Official medicine: Drug addiction and alcoholism. Alcoholism and drug addiction as a serious problem of society
Alcoholism and drug addiction - types of behavior that deviate to a certain extent are associated with crime. A considerable part of criminal acts (crimes against a person, hooliganism, etc.) occurs in a state of intoxication. Drug addicts often turn to crime in search of funds to buy drugs. Drug addiction is associated with criminal drug business: production, storage, distribution and sale of drugs. At the same time, alcoholism and drug addiction in themselves cause damage primarily to their subjects, that is, the alcoholics and drug addicts themselves, while crime harms, first of all, other people or other objects of crime.
Alcoholism is a chronic disease that develops as a result of the systematic use of alcoholic beverages. It manifests itself in physical and mental dependence on alcohol, leading to social and psychological degradation of the individual.
Using the classification of the World Health Organization, let's pay attention to three types of consequences of drunkenness and alcoholism:
for the drinker: loss of self-control; aggressiveness; accidents; onset of administrative liability for being drunk in public places; alcohol poisoning; severe diseases of internal organs; disability, in the future - early death or suicide;
for the family: conflicts in the family; failure to fulfill marital, parental and maternal responsibilities; loss of respect material difficulties; intrauterine damage to the fetus; improper upbringing of children; causing harm to their physical and mental health;
for society: violation of public order; traffic accidents; accidents; decreased productivity and absenteeism; economic damage associated with the release of defective products, accidents, medical expenses, law enforcement.
Drunkenness and alcoholism as a mass phenomenon is a serious social problem.
Drug addiction is a powerful factor of social disorganization, a destructive social evil, an exceptionally serious threat to the functioning of the social organism. Drug addiction refers to the use of drugs without the advice of a doctor. Medicine considers drug addiction as a disease characterized by an unruly train to drugs, a need to increase the doses taken, a painful state in case of drug deprivation. The consequence of drug addiction is the destruction of physical and mental health, the degradation of the individual.
Drunkenness and drug addiction are widespread primarily among people whose lives are characterized by labor, domestic and family disorder, lack of social prospects. This is due to the crisis in the economy, unemployment, violations of social justice, alienation of people from state and public affairs, lack of opportunities for leisure activities in a cultural setting. Of great importance are the traditions of the use of alcoholic beverages. Most often, the "baton" of drunkenness is passed on to children in the family. A certain role is played by the desire to disconnect from the difficulties of everyday life, to relax, to experience pleasant sensations.
In the spread of drug addiction, the search for opportunities for self-affirmation, group pressure, and socio-psychological infection play a role. Experts believe that people with an unstable psyche, a low level of intelligence, who are difficult to adapt to social conditions, are more susceptible to drug addiction.
The fight against drug addiction includes medical care for patients, an explanation of the consequences of drug addiction, legal measures aimed at stopping the drug business. And on the question of how to deal with drunkenness and alcoholism, two opposing points of view have been clashing for many years: one is for the introduction of a "dry law", a complete ban on alcoholic beverages; the other - for the education of the "cultural use of alcoholic beverages", which excludes its development into drunkenness. What do you think?
Basic concepts
social norms. social control. Deviant behavior.
Crime. Addiction.
Questions for self-examination
1. Give examples of each type of social norm.
2. What is social control?
3. What is the meaning of self-control?
4. What are the causes of deviant behavior?
5. What is the social danger of crime?
6. What are the consequences of alcoholism and drug addiction for the individual, family, society? Can you suggest ways to overcome these shortcomings?
1. In one of the foreign works on the problem of deviant behavior, it is said: "Deviation is a natural part of social life. Dishes, regulations and prohibitions, moral improvement do not reduce deviations, as more stringent norms of behavior arise. Specific deviations may disappear, while others - to appear ... The disappearance of big crimes will lead to increased attention to smaller ones. " Do you agree with the stated point of view? Is it possible to rid society of deviations? Explain your answer.
2. How do you understand the expression of the English historian G.T. Bakla (1821-1862): "Society prepares the crime, the criminal commits it"? Explain it with some example taken from newspapers.
3. Do you agree with the statement of the French playwright J. Racine (1639-1699): "Great crimes are always preceded by small ones. No one has ever seen timid innocence suddenly turn into rampant debauchery"? Justify your answer.
3.3 the issue of combating crime arose a debate.
One point of view: it is necessary to toughen the punishment. Look at Singapore. They caught you with drugs - capital punishment, with illegal weapons, even if you did not use them - too. In some Muslim countries, according to the law, the hand is cut off for theft. And no one has been stealing there for a long time.
Another point of view: the cruelty of punishments will make crime more cruel. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be solved, crime will drop dramatically. And what do you think about this issue?
Tutaevsky branch
GOU. VPO "Rybinsk State Aviation Technological Academy named after P. A. Solovyov"
abstract
Social studies
On the topic: Deviant behavior and its types. Danger, drug addiction and alcoholism for a person of society.
Student group PSN-09:
Belyakov Nikita
Teacher:
Kubai Natalya Alexandrovna
MENTAL BASES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Evaluation of any behavior implies its comparison with some kind of norm. Non-standard, deviant behavior is often called deviant.
The main types of deviant behavior
Deviant behavior is divided into two groups
1. Behavior that deviates from the norm of mental health, i.e. the presence of a person's overt or covert psychopathology, this group consists of persons: asthenics, schizoids, epileptoids and persons with an accentuated character.
2. Behavior that deviates from the moral norms of human society and manifests itself in various forms of social pathology - drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, etc. This behavior is expressed in the form of misconduct or crimes.
The main subjects of deviant behavior include persons suffering from certain forms of mental pathology and, on this basis, prone to immoral behavior, attempts at self-harm and suicide.
Thus, mental disorders manifest themselves in two forms:
Accentuated characters, i.e. extremes of the norm. People with pronounced “heavy” character traits are often clients of social, medical and law enforcement services.
Mental disorders in the form of accentuations occur in young people for a number of reasons:
1. Often mental disorders are due to the fact that society makes excessive demands on a young person. If painful negative experiences are superimposed on congenital deviations in character, then an inferiority complex is formed, and there is a need for artificial compensators - alcohol, drugs, aggressive behavior.
Especially provokes the appearance of a previously hidden accentuation or pathology, puberty, i.e. puberty.
2. Difficulties of adolescence affect, i.e. the transition to "adult" life, it is accompanied by a restructuring of the psyche. Such important processes as: thinking, sensations, perception are being rebuilt, the world of illusions, feelings is changing, the traits of temperament, abilities, inclinations are fully manifested.
