Creative activity. Creative activity: meaning, types. Creative activities of children

• Valiakhmetov Denis Ramilevich, student
• Bashkir State Agrarian University

• MODERN SOCIETY
• CREATIVITY
• CREATION
• PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
• PERSONALITY

The article is devoted to the problem of the role of creativity in professional activity. The problem is due to the increase in the number of "creative" professions, the demand for the creative characteristics of workers today. Analyzing the features of human activity, the author discovers the need for creativity in its structure. The significance of creativity in the profession is determined, from his point of view, by the dynamics of modern life, the personal basis of modern culture, the productive nature of modern professions, due to the growing needs of man and society.

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At present, the issues of creativity are discussed by many people: specialists, teachers, scientists, workers of creative professions and other specialties.

The problem of creativity in human activity remains relevant and important, and the understanding of the structure of the development of man and society depends on the study of this topic, since the rapid development of the social system implies an increase in the importance of creativity in activity. In addition, the emergence of new technologies, on which comfort and efficiency depend, is the result of creative activity. Nowadays, human activity is increasing more and more in the field of "technical and social creativity that creates the technosphere".

There are various factors that affect the success of an individual. Such as health status, marital status, age, level of pre-university training; possession of the skills of self-organization, planning and control of their activities; motives for choosing the main activity; the adequacy of the initial ideas about the main activity; Nature of activity; external conditions for the organization of activities; material base; skill level; prestige and, important is the individual psychological characteristics of the individual.

Much depends on what place abilities occupy in the personality structure of a particular person, in the system of his life values, and how they affect the development of other personal qualities. First, in the structure of abilities, intelligence, special abilities and creativity should be distinguished. Definitely, the success of the activity is associated with relatively special abilities. These include such abilities as: phonemic hearing for a linguist, pitch for a musician, sensitivity to distinguish colors for an artist, etc., in general, they are called sensory. In addition to the above, there are motor abilities - this is plasticity and fine coordination of movements for athletes, dancers, circus performers, etc. It is impossible to do without professional abilities. These include technical thinking, spatial thinking, mathematical.

Creativity is another important factor in the successful work of an individual. Creativity ensures the creation of something new by a person (first of all, something new for himself, often being new for others as well).

Activity is creativity to the extent that its result is new. The desire for something new, or “creativity of life”, sometimes manifests itself in small things, for example, from two stores, the buyer chooses the one that he has not visited before. But choice can refer to more than just a buying situation. In scientific creativity, novelty manifests itself in working with new complexities, new groups of methods, or in considering a known subject in a new vision. In a narrow sense, creativity is the creation of cultural products (science, art, technology, etc.).

Creativity is transcending the original level of activity in a unique and highly effective way.

Many professions are inherently creative. Those professions in which there is the possibility of productive implementation of professional functions not only on the basis of acquired knowledge and skills. In other words, these are professions in which it is possible and simply necessary to go beyond the limits of existing experience.

One of these professions is the profession of a process engineer, precisely because without this constant going beyond the limits of existing knowledge and experience, it is impossible to introduce processes and modes of production, to establish the order of work, the sequence of work operations. Despite the existence of standardized procedures, it is impossible to foresee everything in the technological process. The emergence of emergency situations requires non-standard, creative solutions.

The profession of a technologist is a very demanded and very difficult profession. If the designer decides and creatively creates a project of something that has not yet been invented, then the technologist decides how to reproduce this something in the factory in the most accessible, simple and cheap way, quickly and in the right quantity. To do this, you need to know a lot and provide for various subtleties. In this sense, the creative direction in this profession has an extensive nature of creativity, which helps to shape and transform the material world that surrounds us, to transform the physical space. This type of creativity is most associated with scientific and technical creativity.

In the process of self-organization, development occurs. The ability to change oneself manifests the ability of a person to effectively build his life strategy. This efficiency is achieved through the simplification of activities. It is impossible not to note that animals in their evolution went through the development of specialization of organs and systems, which led to a simplification of the function. The man went the other way. And this path made it necessary to purposefully create funds that would make it possible to obtain a product that helps in preserving the human population and increasing life safety.

It turns out that creativity is an integral characteristic of the human world. And if creativity disappears from a person's life, then we are talking about a serious crisis. We can agree with the opinion that the presence of creativity in human activity and his personality are closely related. Personality is impossible without creative effort. And the lack of creativity has a negative impact not only on performance, but also on personal growth. And the lack of bright personalities can be a sign of problems in any area. And we can say that there is not much difference whether a person is engaged in professional activities, or gives his time to hobbies, personal hobbies. Both contribute to the creation and growth of his personality, the development of new abilities and qualities in him, which, in turn, helps a person in his profession.

Bibliography

1. Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. Moscow: Politizdat, 1975.
2. Lukmanova R.Kh., Stoletov A.I. On the transformation of the understanding of creativity in philosophy // Bulletin of the Bashkir University. 2013. V. 18. No. 4.S. 1237-1243.
3. Simonov V.P., Ershov P.M. Creativity is the basis of development. M.: Nauka, 1991.
4. Stoletov A.I. The essence of creativity and its types // Creativity in the space of tradition and innovation. Third Russian Cultural Congress with International Participation: Abstracts of Reports and Communications. St. Petersburg: Eidos, 2010. S. 6-7.
5. Stoletov A.I. Creativity as the basis of personality. Ufa: BashGAU, 2005. 228 p.

