Adjective as a part of speech ranks of adjectives. The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives in Russian. Completeness and brevity of adjectives

Adjective- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answers the questions what ?, whose ?;

In Russian, adjectives can change by gender, case and number, and have a short form. In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate and a subject.

This is the value of an attribute of an object, denoting color, taste, smell, assessment, character, mental and speech activity.

Let's give an example: red, bitter, smelly, funny, smart.

There are lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives.

Adjectives can be divided into lexico-grammatical categories:
- quality
- possessive
- relative

The ranks of adjectives always differ from each other in grammatical features and semantics.

Exist quality adjectives, which designate an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, stupid, evil), have comparison forms and short forms.

Relative adjectives- indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are made from nominal bases (steel, wooden);

Possessive adjectives- denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).
Short adjectives are those that in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - the endings "a", "ya" (black, beautiful), in the singular of the neuter gender - the endings "o" , "e" (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - the endings "and", "s" (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. ("How good, how fresh were these flowers...")

Morphological features adjectives are the same as those of a noun - case, gender, number.

But unlike nouns, adjectives change by gender, number, case, while gender differences are seen in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

Examples: Blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - red carpets, red ribbons, red saucers.

Syntactic features of the adjective.

Usually in a sentence, adjectives are definitions or nominal part of the predicate.

Let's give an example: The girl had a very beautiful toy; The toy was beautiful

Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.
Let's give an example: A cheerful clown made the guys laugh; A funny joke made the guys laugh.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them.
Let's give an example: weak from illness, very weak.

NAME ADJECTIVE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

On the other hand, it relates adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative sense can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degree. a) Moon where-then behind, above city, river under shadow his black and velvety (Bitter .); Derevyanen brother your, wooden... brain at him straight what kind-then(Leon.); AT my Revolution believe! Word my – railway . And the words glandular - no! (R. Rozhd.); More languish mothers and children | in in vain waiting fathers. | They are not lie, what Sveta No on the light, | what world terrible – stuffy and lead (Invalid); Today's Bryusov even in their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently lighten up lips and shadow golden Near sunken eye(Colour.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails glandular | faceted German nails! (Invalid); With each afternoon all longer, all glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).

Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives, as separate lexico-grammatical categories, have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degree. Changes in the semantics of the adjectives of the listed three groups do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form forms of comparison. degrees (on single deviations from the general rule, see §); in addition, attract., ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives by the nature of inflection.

In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, the forms of adjectives with inflections pl. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that with noun. there is no lexical indication of quantity: large sled- perhaps "one" and "several" sledges; new glasses- both "one" and "several" points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; some peasant sleigh; in flow five long days; raked hay several rake.

Comparative forms are used in combination with genus. n. name or in conjunction with the union how: foxes smarter wolves – foxes smarter, how wolves. However, the absolutive (without dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. At the same time, if the dependent word form is not implied, then different states of the same object are compared in the comparative: nails ki not without reason slyly looking, not without reason, about roses, on the your sheets hotter blush, fresh fragrance: I understood, who fled, buried in flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory about sun in a heart weakens, yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).

Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eysh-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, cruelest), sometimes called a superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a feature are correlative with other adjectives with a similar meaning of the type huge, hefty, cheerful, easiest, beautiful. They do not express a special morphological meaning and represent word-formation types (see §, item 2c).

Note 2. The value of a high degree of manifestation of a feature can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with form adj. in posit. degrees ( most beautiful, most brave), as well as with the help of combinations of pronouns. adj. the whole in the form of a genus. p. units h. av. R. ( Total) or in the form genus. n. pl. h. ( all) with the form adj. in comp. degrees: more seriously Total, louder all; You on the light all cuter , All rouge and whiter (Pushk.); AT present time healthier Total negation – we deny(Turg.).

WORD CHANGING adjectives

ADJECTIVE DECLINE

All adjectives with final - uy and - oh(in the form of im. p. masculine r. unit) belong to the basis (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjective skl. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, your, mine, coy(outdated); 2) attract. adjectives like wolf, fox; 3) ordinal adjective the third. They are all in the shape of them. p. have zero inflection and change according to mixed declination (see §).