3.Restructuring "I-concept". “I-concept” is a stable and unique system of ideas of an individual about himself, on the basis of which he builds his relations with the environment and himself. one
Personality Disorders
Alienation - is manifested in the fact that a person, being in a conflict situation, cannot independently get out of it. To get away from the conflict, he must break the connection between his "I" and the traumatic environment. This gap creates a distance between the person and the environment, and later it develops into alienation.
Depersonalization - takes place when the “I” itself is alienated, the feeling of one’s own body is lost, any activity loses its meaning, emotions are dulled, indifference takes over everything.
Depression is a state of affect with a negative connotation. Depression is understood as a strong melancholy, accompanied by despair and a crisis of the spirit. In a state of depression, time seems to slow down, fatigue sets in, and efficiency decreases. Thoughts about their own insignificance come, suicide attempts are possible. Depression can take many forms:
Locus of control - a person attributes responsibility for the most important events to himself or others, or vice versa, a person believes that his life depends on external forces. Hence the feeling of powerlessness and hopelessness. In severe forms of depression, an imaginary feeling of guilt, stressful situations as a result of the loss of loved ones, criticism from authoritative persons can lead to suicidal attempts;
A delirium of physical defect that occurs during puberty, predominantly in girls. These experiences are usually
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 265 p.
They are associated with appearance and vary widely from freckles to fullness or thinness of the legs, waist, etc. Sometimes dissatisfaction with one's body reaches the level of paranoia, and young people become embittered and unhappy.
Syndrome of philosophical intoxication. The interest of young people in the problems of being is a completely normal phenomenon. However, for some young people, this interest takes ugly forms: universal laws of the universe are invented, plans are hatched for the reorganization of the world. Often they are fascinated by such mysterious sciences as parapsychology, occult sciences, as well as contacts with UFOs.
Educational neuroses or phobias are manifested in a stubborn unwillingness to attend school, college, institute. Neurosis is expressed in conflict relations with teachers and classmates, in unwillingness to delve into individual subjects or all subjects at once. Especially often schoolchildren suffer from neuroses. The trouble with our school is that sometimes the order of the barracks is imposed in it, and the teachers perform the function of overseers in it.
The difficulty of recognizing juvenile pathologies lies in their hidden manifestation and for the most part relate to normal young people. Everyone needs psychology, especially teachers, social teachers and social workers, in order to notice negative character traits in time and respond to them with pedagogical methods.
ADDICTION
Drugs have been known to mankind since time immemorial. Ancient sources testify that drugs were used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China for one and a half thousand years BC. The first drugs were opium poppy products and Indian hemp. The use of drugs, as a general rule, was the lot of the “lower strata”.
Substance abuse is a type of addiction. Common drugs include:
1. Morphine and heroin are opium alkaloids;
2. Sleeping pills, including the so-called barbiturates;
3. Hashish (anasha, plan, marijuana);
4. Stimulants with the effect of excitation of the nervous system.
5. Cocaine is an alkaloid of the coca plant.
Drug addiction is a disease that is expressed in physical or psychological dependence on drugs, an irresistible craving for them, which gradually leads the body to physical and psychological exhaustion.
Drug addiction has social consequences. For criminal elements, this is an easy way to make money. Drug abuse leads to an increase in mortality, especially among young people, and the development of a whole “bouquet” of somatic and mental illnesses.
On the basis of drug addiction, crimes are committed, since in a state of “breaking” a drug addict is capable of any crime. The acquisition of drugs becomes the backdrop for committing a number of crimes against the person: theft, robbery, robbery. Drug addiction negatively affects offspring. Children are born with serious physical and psychological abnormalities, which in turn leads to the breakup of the family. The drug addict degrades as a person, as the slavish dependence on drugs makes him commit immoral acts.
One of the psychological subjective causes of drug addiction is dissatisfaction with life due to a variety of circumstances:
personal difficulties, shortcomings in the socio-cultural sphere, unsettled leisure, social injustice, unsettled life, failures in school or at work, disappointment in people.
A significant place in the ethnology of the causes of drug addiction is occupied by the personality of the drug addict. This refers to demographic, age and socio-medical aspects. Men predominate among drug addicts. Another important circumstance is that this disease affects mainly young people.
Motives for addiction and substance abuse:
Satisfaction of curiosity about the action of a narcotic substance;
Testing a sense of belonging in order to be accepted by a certain group;
Expression of independence, and sometimes hostility towards others;
Knowledge of a pleasurable new, exciting or dangerous experience;
Achieving “clear thinking” or “creative inspiration”;
Achieve a feeling of complete relaxation; Getting away from something oppressive.
The microenvironment is the breeding ground for drug addiction. The family, the street environment is of great importance. The appearance of at least one drug addict in the yard, on the street, at school at work, adversely affects others. Initially, drugs are given as a treat, for free, then on credit, then they demand money.
Substance abuse is a disease caused by the consumption of toxic substances, i.e. tranquilizer tablets, caffeine obtained from strong tea - chigir, by inhalation of aromatic substances of household chemicals. In a state of intoxication, in addition to euphoria, visual hallucinations occur.1
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 270 p.
DRINKING AND ALCOHOLISM
There are differences between these concepts. Alcoholism is a pathological craving for alcohol and the subsequent social and moral degradation of the individual. Drunkenness is the excessive use of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.1
Sample surveys showed that 99% of men and 97% of women drink alcohol at large industrial enterprises. Most often, the motive for drunkenness is: entertainment, the impact of the immediate environment, the observance of drinking traditions, the celebration of anniversaries, marital and family troubles, troubles at work.
Alcohol dependence is formed gradually and is determined by complex measurements that occur in the body of the drinking person. The craving for alcohol is manifested in human behavior: increased fussiness in preparation for drinking, “rubbing hands”, emotional elation. The more "alcohol experience" the less pleasure brings drinking.
The formation of alcoholism is influenced by several factors: hereditary factors, character, individual personality traits and environmental characteristics. The factors contributing to alcoholization include a low level of financial situation and education.
The development of alcoholism in adolescents is facilitated by early initiation to alcohol and the formation of “alcoholic thinking”. In Tyumen, a survey of kindergartens found that 30% of girls and 40% of boys had already tasted beer, while every fifth girl and every fourth boy had tasted wine.1
If a person suffers from some form of olegophrenia, a congenital physical or mental disease, then in this case alcohol acts as a compensating factor that supposedly smooths out personality defects.
For young people, alcohol is a means of liberation and overcoming the shyness that many teenagers suffer from.
1 Social deviance - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional –M.: Yurid. lit. 1989 - 275 p.
Alcoholism is a progressive disease, it begins with domestic drunkenness and ends in a clinical bed. For an experienced drunkard, in order to “get high”, the dose of alcohol increases by 2-3 times compared to the previous norm. In the future, the attraction to alcohol acquires the features of physiological dependence, tolerance (tolerance) reaches a maximum, the passion for alcohol acquires a pathological character. An irreversible process takes place in the human body, the body needs alcohol for metabolic processes. At the last stage of alcoholism, the threshold of tolerance decreases, it is enough for a person to drink a mug of beer for hops.
