Decoding of bales and a and their service personnel. Engineer of instrumentation and automation (KIPiA) What is instrumentation

It is impossible to imagine without instruments and sensors. Yes, and in the residential sector can not do without meters for water, heat and electricity. Who adjusts these useful devices, if the need arises? Who oversees their correct work?

What is KIPA?

"Casket" opens simply: Instrumentation and control - instrumentation and automation. The instrumentation department (decoding above), more precisely, a service with this name is responsible for the performance of the entire instrument system at the enterprise. Instruments for accounting for electricity and gasoline, automatic valves, flow meters, and other means of control - all this is under the jurisdiction of the Kipovites.

What does an instrumentation fitter do?

A locksmith-kipovets is a specialist in the repair of simple and complex, conventional and electronic and control. Who can practically apply Ohm's law except an electrician? Samples of possession of knowledge of the laws of physics - employees of the automation service and adjustment of various devices. Only an engineer or instrumentation fitter can cope with the launch of production. The word is known to everyone associated with automation.

Where do instrument experts come from?

Only specialists with professional education and experience are employed in the I&C department. Deciphering the readings of control and measuring instruments of a large enterprise can tell a knowledgeable person about the scale of trade, for example, oil or electric current. It is necessary to refuse one of the devices - losses are inevitable, up to the shutdown of the enterprise.

After graduating from a college with a degree in the appropriate title, a graduate can be useful in any of the automation systems used in oil refineries and in the railway sector, in heavy engineering and in food factories.

The prompt elimination of unforeseen and emergency situations depends on the employees of the instrumentation and control department. Repair and maintenance of pumps, conveyors, electric motors and pneumatic valves are the responsibility of the instrumentation service.

What can the department of instrumentation and control

The main responsibility of employees is the automation of technologies in production. This applies to both new enterprises and those that have undergone modernization and reconstruction. Everyone can departments of instrumentation and automation: they are subject to the decoding of any complex schemes, restoration and adjustment of any system. With an integrated approach to work, the service is based on three areas:

• on the automation of electric drives;
• on the development of ACS software for system users;
• on automation technologies.

The specialists of the department provide full technical service and supervision of the operation of control devices and systems. Craftsmen-Kipovites not only know how the devices under their jurisdiction work, but they can also professionally deal with any problem with sensors and meters.

Who is the chief specialist in the department

Without a doubt, in the department associated with debugging, setting up and launching monitoring and control systems, there should be a chief experienced and knowledgeable specialist. Only a person who knows the basics of cybernetics and computer technology, methods and controls, is familiar with functional and production units, can cope with such a position as an instrumentation engineer. The breakdown of his duties in this rank is as follows:

• Design and implementation of automated control systems for computer technology using modern means of communication and communications.
• Preparation of relevant data for the design and development of working and technical projects.
• Setting tasks for the employees of the I&C department, deciphering the details of all job descriptions.
• Development of technological schemes for the tasks of automated control systems, taking into account the organizational and technical support of all subsystems.
• Preparation of technical documentation, instructions and manuals related to the use of information management systems.
• Supervision and periodic control of documentation.
• Studying the causes of violations and failures in the system and making a decision to prevent and eliminate these shortcomings.
• Participation in the training of employees of departments of the enterprise to work with data from automatic control systems.
• Establishment of the process of registration of the relevant documentation.
• Responsibility for the timely interpretation of data processed by computer technology.

No modern production is able to cope with the volume of work without automatic measuring devices controlling the process. In accordance with the requirements of the time, in order to obtain the best results, the I&C departments are staffed with qualified personnel capable of ensuring the smooth functioning of the most important systems of the enterprise.

A significant part of the equipment used in modern pipeline systems operates without human intervention. Autonomy is achieved through the use of instrumentation and automation - instrumentation and automation (actuators), working as a whole. Its main functional purpose is the collection and processing of information about various physical quantities with the subsequent use of this information to control the operation of the pipeline system through its individual elements.

Types and characteristics of instrumentation and automation

There are two main groups of instrumentation and automation, which, in fact, is reflected in this abbreviation. Measuring instruments are engaged in the collection and processing of information, and automation or special actuators are used to control the pipeline system or its individual elements. The first group includes all kinds of sensors that convert various physical quantities into an electrical signal that is transmitted to automated control devices. The most common types of sensors used in pipeline systems are:

• manometer;
• thermometer;
• volume meters.

