, or one that is not occupied by woody vegetation (i.e., knowledge of the behavior of tourists on a hike is necessary ). You should not leave behind a burning fire or burning coals, the resulting garbage must be buried, and combustible garbage must be burned. Of course, burning garbage is not the best way to destroy it, since harmful products can be released during combustion, but it's still better than a clearing strewn with waste. No need to unnecessarily tear plants, arrange loud "feasts" that adversely affect the inhabitants of the forest, touch and destroy bird nests.
Reasonable organization of daily activities, reasonable from an ecological point of view, the behavior of each individual in the environment will contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation in a particular area, a particular region.
In the presence of environmental knowledge, it is desirable for everyone to participate in the environmental education of other people, which will also positively affect the improvement of the properties of the natural environment.
An industrial enterprise affects the environment in several ways. Atmospheric pollution occurs due to the ingress of solid, liquid and gaseous substances into it, which negatively affects the environment, either directly or in combination with other substances. The total amount of emissions for the year is the sum of industrial emissions entering the atmosphere, which can be continuous, periodic, volleys or instantaneous. Continuous or periodic pollution inputs are determined by the technological features of production and are taken into account by the technological regulations. Volley emissions are possible in case of accidents, blasting, incineration of fast-burning production waste. With instantaneous emissions, pollution is ejected in a fraction of a second, sometimes to a considerable height.
According to the state of aggregation, pollution is divided into solid, liquid, gaseous and mixed. In emissions from industrial enterprises, the continuous phase is gases, and the dispersed phase is solid particles or liquid droplets. Gas emissions are divided into organized and unorganized. The first enter the atmosphere through specially constructed gas ducts, pipes, and the second - as a result of a violation of the tightness of the equipment, unsatisfactory operation of the gas suction equipment.
When assessing air pollution, it is important to take into account the total volume of emissions for the enterprise as a whole, as well as the structure of emissions with the allocation of specific elements by four hazard classes. The first class is especially dangerous. In terms of the mass of emissions, the predominant substances are compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and dust. Substances entering the atmosphere from various industrial sources create the so-called primary pollution. After leaving the source of pollution, substances do not remain unchanged in the atmosphere, their physical changes occur - movement and distribution in space, turbulent diffusion, dilution, etc. There are also chemical changes - oxidation reactions, photochemical transformations, in which photochemical smogs are formed. Solar radiation causes chemical reactions in the atmosphere between various pollutants and the environment.
Chemical reactions involving certain gaseous pollutants, resulting in the formation of acids or acid ions, cause precipitation to become more acidic. The main pollutant responsible for this process is sulfur dioxide. During oxidation, it turns into sulfuric acid and hydrosulfates. Nitrogen oxides give nitric acid. The formation of acid precipitation is 2/3 due to the presence of sulfur dioxide, and 1/3 - nitrogen oxides. The largest emissions of sulfur dioxide are associated with the operation of thermal power plants. Acid rain is one of the global environmental problems. They cause lakes to become acidic, as a result of which the fish in them cannot reproduce and survive. Huge damage is done to evergreen forests - spruce, fir, pine. Acid rains increase the corrosion of metal structures, mechanisms, equipment, and also destroy buildings and historical monuments.
The degree of danger of various pollutants is expressed by the indicator maximum allowable concentration(MAC) - the standard for the content of a harmful substance that does not have a harmful effect on a person or components of the environment under constant exposure.
When determining MPC, the degree of impact on human health is taken into account, as well as the impact on various components of nature - flora and fauna, microorganisms, soils. For some particularly toxic elements that are carcinogenic in nature, the effect of ionizing radiation, there are no lower safety thresholds, and therefore no MPC. Any excess of their usual natural backgrounds is dangerous for living organisms, at least genetically, in the chain of generations.
There are national MPC standards that differ from country to country. In Russia, MPCs have been established for 146 types of substances and 27 types of substances of joint action. The MPC criterion is the mass concentration in the atmosphere in µg/m 3 .
The action of combinations of individual elements, expressed in the effect of summation, may turn out to be stronger. For enterprises of different industries, there may be their own elements that give such an effect.
Maximum Permissible Emission (MAE) - emission of a harmful substance into the atmosphere, established for each source of atmospheric pollution, provided that the ground concentration of these substances does not exceed the MPC.