Alcohol becomes the main thing in life. A person does not care what to drink, with whom to drink and how much.
PROSTITUTION
For a long time, myths and mystery surrounded prostitution, but these myths have two sides: one external - pleasant, the other - hidden, impartial. Myths about the prestige of prostitution, about noble "cavaliers", about violence and the inevitability of prostitution remain myths. Beautiful hotel rooms usually end up with dirty rooms in dens, car cabins, etc., venereal diseases, narcological hospitals or "psychiatric hospitals".
The term "prostitution" comes from the Latin word prostitution - desecration, dishonoring. Scientists distinguish in prostitution, the following essential features:
1. occupation - satisfaction of the sexual needs of clients;
2. the nature of the occupation - systematic fishing in the form of sexual relations with different persons, without sensual attraction and aimed at satisfying the sexual passion of clients in any form;
3. The motive of employment is a pre-agreed reward in the form of money or material values, which are the main or additional source of the prostitute's livelihood.
The causes of prostitution, as well as many other social deviations, are socio-economic and moral and ethical factors. However, there are also specific reasons. So some women have a strong libido and their needs are above average, hence the access to sports sex. Another reason for prostitution is in the environment that surrounds the prostitute. These are racketeers, pimps, keepers of “raspberries”, etc., who establish their own norms for relations with prostitutes and subordinate them to their “charter”.
The vast majority of experts believe that prostitution is inevitable, since the need to reproduce is the strongest physiological need. Prostitution is the same social problem as crime, alcoholism and other forms of deviant behavior.
Is the fight against prostitution worthwhile? Most experts answer in the negative. Currently, the state reproduces the conditions that encourage deviant behavior and the state has no moral grounds to criminalize prostitution.
The elimination of prostitution is a hopeless business, since sexual needs are the primary needs of a person. Therefore, we should not talk about the eradication of prostitution, but about its cevelized regulation.
It is especially dangerous to involve minors in prostitution. In our time, prostitution has widely developed the business of “selling love”. Meanwhile, the growth of prostitution and sexual disharmony inevitably leads to the spread of AIDS. According to scientists, in 10-15 years this epidemic will become the No. 1 problem.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR DUE TO SEXUAL DISEASES
Modern sexopathology highlights pathological and other deviations in the sexual behavior of the individual. Pathological deviations in the form of all kinds of sexual perversions are the subject of research in medicine and psychiatry. Non-pathological deviants i.e. deviations within the norm are the subject of socio-psychological research, since it includes deviations from social and moral norms in the sexual behavior of a healthy person.
Sexual deviations are divided into the following main groups:
deviations in relation to the object of sexual satisfaction (bestiality);
deviations in the ways of realizing sexual passion (sadism, masochism, etc.);
atypical deviations in the form of sexual passion for persons of the same sex or close relatives (homosexuality, libianism, incest);
deviations associated with a violation of sexual identity (transsexualism);
deviations associated with a change in the stereotype of sexual behavior (masculinity).1
Consider some forms of sexual deviations.
Hypermasculinity - manifests itself in exaggerated masculinity, deliberate rudeness, cynicism, which in adolescents is often accompanied by aggressiveness and particular cruelty. Such teenagers are embarrassed by caresses, they avoid everything that concerns purely “female” affairs and interests. The main feature of such behavior is a dismissive, boorish attitude towards a woman and sadistic inclinations in contacts with sexual partners.
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 274 p.
Sexual fetishism - manifested in sexual attraction to individual objects or body parts that symbolize a sexual partner. For young men, beautiful legs, bare breasts, and lingerie act as such a “talisman”. The sight of these parts of the body or objects of the toilet enhances the brightness of sexual experiences and causes sexual arousal. A kind of sexual fetishism is dressing up in clothes of the opposite sex, which also leads to an increase in libido.
Youthful narcissism - admiring oneself, sexual attraction to one's own body. Such teenagers like to look at themselves in the mirror for a long time, caress their body, give free rein to their sexual fantasies. Often such narcissism ends with masturbation. Narcissism is sometimes combined with a desire to flaunt one's naked body. Such young people join the ranks of nudists, as they like to sunbathe on the beach naked, they ask their peers to take a picture of themselves with the “Adam” costume.
Exhibitionism is the desire to expose one's body, especially the genitals, in front of the opposite sex. Young people with a similar orientation like to spy on the undressing of the opposite sex, they can watch films with scenes of natural sex for a long time. But they get special pleasure from the secret contemplation of sexual intercourse or naked genitals. Such teenagers can watch for couples in love for hours, stand at the windows of the bathhouses or peep through the cracks of the toilets. What he sees excites sexual fantasies, an erection follows, then masturbation, and everything ends with fleeting ejaculation.
Bestiality (bestiality, sodomy) - Sexual attraction to animals. In adolescents and adults, it is substitutive. People with a similar orientation can have sexual intercourse with any pet, even a bird.
Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Distinguish homosexuality in the form of pederasty and lesbianism. Such inclinations can be formed in adolescents and adults who, due to life circumstances, are deprived of the opportunity to satisfy sexual needs with persons of the opposite sex. Especially often, homosexual contacts are entered into while serving a sentence in places of deprivation of liberty, as well as while serving in the army. As a rule, in adolescents homosexuality is of a substitutional nature, while in adults it can acquire the features of a persistent sexual orientation.
CONCLUSION
To reveal the nature and causes of social deviations, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that they, like social norms, are an expression of people's relations that are taking shape in society. Social norm and social deviation are two poles on the same axis of socially significant behavior of individuals, social groups and other social communities.
Many actions do not fall under the norms and at the same time are not deviations from them simply because they lie in the sphere of relations not regulated by specific norms (the process of artistic or scientific creativity.
Social deviations are as diverse as the social norms themselves. Moreover, the variety of deviations exceeds the variety of norms, because the norm is typical, and deviations can be very individualized.
The immoral act of one person may be completely different from the act of another, even the signs of a crime, which are clearly recorded in the criminal code, are as diverse as the people themselves who commit them.
Deviations from social norms, despite their great diversity, have some common causes that support their existence, and sometimes lead to their growth and prevalence. At their core, they come down to objective and subjective contradictions of social development that disrupt the interaction of the individual with the social environment and lead to forms of behavior of individuals that are not consistent with the existing normative system. Moreover, the same contradiction “can underlie both socially undesirable forms of behavior (crime, alcoholism, suicide, etc.) and socially approved ones (cognitive activity, creativity, everyday activity, etc.).