In turn, the following devices belong to the actuators:

• thermostats;
• automatic drives;
• control saddle valves;
• controllers;
• line components (valves, filters, shut-off valves, heat exchangers, etc.).

This is only a small part of the devices used in pipeline systems to control and regulate their operation.

Properties and advantages of instrumentation and automation

The operational properties of instrumentation and automation (instruments and automation) depend on the functional purpose of each individual device. In particular, pressure gauges are designed to measure the pressure of the working medium. The data from these instruments is critical to keeping your pipeline system running at optimum performance, providing the perfect combination of performance and reliability. At the same time, depending on the measurement method, pressure gauges can be used to obtain sufficiently “versatile” information - absolute, gauge and differential pressure.

Thermometers are a source of no less important information, since for an objective assessment of the efficiency and reliability of the pipeline system, it is necessary to know not only the pressure, but also the temperature of the working medium. In turn, volume meters provide actuators with information about the amount of the transported working medium. At the same time, it is customary to distinguish directly between meters and flow meters. The difference between them lies in the measurement method. For flowmeters, its result is the consumption of the working medium per unit of time, and for meters - its volume, but without "binding" to time indicators.

As for the actuators, their function is to bring the measured indicators to the required values. Most often it is carried out by changing the throughput. Currently, instrumentation and automation are widely used in various areas of economic activity. They are most popular in the housing sector, as they can significantly reduce costs.

It has long been known that the process of long-term operation of measuring instruments is accompanied by a decrease in the accuracy class and an increase in the permissible measurement error. This leads to the impossibility of further use of the equipment. In this regard, all elements belonging to the measuring base are subject to regular control by a special instrumentation and control service.

Purpose and structure

KIPiA - a set of interaction of certain objects and subjects, the main purpose of which is the measurement of physical quantities. The decoding of instrumentation and automation sounds simple and accessible: instrumentation and automation.

The abbreviation KIPiA clearly defines the technical and functional purpose of the system - it is the measurement and control of the value of a physical quantity and the automatic adjustment of its constant value using instruments.

Structurally, this technical branch can be represented as follows:

• I&C in household appliances;
• instrumentation;
• KIPiA service.

I&C in household appliances

More complex instrumentation and control equipment includes flow meters: they are used to determine the mass or volume of a substance. This group has a fairly wide range of models depending on the characteristics of the controlled area: thermal, vortex, electromagnetic, tachometric, ultrasonic, correlation and Coriolis, for flow measurement, with pressure drop, with level difference measurement.

The choice of a group and a device requires an individual approach, taking into account the operating conditions and the properties of the measuring medium.

The main occupations of engineers and mechanics of the instrumentation and automation service are the control of the serviceability of measuring instruments and automation, replacement with new ones or repairs at the place of operation.

The continuity of any technological process and the safety of the operating personnel directly depend on the stability and accuracy of the instrumentation and automation. For this, in the conditions of large enterprises, specialized departments and teams are formed. The most accurate work of the unit is provided by the staff, which contains employees of highly specialized specialties.

For example, an installer of instrumentation systems should be engaged in installation, an automated control system technician should be engaged in automated control system elements, and the position of an fire alarm system engineer (decoding - fire and security alarm) obliges him to service only an emergency warning system.

One should take into account the fact that interchangeability in the work of a well-functioning team is simply not welcome.

Small organizations need highly qualified personnel. The range of work responsibilities of a specialist, in addition to instrumentation and automation, includes the installation of video surveillance, maintenance of telephone communications and alarms, etc. The reason for such an additional load is the constructive implementation of equipment for instrumentation and automation systems, which is based on microelectronic elements.

The specifics of the operation of the instrumentation and control service simply obliges employees to be electricians or electricians, even if they are beginners. Well, as a rule, the management of the enterprise is not averse to assigning duties to the I&C specialists regarding the repair of computer equipment and the installation of software.

