Relationships constitute the social sphere of society. Social sphere of society (2) - Abstract. The structure of the social sphere

In social philosophy, sociology, and other social sciences, the concept of "the social sphere of society" is widely used. In assessing the essence of the social sphere of society and in its understanding, there are usually two perspectives - scientific and administrative and domestic. In science, first of all, in social philosophy and sociology, the social sphere of society is represented by the sphere of society, in which there is the whole palette subject social connections and relationships. In administrative terms, the social sphere includes various activities and relationships non-productive, public character as applied to a person. Because of this, it is worth understanding in detail what the social sphere of society's life really is.

We noted that society has a centuries-old structure and is a social space of society that changes historically as the social conditions of life change: natural, technical, social, environmental, and others. Two classical points of view can be cited here: Marxist and civilizational. In the concept of the socio-economic formation (the Marxist approach), the noted conditions were taken into account specifically: there was only one determination - the party-ideological one. In accordance with the civilizational approach to the development of society - the Western scientific paradigm of A. Toynbee, O. Spengler and other thinkers, the formation and functioning of society had other factors of determination, the basis of which was the features of being of a particular civilization.

Based on two concepts, it can be noted that each major stage in the history of society - a formation or civilization, must correspond to its own society, its own social type, its own social system, that is, the presence of a certain structured composition: social institutions and communities, social groups and strata, and most importantly - the connections and relationships between them and within them.

When it comes to a socio-economic formation or civilization, then the historically established type of society, a certain level of its development and, accordingly, a specific type of its society are presented. The change of one socio-economic formation to another, the dynamics of civilizations lead to essential changes in the social sphere, that is, changes in the content and forms of social relations and institutions. This process is natural and causes increased scientific interest, because the social sphere of society is not passive in relation to the objectively changing civilizational or socio-economic conditions of being. Its own dynamics is determined by a number of internal and external factors that have a certain stability and sufficient independence, in connection with the preservation of social relations of the previous social system (for example, in a feudal society - social groups of slaves and relations determined by their activities; in a post-industrial society - social groups hired workers with the functional features of their being). However, a more perfect mode of production in the formational construction of society (together with a number of other factors - political, territorial, ethnic, globalization, etc.) and the cultural factor in the civilizational approach are gradually replacing outdated (archaic) social formations and their inherent relationships. This process is not easy, but natural for the social sphere, that is, for society.

Important for understanding the essence of the social sphere of society and the process of its formation are such well-known categories as "social space", "social environment", "society", "society"; in addition, it is necessary to know the structure of social life, which spherally (structurally and functionally) determines the entire system of social relations: economic and environmental, managerial and pedagogical, scientific and artistic, medical and physical education, defense and public security. Here it is important to realize that the emergence of each system-forming institution of the life of society, that is, its sphere, was determined by the basic form of social activity that gave rise to these relations. Economy was formed as a sphere of social life, an independent system-forming institution of social life through a system of relations of production, consumption, distribution and exchange of goods and services through the activities necessary for the whole society. Ecology- through a system of relations that ensure the preservation of the environment, its restoration and selection improvement, as well as the protection of humans from the harmful effects of natural factors. Control- through a system of relations in the development, adoption, implementation and correlation of strategic, tactical and operational decisions, the need to bear responsibility for their results. Pedagogy- through relationships that arise in the process of activity in obtaining knowledge, skills and attitudes, that is, in the process of education, training and upbringing. The science- through a system of relations reflecting the activity of obtaining new knowledge, creating innovations. Art- through the specificity of relations between the artistic and artistic-applied spectrum of activity and the mutual connection of their creator and consumer. The medicine- through relationships in professional fields of activity for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of people. Physical Culture- through the relationship of harmonious physical development of a person using a modern physical culture base and the latest training methods. Defense- through a system of relations ensuring the use of the Armed Forces to protect society and its institutions from possible external armed aggression and equipping them with modern types of weapons and military equipment. public safety- through a system of relations that develop in the specifics of her multifaceted professional activities: police, judicial and legal, security, intelligence, diplomatic, customs, special, etc., guaranteeing the comprehensive protection of public institutions and the rights of people in the country and abroad. All of the above reflects the functional nature public relations, on the basis of which the spheral system of the life of society is built, in which a person, an individual, society plays a key role. The sphere of society is the social space of society with its inherent social relationships, which are "woven" into the whole variety of social relations. But the social sphere of society is not a system-forming institution of public life, since it is not built on the principle of the basic form of social activity, with its historical traditions, principles, norms, culture. It holistically reflects the social space of society with its social structure: individuals, social groups, social communities, social institutions and their inherent relationships. The "social sphere", in this sense, is not included in the typological range of "spheres of public life", the nature of the relations of which is determined by institutional activity and is presented above.