During the transition to a market economy, the financial situation of many segments of the population has changed. Most live below the poverty line, and the number of unemployed has increased. All this creates conflict situations, and they lead to deviations. Who is forgotten in a bottle, who is forgotten in a narcotic dope, and who is weaker takes his own life. The only way to somehow change the current situation is to improve life, to help people overcome their problems for this, social services and other organizations are now being created. But if their activities are supported by the state, the growth of crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. will only grow.
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Alcoholism and drug addiction is the scourge of our society. Alcohol and drugs cause a strong dependence on a person both on the physical and psychological levels. Yes, yes, no matter how strange it sounds, alcohol is a type of drug, and its danger is that many do not consider it as such, and therefore are convinced that it is an absolutely safe and acceptable drink. The reason for this is the legalized status of alcoholic beverages as common products.
Drug addiction, alcoholism and tobacco smoking are largely dependent on gender, age and race. As a general rule, men worldwide are more susceptible to alcohol, tobacco and drug abuse than women. While white people are prone to both alcoholism and smoking, American Indians and Alaska Natives are more addicted to nicotine. Among the peoples who are less dependent on alcohol, tobacco and drugs are those from Asia, the Hawaiian Islands and the Pacific Islands.
Dependence on alcohol and tobacco can lead to serious health risks both on their own and in combination. In addition to the fact that alcoholism often leads to death from injuries during accidents and accidents, the toxic effect of ethyl alcohol is manifested by:
- chronic liver diseases;
- cancer;
- cardiovascular diseases;
- acute alcohol poisoning;
- the birth of sick children if the mother abused during pregnancy.
Smoking has been linked to lung disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Drug addiction, alcoholism, and smoking simultaneously increase the risk of cancer and reduce life expectancy.
Alcohol and stress
Many people are completely unfamiliar with the state of addiction to alcohol and drugs. Therefore, they cannot understand the logic and thinking of people suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction. But as this "plague of the 21st century" spreads, people are increasingly wondering what are the main causes of the spread of alcoholism and drug addiction, the abuse of toxic substances, and how to save people from a dangerous habit.
One of the reasons for the spread of alcoholism and drug addiction is the development of anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression and other mental illnesses. But the stigma of "psycho" is too hard for them, so they hesitate and are afraid to go to a psychiatrist. In this situation, a much easier solution is to resort to addictive substances that alter the state of consciousness. As a result, people turn to alcohol and drugs to alleviate their suffering. Alcohol intoxication and drugs help them temporarily regain a sense of their "normality", the memory of which is stored in their memory.
Often people think that drugs and alcohol can relieve stress. Modern life, with its oversaturation with information, is a source of severe stress and overstrain of the nervous system, which were unknown to people in the past. Even the usual maintenance of the family, the usual duties at work, for some, this is already an unbearable burden. Therefore, alcoholic drinks, medicines, drugs are often used for relaxation and are a method to calm the storm that "rages" in the head. It is true that, temporarily, these substances do the job "wonderfully". But the side effects and consequences can be no less serious.
For variety and adaptation
Another reason for the development of addiction is imitation, when they try to imitate more authoritative family members, acquaintances, friends who are addicted to drugs and look very cool. It is most often the cause of addiction in young people and teenagers. At this age, it is very easy to succumb to the illusion that everything is in your hands and that the decision to use or not use is completely in their power. Especially when they have before them an authoritative example, from which they do not want to lag behind. A common thought in this case is: "My friends have been doing this for several years, and it's fine, so I won't get hurt."
The entertainment industry, parties, discos - this is the environment where people are instilled with the idea that it is quite “normal” to use this or that remedy to relax sometimes. If at the same time a person has addicts and alcoholics in the family, the risk of developing addiction increases significantly.
Another reason for addiction to drugs or alcohol is the routine and dullness of everyday life with its eternal problems. Here comes the idea that drugs and alcohol can help.
Boredom is also a very serious risk factor for addiction in young people. At this age, people do not yet have the responsibilities that adults have - work, children, family, housing, etc. They can easily get bored, ignite a desire to try something new and original. Something that would stimulate their nervous system, relieve them of the constant stress associated with boredom and dullness. In this case, narcotic substances appear as a "deliverer" from the mediocrity of the "earthly world". But the holiday, unfortunately, does not last long.
Don't be a black sheep
Sometimes people think that alcohol and drugs will help them adapt, become “like everyone else”, and better “match” the situation. After all, often, when communicating with friends, you don’t want to look like a “black sheep”. A person wants others to see in him the “soul of the company”, his “on the board”, a person who can always be relied upon in everything and always.
And if you are different from others, do not drink with everyone or do not use drugs - this creates distrust, and, as a result, exclusion from the group. But self-affirmation and belonging to a group are the most important psychological needs of any person, and especially at a young age. In this case, the psychological pressure exerted by peers has an incredibly strong impact, especially on the fragile psyche.
This can make a person decide to do things that he will later regret very much, and perhaps not only him. And in combination with alcohol and drugs, it can be a reason for committing a crime. Currently in Russia, as important means of combating alcoholism and drug addiction, there are also legal measures, including medical measures, civil, administrative and criminal. For a person who has committed an offense while intoxicated, the court often applies special measures.
Trauma and the development of addiction
Sometimes people accidentally get physically injured, and "addicted" to drugs that alleviate their condition. The category of people who expose themselves to this risk includes manual workers, the older generation, and all those who suffer from injuries.
There are people who suffer from pain from birth due to some kind of congenital physical defects. But more still those who suffered as a result of accidents and accidents.
As a result, doctors give prescriptions for drugs that can cause physical and psychological dependence. Especially if the remedy gives the person a sense of well-being, it leads to the fact that he begins to justify the constant use. If a person does not go to the doctor, he may resort to drugs or alcohol to relieve pain.
Alcohol and drugs: to forget
People may become addicted to alcohol or drugs to get rid of memories of some past events. One of these memories is an unhappy childhood, memories of which are so terrible and unbearable that a person resorts to psychoactive chemical substances.
The fact is that the child's psyche is especially vulnerable and sensitive. Any traumatic events are perceived extremely acutely, especially those associated with physical trauma. Then negative memories can haunt and haunt a person for a very long time and into adulthood. Such people can be helped by psychologists who help to change their attitude to past events. If such people do not seek professional help, they stumble and take the wrong step, choosing alcohol or drugs, which only worsens their condition.
The pursuit of pleasure
Very often, the reason for the development of addiction is that people tend to repeat those incredibly pleasant sensations that they have already experienced once. If you ask any drug addict about this, he will say that these are the best feelings that he has ever experienced in his life.