Creative activity is a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new social values.
Creative is a mental (thinking, intellectual) activity, culminating in the creation of a new, creatively independent result in the field of science, technology, literature or art.
Creators are often called both workers who create a new technique based on an invention, and those who cast a monument in metal according to a model made by a sculptor. However, in a special sense, creative activity is not material and production, but spiritual activity. In the examples given, the workers, for all the importance of their work, only realize the creative results obtained by the inventor and sculptor.
Creative activity is carried out in the field of science, technology, literature, art, artistic design (design), creation of trademarks and other types of product designations. Creativity has long been divided into artistic and scientific.

Artistic creativity does not have a direct focus on novelty, is not identified with the production of a new one, although originality is usually present among the criteria for artistic creativity and artistic talent.

Artistic creativity begins with a heightened attention to the phenomena of the world and involves "rare impressions", the ability to keep them in memory and comprehend.

Memory is an important psychological factor in artistic creativity. With the artist, it is not mirrored, selective and creative.

The creative process is inconceivable without imagination, which allows you to reproduce the chain of ideas and impressions stored in memory.

Consciousness and subconsciousness, reason and intuition participate in artistic creativity. In this case, subconscious processes play a special role here.

The American psychologist F. Berron examined a group of fifty-six writers - his compatriots with the help of tests and came to the conclusion that the writers' emotionality and intuition are highly developed and prevail over rationality. Of the 56 subjects, 50 turned out to be "intuitive personalities" (89%), while in the control group, which included people who were professionally far from artistic creativity, there were more than three times fewer individuals with developed intuition (25%). Artists themselves pay attention to the importance of intuition in creativity.

Idealistic concepts absolutized the role of the unconscious in the creative process.

In the twentieth century the subconscious in the creative process attracted the attention of Z. Freud and his psychoanalytic school. The artist as a creative person was turned by psychoanalysts into an object of self-observation and criticism. Psychoanalysis absolutizes the role of the unconscious in the creative process, bringing to the fore, unlike other idealistic concepts, the unconscious sexual principle. The artist, according to the Freudians, is a person who sublimates his sexual energy into the field of creativity, which turns into a type of neurosis. Freud believed that in the act of creativity, socially irreconcilable principles are ousted from the consciousness of the artist and thereby the elimination of real life conflicts. According to Freud, unsatisfied desires are the stimuli of fantasy.

Thus, the unconscious and the conscious, intuition and reason, natural gift and acquired skill interact in the creative process. V. Schiller wrote: "The unconscious in conjunction with the mind makes a poet-artist."

And although the share of creativity

30. Main problems and prospects for the development of mankind.

For more than half a century, the question of the situation of time has been raised more and more insistently; every generation has answered this question for its moment. However, if earlier the threat to our spiritual world was felt only by a few people, now this question arises for almost every person.

The question of man's present situation as a result of his formation and his chances in the future is now more acute than ever. The answers provide for the possibility of death and the possibility of a genuine undertaking, but a decisive answer is not given.

What made a man a man is beyond the history that has been handed down to us. Tools in permanent possession, the creation and use of fire, language, the overcoming of sexual jealousy, and male partnership in the creation of a permanent society raised man above the animal world.

Compared with hundreds of thousands of years, in which, apparently, these steps, inaccessible to us, were made in order to become a man, the history we see of approximately 6,000 years takes an insignificant amount of time. In it, man appears spread over the surface of the earth in many different types, which are only very little connected or not connected at all with each other and do not know each other. Among them, the man of the Western world who conquered the globe helped people to get to know each other and understand the meaning of their interconnectedness within humanity.

Creativity has long been considered a special gift, and there were only two areas in which this gift could be realized: scientific and technical creativity and artistic creativity. Well, sometimes design activities were added. But now it has been proven that creativity can manifest itself in any area of ​​our life in a special creative activity.

There are many that differ both in character and in their product. But creativity cannot be called one of these types; rather, it can be considered as a level or stage in the development of any sphere of human activity.

Reproductive activity

The first or lowest level is the reproductive or reproduction level. It is associated with the processes of mastering the skills of activity, with learning. But for many people, activities, including professional ones, remain at this level. Not because they study all their lives, but because reproductive activity is easier and does not require much mental effort.

This level involves the repetition of techniques and actions developed by other people, the creation of a product according to a model. For example, a person who knits a sweater according to a pattern is engaged in reproductive activities, a teacher who uses the teaching methods proposed in the teaching aids is also at this level, as is the hostess who prepares salads according to recipes found on the Internet.

And this is normal, for this society accumulates and carefully preserves experience so that people can use it. Most people spend most of their time in reproductive activities, mastering social experience and using ready-made knowledge. True, in its purest form, reproductive activity occurs mainly in the learning process. People tend to strive for something new and very often they bring something of their own, original, into other people's schemes, developments, recipes, that is, they introduce elements of creative activity into reproductive activity, thereby increasing social experience.

Creativity level

Unlike the reproductive level, the creative level involves the creation of a new product, new knowledge, new ways of working. It is this activity that is the basis for the development of human civilization.

The creative level is theoretically available to every person with normal mental development, since everyone has creative potential. In fact, not everyone develops it, and in creativity, inherent in children, it is also not preserved in all adults. The reasons for this are very different, including the peculiarities of upbringing, and the limitations of a society that does not need too many active creatives.

Creative activity, even in the presence of high potential, is impossible without reproductive activity. Before writing a symphony, a composer must master musical notation and master playing a musical instrument. Before writing a book, a writer must at least learn letters, spelling rules, and style. All this is done on the basis of the assimilation of ready-made experience, the knowledge that has been accumulated by other people.

Product of creative activity

The result, the result of any activity is a product. In this it differs from the simple biological activity of animals. Even if we are talking about mental activity, then it also creates a product - thoughts, ideas, decisions, etc. True, there is a type of activity in which the process is more important. This is a game, but the game eventually leads to a certain result.