An example of a control and automation service is a gas pumping station. The control of the station is not particularly complicated, the control of the pressure and temperature of the working gas is important. Control and measuring equipment monitors the operability and safety of the gas pipeline section (between nodes) and the compressor unit. The operation of automatic control and diagnostic equipment, maintained by the station personnel, is oriented towards such a task.

What are the duties of a plumber

The profession of instrumentation and automation mechanic requires a specialist to have comprehensive technical knowledge and skills in the operation, maintenance and repair work of a variety of KIO (control and measuring equipment) and automated control systems.

The locksmith-KIPovets is in administrative submission to the head of the shop and in operational and technical - to the shop foreman or to the one who replaces him.

The KIPovets on duty was assigned to the operational subordination of the foreman of the production site (MPU). In the event of an accident in the workshop, he must act in accordance with the instructions of the master of instrumentation and automation of the production site. During the working process, he is in touch with the operational technical staff and in case of breakdowns or deviations must notify the LPA.

Responsibilities of the Instrumentation Mechanic:

More and more details about instrumentation and automation in industry can be found in the information and technical electronic publication KIP-Info.

One of the main characteristics of measuring instruments is the accuracy class (an indicator that describes the permissible error). This value is not static, it changes during operation. As a result, over time, the error may go beyond the permissible limits.

This threatens with many troubles, ranging from disruption of the technological process and ending with the threat of an emergency. Therefore, devices, sensors, measuring mechanisms and other specialized equipment must be regularly calibrated in the instrumentation and control department. Let's talk about the organization of this service and its main tasks.

What is KIPA?

This definition includes all control equipment and automation used in almost various industrial areas and in everyday life. Examples include electricity and water meters, pressure regulators in the oil and gas industry, automation for boiler rooms, etc.

Abbreviation decoding

The abbreviation of this term stands for quite simply - instrumentation and automation. The service with the same name performs the following tasks and functions:

• implementation of metrological supervision;
• maintenance, adjustment and repair of measuring equipment;
• introduction of new automation systems at the enterprise, for example, automated control systems.

In some cases, foremen and adjusters of the "Instrumentation and A" department can be involved in the commissioning of electrical equipment, if there is a production need for it.

Types of instrumentation

The classification of measuring equipment is made depending on the physical and technical characteristics of the instruments, as well as their qualitative and quantitative indicators. By the name of the group, it is easy to determine the purpose of the measuring devices included in it:

• instruments for measuring temperature - thermometers (A in Fig. 2);
• devices for determining pressure - pressure gauges (B);
• flow meters of the working medium or other substances - flow meters (C);
• determinants of the composition of gas mixtures - gas analyzers (D);
• tank filling level sensors - level gauges (E), etc.

Each of the groups, in turn, is divided into several subgroups, according to the design and principle of operation. For example, manometers, among them there are devices for measuring excess pressure, its difference, or displaying the absolute value. The design of these devices can be electrocontact or mechanical.

Structure of the I&C department

The structure of I&C departments is formed taking into account many factors, of which two key ones can be distinguished:

• the number of measuring instruments used by the enterprise;
• service complexity.

Based on these factors, a centralized or decentralized structure of the service is formed. Briefly about each of them.

Features of a centralized structure

This method of forming a subdivision is suitable for enterprises that do not have many measuring instruments, sensors, etc. involved in their technological schemes. This allows you to combine the operation and maintenance department into one service, which is managed by the head of the instrumentation shop. In small enterprises, this managerial person can combine the position of the chief metrologist.

One of the groups of service specialists is assigned to certain production areas for regular maintenance of instrumentation (including instrumentation and repair) located on the territory specified in the job description. If necessary, by order of the head of the workshop, this group of specialists can be reinforced by other employees of the service, for example, to carry out extensive repair or installation work.

This structure allows you to create teams of narrow specialization (for example, installers, electricians, electricians, electricians, electricians, electronics engineers, etc.). They are engaged in the repair, adjustment and installation of complex equipment, as well as the commissioning of new systems. After commissioning is completed, the equipment is serviced by a team in charge of the workshop where the installation was made.

Features of a decentralized structure

This method of organization is practiced in large enterprises. The peculiarity lies in the fact that the repair (methodical) unit is a separate service, while the tasks of operation are assigned to the technological workshop. Each of these divisions has its own leadership. The specialists of the methodological division are headed by the chief metrologist, and the employees of the operation department are subordinate to the head of the shop.