For him, the pleasure of drug euphoria simply cannot be compared with the joys of everyday life. The reason for this is that drugs overload the pleasure receptors in the brain. It is enough to experience this “incredible” pleasure once in order to “get hooked” on it, become attached psychologically and strive with all your might to repeat the sensations. This is the vicious circle from which it is very difficult to get out on your own. The heights of narcotic euphoria become the stronger, the more painful and lower the drug addict or alcoholic falls during abstinence and withdrawal.
Alcohol and smoking
Drinking and smoking cigarettes are the main and most common causes of deadly diseases that can be prevented by curing addiction in time. These substances are often used together. This means that tobacco addicts are four times more likely to become addicted to alcohol than non-smokers. And alcoholics are three times more likely to be addicted to cigarette smoking than non-drinkers.
The link between drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes has very serious health consequences. A lot of alcoholics smoke. The harm of smoking alcohol and drugs is that the risk of cancer, lung diseases, diseases of the cardiovascular system increases. Statistics show that alcoholics are more likely to die from diseases associated with cigarette abuse than from diseases caused by alcohol abuse. That is why for successful treatment, the question of getting rid of nicotine addiction must be raised. Many programs to combat alcoholism include at the same time getting rid of nicotine addiction.
Features of treatment
For the prevention of alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, it is important to understand what these phenomena have in common, and how they affect the brain of an addicted person. It is not easy, even despite a sufficient number of different scientific theories. These difficulties result from the fact that in the presence of dependence on several substances at once, it is very important to distinguish which health effects each substance has on its own, and which are the result of the interaction of several substances.
Nowadays, there is a wide range of treatments, treatment programs and medical centers that specialize in the treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction. When choosing a hospital, it is often necessary to know the answer to the question of whether there is a difference between rehabilitation after alcoholism and rehabilitation after drug addiction. The answer to that question is yes, there is, and the difference is in the treatment programs and the detox process.
Although the process of detoxification between drug addicts and alcoholics has much in common, there are some subtle nuances. For example, delirium tremens is a sign of alcoholic psychosis, which is inherent only to alcoholics during an exacerbation of the withdrawal syndrome, and therefore it is absent in drug addicts. True, it does not occur in all cases, its complications are especially dangerous. Alcoholic delirium can be identified by the following symptoms:
- convulsions;
- hallucinations;
- the person is shaking all over;
- clouding of consciousness;
- high blood pressure;
- decreased heart rate;
- in severe cases, death.
A drug hangover is different from an alcohol hangover. With an alcohol hangover, the body recovers from the toxic effects of acetaldehyde and alcohol. The main blow is received by the liver, which removes these poisons. This leads to a lack of many substances and to dehydration. At the same time, substances in the brain that affect mood are not particularly affected. Drugs affect the brain more, and the reaction to their absence in the body largely depends on the type of tranquilizer.
For example, the withdrawal from amphetamine is the period when the drug stops working. That is, this is a state when a person cannot fall asleep, because a certain amount of this substance is still circulating in the body, although not enough to cause narcotic euphoria. At the same time, there is a lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
Thus, the mechanism of alcohol detoxification differs from the detoxification of drug addicts, since it is based on different principles of treatment. For example, drug addicts receive a drug substitute during withdrawal, but an alcoholic can be brought out of such a state with the help of drugs without resorting to alcohol.
What is common in the process of rehabilitation is that it continues for addicts all their lives: if the quitter gives up, he can break loose. Competent assistance to drug addicts and alcoholics is necessary for the right choice of effective treatment and support, then these people can take the right path to a healthy and happy life.
Drugs and children
Of great concern is the fact that fewer and fewer young people think about the dangers of smoking, alcohol and drugs. Unfortunately, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes - these are the things that you can no longer surprise a modern teenager with.
Many parents are concerned about how to protect children from drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking. Prevention of alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse is very important here. First of all, you need to choose the right words that will allow a teenager to stop using alcohol or drugs. For example, you can tell a child that only weak people use alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and express confidence that he does not want to be like that. It is desirable to carry out explanatory work even when the child is in primary school and even goes to kindergarten.
Indeed, often a person tries his first cigarette and the first glass of vodka while still studying at school. And this phenomenon is growing all over the world. Adolescents start drinking and smoking cigarettes between the ages of 14 and 18. Often this leads to the fact that the young man also tries drugs. And gradually alcohol, tobacco, drugs become an integral part of his life.
Adolescents who are registered in drug treatment centers in most cases are smokers. In the same way as adults, young drug addicts continue to smoke tobacco even after the end of treatment, even if they have recovered from alcoholism and substance abuse.
The treatment of a drug-addicted child makes high demands on specialists - narcologists, psychiatrists and psychologists. The child is very much influenced by peers, and group norms, peer expectations have a stronger effect on this category of people than on adults. This is the main reason why children do not think about the dangers of alcohol and drug intoxication. Also, they do not think about the violation of legal legislation, about illegal acts that can be committed in a state of intoxication, and what results from being in a state of drug intoxication.
Nicotine addiction in children and adolescents is also different from addiction in adults. For it to occur, a child needs a smaller dose of nicotine or alcohol than an adult. Therefore, the prevention of alcoholism and drug addiction is so important, which must be actively pursued, starting from an early age. Parents should pay much attention to keeping their children away from alcohol, drug addiction, substance abuse and smoking.
It is impossible to spare efforts and means for this, since the social consequences of alcoholism and drug addiction can manifest themselves very soon and have the most devastating consequences. It is necessary to clearly explain to children so that they understand the danger of drug addiction and alcoholism. After all, if a child hears about the dangers of smoking, alcohol and drugs from the lips of a father whom he respects, loves and takes an example from him, this can play a decisive role in his life.
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KRASNODAR UNIVERSITY
I approve
Head of the Department of Criminalistics
police colonel
K.V. Vishnevetsky
"___" _______________ 200__
Discipline: Forensic Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry
Specialty: 030501.65 - jurisprudence
LECTURE
Topic number 7. Alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse
PLAN
Introduction
Main questions:1. Mental disorder in alcoholism
2. Forensic psychiatric assessment of alcoholism
3. Violation of the psyche in drug addiction. Forensic Psychiatric Assessment of Addiction
4. Violation of the psyche in substance abuse. Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation for Substance Abuse
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The steady increase in the incidence of alcoholism in many countries of the world, the economic and social damage, the medical consequences of alcohol addiction contribute to the deterioration of the health of the population and indicate that this disease is one of the most important socio-biological problems of our time.
One of the most tragic components of this situation is violent death as a result of auto-aggressive and aggressive actions, poisoning and accidents, as well as the significance of alcoholism manifestations in mortality, alcohol-associated somatic pathology, road traffic accidents, domestic and industrial alcoholism.
