FOREIGN EUROPE

GEOGRAPHICAL SPECIFICITY

Europe from the Greek "zurope" - the country of the West, from the Assyrian "ereb" - darkness, "sunset", "west" (Asia from "asu" - "sunrise").

Features of the geographical location
1. The territory of foreign Europe (without the CIS countries) is 5.1 million km 2, and the total area is about 10 million km 2. The length from north to south (from the island of Svalbard to the island of Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
2. Relief "mosaic" of its territory: 1:1 - lowlands and elevated territories. Among the mountains of Europe, most of the average height. The borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create obstacles for transport links.
3. High degree of indentation of the coastline.
4. Maritime position of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km.
5. The "depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
6. Neighborly position favorable for integration processes.
7. Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, tk. located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far advanced into the ocean - "a large peninsula of Eurasia."
8. Diversity of natural resources, but non-complex distribution by country, many deposits are largely depleted.

CONCLUSION: profitable EGP, good prerequisites for the development of the economy.

POLITICAL MAP OF EUROPE

Until the mid-1980s, there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.

6 largest by territory: France, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Finland.

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Most are sovereign states, 34 are republics, 14 are monarchies.

Principalities: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra.
Duchy: Luxembourg.
Kingdoms: UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Spain, Sweden.

They are all constitutional monarchies.

Theocratic monarchy: papacy - Vatican.
Federations: Germany, Belgium, Austria, FRY, Spain.
Confederation: Switzerland.

The oldest republic is San Marino (since the 13th century), the Swiss confederation has existed since the end of the 13th century.

Major political and economic alliances

The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002.

NATO members (14 countries): Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Belgium, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic. At the Prague Summit in November 2002, 7 new members were invited to the Alliance: Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. But they can become full members only in 2004.
EU members (15 countries): Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria. From January 2002 the number of countries in the EU will increase. From January 2004 the number of countries in the EU may increase due to Poland, Lithuania and other countries.

DIFFERENTIATION OF COUNTRIES BY THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Most of the countries belong to the industrialized group. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the "big seven countries of the West." A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural resources of world importance

Coal:

• Total reserves: 3rd in the world after Asia and America
• Hard coal: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
• Explored reserves: 3rd place after Asia and America
• Hard coal - 2nd place after Asia
• Brown coal - 3rd place after America and Asia
• For hard coal: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Great Britain
• Brown coal: Germany, Eastern Europe

Mining and chemical raw materials (potassium salts): Germany, France

Recreational resources: Southern Europe, France, etc.

Natural resources of regional importance

Forest

3rd place in the world after South America and the CIS

Forest cover - 32% - shares 3rd place with Zarub. Asia, yielding to Latin America and the CIS.

Most forested: Finland (59%), Sweden (54%)

Fish

Northern Europe (Norway, Iceland)

mineral

• Uranium ores: France, Sweden, Spain
• Iron ores: France, Sweden
• Copper ores: Poland, Finland, ex. Yugoslavia
• Oil: UK, Norway, Romania
• Gas: Netherlands, UK, Norway
• Mercury ores: Spain, Italy
• Bauxites: France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Sulfur: Poland
• Graphite: Czech Republic

Hydropower resources

Resources of total river flow per capita - 6 thousand m3 per year, less only in Asia

Hydropotential - in the penultimate place (lower only in Australia and Oceania). But the degree of development is high - 70% - 1st place in the world.

Agro-climatic resources

Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe

Land resources

World land fund: 134 million sq. km. Of these, foreign Europe accounts for 5.1 million square meters. km (the last place in the world). Per capita - 1 ha

The structure of the land fund of Europe in%: 29/18/32/5/16 (For reference: the structure of the land fund of the world in%: 11/23/30/2/34).

By the share of cultivated land - 1st place (29%)

The share of land under pasture (18%) is lower than the world average (23%), while the share of land under forest (32%) is higher (30%).

The world's largest proportion of land occupied by settlements: 5%

Less than in other parts of the world, the share of unproductive land is 16%

The provision of arable land per capita is 0.28 ha, while the world average is 0.24-0.25 ha

POPULATION

Table 1. Demographic and socio-economic indicators of the world, foreign Europe and sub-regions of Europe

In Europe, there are 96 men for every 100 women.

Urbanization

Most of the countries of Foreign Europe are highly urbanized - Belgium (97%), the Netherlands and Great Britain (89% each), Denmark (85%). Only Portugal (36%), Albania (37%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (49%) belong to medium urbanized countries (the share of the urban population does not exceed 50%).