It is the product that reflects the originality of activity; in creativity, it is characterized by novelty. But the concept of the new is relative, a person is not capable of inventing anything absolutely new, because in his thinking he operates only with the knowledge and images he has.

An illustrative case occurred with Leonardo da Vinci, to whom a familiar innkeeper ordered an image of an unprecedented monster for a sign. The famous artist, realizing that he could not draw anything unprecedented, began to scrupulously sketch individual details of animals and insects: paws, mandibles, antennae, eyes, etc. And then from these details he constructed such a terrible, but realistic creature that when he saw a large drawing on a round shield, the innkeeper fled in horror. Actually, master Leonardo demonstrated the very essence of creative activity - combinatorics.

On the other hand, there is objectively new and subjectively new:

• In the first case, in the process of creative activity, a product is created that has never existed before: a new law, a mechanism, a picture, a recipe for a dish, a teaching method, etc.
• In the second case, novelty is associated with the individual experience of a person, with his personal discovery of something.

For example, if a three-year-old kid built a high tower for the first time from cubes, then this is also a creative activity, because the child created something new. Although this novelty is subjective, it is also significant and important.

Creativity as a process

Creative activity is sometimes called combinatorial, but the originality of its process is not limited to this.

The study of creativity began long before our era, and many ancient philosophers paid attention to this amazing activity, which reflects the very essence of human existence. But creativity began to be studied most actively from the beginning of the 20th century, and at present there are many theories and scientific directions for studying this subject. World-famous psychologists, sociologists, experts in the field of cultural studies and even physiologists are engaged in it. Summarizing the results of the research, we can identify several specific features of the creative process.

• This is a creative process, that is, its result is always not just a new product, but a product that is significant for society. True, there is also some contradiction here, which is the subject of a dispute among specialists in the field of the psychology of creativity. If a person has designed a new type of deadly weapon, then this is also creativity. However, you cannot call it creative in any way.
• The basis of the creative process is a special one, which is distinguished by non-standard, spontaneity and originality.
• Creative activity is associated with the subconscious, and inspiration plays a big role in it - a special altered state of consciousness, which is characterized by increased mental and physical activity.
• Creative activity has a clearly defined subjective side. It brings the creator a sense of satisfaction. Moreover, pleasure is provided not only by the result, but also by the process itself, and experiencing the state of inspiration is sometimes akin to the action of a drug. This perception of creativity, the feeling of euphoria that the creator experiences, is the reason why a person often creates, creates unique things, not because he needs it, but because he likes it. An author can write “on the table” for years, an artist can give away his paintings to friends without thinking about exhibitions, and a talented designer can store his inventions in a barn.

However, creativity is still a social activity, it requires an assessment of society and is focused on the usefulness, the need for the product being created. Therefore, social approval is a very important and strong incentive that activates creativity and promotes. Parents must remember this and actively encourage and praise children for any manifestation of creativity.

Types of creative activity

Creativity is not in vain called spiritual and practical activity. It combines two types of activity or two spheres in which the creative process takes place: internal, spiritual, occurring at the level of consciousness, and external practical, associated with the embodiment of ideas and plans. Moreover, the main, leading type of creative activity is precisely the internal one - the birth of a new idea or image. Even if they are never embodied in reality, the act of creativity will still remain.

Spiritual creative activity

This type of activity is both the most important and the most interesting, but it is difficult to study. Not only because it happens at the level of consciousness, but mainly because even the creator himself is poorly aware of how the creative process proceeds in his brain, and often does not control it.

This unconsciousness of creative processes creates a subjective feeling of a message from outside or a plan bestowed from above. There are many statements by creative personalities that confirm this. For example, V. Hugo said: "God dictated, and I wrote." And Michelangelo believed: "If my heavy hammer gives solid rocks one or the other look, then it is not set in motion by the hand: it acts under the pressure of an extraneous force." The 19th-century philosopher W. Schelling wrote that the artist "is affected by a force that draws a line between him and other people, prompting him to depict and express things that are not completely open to his gaze and have inscrutable depth."

The feeling of the otherworldliness of the creative act is largely due to the huge role of the subconscious in creative activity. At this level of the psyche, a huge amount of figurative information is stored and processed, but this is done without our knowledge and control. Under the influence of increased brain activity in the process of creativity, the subconscious mind often brings ready-made solutions, ideas, plans to the surface of consciousness.

Spiritual creative activity, if considered as a process, has three stages.

Stage of initial accumulation of information

As already mentioned, the basis of creative activity is the transformation of ideas, images, theoretical and practical knowledge that are in memory. Information is not only a building material for creativity, it is comprehended, analyzed and gives rise to associations with the knowledge that is stored in memory. Without associative thinking, creativity is impossible, since it connects different areas of the brain and blocks of information to the work on the problem.

Already at this level, the ability of a creative person to notice details, to see unusual phenomena, the ability to look at an object from an unexpected angle is manifested. At the stage of the initial accumulation of information, a premonition of an idea is born, a vague expectation of a discovery.

Conception or idea development stage

This stage can take two forms:

• in the form of a rigorous analysis of the idea that has arisen, its planning and elaboration of various options and solutions;
• in a heuristic form, when the accumulation of information and reflection on its possible use suddenly gives rise to an idea, bright as a firework.

Often the impetus for the birth of an idea can be some insignificant event, a chance meeting, a phrase heard or an object seen. As happened, for example, with the artist V. Surikov, who found a color and compositional solution for the painting “Boyar Morozova” when he saw a crow sitting in the snow.