Alcoholism in the social sense is the steady consumption of alcoholic beverages that have a harmful effect on health, life, work and the state of society. Alcoholism in the medical sense is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of frequent, immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages and a painful addiction to them.
Substance abuse is a chronic narcological disease resulting from the use of psychoactive drugs that are not included in the official list of narcotic drugs, and is characterized by the development of mental and, in some cases, physical dependence and a change in tolerance towards the consumed intoxicating substance. Substance abuse is often formed in people with mental disorders receiving long-term treatment with psychotropic drugs.
The definition of "drug addiction" includes a complex of clinical manifestations in combination with legal and social aspects.
The prevalence of drug addiction over the past decade in our country shows a clear upward trend. Thus, if in 1986 the prevalence of drug addiction was 11.3 cases per 100,000 people, in subsequent years it has doubled or more.
This lecture is devoted to the mental changes that occur with a person who uses certain potent narcological substances.
Target this lecture is to get acquainted with the causes and stages of alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, their forensic psychiatric evaluation. To achieve this goal in the process of studying the topic, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks: acquire theoretical knowledge, be able to use special literature, develop the skills necessary to apply the knowledge gained in practical activities,
As a result of studying this topic, students should:
have an idea:
About the causes of alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse;
About the stages of these diseases;
About alcoholic psychoses;
know:
Forensic psychiatric assessment of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis;
Forensic psychiatric assessment of drug addiction;
Forensic psychiatric assessment of substance abuse;
be able to:
Distinguish symptoms of alcoholic psychoses;
Distinguish symptoms of drug and toxicological poisoning.
1. Mental disorder in alcoholism
18.1. The concept, prevalence and classification of drug addiction
Drug addiction is a chronic progredient exogenous organic disease characterized by the presence of physical and (or) mental dependence on psychoactive substances recognized as narcotic, the formation of characteristic personality changes, reaching an extreme degree of degradation, somato-neurological complications and social consequences.
According to the United Nations in the late 90s. 20th century there were about 180 million people in the world, which is 4.2% of the number of people aged 15 years and older who used drugs, incl. cannabis (144 million), amphetamine-type stimulants (29 million), cocaine (14 million) and opiates (13.5 million, including 9 million heroin addicts).
According to law enforcement and health authorities, at the beginning of 1999 the total number of Russian citizens who use drugs exceeded 2 million people. The legal foundations of the state policy of our country in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and in the field of combating their illicit trafficking are established by the Federal Law of January 8, 1998 No. 3-FZ "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances" (as amended on July 25, 2002 ).
Narcotic substances differ in their chemical composition and effect on the human body. Features of the action onthe psyche allow us to conditionally distinguish their main groups:
acting sedative (from lat. sedatsio - “sedation”);
acting exciting;
creating fantastic experiences, transferring the intoxicated person from the world of reality to the world of distorted perceptions and assessments.
Polytoxicomania is the simultaneous abuse of two or more psychoactive substances, which are not narcotic, with symptoms of dependence.
In the presence of abuse with dependence phenomena of two or more drugs in combination with several psychoactive substances, one speaks of polydrug addiction.
In accordance with the definition of the International Classification of Diseases of the latest 10th revision (ICD-10), acute intoxication with psychoactive substances is a transient condition arising in connection with their use, accompanied by a disorder of consciousness, cognitive functions, perception, emotions, behavior or other psychophysiological functions and reactions. .
Most psychoactive substances are included in the List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 1998 No. 681).
Acute alcohol intoxication
Ethyl alcohol (alcohol) is the most common substance with narcotic properties.
The main property of alcohol is its effect as a narcotic poison on the psyche.
With simple alcohol intoxication, three phases (degrees) of this effect are distinguished:
excitation;
oppression of the higher departments of the central nervous system;
sleep and narcotic paralysis of central functions.
A characteristic sign of the influence of alcohol on mental functions is a change in mood, which is detected already in the initial stage. In the first and second stages of intoxication, the mood usually changes in the direction of its increase, often to the degree of euphoria, with a feeling of causeless fun and complete well-being. Reality and relationships with others are presented in a peculiarly distorted form ("through rose-colored glasses") -
The present and the future are drawn in a rainbow light. All troubles and difficulties seem trifling, easily overcome, not deserving serious attention. A pleasant sensual background corresponds to a feeling of comfort, health and cheerfulness. Where the state of the so-called. “tension”, the latter weakens, a kind of relaxation sets in, pain sensations decrease.
Drunk people usually become “extremely complacent”, playful, experience a surge of warm feelings for unfamiliar and even strangers who seem unusually sweet, to whom they “open their souls”, talking about events and experiences, often of an intimate nature, hidden in ordinary times (“drunk outpourings").
Along with sympathy, a feeling of enmity can suddenly flare up. Drunk people cease to reckon with others, lose their sense of tact and shame, and such well-known signs of intoxication appear as carelessness, swagger, a tendency to flat jokes, boastfulness, increased self-confidence and self-esteem. Sometimes there is even an omission of one's exclusivity, omnipotence.
In a number of people, the mood turns out to be lowered, with a tendency to faint-heartedness, while those who are intoxicated tearfully complain about their fate, their relatives, their “broken life”. Less commonly, the mood has a distinctly depressive coloration with ideas of self-accusation, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts (although the latter kind of attempts can also be defiantly hysterical in nature). Many in a state of intoxication become annoying, importunate, suspicious and touchy.
Sometimes the entire period of alcohol poisoning proceeds even less typically: with dysphoria, tension, malice and aggressiveness, or with asthenia, lethargy, lethargy, drowsiness.
As a rule, with simple intoxication, positive and negative emotional reactions are not only exaggerated, but also unstable; they quickly transform and replace each other. From complacency, tenderness and forgiveness, drunks on the most insignificant occasions can move on to anger, hostile actions, starting scandals and fights. At the same time, there are also “mixed states”, where, for example, cheerful excitement intersperses with features of explosiveness, anger, weakness, etc.
Significantly weakens the ability to delimit the desired from the possible and permissible. A drunken man persistently tries, like a capricious child, to immediately achieve the satisfaction of his desires, regardless of the objections of others.
Elementary desires and instincts, in particular sexual ones, sharply increase. Drunk people are often hypererotic.
In behavior, foolishness is often revealed, from the outside it resembles clowning and causes laughter from others. Drunk people "play pranks", "play the fool".
Motor and speech activity increase, facial expressions become more lively and expressive, intoxicated people are mobile, noisy. They cannot stay in one place, they are drawn to people, they are garrulous, they are looking for interlocutors.
The speech of drunks is often colored with a kind of humor, sometimes quite juicy, but more often flat and rude.