The largest agglomerations of Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr.

Megalopolises: English, Rhine.

A characteristic process is suburbanization.

Migration

Centers for international immigration: France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, in which over 10% of the total number of employees are foreign workers. Areas of emigration - countries of Southern Europe: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Serbia; Turkey, North African countries.

National composition

Most European countries belong to the Indo-European family.

Types of state by national composition:
• single-national(i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). Most of them are in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
• with a sharp predominance of one nation, but in the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
• binational(Belgium);
• multinational countries, with a complex and ethnically heterogeneous composition (Russia, Switzerland, FRY, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries there are complex problems of interethnic relations: Great Britain, Spain (Basques), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.

Religious composition of the population

The dominant religion is Christianity.

• Southern Europe - Catholicism
• Northern - Protestantism
• Medium - Protestantism and Catholicism
• Eastern - Orthodoxy and Catholicism
• Albania, Croatia - Islam

ECONOMY: PLACE IN THE WORLD, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in reserves of gold and currency, and in the development of international tourism.

The economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are members of the "big seven" Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest range of various industries and industries. But the balance of power between them has changed in recent decades. The role of the leader has passed to the FRG, whose economy is developing more dynamically on the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former "workshop of the world", has lost many of its former positions.

Of the rest of the countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. In contrast to the four main countries, their economy is primarily specialized in certain industries, which, as a rule, have won European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are especially widely drawn into world economic relations. The highest levels of economic openness have been reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.

A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where since the late 80s. there is a transition from the former system of public ownership and central planning to a system based on market principles. These post-socialist countries, which for a long time in their socio-economic development focused primarily on the Soviet Union (and the Baltic countries were part of it), are now more "looking" not at the East, but at the West of Europe. Such a change in orientation has a great impact on the sectoral and territorial structure of their economy, on the direction of foreign economic relations.

Industry: major industries.

The region produces more machine tools, industrial robots, precision and optical instruments, automobiles, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, and chemical fibers than the United States.

mechanical engineering- the leading industry of foreign Europe, which is its homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the total industrial output of the region and 2/3 of its exports.

Particularly great development has been Automotive industry. Such car brands as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), FIAT (Italian Automobile Factory Torino), Volvo (Sweden), Tatra (Czech Republic), are world famous. buses "Ikarus" (Hungary). In the UK, Belgium, Spain, and other countries, factories of the Ford Motor company operate.

Mechanical engineering, which focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations, including metropolitan ones.

Chemical industry in foreign Europe takes the second place after mechanical engineering. In particular, this applies to the most "chemicalized" country not only in this region, but also in the whole world - Germany.

Until the Second World War, the chemical industry focused mainly on hard and brown coal, potash and common salts, and pyrites, and was located in areas where they were mined. The reorientation of the industry to hydrocarbon raw materials has led to the fact that it has moved "to oil". In the western part of the region, this shift found expression primarily in the emergence of large centers of petrochemistry in the estuaries of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, and Rhone, where this industry is combined with oil refining.

The region's largest hub of petrochemical production and refineries was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Scheldt in the Netherlands, near Rotterdam. In fact, it serves the whole of Western Europe.

In the eastern part of the region, the shift "to oil" has led to the creation of refineries and petrochemical plants along the routes of main oil and gas pipelines.

The main oil refining and petrochemical enterprises of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary were built on the route of the Druzhba international oil pipeline and gas pipelines, which brought oil and natural gas from the Soviet Union. In Bulgaria, for the same reason, petrochemistry has been "shifted" to the Black Sea coast.

AT fuel and energy economy In most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was occupied by oil and natural gas, produced both in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. The extraction and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium have declined sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the focus on coal is still preserved, and not so much on hard coal (Poland, Czech Republic), but on brown coal. Perhaps there is no other area in the world where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.

The majority of TPPs are also oriented towards coal basins. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in large cities. The structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - is being increasingly influenced by the construction of nuclear power plants, of which there are already more than 80 in the region. On the Danube and its tributaries, on the Rhone, upper Rhine, Duero hydroelectric power stations or their entire cascades were built.

But still, in most countries, with the exception of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, hydroelectric power plants now play a supporting role. Since the region's hydro resources have already been used by 4/5, more economical pumped storage power plants have been built in recent years. Iceland uses geothermal energy.

Metallurgical industry foreign Europe was mainly formed before the beginning of the era of scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy has developed primarily in countries that have metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

After the Second World War, large plants were built or expanded in seaports with a focus on importing higher quality and cheaper iron ore and scrap metal. The largest and most modern of the plants built in seaports is located in Taranto (Italy).