The social sphere is a historically formed social space of people's lives, in which there are stable ties and relationships between various social elements of society: individuals, groups, communities, institutions. The social sphere is the sphere of society, subject human education, in which the social relations of people are structured. The social sphere is the historically established social space of society. It should not be confused with the ordinary and administrative understanding of the "social sphere", which is reduced to institutions of a non-productive nature, functionally designed to satisfy human needs in various areas of life: in the field of health care, in the field of education, in the field of employment, in the field of pensions, in the field of protection. the rights of children and motherhood, etc. They represent elements of a public, civil, administrative-legal, and not "purely" social nature. Specifically, the social in them is people, with their feelings, experiences, needs, relationships, activities. Therefore, the scientific - philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical concept of "social sphere" is not analogous to the administrative and everyday use of the term "social sphere" as a kind of "social sphere". In the first case, the "social sphere" is the sphere of society, covering the historically established social space of society with its inherent social relations and institutions generated by human activity; in the second case, the “social sphere” refers to the functioning of federal, regional and local administrative structures, which, according to their purpose, are obliged to deal with the vital problems of the population, that is, to fulfill official duties.

In this regard, it is advisable to determine the environment in which social relations are manifested, and for this it is necessary to understand the differences between the social sphere of society and social being. These differences are fundamental and are of an essential nature, although there are separate theoretical constructions that do not draw a line between them. Social sphere of society- this is the sphere of his social relations that arise in the process of activity and are human, that is, social in nature. These relations arise directly within and between social communities and individuals - people, personalities, persons, social structures: tribal, ethnic, demographic, stratification, settlement, national, family. social being- this is the whole space of human life with the inclusion in it of a full range of economic, environmental, managerial, pedagogical, scientific, artistic, medical, physical culture, defense and, carrying out the security of society, basic forms social activities, as well as filling them, subject species professional activities with their inherent relationships (for example, in the field of economics - financial and industrial; in the field of management - leadership and execution, etc.).

The public is always a more capacious concept than the social, although the latter is built into all types of public relations, characterizing them from the human, personal, personal side in the economic and scientific, managerial and pedagogical, defense and medical and other spheres, that is, the backbone institutions of society .

Here it is appropriate to recall the point of view of K. Marx and F. Engels on the explanation of the concepts of "public" and "social", which they indicated in a number of their works when analyzing society, the processes taking place in it, and the relations that develop in this case. They used the concept "geBellschaftlich" - "public", to denote "public relations", "public needs", "public connection", etc. when it was necessary to speak about society as a whole in the interaction of all spheres of his life. The concept of "sozial" - "social", was used by them in the study the nature of people's relationships to each other, that is, "purely" human relations arising in the process of interaction between people, individuals and social groups.

In this regard, when characterizing the social in the public, it is advisable to apply the concept society, which is the human (social) basis of society and one of its three subsystems. Along with society, the society system includes an industrial-technical subsystem (man-made artificial environment) and an ecological subsystem (human-modified natural environment). society - these are people included in the process of social relations through their own activities, with their own specific social formations (family, team, group), as well as needs and abilities. The components of society - needs, abilities, activities, relationships, institutions - form its structure. The structure of society reflects the content and form of the social space, where various social relations of people are formed, function and develop: individuals, personalities, persons, social groups. Society is the social space of a society in which all its social relations are integrated.