The duties of the methodological service include all types of planned, overscheduled and scheduled preventive repairs. Payment for the services rendered is transferred to a separate current account, it is deducted from the funds allocated to the technological workshop of instrumentation and automation.

Depending on the characteristics of production, the operation of the operation service is organized taking into account the specialization of work, or according to technological features.

In the first option, groups of specialists are created who are responsible for the operation of certain types of instrumentation (signaling, automation, controls, etc.). In the second - teams of craftsmen responsible for the operation of equipment of certain technological flows.

In a decentralized structure, the methodological service is financially completely dependent on the technological workshop, since payments for the work done come from its budget.

If a production need arises, operational service can be strengthened by employees of the repair unit or crews responsible for the installation of automation and control systems. The order for this must be issued by the chief instrument operator of the enterprise (metrologist). The operation service must cope with the majority of regular commissioning works on its own.

Main tasks

Regardless of the structure of the instrumentation and control service, its main tasks include:

• creation of conditions under which the uninterrupted operation of all systems for which the unit is responsible will be ensured;
• ensuring the availability of spare parts, backup equipment for measuring equipment and automation;
• checking the correct operation of devices located in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the service;
• regular instructions and training of personnel on the rules and regulations for the operation of automation and control equipment;
• commissioning of new specialized projects.

Responsibilities of an Instrumentation Mechanic

In accordance with the requirements of the professional standard, the instrumentation and automation fitter must know the principle of operation of the equipment he controls, be able to repair and maintain it. For example, for the maintenance of electrical equipment, it is necessary to obtain an appropriate specialized education, general knowledge of the basics of electrical engineering will not be enough.

Depending on the specifics of the equipment being serviced, the locksmith's workplace may have the following fixtures and sets of tools: an instrumentation cabinet, shields, equipment installed on consoles, measuring devices, sockets for connecting electrical appliances, etc.

This specialty requires the employee to understand both the equipment entrusted to him and the general technology of the process.

What does an I&C engineer do?

This job has the following responsibilities:

• organizational work related to ensuring the smooth operation of equipment;
• responsibility for the introduction of automated equipment;
• management of instrumentation and automation services, in particular, coordination of teams of specialists;
• metrological support;
• preparation of technical documentation (technological map, maintenance schedules, verification, calibration);

• long-term planning (action plan for a month, quarter, year);
• acceptance of completed work;
• drawing up prescriptions, in accordance with the identified shortcomings and comments;
• organization of control over the fulfillment of tasks.

An example of decoding the stigma of verification

After verification of the device by the instrumentation and control service, the device is marked with an appropriate designation (stamp), as a rule, it carries a certain information component. We give an example of decryption.

Designations:

• Verification date (quarter).
• Image of the Gosstandart sign.
• The year is encrypted with two digits, in our case 09 - 2009.
• A code that allows you to determine the service that tested the device;
• Sign assigned to an employee of the instrumentation and automation equipment.

Control and measuring devices are not new. They have always been used in production. Of course, today these are not those old cumbersome systems that showed the measured values ​​with a large error. But even they at one time were the basis for the control of production processes. Currently, control and measuring systems are installed in household appliances, making them safer and more comfortable to use. Let's add here the economic aspect. But what is instrumentation and automation - the decoding of the abbreviation is quite simple: instrumentation and automation.

What does automation have to do with it, non-specialists in this field may ask. These two concepts, or rather, two systems, were combined into one term because in modern technologies it is impossible to use one system from another separately. The thing is that control and measuring devices only measure the parameters of media (water, gas, electricity, oil, milk, and so on - how many industries, so many materials) and control the specified limit, that is, the nominal value.

But data processing is automated. It is she who decides what to do if the measured parameter has become higher or lower than normal. It is through it that a signal is sent to servos, switches and other blocking devices. In fact, instrumentation and automation is a system on which the correct operation of any equipment depends on the technological process.

I&C in household appliances

Look at any appliance you use at home. Be it a washing machine or an ordinary iron. All of them are equipped with devices that measure one or another parameter, control it and, if necessary, change it. In many of them, hot water is controlled, especially for the heating system (boilers, radiators). There are devices in which the air is controlled - air conditioners, convectors. Or electricity (voltage and current), these include irons, multicookers, oil heating radiators, and so on.