Recently, not large plants, but mini-factories have been built mainly.

The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy - aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production arose both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece), and in countries where there is no aluminum raw material, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum smelters are increasingly oriented towards raw materials coming from developing countries by sea.

copper industry received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.

timber industry, focusing primarily on the sources of raw materials, has become an industry of international specialization in Sweden and Finland, which have long been the main "forest shop in the region."

Light industry, with which the industrialization of foreign Europe began, has largely lost its former significance. The old textile districts, formed at the dawn of the industrial revolution (Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milan in Italy), as well as those that arose already in the 19th century. The Lodz region of Poland still exists today. But lately light industry has been shifting to Southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap labor. So, Portugal has become almost the main "clothing factory" of the region. And Italy in the production of shoes is second only to China.

In many countries, rich national traditions are also preserved in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glassware, metal products, jewelry, toys, etc.

AGRICULTURE: THREE MAIN TYPES.

For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landownership and small-scale land use by tenant peasants still predominate.

The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:

1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) South European.

For northern European type, common in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop production that serves it, fodder crops and gray bread.

Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, as well as pig and poultry farming. Animal husbandry has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become an industry of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork and eggs. It is often referred to as the "dairy farm" of Europe.

Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.

For southern European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although grain crops occupy the main place in the crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain, and especially the region of Valencia, is usually called "huerta", that is, "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. In the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. There are over 90 million olive trees in Greece. This tree has become a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the time of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.

In many cases, the specialization of agriculture acquires a narrower profile. So, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for cheese production, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of the production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world.

Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

NON-MANUFACTURING SPHERE

Transport: main highways and nodes.

The regional transport system of the region belongs to Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is much inferior to the systems of the United States and Russia. But in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is far ahead, ranking first in the world. Relatively short distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays a major role in the transportation of not only passengers, but also goods. The railway network in most countries is declining, and large new buildings in the 50-70s. were characteristic only for some countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).

The configuration of the region's land transport network is very complex. But its main frame is formed by the highways of the latitudinal and meridional directions, which are of international importance. The main latitudinal trans-European highways run as follows: 1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow, 2) London - Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul.

River routes also have meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) directions. The transport significance of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway is especially great.

The Danube is a "transnational arrow": Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, FRY, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine

Rhine: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, the Netherlands.

Drava: Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, FRY

Tisza: Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, FRY

Large transport hubs arose at the intersections of land and inland waterways. In essence, such nodes are also seaports, serving primarily international transportation. Many of the world's yurts (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre) are located in the estuaries of rivers that connect them with the hinterland. All of them have actually become one port industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of branches of the maritime economy and especially the so-called "port industry", working on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them is Rotterdam. The turnover of the port of Rotterdam is about 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the branches of the Rhine, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main sea gate for many European countries. It is connected with the hinterland by waterways along the Rhine and Moselle, railways and highways, and oil and gas pipelines.

Western Europe is a good example of how even large natural barriers are no longer an insurmountable obstacle to transport links. Numerous railways, roads and pipelines cross the Alps. Ferry crossings link the shores of the Baltic, North, and Mediterranean seas. Road bridges are thrown over the Bosphorus, across the Great Belt. Completed "project of the century" - the construction of a railway tunnel across the English Channel.

Science and finance: technoparks, technopolises and banking centers.

Following the example of "Silicon Valley" in the United States, many research parks and technopolises have also emerged in foreign Europe, which already largely determine the geography of science in a number of countries. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Cambridge (Great Britain), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, near Nice, the so-called "Valley of high technology" is being formed.

In foreign Europe there are 60 of the 200 largest world banks. Switzerland has long been the benchmark country-banker: half of all the world's securities are in the safes of its banks. The "economic capital" of the country, Zurich, stands out in particular. Recently Luxembourg and Frankfurt am Main have turned into a banker country. But still the largest financial center was and remains London.

Recreation and tourism

Foreign Europe has been and remains the main area of ​​international tourism. All types of tourism have developed here, the "tourism industry" has reached a very high level. Spain, France and Italy also invariably act as the leading countries of international tourism. Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary are also among the most popular countries for attracting tourists. And in such microstates as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist services have long been the main source of income. There are 100 tourists for every inhabitant.

Environmental protection and environmental issues

As a result of high population density, long-standing industrial and agricultural development of the territory, the natural environment of foreign Europe has become the geographical environment of human society to the greatest extent. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time, this led to the aggravation of many environmental and environmental problems.