Concept development

This stage is no longer spontaneous, it is characterized by a high level of awareness. It is where ideas are conceptualized and concretized. The scientific theory is “overgrown” with rigorous evidence, schemes and drawings are created to implement the design concept, the artist selects the material and technique of execution, and the writer works out the plan and composition of the novel, creates psychological portraits of the characters and determines the plot twists.

Actually, this is the last stage of creativity, which takes place at the level of consciousness. And the next stage is already practical activity.

Practical creative activity

The division of these two types is conditional, since even at the practical stage, the main creative work is performed by the brain. But still there are some features inherent in practical creative activity.

This type of creativity is associated with special abilities, that is, with the ability to perform specific activities. A person can create a brilliant idea of ​​a picture, but it is possible to translate it into reality, to bring it out of the level of consciousness only by having a visual activity. And not only in the form of potential.

Therefore, it is so important for creative activity to master professional skills, mastery in a particular area. The lack of professionalism is clearly visible in children's creativity. It is, of course, bright, fresh, original, but in order for the child's potential to be revealed, he must be taught how to use a pencil and brush, various techniques and techniques of fine or literary creativity. Without this, the kid will quickly be disappointed in creativity, because he will not be able to achieve the desired result.

On the other hand, practical creative activity is also controlled by consciousness and subconsciousness. And the most culminating period of the creative act is inspiration. This state occurs when both types of creative activity interact.

Inspiration is perhaps the most amazing thing in creative activity. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Plato wrote about a special state of the creator, which he called ex stasis - outside of himself, going beyond the limits of consciousness. But it is no coincidence that the word "ecstasy" - the highest pleasure - comes from the same term. A person in a state of inspiration really feels a surge of mental and physical energy and enjoys the process.

From the point of view of psychology, inspiration is accompanied by an altered state of consciousness, when a person creates without noticing time, hunger, fatigue, sometimes bringing himself to physical exhaustion. Creative individuals tend to treat inspiration with great reverence, which is not surprising. Under its influence, the productivity of activity increases significantly. In addition, the euphoria that often accompanies inspiration causes a desire to experience this state again and again.

Nevertheless, there is nothing supernatural, otherworldly and mystical in inspiration. Its physiological basis is a strong focus of excitation in the cerebral cortex, which arises under the influence of active work on an idea, a plan, one might say, an obsession with them. This focus of excitation provides both high performance, and activation of the subconscious level, and partial suppression of rational control. That is, inspiration is the result of hard mental work, so it is useless, lying on the couch, waiting for it to descend in order to start creating.

Creative activity, although it implies the presence of special abilities, is available to everyone, because there are no incapable people. You don't have to be an artist, a poet, or a scientist to be creative. In any area, you can create something new, discover new patterns or methods of activity. Find what you like, what you have an inclination for, and be creative, enjoying both the result and the process itself.

the attitude of the subject of activity to his work (satisfaction with work, the desire for independence in its implementation; positive motivation in the course of its solution) and the process of solving creative problems (independent transfer of previously acquired knowledge, skills, methods of activity in a new situation, vision of a problem, vision of a new function known object. TD is an activity in which creativity as a dominant component is included in the structure of either its goals or methods. TD is the result and at the same time an important condition for the further development of the individual, the development of his creative potential.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

CREATIVE ACTIVITY

the form of activity of a person or a team is the creation of a qualitatively new one that has never existed before. The incentive to T. is a problematic situation, to-ruyu it is impossible to resolve the tradition. ways. The original product of activity is obtained as a result of the formulation of a non-standard hypothesis, the discretion of non-traditions. interrelations of elements of a problem situation, involvement of implicitly related elements, establishment of new types of interdependence between them. The prerequisites for Etc. are flexibility of thinking (the ability to vary methods of solution), criticality (the ability to abandon unproductive strategies), the ability to converge and link concepts, integrity of perception, etc. The makings of creative abilities are inherent in any person, any normal child. You need to be able to open them and develop them. Manifestations of creative abilities range from large and bright talents to modest and unobtrusive ones. But the essence of the creative process is the same for everyone. The difference lies in the specific material of creativity, the scale of achievements and their societies, and significance.

With the traditional forms of teaching the student, acquiring and assimilating in the account. process some information, becomes able to reproduce the methods of solving problems indicated to him, proving theorems, etc. However, he does not take part in the creative search for a way to solve the problem posed and, therefore, does not acquire. the experience of such a search. The more the problem to be solved differs from the familiar one, the more difficult it is for the student to find the search process itself, if he does not have special skills. experience. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a graduate cf. school, successfully mastered the material school. programs, does not cope in con. course exams. tasks at the university (built on the same material), since they require a non-standard approach to their solution.

Putting forward a new hypothesis in connection with a new problem requires special activities that depend decisively on the abilities of the researcher. These abilities are formed in the activities of the students themselves. No story about the role of hypotheses can replace in the development of a person's ability to investigate even a small, but independently put forward hypothesis. It is also known that in order to solve a number of problems it is necessary to consider traditional methods. way from a completely new, unexpected angle. However, knowing this does not ensure that this new angle of view is found in the course of a particular study. Only practical. research experience develops this ability.

To form a creative experience, it is necessary to design a special. ped. situations that require and create conditions for creative solutions. The possibility of constructing such situations is due to the fact that teaching the creativity of Ch. arr. is carried out on the problems already solved by society and the ways of solving them are already known. Therefore, for the learning process, the definition of T. d. requires adjustments. Students only in cases, to a certain extent. level of their development and depending on the organizing activities of teachers can create new values. The absence of societies, novelty in the results of students' creativity does not lead to a fundamental change in the structure of their creative process. Therefore, in relation to the learning process, creativity should be defined as a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new values ​​for him, having societies, meaning, i.e. important for the formation of the individual as a society, a subject.