The basis of social relations there are needs determined by individual or group material and spiritual factors. Therefore, the regulation of social relations is objectified, for the most part, by traditional (moral) rules and norms of people's lives, which are implemented on the basis of the principles of formal equality, freedom and justice. The basis of public relations the institutional needs of society, regulated mainly by legal norms - laws, decrees, resolutions. So social relations are personified, and social relations are institutionalized.

The social sphere (social space) includes all elements of the social structure of society - individuals, social communities and groups, social institutions and strata, and most importantly - the relations existing between them and within them. Because of this, it seems appropriate to dwell in more detail on the social structure of society.

The social structure of society is the integrity of all social formations functioning in it, taken in the totality of connections and relations. The social structure also represents the historical type of society's relations. In relation to Marxism - primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, industrial. A different approach is the regional type of social relations, reflecting national specifics, socio-economic and political characteristics: Latin American, European, Asian, African. The social structure of society presupposes the unity of the territory, the common language, the unity of economic life, the unity of social norms, stereotypes and values ​​that allow groups of people to interact sustainably. An important factor is the mentality of the nation. Therefore, the social structure represents the qualitative certainty of society, which combines social institutions and formations, the relations inherent in them, as well as generally valid norms and values.

The central link in the social structure of society is a person, an individual, a personality, as a subject of social relations, as a person. He is a concrete representative of each element of the social structure. He is included in the system and the performance of a wide variety of statuses and social roles, while simultaneously carrying out his activities as a family member, and as a professional, and as a city dweller or villager, and as an ethnic, confessional or party representative of society.

The modern social structure of society is quite diverse. It can be represented as follows:

• - ethnic component (ethnic structure);
• - demographic component (demographic structure);
• - settlement component (settlement structure);
• - stratification component (stratification structure).

The components of the social structure are heterogeneous, dependent on the level of development of society. For example, in a primitive communal society, not only a stratification component was absent, but also a settlement component, because the appearance of the latter is associated with the allocation of the city as a central place for crafts and trade, its separation from the village. In this archaic social system, there was no ranking on economic, professional and other grounds.

The process of improving the components of the social structure of society and their correlation is also historical. In particular, the stratification component, if approached from the point of view of P.A. Sorokin, includes three layers: economic, political and professional, which are vertically ranked. It seems to be very dynamic. For example, ranking by education: if at the beginning of the 20th century. Since there were several hundred specialties in which higher education was taught, at the beginning of the 21st century there were already several thousand specialties in demand by society, respectively, and the stratification structure requires correlation.