Some of them are associated with open mining, combustion and chemical processing of high-ash (primarily brown) coal. Others - with the placement of a number of cities and agglomerations, metallurgical, oil and gas processing and petrochemical plants, nuclear power plants on the banks of the Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Vistula, on the coasts, others - with the spread of acid rain. Fourth - with the ever-increasing "density of cars", which in a number of urban agglomerations already reaches 250-300 cars per 1 km2. Fifth - with the spontaneous development of tourism, which has already led to significant degradation of the natural environment, both in the Alps and on the Mediterranean coast. Sixth - with a huge danger to the natural environment, which is created by catastrophes of supertankers, which often occur, especially on the approaches to the English Channel.

All countries in the region are pursuing a state environmental policy and are taking more and more decisive measures to protect the environment. Strict environmental laws have been issued, mass public organizations and green parties have emerged, the use of bicycles is being promoted, and the network of national parks and other protected areas has been expanded.

All this led to the first positive results. Nevertheless, in many countries the environmental situation is still difficult. First of all, this applies to the UK, Germany, Belgium, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in the western.

GEOGRAPHICAL DRAWING OF SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY.

The "central axis" of development is the main element of the region's territorial structure.

The territorial structure of the population and economy of foreign Europe was mainly formed back in the 19th century, when the natural resource was almost the main factor of location, and when the coal and metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, and other countries arose. After the Second World War, this structure was most influenced by the factors of labor resources and the benefits of the EGP, and more recently also by knowledge intensity and environmental factors.

In total, there are approximately 400 urban agglomerations and about a hundred industrial areas in the region. The most significant of them are located within the "central axis" of development, stretching across the territory of eight countries. Its core is the "main street of Europe" - the Rhine-Rhone line. 120 million people live within the boundaries of this "axis", and about half of the entire economic potential of the region is concentrated.

In foreign Europe, several more similar "axes" of a smaller scale can be distinguished. This is an industrial-urban belt stretching along the common borders of Poland, the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, the Danube "axis", stripes along the main oil pipelines, and some coastal zones.

Highly developed areas: the examples of London and Paris.

The most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, and services are the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris.

Both London and Paris have grown primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have served for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are major industrial centers, where high-tech science-intensive industries are widely represented, and in Paris there is also the production of so-called "Paris products" (clothing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which it has been acting as a trendsetter for everything for several centuries. peace. But more importantly, it is here that the largest banks and stock exchanges, the headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as the residences of many international organizations are concentrated. In accordance with regional programs, unloading of the central parts of both metropolitan regions is being carried out.

Eight satellite cities have been built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities have been built in the vicinity of Paris.

Examples of other highly developed regions of foreign Europe are: the southern region of Germany with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, the "industrial triangle" Milan - Turin - Genoa in Italy, the industrial-urban agglomeration Randstad ("ring city") in the Netherlands. All of them are within the "central axis" of development.

old industrial areas.

No other region of the world has such a large number of old industrial areas with a predominance of basic industries as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of coal basins. But even among such areas, the Ruhr stands out, which for many decades has been rightfully considered the industrial heart of Germany.

Within the Ruhr basin and adjacent areas, the Lower Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration has developed. Here, on an area of ​​9 thousand km2, 11 million people live and about a hundred cities are concentrated, including 20 large ones. There is probably no other such cluster of large cities in one territory anywhere in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km2. The Ruhr part forms a complex urban area with almost no gaps, which is usually called the "Ruhrstadt", that is, the "city of the Ruhr". In fact, this is really a single city, the western gate of which is Duisburg, the eastern gate is Dortmund, the "capital" is Essen, and the main "safe" is Düsseldorf.

Recently, the industry of the Ruhr, numbering several thousand enterprises, has undergone a significant reconstruction. In the 50s and 60s. The Ruhr was considered almost a classic depressive area. But today it would be wrong to put it in this category. A large environmental program has been carried out in the Ruhr region. The Rhine, which not so long ago was called the gutter of Europe, became cleaner, and fish appeared again.

Examples of other old industrial areas are Lancashire, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, South Wales in the UK, the Northern Region, Alsace and Lorraine in France, the Saarland, which is often called the "Little Ruhr", in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Upper Silesian region in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic . But most of them fall into the category of depression.

backward agricultural regions.

In foreign Europe there are still quite a few rather backward, predominantly agrarian regions. A striking example of this kind is the South of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country's territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% of those employed in industry. The per capita income here is almost two times lower than in the North. After the Second World War, due to the relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the South.