The influence of alcohol on the intellectual-mnestic functionstion, on the processes of perception and attention negatively. The sequence of thinking, the ability to concentrate and memorize weaken. Distraction increases, the course of associative processes changes, associations by external similarity, consonance, etc. become more frequent. Criticism of one's actions is violated, there is a reassessment of one's own capabilities.
Intoxicated people lose the ability to grasp the whole situation as a whole, misunderstand and interpret the words of others, actions are dictated by random ideas and impressions. The latter are not subjected to sufficient intrapsychic processing and have an instantaneous effect on behavior and are realized in motor acts. This determines the impulsive, sometimes insufficiently understood nature of the actions of drunks.
Despite a subjectively felt surge of strength, the ability to perform intellectual operations and performance after a transient short-term period of amplification are inhibited.
Deep intoxication is accompanied by even more incorrect behavior, ridiculous actions, qualitative disorders of thinking are growing, gait and coordinating acts are grossly disturbed. Speech becomes increasingly incomprehensible, interrupted by cries, threats, curses, senseless laughter or crying. A drunk person strives somewhere, runs, defends himself. Such states are accompanied by a deeper disorder of thinking, judgments, and conclusions. Psychic experiences can take on a fantastic character. Sometimes during this period there are attacks of rage and aggressive actions (more often, however, this is typical for complicated and pathological intoxication). Heavy intoxication ends with deep deafness, lethargy and drowsiness.
Consciousness with a simple intoxication that occurs in a healthy person after taking a moderate dose of alcohol is not grossly upset. Orientation and internal connections are preserved, as well as memories of what happened. With deeper intoxication (the second and third stages), consciousness quantitatively changes more clearly. Orientation in time and place is violated (while maintaining one's own orientation). The environment is perceived indistinctly. A drunk person does not understand well the speech addressed to him, answers inappropriately not so much to the interlocutor as to his thoughts that pop up.
The behavior of an intoxicated person is largely influenced by individual personality traits, habits, upbringing and environment. In a state of intoxication, promiscuity is often noted, a desire to impress others, surprise them, and attract attention.
With the aggravation of alcohol intoxication, gait and coordinating acts are grossly violated, speech becomes more and more incomprehensible, interrupted by cries, threats, curses, senseless laughter or crying.
Pathological intoxication is an alcohol-induced short-term acute psychosis, lasting from several minutes to one hour or more, but not more than a day.
Pathological intoxication usually occurs suddenly, without any precursors. The quantity and quality of alcohol does not play a significant role; moreover, pathological intoxication often occurs after relatively small doses (150-250 g). In contrast to simple intoxication, there is no euphoria in pathological intoxication, there is no unsteady gait, speech does not change.
Clinical picture pathological intoxication is expressed in severe stupefaction of the type of twilight "state, with loss of orientation in the environment. Against this background, the patient has affects of fear, anger, rage.
Often there are illusions, visual and auditory hallucinations. The patient sees various animals, monsters, birds, insects, reptiles, freaks, etc. They hear whispers, curses, threats; it seems to him that he is being followed, sneaking up on him, accusing him of serious crimes, attacking him. The patient takes his friends for enemies and begins to defend himself furiously from them. Sometimes delusional ideas of relationship and persecution come to the fore.
In most cases, complete amnesia of the period of intoxication is noted, and only fragmentary memories of it remain in some patients. Motor excitation is almost always observed. Behavior is adequate to the experienced affect. There is a tendency to aggressive behavior. The patient swears, screams, enters into a fight, insults by word and action, uses knives, weapons, commits socially dangerous acts that amaze with their cruelty. Often, under the influence of frightening affects, he inflicts injuries on himself, makes attempts to commit suicide, while revealing great dexterity and the ability to overcome obstacles.
Pathological intoxication ends with a long sleep. Waking up, the patient does not remember what happened to him in a state of intoxication.
Every twentieth Russian is a chronic alcoholic or drug addict. Moreover, if the proportion of the former is decreasing, then the level of drug addicts is growing every year. Over the past 10 years, alcoholism and drug addiction have become the leading cause of death among people under 40 years of age.
Mankind has discovered many ways to escape reality in its long history. Opiates, ethylenes, glucoids are substances known since antiquity. But it was only in the 21st century that the problem took on such a menacing scale. There are billions of lives in danger.
The development of science has given us quite a few great discoveries, and has also spurred the development of pharmacology. The creation of synthesized drugs has become an easy way to earn money. Today, the economies of entire countries are formed with the money of drug cartels.
The criminal way of life acquired a shade of romanticism, recklessness. Growing up in such an environment, a child will consider the use and distribution of drugs as the norm. He will form the wrong social experience, pass it on to his children.
To form a plan to combat alcoholism and drug addiction, society must study it. And if even 20 years ago the main problem was systematic, widespread smoking. Today, these are drug addiction and alcoholism.
A modern drug addict is often quite a respectable person, drunkenness is not his forte. His psychological portrait does not betray addiction, it rather creates a little adventurism for him.
Concepts of drug addiction and alcoholism
Drug addiction is a mental neurosis, a metabolic disorder expressed as an irresistible craving for drugs. It is customary to refer to narcotic substances: opiates, psychostimulants, psychomimetrics, etc. That is, all substances that can cause euphoria, hallucinations, arousal or relieve pain (by influencing the central nervous system).
For a long time, ethanol was classified as a group of drugs. But, in the middle of the 19th century, it was first found that alcohol-containing substances are addictive due to another action. Therefore, science has established a separate concept for alcohol addiction. Today, alcoholism is accepted as a form of substance abuse. From which the psyche suffers first of all.
According to the WHO, alcoholism is the systemic or periodic use of alcohol-containing products, in order to constantly maintain a single level of ethanol in the body. That is why alcoholics can quite calmly experience clean periods - sometimes up to several months.
Today, science is inclined to believe that alcoholism is one of the varieties of drug addiction, characterized by the frequency of administration of ethanol preparations for euphoria or sleep.
Alcohol, like any drug addiction, causes characteristic signs of a change in the body or degradation of the personality. And if physiological changes can be cured, then social disintegration, the neuroses of alcoholics lead to the complete impossibility of family and social life.
Alcoholism, drug addiction, tobacco smoking have led to the fact that in many countries a whole generation has grown up that does not know healthy family values. Young people who have no idea about a healthy lifestyle form their own understandable system of values. In their world, the addict is not sick, it is believed that consumption and distribution is the norm. Often the personality of these people is formed by a pirate system of opportunities - stole, sold, kayfanul. The crime of acting in such an environment is considered a heroic deed.
But without taking into account such grassroots layers, doctors believe that many completely legal products, such as chocolate, tea, coffee, energy drinks, foods with monosodium glutamate, cause drug withdrawal psychosis.