Sorokin Pitirim Alexandrovich(1889-1968), the largest sociologist of the planet, thinker. Born in the village of Turya, Yarensky district, Vologda province, now Zheshart, Komi Republic. He studied at the church teacher's seminary, for social revolutionary views (in the Socialist-Revolutionary Party with 1904 G.) in 1906 G. expelled from the seminary. His mother died when he was already a young man, his father began to drink heavily, and Pitirim, together with his brother, became laborers. He became interested in reading the most diverse literature that could be obtained. In 1907 he became a student of courses in St. Petersburg, after which he passed the exams as an external student for 8 years of the gymnasium. In 1909, he entered the Psychoneurological Institute, which had a department of sociology, headed in turn by P.I. Kovalevsky and De Roberti, and in 1910 he transferred to the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1914. He worked as Kovalevsky's personal secretary, whose views largely determined his scientific activity as a sociologist. In 1917, he was the editor of the right-wing Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper Volya Naroda, personal secretary to the chairman of the Provisional Government of Russia, A.F. Kerensky. Actively participated in the convocation of the Constituent Assembly of Russia (late 1917 - early 1918). G.), was elected a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. One of the initiators of the "Union of the Revival of Russia", the idea of ​​which was practically leveled by the Bolsheviks. The Cheka was arrested several times, was sentenced to death, but by a lucky chance (or pattern) this did not happen. At the exit of P.A. Sorokin from the conclusion of A.V. Lunacharsky, People's Commissar of Education, offered him a job in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat, but Sorokin refused, saying that he would be engaged in science. This statement, reported to Lenin, was followed by his immediate reaction, who wrote the article "Valuable Confessions of Pitirim Sorokin", in which Lenin, with unequivocal characteristic of the Bolsheviks, criticized Sorokin's position. Since 1918, Sorokin taught at Petrograd University, the scientific result of his work was the work - "The System of Sociology", which he defended as a doctoral dissertation. At the same time, he worked on "The History of the Sociology of Russia in the 19th century to the present day." He was the founder and head of the first department of sociology in Russia at this university, professor of sociology. An employee of the magazines "Economic revival", "Artel business". In 1922 in in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, he was expelled from the country with a large group of outstanding thinkers of Russia - prominent scientists, teachers, writers, artists who did not recognize the October Revolution 1917 He spent about a year together with his wife in Berlin and Prague, lectured on the current situation in Russia and worked on the Sociology of the Revolution. In the autumn of 1923, at the invitation of the American sociologists E. Hayes and E. Ross, he moved to the United States. AT 1924-1929 gg. Professor of Sociology at the University of Minnesota, where he wrote the classic Social Dynamics. AT 1929 was invited to Harvard University and founded the Faculty of Sociology there in 1931, which he headed for 11 years and worked on it until his retirement in 1959. During this time, the sons of the 32nd US President F Roosevelt, the future 35th President of America John F. Kennedy. In 1960, Sorokin was elected president of the American Sociological Association, which is quite natural. He is a prominent scientist, world-famous sociologist, author of many works and theoretical developments, including the concepts of social stratification and social mobility. Book "5ocia1 and cultural mobility" (1927 G., 1959) and now remains a classic work in which a scientific study of social relations in various spheres of society is carried out and the reasons for their changes are revealed. There are theoretical works devoted to the analysis of Russian problems: "Russia and the USA" (1944), "Main Features of the Russian Nation in the 20th Century" (1967). Once Pitirim Sorokin tried to get permission for a short visit to the Motherland by asking the members of the Soviet delegation (in particular, Osipov), who had come to the United States for a sociological conference, to do so. Osipov tried to humanly contribute to this through the ideological department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but after viewing his personal file by the General Secretary of the Party L. Brezhnev, on the title of which an entry was made by V. Lenin, categorically (under the sign of the death penalty) forbidding P. Sorokin to be in Russia, was refused and never returned to this issue.

Until the end of his days, Pitirim Alexandrovich lived with his family - his wife and two sons - Sergei (Professor, Doctor of Biology) and Peter in his house in Princeton, where he died after an illness on February 11, 1968.

The social sphere of the life of a society is a set of individuals who are united by historically established ties and relationships, as well as possessing features that give it originality. This concept is directly related to satisfaction. And the possibilities due to which you can get the desired result depend on:

1. the subject and his belonging to a certain social group.
2. The level of development of the state and its place in the world political arena.

Note that society is not just the number of people. In it, there are certain aggregates of which constitute social being. Their classification may be based on class, national, age or professional characteristics. Separation can also be carried out on the basis of territorial affiliation. That is why the social consists of classes, strata, professional and territorial communities, as well as production teams, families and institutions. Also in this area, macro- and microstructure are distinguished, which includes families, labor and educational teams, and so on.

Note that all the components here are in interaction, which is based on the realization of basic needs and interests. They enter into certain relationships, of which there can be several types: economic, social, spiritual and political.

The social sphere of society includes the following structural components:

1. ethnic structure. Initially, the family that made up the clan was considered the smallest group. If several of them united, then a tribe was formed. Later, a nationality was formed, which was based on territorial ties between people. When feudalism begins to develop, the process of becoming a nation starts.
2. Demographic structure. The general community of this structure is the population - a set of people that continuously reproduces their own kind.

The social sphere of society has a certain nature of relations that are formed between its members. Their specificity depends on the position they occupy in the structure, as well as on the role assigned to them within the framework of joint activities. As a rule, the positioning of individuals is not equivalent. This inequality is expressed in the social distance that exists between members of society.

The social sphere of society is characterized by the dominant role of relations, which inevitably leads to the development of a new kind of consciousness of representatives of the society, which is called public. Its structural feature is that the community of people thinks and acts in a completely different way, not the same as its individual members, if they were in a state of disunity.