Problem situations can be put before students decomp. ways: by a clear statement of the problem by the teacher; by creating a situation in which students are required to understand and formulate the problems in it themselves; by creating a situation with a more or less clearly defined problem, but according to the logic of finding a solution, the student must come to a new, complementary, problem that he himself identified and provided for when constructing the situation. A special variant is the case when, in the course of solving a certain problem, the student independently discovers a new problem that was not foreseen when constructing the situation.

The occurrence or existence of a single problem does not determine the possibility of its solution. For the latter, it is necessary to carry out independently. search, which requires certain initial data, i.e. reliance on the known, which makes it possible to implement this search. Uch. A problem situation can be defined as a task with the necessary data as a condition. To these data, a question is posed, in one form or another formulating a problem for subsequent solution. Then the content of any task will be a problem based on a contradiction between the known and the desired. In the process of solving these problems, built on the need to selectively activate knowledge already known to them, students can independently penetrate into the deeper aspects of phenomena. In the practice of teaching, it is also necessary to apply tasks that require only the formulation of a hypothesis. In this case, the student is not required to make a reasonable full decision. He must only construct a plan for searching for an answer, which so far appears to him only hypothetically. The solution of these problems develops in students the ability to mobilize their existing knowledge and include it in the process of analyzing new situations, the desire to find a new approach, a new type of solution. That. the FOUNDATIONS are being laid, etc. SM Mikhailov.

Lit .: Alekseev N. G., Yudin E. G., Research of creativity in science and teaching creativity at school, in the book: Nauch. creativity, ed. Edited by S. R. Mikulinsky and M. G. Yaroshevsky. Moscow, 1969. L with p and with p I. Ya., Search tasks in teaching as a means of developing creative abilities, ibid.; Kapitsa P. L., Some principles of creative upbringing and education of modern. youth, VF, 1971, No. 7; Ponomarev Ya. A., Psychology of creativity and pedagogy, M., 1976; Luk A. N., Psychology of creativity, M., 1978.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Creativity is the work of people, as a result of which new spiritual values ​​are born, works of art are created, scientific discoveries occur, and scientific progress moves forward. In a word, this is what drives civilization forward.

At the same time, the main feature of creativity, its difference from any other activity is the uniqueness, exclusivity, uniqueness of the fruits of labor of a particular person. They are a new milestone, the highest stage of development, a role model. Something that matters to society as a whole.

Their significance is highly subjective. Works created as a result of various types of creativity cannot simply be weighed like a bar of gold. But they enrich humanity spiritually, and also expand the horizons of people's possibilities, inventing something qualitatively new in science and technology, and often gradually acquiring quite tangible material value.

The great Russian philosopher, Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev, author of the famous book The Meaning of Creativity, published in 1916, believed that every person is a creator by nature. Each has a grain of genius. And it can give fertile shoots under special conditions, the main of which is the freedom of the individual. It is freedom, according to the philosopher, that is the inexhaustible source that nourishes creativity. Thanks to him, progress in the development of civilization occurs.

The divine, incomprehensible nature of people is such that even in conditions of outwardly limited freedom, under the pressure of censorship, in poverty, in prison, despite illnesses, thanks to inner freedom, a flight of thought, brilliant philosophical theories, scientific formulas, poetry and prose were born. Folk art, within the framework of which folklore monuments, rock paintings arose, wheels and wings were invented, has always developed not thanks to, but in spite of external conditions.

Creativity, like human life, was and remains a kind of overcoming. Their meaning is in solving certain problems aimed at transforming oneself and the world around.

Another well-known scientist who left a huge contribution to the development of psychology at the end of the last millennium, Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, believed that the theme of creativity “sounds” wherever people imagine, change, combine, create something new, no matter how small it may seem, in compared with the brilliant works of great personalities in the history of mankind.

The founder of humanistic psychology, an American of Jewish nationality, whose parents emigrated from Russia at the beginning of the last century, Abraham Harold Maslow believed that life and creativity (as a certain quality) are given to each person at the same time, at the moment of birth. Each of the people is able to create, just like birds - to fly or trees to be covered with leaves. However, many are losing this valuable gift.

Great male creators have left their mark on the development of human civilization. These are thinkers, philosophers, engineers, artists, poets, musicians and other great personalities whose names are forever imprinted in history. And also those unknown authors, whose life and work were woven into the general progress like a stream, made up the cultural heritage of mankind. Nameless creators of monuments of folk art and quite ordinary household items, tools that each of us uses every day, without thinking about its origin.

The desire for creative work, primarily for mental work, is the “spark” that is bestowed on every member of the stronger sex. In addition, it is reinforced by the eternal desire to find meaning, to get to the bottom of the essence, characteristic of most men.

This combination gives rise to the need for development and creativity that many experience. And by realizing, they acquire the meaning of existence, the joy of being, inner harmony.

The fair sex is endowed with the same gift and need to create. Although science recognizes some differences in the mental abilities of people of different sexes, due to the fact that the same cognitive abilities are realized in them by different parts of the cerebral cortex and are even unevenly distributed between its hemispheres. The representatives of the stronger sex are predominantly developed visual-spatial abilities. In women - verbal and perceptual.

But if we talk, in general, about life, creativity and the possibility of its realization, then ladies have some advantage in comparison with the representatives of the stronger sex. After all, nature has decreed that it is a woman who is able to give birth to offspring, to give birth to a new person, partially realizing her creative abilities, needs and ambitions. Her powerful creative energy finds an outlet in children, in the educational process, which is also creative.