The phonemic composition of inflections of adjectives of the adjective skl. next:

Note. In the forms of and wine. n. husband R. units h. morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the basis - morph -|иj| ( red-|and j|, si|н "-иj|), and when stressed on inflection - morph -|oj| ( big-|oj|, simple-|оj|).

With spelling. point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four varieties of adjective skl. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with a base on sizzling; 4) adj. with base on |k|, |r|, |x|. All varieties of adjective skl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.

1) App. with a base on a paired-hard consonant and with an accent on inflections differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in the forms of them. and wine. p. units h. husband R.: young-oh, ill-oh, but new-th, kind-th.

2) Forms of wines. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and wine. n. pl. hours are identical to the corresponding forms of them. n. (i.e., forms named after n. masculine and middle. r. units or forms named after n. pl.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object, and the corresponding gender forms. n. (i.e., forms of genus. n. masculine singular or forms of genus. n. plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animated object.

3) All app. female R. have variant forms of TV. n. on - oh, -oyu and - her, -her: young-oh, new-oh and young-oyu, new-oyu, syn-her and syn-her. The main form for the modern language is the form on - oh, -her; form on - oyu, -her found in book speech, in poetry: And above thoughtful Fly Cane revived resounded(Ahm.); And now always is he breathes | above June Moscow | toy military anxiety, | unforgettable longing(Tushn.).

Samples declination adjectives

§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant ( hard variety).

§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).

Note. In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base for hard and soft consonants and formed case forms for both hard and soft varieties. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, perennial, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, juvenile, perennial, unilateral, late, mulberry(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern: mental agony magic healer, My friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Pushk.); For shores homeland distant You left edge stranger(Pushk.); AT suburbs distant , Where, as black snakes, are flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident may address in Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).

§ . Declension of adjectives with stem into sibilant.

Note 1. In App. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in the forms of them. p. units h. husband R. the last consonant of the stem is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection - uy spelling does not differ from flexion adj. with a stem into a soft consonant ( strict, liquid and blue, summer). in the form of TV. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and in all case forms pl. hours at adj. with a stem on |r|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |r|, |k|, |x| positionally soften.

Note 2. In cos. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position - after negation: Neither at which relatives I not was; Neither with what student not met; Neither about what meetings speeches not It was.

At pronouns. adj. with initial something-, coy- the position of the preposition can be as before the morpheme something- and after it: with something-what commission, in something-what home and - less often - something with what commission, something in what home.

Note 3. By type of app. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declension is obsolete. pronominal adj. coy forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. p. units h. husband and avg. R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to some, some(and some), about some(and about no one); forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. n. wives. R. can also be based on |j|: some(and some): Equilibrium became different, as would from some internal severity(Lidin) and: Soon let's start we suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In many hours are used obsolete. forms some, some, some instead of some(genus and suggestion n.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. h. P. some, date P. some, tv. P. some, preposition P. about some: Are formed snowflakes in form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars with transverse rungs on the everyone beam(Olesha).

In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ Russian language. Morphology: Adjective as a part of speech. Foxford Online Learning Center

✪ Russian language 66. Adjective as a part of speech - Shishkin school

✪ Russian grade 10. adjective as a part of speech

✪ Adjective (grade 5, video lesson presentation)

✪ Russian language. 6th grade. Adjective

Subtitles

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Quality adjectives

Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question "what?".

As a rule, they have the following signs:

• combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too beautiful, extremely smart).
• from quality adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
  • one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( clever, tasty) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “Who?”. Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are declined according to cases and change according to numbers, in the singular they also change according to gender. The exceptions are short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.

• solid: red th, red wow, red omu
• soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
• mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.

And numbers may have a short form. In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Quality adjectives

Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent.

As a rule, they have the following signs:

• combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too beautiful, extremely smart).
• from quality adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
  • one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart).

Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( clever, tasty) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question "whose?", "whose?". Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are declined according to cases and change according to numbers, in the singular they also change according to gender. The exceptions are short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.

• solid: red th, red wow, red omu
• soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
• mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.

Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality and relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian, secondary school students are already learning to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse's hoof.

What kind? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .

quality adjectives

It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Colour(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), the form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.

2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.

3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) and nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.

For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.

or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.

Signs et and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

Do you have any questions? Do you know the difference between qualitative adjectives and relative ones?
To get the help of a tutor - register.
The first lesson is free!

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.