Note that this area of ​​people's lives is a structure that is in continuous development. Within its framework, those processes always take place that are capable of changing the nature of relations between individuals, as well as their content. They are able to influence the essence of the social structure and

The social sphere of society is constantly being investigated, because at the same time we comprehend the specifics of human relations, as well as the characteristics of the activities and behavior of members of society, social structures and their elements.

Note that the study of all these components is possible only within the framework of sociology. Of course, this area is studied by many sciences, but thanks to sociology, we get a more complete picture of all aspects of its existence and functioning.

Acquisition territorial community of a stable nature is directly related to the social life of people in a certain space. For example, this means the connection of forms of ownership with the village, town and city, the organization of power and the activities of various infrastructures.

Demographic

AT demographic the factor of the social sphere includes the birth rate, mortality, sex ratio, the study of the sex and age composition, taking into account the degree of population increase, as well as the activities of management institutions in this area.

ethnic

Ethnic forms, starting with the clan, as the first organizational form of the Society, cover the tribe, nationality, nation, and in modern conditions the formed community of the people.

As part of the social sphere ethnic forms themselves form a relatively large sphere. Of these, the clan was the first social community and had a long history of the entire period of the primitive system. As a result of the evolution of clans, a tribal community appears, and later a union of tribes. Those, in turn, create a prerequisite for the emergence of the following communities - nationalities and nations. In modern conditions, when there is an accelerated process of rapprochement in interethnic and interstate relations, the people began to form as a special community.

class

Class stratification of society(typically organizationally manifested in Europe) occupies an important place in the social sphere.

Classes are a characteristic of large groups of people according to a number of basic indicators. The existence of classes is primarily associated with forms of ownership and the division of labor. In modern developed countries, class distinction is increasingly losing its former indicators. The place of classes is occupied by social groups that have a different attitude towards existing welfare states, a high level of education, a common way of life, etc.

Vocational education

Distinguishing people by degree of education(for example, elementary, middle or high school) and the nature of socio-professional characteristics(a specific profession, people of mental or physical labor), also refers to the social sphere, because here the qualitative state of a certain part of the population is expressed.

Economic

The economic structure of society is based on the degree of income of people (within the subsistence level, medium or high income). It is also an integral part of the social sphere.

Family marriage

Speaking about the composition of the social sphere in the life of society, it is impossible not to mention marriage and family. Because marriage, being a legal contract, governs the relationship between husband and wife, children and relatives. And the family, as a small group and how, is based on marriage, kinship, community of everyday life, morality and responsibility, mutual assistance. material from the site

If we consider social groups according to socially significant criteria of human community, then we can distinguish social status position, place of a person in society. This can be seen in the following example: the same person can be considered by profession- teacher, employee, receiving a salary - an economic sign, man 50 years old- demographic indicator, political party member- social position, etc.

Based on the social status, one can, for example, single out labor collectives - people working in certain industries, such as farmers, brokers, different kind tenants and etc.

The social sphere of people's life is also one of the general spheres of society when analyzing it from a systemic standpoint. However, the understanding of its essential aspects remains today rather confusing and contradictory, causing great controversy.

It is generally accepted that the social sphere is formed by stable large groups of people (social communities) and relations between them, since each of these groups pursues its goals and protects its interests. Among such groups, along with classes and labor collectives, a people, a nation, and even humanity as a social community stand out. Such an interpretation of the social sphere seems to be generally correct, but insufficiently accurate.

The social sphere is the sphere of human production and reproduction. Here man reproduces himself as a biological, social and spiritual being. In this sense, the social sphere opposes the spheres of material and spiritual production - scientific and valuable knowledge, since what is produced in them must be consumed and mastered by people of other categories and professions. The social sphere is healthcare and education, from kindergarten to high school, it is communication with culture, from visiting the theater to science clubs, it is the continuation of the human race, from the appearance of children to the death of the older generation.