As a rule, having realized themselves in motherhood, taking place in their main role, women do not give up their attempts to transform the world. Some make scientific careers, some promote culture, while others find themselves in arts and crafts or turn ordinary family dinners into works of art. Representatives of the beautiful half of humanity are occupied by the most polar genres of creativity:

• from cross stitch to aircraft design;
• from versification to the invention of new mathematical formulas.

All people, their creative impulses and achievements come from childhood. At an early age it is easier to reveal the potential inherent in each, but having the imprint of the personality of a particular child. Any creativity lessons contribute to the development of boys and girls at any age. Thanks to the help of parents, teachers, mentors, children can get acquainted with various types and master various genres of creativity in order to choose an activity to their liking, in accordance with the abilities and preferences of a little person. For some, it will become a favorite that the child will carry into adulthood. For others, it can turn into a consciously chosen, interesting profession.

The main thing is that the development of creativity, desire and ability to change the world for the better will help the formation of a harmonious spiritual world of any child.

Cognition and creativity are two levers that allow you to accelerate the development of babies. It is known that cognitive abilities are formed in the process of mastering new skills, learning various activities.

Creativity lessons at a very early age are a kind of training for imagination, fantasy, and the search for an original solution to certain problems. They nurture purposefulness and diligence.

Applied art develops fine motor skills, prepares the baby's hand for mastering writing, stimulates speech development. At a very young age, boys and girls can engage in crafts from natural materials, making appliqués, mosaics, etc. Preschoolers love to express themselves using crayons, paints, clay, scissors, glue and paper.

Taking the first timid steps in artistic creativity, drawing with finger paints or watercolors, creating “sculptural” compositions from plasticine, etc., preschoolers get acquainted with the variety of forms, the richness of the color palette.

They selflessly reproduce the basic forms, enjoy experimenting with texture, space and color in decorative works. For example, kids often depict houses with a shining sun, making up the plots of paintings from basic shapes: a square house with a triangular roof and a round sun above it.

As the child grows older, more and more details appear in his paintings. He is learning to draw people. Realistic shapes, scale, and so on, children master later.

Oral creativity, artistic reading, rhetoric, in combination with the game, impersonation, theater, contribute to the formation of correct speech, the elimination of speech therapy problems. Helps to get rid of self-doubt and many behavioral problems.

By trying on different roles and looking at the world from someone else's point of view, the child explores the world and expresses his feelings. Telling stories, reciting poems, enrich vocabulary, broaden their horizons. Some kids like to tell the story on their own, others willingly talk about something in the form of a dialogue or conversation.

Preschoolers are often completely immersed in stories. Sometimes, when someone reads a fairy tale aloud or talks about something, boys and girls are so carried away that they react to the narration with gestures, facial expressions, “illustrating” the plot.

Singing, learning to play musical instruments and other types of performing children's creativity contribute to the formation of a sense of rhythm, develop an ear for music and artistic taste. Preschoolers, using musical instruments, including their own voices, learn to express their feelings and thoughts.

Kids with rapture are immersed in music, enjoy singing. They love songs with repetitive, simple melodies. They often make up their own words, talking about events from their own lives and the people who surround them.

Preschoolers learn to recognize and name their favorite songs, perform them quite accurately. And at the same time learn the verses by heart. Choral singing, as a genre of creativity, helps children understand the difference between fast and slow, long and short, loud and quiet sounds.

Dance is not just an art form. Children's dance creativity can play a decisive role in the development of children's motor skills. And like other types of creative play, it helps to develop other skills and feelings.

Spontaneously moving to the music, the baby gradually improves control over his own body. He can express sadness, joy and other feelings through movement, freeing himself from psycho-emotional stress.

The smallest, mastering dance types of creativity, develop the ability to imitate. At dance lessons, mastering the movements of animals (butterfly flight, frog jumping, etc.), the child learns more about the world around him.

And during school years, music, arts and crafts, dancing, fine arts, technical creativity, theater, etc. help the child:

• express your feelings;
• improve communication skills;
• develop coordination;
• practice fine motor skills;
• independently solve various problems;
• learn to think;
• find original views on things.

The peculiarities of the creativity of schoolchildren of primary and secondary age are that children identify it with the game. But at the same time, children's creativity plays an important role in the overall process of learning and development. It facilitates cognition, creativity helps the student to explore the world through art materials, the richness of language and movement, and to express their own ideas and emotions.

Creativity lessons are an effective way to accelerate the development and personal growth of a child.

Teenagers who are experiencing emotional, psychological problems, have difficulty mastering the school curriculum or communicating with peers, can find self-expression in singing, dancing, technical creativity, etc. Any art is a means of conveying ideas, feelings, helps to reveal talent.

A study by a group of scientists from Stanford University found that teenagers who engage in artistic expression are four times more likely to win academic awards than those who do not have the opportunity to express themselves artistically.

Applied art and other creative activities are an effective way to eliminate the effects of chronic stress. They help teenagers get rid of complexes, psycho-emotional disorders and behavioral problems during the hormonal storms that accompany puberty.

Human creativity is the perpetual motion machine that allows culture and science to reach new heights. Any activity of people that serves to transform the world, gives rise to something unique, worthy of interest, admiration, that benefits others - this is creativity. It is not only about artistic values, technical inventions. The mental activity of people, which gives rise to spiritual values, is also a separate type of creativity and at the same time is a tool of genius that creates all unique products in the process of any creative activity.

Thanks to the imagination, new ideas of literary works, scientific inventions, scores of musical masterpieces, plots of brilliant paintings are born. Any philosophical hypothesis, technical novelty, work of art is always a product of active knowledge and creativity. The selfless work of a baker or a cook, a florist - all this can be a manifestation of human creativity.