Why is it tempting to drink or inject: models of addiction
Among the main causes of addiction, there are two - personal predisposition and the influence of the environment. But often the factors pushing to drink or smoke are: personal experiences, heredity, pathology of body cells, self-medication.
Studies among drug addicts have shown that in the family of each of them, as a rule, there was a drug addict or alcoholic. Less than a hundredth of a percent of the billion registered drug addicts began using substances without learning about them from friends or family.
Every third adult is considered an alcoholic. But the significant difference between a domestic drunkard and a chronic alcoholic allows us to say that about 0.8-1 billion people on the planet are considered systemically dependent.
Most drug addicts live in their own agglomerations, rarely influencing the calmer sections of society. We encounter alcoholics every day, drinking is not considered shameful, rarely anyone hides this habit. Few people think that this disease requires treatment.
Movies, books, social networks form false ideas about the relief received from 100 grams of alcohol or exorbitant euphoria from heroin. In the youth environment, information about the real state of affairs is practically not disseminated. Children and young people do not see the visible effects of alcohol or drugs. For them, a degrading person simply disappears, as if becoming an invisible hero who has fallen into a world where everything is fine.
It is the desire to live a calm, dry life that most often pushes on the path of drug addiction or alcoholism. This is also the main reason why former drug addicts drink alcohol. One drug is simply replaced by another.
Mechanism and stages of dependence formation
Like any disease, drug addiction and alcoholism go through a series of stages of formation in order to develop a lasting effect. Many drugs are addictive the first time - spice, ecstasy, marijuana.
An alcoholic drink can be perceived for a long time as a relaxing, painkiller, addiction is developed over the years. But if the parents had one of the types of addiction, the child will be born with a very high degree of risk.
Both alcohol and drugs with constant (and sometimes single) use can change the human genome. In this case, experts talk about congenital alcoholism or drug addiction.
How addiction is formed
The mechanism of the formation of drug addiction began to be studied since 1975, when opioid neuropeptides, substances responsible for the system of pleasures and punishments, were discovered in the human brain.
These peptides, when mixed with drug-containing drugs, can destroy the physiological line between what is possible and what is not. Therefore, people who take any drugs believe that they are omnipotent. They have a dull or absent sense of anxiety, fear.
Getting out of this elevated state is almost impossible. Drugs almost immediately react in the tissues of the brain, and he, using such reserves, ceases to produce the necessary substances.
Any drug addiction goes through three stages: mental attraction, drug addiction and the stage of development of somatic pathology. The use of drugs at the first two brings pleasure, at the third stage there is no effect from the usual dose, and an increase in the amount causes death.
How alcoholism is formed
Alcoholism is also formed on the basis of the activity of opioid neuropeptides. However, ethanol enters into a physiological connection with other systems. At a certain stage, without his participation, the functioning of the body is impossible. Moreover, if the drug forms a psycho-emotional image - it is accepted, injected and good. It takes quite a bit of alcohol for a long time, which more actively causes severe addiction.
Just like drug addiction, alcoholism goes through three stages, while the formation of physiological dependence is completed already at the first of them.
Ethanol can inhibit the work of opioid neuropeptides. Together with other drugs, this can cause severe forms of phobias and psychoses. Therefore, drug addicts usually do not drink alcohol.
Alcoholism and drug addiction in children and adolescents
The danger of drug addiction and alcoholism is especially strong at an early age. If during the formation of the body, the establishment of the hormonal and endocrine systems, any artificial substance is introduced into the mechanism familiar to a person - most likely, such a person will not live to be 40 years old.
The problem is that when passing through certain stages of growing up, each person experiences a natural process of producing the necessary opioid neuropeptides. By interfering with this, drugs or alcohol can completely destroy the necessary basic level of instincts.
In addition to the development of many degenerative diseases, the consequences of alcoholism and drug addiction among the younger generation can lead to a lack of fertility, and, as a result, to extinction. In the formation of the genes of children of alcoholics or drug addicts, it is the function of reproduction that suffers first. Few people understand the social consequences of the spread of alcoholism and drug addiction among adolescents.
Recent studies have shown that the cause of infertility in many women over 35 is the alcoholism of one of the parents. And often it can have a non-systematic character that does not affect social life.
Teenage nihilism often pushes the first dose. Violation of the psyche can cause the environment, habitat. The main physiological sign is that the child has withdrawn into himself and does not want to live in reality.
Systemic treatment as a way to beat addiction
The factor that stops the treatment of drug addiction and chronic alcoholism is indifference. Public opinion polls have shown that 85% of people consider any addiction to be a personal matter for everyone.
Approximately the same opinion was shown by the answers to questions about drug addicted children. If this is a teenager of 13-17 years old, then a rare adult will even just enter into a conversation with him. Many are ready to help only those who have not reached the end of childhood - up to 12 years.
Today, any disorder caused by alcoholism or drug addiction is jointly treated by a psychiatrist and narcologist. For a complete recovery of the patient, it is necessary to undergo not only drug treatment. Psychiatric care required.
Medications are needed at the initial stage of treatment, they allow you not to break loose, not to start taking again. After removing the physical dependence. The only therapy is talking. At this stage, it is important to change the environment, the participation and support of loved ones is mandatory.
And if the narcological method is quite simple, the stage of psychological restructuring of the worldview becomes difficult for the patient. Synthetic or vegetable, drugs or alcohol-containing substances produce the effect of such a powerful euphoria that the patient in the withdrawal syndrome is not even able to smile.
Psychiatry today does not know effective solutions for the treatment of such people. Therefore, most often they are treated with antidepressants. This helps to control behavior, assists in the formation of an acceptable behavior model. A person can adequately assess reality without entering into an ethical conflict with imposed foundations.
Nothing pleases former drug addicts and alcoholics. For a long time they are not able to experience positive emotions, they have an overdeveloped sense of anxiety and fear (often bordering on panic), often there is no rational, systematic thinking. The only pleasure for them is the support of loved ones.
Rehabilitation of former drug addicts or alcoholics involves preventing their return to the criminal world. Education, student life and impulse, the adult world of science, technology, travel - it is important to show addicts that the world does not get better with a dose.
Addict Healing - Society Healing
The medical and social harm of addictions can be observed in all countries of the world, regardless of the standard of living or the form of government. The only way out is in a systematic approach. School, family, society, culture, politics - everyone must be aware of the negative consequences.
Prevention of alcoholism and drug addiction should consist in the complete abolition of double standards. You can't talk about how terrible heroin is, having freely sold alcohol or cigarettes. It is necessary to fix the concept of a criminal not only for those who produce or take drugs. But also for those who advertise them.
The best healthy lifestyle propaganda that works is the story of former addicts about how alcohol or drugs have taken away part of their lives.