If people were exactly the same in terms of their conditions of life and level of development, then the replacement of those who left the social system would be solved very simply. No wonder today they began to write a lot about the "modular man" as a mass product of modern Western society. Modular man has a set of ready-made properties, and he can be easily integrated into any organization of mass distribution.

But, as you know, people who really live in society occupy a very different position in relation to each other. Therefore, it is necessary to find out what is the real mechanism of reproduction in human society in its general characteristics. Three aspects seem to be especially important here: class, gender and age, and family.

The class aspect of the analysis of the modern sphere has almost ceased to be written about in Russian literature in recent years. However, to the extent that property and the receipt of income on its basis determine the social position of the owner in society, the analysis of the class stratification of society and all the consequences arising from it will remain valid.

It can be said with full confidence that the property relations that develop between people in society regarding the means of production and the material goods produced by them determine the ways in which social wealth is distributed among people and the characteristics of individual consumption.

In ancient and medieval states, the basis of the social stratification of society was the presence of classes and estates. There were official privileges in one form or another for some large groups of people (nobility) and restrictions for other groups (peasantry). A peasant could not become a nobleman, and a person from the “untouchable” caste could not become a full-fledged community member in an Indian village.

In the society of classical capitalism, the economic basis for the division of society into classes was clearly revealed - the bourgeoisie, that is, the owners, and the proletarians, who have no property other than their own working hands. The striking contrast in the social position between them gave rise to numerous revolutionary actions of the working class, up to the idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat. Subsequently, the state in the developed capitalist countries began to take effective measures to redistribute the wealth accumulated by society. In modern society, along with property, knowledge is beginning to play a huge role.

In all countries and at all stages of the development of society, the main problem has always been the existence of social inequality between people. There are two alternative approaches to solving this problem:

- providing every person with equal opportunities to arrange his life (success or failure is his personal business, and not the business of state organizations);

- the provision by the state to each person of a certain set of benefits to create a more or less decent life in society, and the rest depends on personal efforts, often not encouraged by the state.

Practice has shown that both of these approaches in their extreme manifestations do not benefit society, causing, on the one hand, an excessive stratification of society into rich and poor, and, on the other hand, strong leveling tendencies. The conflict - personal freedom or social equality - does not have a single solution. In today's conditions, we should talk about "fair" social inequality, when all social strata, having a different attitude to property, to the wealth accumulated by society, basically agree on how these wealth are distributed among people, how access to them is carried out by various social strata and groups of society.

But not only property relations determine the characteristics of human reproduction in society. The second significant aspect of the analysis of the social sphere of people's life is the age and sex division of society. Children, youth, people of mature age, the elderly and very old people are included in public life in different ways. Some are still dependent, others are already dependent. The needs and interests of these age groups are different, as are the ways to meet them. In this regard, various problems of relationships between generations arise, and one of the facets of these problems is social. The selfish aspirations of some young people to possess such material goods, which have little to do with their real contribution to the growth of social wealth, cause a negative reaction on the part of adult generations.

A special place is occupied by the problem of social equality of men and women in society. The mass involvement of women in labor activity on an equal basis with men results in huge losses for society, primarily a weakening of the family way of life. A woman's double workload - at work and at home - leads to a reduction in the birth rate, to a lack of proper control by parents over the behavior of children, to a loss of mutual understanding between them, etc.

The third most important aspect of the analysis of the social sphere of the life of society is the family as a small social group. It occupies a special place in the social structure of society. Here the relationship between husband and wife is formed, connected with the continuation of the human race. The size of the family and intra-family relations significantly depend on the material conditions of life. The peasant family was actually a labor cell in the rural community. The modern urban family, as a rule, is deprived of labor functions. Family life, everyday life is a place where a person restores his strength, prepares himself for work, for creativity. However, the latest trends in the development of production, especially scientific, informational activities, cause the emergence of various forms of employment of family members at home. Today you can work for a company without leaving your home. To do this, it is enough to have a computer. This is a new phenomenon in family life, and it receives a mixed assessment.

An analysis of the social sphere reveals the mechanism of conditionality of a person’s social position in society, the nature of his involvement in the wealth accumulated by society and, accordingly, the features of a person’s reproduction of his life abilities for work, the reproduction of new generations.