There are many classifications of creative activity. But in accordance with the main types of spiritual and practical activities, the following types of creativity are distinguished:

• social;
• artistic;
• scientific;
• technical.

Each of them has its own subspecies.

Artistic creativity

Its meaning is in the synthesis of fantasy and reality, fiction and reality, the unity of which, being refracted through the prism of the creator's personality, turns into a work of art. Artistic creativity is designed to evoke vivid emotions, awaken feelings, receive a lively response from the human soul:

• laugh;
• tears;
• anger;
• interest;
• love;
• catharsis.

Within the framework of this type, subspecies and genres of creativity are distinguished:

• temporary - music, literature (including oral art of peoples);
• spatial - applied art, fine arts;
• spatio-temporal - circus, choreography, stage, cinema.

Fine art consists of:

• sculptures;
• charts;
• painting.

Applied art is divided into:

• architecture;
• decorative art, which includes decorative folk, including Russian art, or folk crafts.

The development of creativity in the fields of various knowledge is the main engine of scientific progress in mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, philosophy, pedagogy, etc. The tireless research and creative discoveries of scientists allow science to rise to new levels, dragging along the development of civilization as a whole.

Creativity in science is a kind of pyramid.

• It is based on accidental discoveries and numerous experiments in the process of educational activities and training.
• The middle is made up of experimental and theoretical searches conducted by whole armies of researchers.
• The top is formed by the brilliant discoveries of outstanding minds.

Improvement of devices, mechanisms, etc., design and modeling - all these are subspecies of technical creativity. Thanks to creative thinking, since ancient times, people have been inventing tools, inventing various gadgets that make life easier for people and help solve various problems: from a “digging stick”, a stone ax, the first flint and wheel, to cars, robots and rockets. Social experience, the urgent needs of people stimulated creativity, encouraged the development of creativity of designers and inventors.

This species is close to scientific. Therefore, more often they mean not technical creativity, in its pure form, but scientific and technical.

The theme of creativity runs like a “red thread” through the entire existence of society. The desire to transform the world, improve the social structure has always been characteristic of people.

Human social creativity is a practical activity that leads to an increase in material production and improves legal, economic, religious, psychological and other relations in society.

Folk art

The artistic creativity of the people includes many types and genres that arose as a result of individual and collective creativity, and against the background of the continuity of generations, turned into original traditions. It is the cultural heritage of the people, its living memory, spiritual image. It unites moral values ​​and reveals the inner world of people.

There are several main stages in the development of folk art:

• paganism (before the tenth century AD);
• Christianity;
• XX century.

Speaking of Russian folk art, there is also a period of national history that covers the time period from the 17th century to the 17th century. until the 19th century

Folk art has its subspecies:

• everyday amateur creativity of a person is a variety of artistic phenomena in his daily life and on holidays;
• arts and crafts - creative design solutions;
• folklore - an expression of worldviews and spiritual values ​​of the people in literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic and other forms, including oral art;
• amateur art activities of the people - organized human creativity, as part of the collective.

Folklore is organically woven into our lives. And without noticing it themselves, modern Russians are the "guides" of folk traditions, including oral Russian creativity, daily using its main product - the great and powerful Russian language. Transforming, including under the influence of general changes in culture and language, folklore works remain an expression of the national spirit, contribute to the preservation of the moral principles and customs of the people. As many centuries ago, born of the collective mind, folklore is used to instruct and educate the youth.

Genres of oral art

In everyday life, people often use sayings, proverbs, tell jokes to each other, make fun with nursery rhymes and ditties, sing lullabies to children, offer riddles, teach the younger generation on the “traditions of the deep antiquity”, epics and fairy tales. All these genres together make up Russian oral art or folklore.

Folk life and creativity have always been closely intertwined. Thanks to unknown authors, sometimes real "diamonds" of literature were born, which were further cut in the works of great poets and writers. This happened with folk tales collected and processed by Charles Perrault, Pushkin, Gogol and many world-famous authors. Often, entertaining stories written down by the people turned into poems, novels and novels.

The living language that Russians use today owes much of its brightness, figurativeness, liveliness, richness of vocabulary, and oral folk art. Folklore is the key to preserving the linguistic identity of the people. It is a kind of code that is used for self-identification. A special language layer, which is very difficult, almost impossible, to master for someone who has not absorbed it drop by drop from birth.

Today, it is closer to residents of villages and small towns in the Russian hinterland than to residents of megacities, whose language is replete with slang, Americanisms and other borrowings, and special vocabulary. For Muscovite schoolchildren, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” sounds today like a foreign speech, many words require translation and interpretation, just like Voronezh ditties or folk songs that are still sung during feasts somewhere in the Vologda or Novgorod region.

So that the Russian language does not one day turn into an absolute tracing paper from English and others, it is important to take care of the folk literary heritage, collect the pearls of folklore and pass them on to children by reading Russian folk tales, learning songs with the kids, keeping the theme of the creativity of the Russian people in the school curriculum.

Favorite topics for oral creativity

The most ordinary everyday situations, relationships between people, love and other feelings are popular topics of folklore. Folk tales, legends have always endowed the main characters with the best features and taught loyalty, generosity, devotion, kindness, honesty. Overcoming obstacles, fighting evil and dark forces, in the final they certainly won and lived happily ever after.

Another common theme of creativity is heroism. Courage, love for the motherland, the ability to self-sacrifice are most clearly displayed in epics, a genre of heroic epic that arose in Russia in the 9th century. Fascinating stories, with an optimistic ending, told about the patriots:

• Ilya Muromets,
• Alyosha Popovich,
• Dobrynya Nikitich,
• Sadko and other heroes and heroes.