Modern automated systems consist mainly of microcontroller circuits. They, in turn, replaced the control units, which included circuits with little integration. This makes it possible today to automate any process, any installation, and even the smallest device. That is, the borders have opened to infinity, which is very pleasing.

Attention! Microcontroller systems will be, so to speak, deaf and blind if all kinds of measuring instruments are not connected to them. Without them, they are useless. That is why both instrumentation and automation systems were combined into a single system.

Instrumentation devices - classification

Instrumentation and control equipment is classified according to several parameters, the main of which are physical and technical characteristics and qualitative and quantitative indicators. That is, humidity, temperature, flow, pressure, etc. are measured. Hence the very name of the groups.

• Thermometers.
• Manometers (measure pressure).
• Flowmeters.
• Gas analyzers.
• Level gauges.

There is a group of so-called measuring instruments:

• Radiation measurement.
• Mass, material hardness, density.
• Acoustics.
• Electrical and electromagnetic qualities are measured.
• Physical and chemical composition of the material, its properties.

In turn, for example, thermometers are divided into liquid, digital, with resistance conversion, thermoelectric. This also includes pyrometers and thermal imagers.

Pressure gauges are also divided into several subspecies: they measure excess pressure or its difference, or an absolute value. By design, these are mechanical, electrocontact. Let's add here the traditional pressure switches and thrust gauges.

Flowmeters are more complex instrumentation and control devices that determine the mass or volume of a material (medium). This group has a fairly wide range of models, depending on what material (medium) will be controlled and measured by this device.

• Vortex, thermal, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, tachometric, correlation, Coriolis.
• With differential pressure, with measurement of level differences, flow measurement.

That is, each device is suitable for certain operating conditions, which is based on the material or medium. By the way, the medium can only be non-electric, because in the control (automation) unit, any value is converted into an electrical signal, which is then fed for processing. But here the question arises, what about the voltage and current strength in electrical appliances?

The thing is that these two values ​​​​can not be entered into the controller without pre-processing, where the output should be an analog signal. After all, the voltage in this case has an indicator of 220 V. And no automation will withstand it in this form. Therefore, even in electrical networks, sensors are installed. That is, in this case, both the current strength and the voltage become non-electric quantities, of course, through an intermediary - a sensor.

Instrumentation service

Like any mechanism or electrical circuit, instrumentation and instrumentation systems fail or wear out, which leads to a distortion of the measured indicators. And, therefore, the device must either be replaced with a new one, or repaired on the spot (it is almost impossible to do this in a small workshop). Therefore, the question of what engineers and instrumentation fitters do can be answered as follows - they monitor the serviceability of measuring instruments and automation.

After all, the entire technological process, as well as the safety of the operating personnel, depends on their precise and stable operation. By the way, large enterprises organize special departments and teams of specialists. And believe me, no one will force the boilermaker to repair the gas analyzer. And if we talk about the accuracy of the work of the unit, then its staff should include all specialists in instrumentation and automation.

For example, one locksmith should deal only with flow meters for bulk and liquid materials, the other with electricity control meters and similar devices. And most importantly, in a well-functioning team, interchangeability is not welcome.

As for small businesses, things are different here. Of course, highly qualified specialists are recruited to the staff, but the range of their work has been expanded in view of the fact that all instrumentation and instrumentation systems are based on microelectronic circuits. Therefore, locksmiths perform the functions of Kipovites, and are also engaged in telephone communications, installation and maintenance of weak currents (alarm, video surveillance).

But if the management of this plant or factory finds out that one of the instrumentation and automation fitters understands computers, then he can’t get out of repairing computer equipment and installing programs on it.

Conclusion on the topic

So, now you know what decoding of instrumentation and automation is, what is the purpose of these devices and systems, and who should service them. In fact, we often meet with these devices, because all modern household appliances are simply crammed with them. What for? The first is energy savings. The second is operational safety. The third is comfort. For example, they poured washing powder into the washing machine, set the washing parameters, and after a set time, it will give you clean linen, pleasantly beeping. Everything is simple and convenient.