When assessing air pollution, the period of time during which pollutants remain in it is important. For example, the average residence time in an atmosphere of helium is 107 years, carbon dioxide - 5-10 years, carbon monoxide - 0.2-0.5 years, nitrogen oxide 8-11 days, sulfur dioxide - 2-4 days.
To determine the characteristics of the impact of the enterprise on the surrounding area, it is necessary to know the nature of the distribution of emissions from pollution sources. The distribution pattern of emissions is determined by several components - the meteorological situation, the height of the factory chimney, and the specifics of the emitted substances. Taking into account these conditions, enterprises of various industries have different emission distribution radii: metallurgical - over 5 km, machine-building - up to 5 km, food and light industry enterprises - 1-2 km.
It is possible to single out industrial enterprises that have a particularly strong impact on atmospheric pollution. These are plants for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil refineries and petrochemical plants, for the production of building materials, especially cement.
The second direction of the impact of industrial production is the pollution of water sources: surface and groundwater. Water in industrial production performs various functions. It is used for: cooling liquid and gaseous products in heat exchangers; dissolution and formation of pulps during enrichment and processing of ores; washing gaseous, liquid and solid products and products. In industry, 65 to 80% of water is used for cooling. If water is used as a coolant, then it is practically not polluted, but only heated. Process water comes into contact with products and products, and therefore becomes contaminated, forming wastewater.
The quantitative and qualitative composition of industrial wastewater is diverse and depends on the industry, its technological processes. They are divided into two main groups. First group wastewater contains inorganic impurities, including toxic ones with the presence of poisons. This group includes wastewater from soda, sulfate, nitrogen-fertilizer plants and other enterprises of basic chemistry, as well as mining and processing plants. The wastewater of such enterprises contains acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions. Wastewater of this group mainly changes the physical properties of water.
Wastewater second group are discharged by oil refineries, petrochemical plants, organic synthesis enterprises, coke-chemical plants, etc. These effluents contain oil products, ammonia, aldehydes, resins, phenols and other harmful substances. The dangerous effect of wastewater of this group lies mainly in oxidative processes leading to a decrease in the oxygen content in water, which increases the biochemical demand for it, and worsens the organoleptic characteristics of water.
Reducing the amount of polluted wastewater can take place with the introduction of anhydrous technological processes. Currently, in most of the technologies used, the specific water consumption per unit of output is still high. The main way to reduce water consumption is the creation of circulating and closed systems.
It is possible to single out enterprises of several industries that have a particularly strong impact on water resources. Among them are pulp and paper mills. Wastewater from these industries consists of five streams of the main pollutants: bark-containing water (formed during wet debarking of wood, they have a sharp turpentine smell, low transparency, and a small amount of oxygen); fiber and kaolin-containing stream (formed during the production of paper, cardboard). The products of fiber decay give the water an unpleasant taste. The alkali-containing flow has a dark brown color, the processes of photosynthesis in it are inhibited, and the food supply for fish is reduced. The acid stream contains mineral acids, including sulfuric acid; the chlorine-containing stream is contaminated with free and combined chlorine, dioxins can be detected in it.
A thermal power plant is an example of thermal pollution of surface waters. The problem of such water pollution became especially acute with the increase in the unit capacity of power plants. Thermal pollution of water bodies leads to a change in biota under the influence of the release of heated waters. Heated water can activate the action of many toxic elements that are in small doses and concentrations and do not pose a danger before.
Engineering is one of the industries that contribute to surface water pollution. The main types of pollution are mechanical suspensions - sand, scale, metal shavings. Wastewater from pickling departments and electroplating shops stands out for its high toxicity. The pickling solution for pickling steel billets consists of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Their concentration in the fresh pickling solution is 15-20%, and in the spent one - 4-5%. The wastewater generated during the pickling of non-ferrous metals and their alloys contains, in addition to acid residues, also metals from the pickled workpieces. Effluent from electroplating shops may contain cyanide and chromium compounds.
To assess the level of wastewater pollution, there are several environmental standards, as well as for air, the indicator of the maximum permissible concentration of MPC, which are calculated for many substances.
Wastewater is characterized by BOD and COD values. BOD - biological oxygen demand, or the amount of oxygen used in the biochemical processes of oxidation of organic substances for a certain period of time (2, 5, 10, 20 days) in mg 0 2 per 1 mg of substance.
COD - chemical oxygen demand, i.e. the amount of oxygen equivalent to the amount of consumed oxidant required to oxidize all the reducing agents contained in the water. COD is also expressed in mg 0 2 per 1 mg of substance.