Social strata and groups of people, as they become aware of their position in society, seek to change it, especially if they consider themselves to be bypassed, and the current situation is unfair. The mechanisms of its change are located in the sphere of management of social processes.

As parts, not only social subjects are singled out, but also other formations - spheres of social life. Society is a complex system of specially organized human life. Like any other complex system, society consists of subsystems, the most important of which are called areas of public life.

Sphere of life of society- a certain set of stable relations between social subjects.

The areas of public life are large, stable, relatively independent subsystems of human activity.

Each area includes:

• certain human activities (eg educational, political, religious);
• social institutions (such as family, school, parties, church);
• established relations between people (i.e., connections that have arisen in the course of people's activities, for example, relations of exchange and distribution in the economic sphere).

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

• social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
• economic (productive forces, production relations)
• political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
• spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

Of course, a person is able to live without satisfying these needs, but then his life will not differ much from the life of animals. Spiritual needs are met in the process spiritual activity - cognitive, value, prognostic, etc. Such activity is aimed primarily at changing individual and social consciousness. It manifests itself in scientific creativity, self-education, etc. At the same time, spiritual activity can be both producing and consuming.

spiritual production called the process of formation and development of consciousness, worldview, spiritual qualities. The product of this production are ideas, theories, artistic images, values, the spiritual world of the individual and spiritual relations between individuals. The main mechanisms of spiritual production are science, art and religion.

Spiritual consumption called the satisfaction of spiritual needs, the consumption of products of science, religion, art, for example, visiting a theater or a museum, obtaining new knowledge. The spiritual sphere of the life of society ensures the production, storage and dissemination of moral, aesthetic, scientific, legal and other values. It covers various consciousnesses - moral, scientific, aesthetic,.

Social institutions in the spheres of society

Appropriate social institutions are being formed in each of the spheres of society.

In the social sphere the most important social institution within which the reproduction of new generations of people is carried out is. The social production of a person as a social being, in addition to the family, is carried out by such institutions as preschool and medical institutions, schools and other educational institutions, sports and other organizations.

For many people, production and the presence of spiritual conditions of existence are no less important, and for some people even more important than material conditions. Spiritual production distinguishes people from other beings in this world. The state and nature of development determine the civilization of mankind. Main in the spiritual realm institutions act. This also includes cultural and educational institutions, creative unions (writers, artists, etc.), the media and other organizations.

At the heart of the political sphere there are relations between people that allow them to participate in the management of social processes, to occupy a relatively safe position in the structure of social ties. Political relations are forms of collective life that are prescribed by the laws and other legal acts of the country, charters and instructions regarding independent communities, both outside the country and inside it, written and unwritten rules of various . These relations are carried out through the resources of the corresponding political institution.

On a national scale, the main political institution is . It consists of many of the following institutions: the president and his administration, government, parliament, court, prosecutor's office and other organizations that ensure the general order in the country. In addition to the state, there are many organizations in which people exercise their political rights, that is, the right to manage social processes. Social movements also act as political institutions that seek to participate in the governance of the entire country. In addition to them, there may be organizations at the regional and local levels.

The relationship of spheres of public life

The spheres of public life are closely interconnected. In the history of the sciences about there have been attempts to single out any sphere of life as defining in relation to others. So, in the Middle Ages, the idea of ​​the special significance of religiosity as part of the spiritual sphere of society dominated. In modern times and the Age of Enlightenment, the role of morality and scientific knowledge was emphasized. A number of concepts assign the leading role to the state and law. Marxism affirms the decisive role of economic relations.

Within the framework of real social phenomena, elements of all spheres are combined. For example, the nature of economic relations can influence the structure of the social structure. A place in the social hierarchy forms certain political views, opens up appropriate access to education and other spiritual values. The economic relations themselves are determined by the legal system of the country, which is very often formed on the basis of the people, their traditions in the field of religion and morality. Thus, at various stages of historical development, the influence of any sphere may increase.

The complex nature of social systems is combined with their dynamism, i.e., mobile character.