This type of folk art arose due to the desire of people to decorate their own homes, change the space around them, household items, for the better. Thanks to the creative thinking and skill of folk craftsmen, the simplest things acquired aesthetic value, delighted the eye, touched the secrets of the strings of the soul and turned into works of art.

Decorative creativity has three main branches:

• monumental and decorative;
• decoration;
• decorative and applied art.

Monumental and decorative art includes architecture, decoration of residential and public spaces, using sculpture, painting, etc. Decorative folk art is most vividly represented in religious rites, icon painting, and holiday traditions, for example, in wedding ceremonies.

Decorative and applied art combines various forms, using a variety of materials and techniques. Among its genres:

• embroidery;
• decorative painting;
• woodcarving;
• ceramics;
• lacquer miniature;
• bone carving;
• metal jewelry, etc.

Among the Slavs, as well as among other peoples, applied art drew stories from the surrounding world and used natural materials. The fantasy of the masters was intertwined with everyday life, everyday scenes. Embroideries, wood painting, carving told about different seasons, about harvesting holidays, etc. The works featured traditional floral ornaments and special signs, a rune, dating back to paganism. Gradually, folk, Russian art, original and unique, was born from handicraft.

At the end of the century before last, an attempt was made in Russia to preserve the cultural heritage of the people. The Handicraft Museum was opened. Within its walls, a collection of outstanding works created by folk craftsmen has been collected. After the revolution, it ceased to exist. But at the end of the last century, it again opened its doors to visitors. True, now it is called the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art. Today, its exposition and storage houses about 120,000 masterpieces. Among them:

• furniture;
• kitchenware;
• toys;
• carved platbands and "skates" from the roofs;
• old chests, etc.

The oldest of them date back to the 16th century.

Folk art in Russia gave life to traditional crafts. Among the most famous:

• Khokhloma painting;
• gzhel;
• Dymkovo toy;
• Pavlovo shawls;
• Filimonov toy;
• Gorodets painting;
• Rostov enamel;
• Zhostovo painting;
• Fedoskino lacquer miniature;
• palekh;
• Yaroslavl majolica, etc.

The art of folk craftsmen was not lost. It was carefully kept and passed on to the students. And today it does not stand still, but develops, acquiring new facets, using modern subjects.

Creative healing is one of the methods of psychotherapy. It is used in the complex treatment of many pathologies, including psycho-emotional, as it allows you to influence the physical, mental and emotional state, changing for the better.

Art therapy is a relatively new method of treatment. For the first time it began to be used in the middle of the twentieth century, initially in the USA, England and other European countries. The originator of the method was Adrian Hill, an artist who discovered the therapeutic benefits of various art forms for the rehabilitation of patients after suffering from tuberculosis. He was the first to introduce the term into use.

Art therapy combines treatment, knowledge and creativity. During the creative process, through self-expression, people succeed in:

• solve personal problems;
• eliminate behavioral disorders;
• learn to manage feelings;
• reduce stress;
• increase self-esteem;
• learn something new.

Psychotherapy uses creativity as a way to communicate. Art therapy helps to build relationships in society for people after injuries, patients with various diseases, including mental ones, those adults and children who have learning problems, physical disorders, and disabilities.

You don't have to be a genius poet, sculptor, or artist to benefit from being creative. Anyone can immerse themselves in the creative process, get carried away by art and optimize treatment through art therapy.

The main feature of creativity is that it helps a person to express their own feelings, improving the psycho-emotional state and general health. Art therapy most often uses traditional art forms such as:

• painting;
• graphic arts;
• photo;
• sculpture and other types of visual expression.

Performing arts (singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, etc.) is also a popular form of art therapy.

It is not so important which way of self-expression a person chooses. The main thing is that he gives him positive and health.

The arts are a marvelous medium that can help many people express themselves, explore their own feelings, manage their habits, and raise their self-esteem. Art therapy is an amazing medicine that can help anyone!

• For example, children with developmental disabilities, adults with psycho-emotional disorders, because through creative activity people can effectively express hidden emotions, helping to reduce stress, feelings of anxiety or fear.
• It effectively helps people with psycho-emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, panic attacks.
• Classes in various types of creativity have become a part of rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy, autism, cancer and many other pathologies.
• Art therapy can be a valuable part of the recovery process for those suffering from eating disorders. Allows patients to realize themselves, to receive positive emotions. Gradually turns into the best alternative to overeating, passion for sweets and other eating disorders.
• Choreography and other forms of creativity help women and men with physical disabilities to accept their own bodies.
• In addition to the treatment of eating disorders, art therapy can be a useful tool for the complex treatment of patients with alcohol dependence, drug addiction or substance abuse.

Surely, everyone noticed that singing, drawing help to get distracted, relax, improve mood. Features of creativity are in the psychotherapeutic effect. Unfortunately, not all adults draw, sing, sculpt, design and “create” in other ways. If you find something to your liking, plunge into the creative flow, you can see a lot of positive changes that will happen to the body.

• Many scientific studies have proven that choreography, singing, arts and crafts and other arts, even in adulthood, provide enormous benefits to human health.
• Art therapy contributes to the development of personality, motivates to overcome difficulties, improves cognitive functions.
• When a person is enthusiastically engaged in any (technical, musical, decorative, etc.) creativity, the level of endorphins in his body increases, so he gets positive emotions, excellent relaxation, and his general well-being improves.
• Art therapy is used not only as a method of treatment for chronic pathologies and systemic disorders. It can help anyone improve their emotional state and mental well-being, relieve stress or tension. Creativity can be used as a way of self-knowledge and self-expression.