The state pursues a regional policy aimed at the rise of the South. It led to the construction of large metallurgical, petrochemical plants and other enterprises here. As a result, the South has ceased to be a purely agricultural area. However, the plants have almost no connection with the surrounding territory, since they work on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other parts of the country and to other countries.

Examples of other backward agrarian regions of foreign Europe are: the western part of France, the central and southwestern parts of Spain, Portugal and Greece. All of them are located outside the "central axis". The problem of the rise of backward regions is also relevant for many countries of Eastern Europe.

Areas of new development.

For a long-established territory of foreign Europe, areas of new development are generally not typical. Usually only the northern part of Scandinavia was referred to them. But the opening in the early 60s. large oil and gas basin in the North Sea has changed the situation.

By the beginning of the 90s. more than 250 oil and natural gas deposits were discovered on this "golden bottom". In addition, one of the world's largest gas fields is located off the coast in the Netherlands. The North Sea region satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe in oil and 2/3 of the needs in natural gas. Today, the sea is literally “stuffed” with drilling platforms; several thousand kilometers of pipelines have been laid along its bottom. But in this regard, there is a considerable environmental threat, not to mention fisheries, which have suffered irreparable damage.

The impact of international economic integration on the territorial structure of the economy.

Among the favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region are territorial proximity, high development of the territory, a high level of socio-economic development, good transport security, and long-standing traditions of economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to a further merging of the territorial structures of the economy of individual countries, especially within the "central axis" of development. Border integration regions are being formed: between Germany and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.

Figure 1. Sub-regions of Foreign Europe.

Table 2. What some countries of Foreign Europe produce and export.

FRG CHARACTERISTICS

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, GENERAL OVERVIEW

Territory - 356.9 thousand km 2. Population - 81.6 million people. (1995). The capital is Berlin.

Germany is a state in Central Europe. It borders on the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech Republic. Poland, Denmark.

The peculiarities of the EGP played an important role in the development of the country: its location in the center of Europe, surrounded by economically highly developed states, at the intersection of major transport routes, and its coastal position.

Within the modern borders, Germany was formed by the unification in October 1990 of two states - the FRG and the GDR, the FRG included 5 lands of the GDR and East Berlin. As a result, the territory of the country grew by 43%, and the population - by 27%.

Germany is a parliamentary republic. According to the territorial and political structure - a federation consisting of 16 lands.

The executive power in the country belongs to the federal government, the president performs mainly representative functions.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES.

The natural conditions of the country are varied. The surface rises mainly from north to south. According to the nature of the relief, 4 main elements are distinguished in it: the North German lowland, the Middle German mountains (Black Forest, Swabian Alb, Franconian Alb, Rhine Slate Mountains). Bavarian Plateau and the Alps. The relief of the country was affected by glaciation and marine transgressions.

Among the countries of foreign Europe, Germany is distinguished by coal reserves (1st place) - mainly in the Ruhr, Saar, Aachen basins.

Sufficiently large deposits of natural gas are located in the north of Germany.

There are reserves of iron ore, but its quality is low. In the North of the German Plain there are significant deposits of rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, favorable for living and farming.

The rivers Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Danube are of great economic importance.

About 30% of the territory is covered with forests, but these are secondary forests, primary forests in the country have practically not been preserved.

POPULATION.

In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Western Europe. The country is characterized by a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth (especially in the eastern lands). The birth and death rates are equal (about 1%), but the population is growing due to the influx of immigrants from Southern Europe, Asia (Turkey).

The average density is 227 people / km 2.

Figure 2. Age-sex pyramid of Germany.
(click on image to enlarge image)

The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants are Germans, by the time of the reunification of the country there were more than 5 million immigrants, their number is increasing.

The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism); from other religions, Islam is widespread.

The level of urbanization is 87%.

ECONOMY

Germany is one of the most developed countries in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is second only to the United States and Japan.

The role of Germany in the MGRT is determined by its industry, which specializes in the production of high-quality products.

The sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of the FRG was strongly influenced by the forty years of separate development of the FRG and the GDR. Territorial disproportions in the country are very large: in 1994, the eastern lands provided about 4% of industrial production, although about 20% of the population of Germany lives in them.

In general, the share of manufacturing industries in the structure of industry is very high (more than 90%), the share of extractive industries is declining, and the share of science-intensive industries is growing.

Energy. Germany provides more than 1/2 of its needs through imports (oil, gas, coal). The main role in the fuel base is played by oil and gas, and the share of coal is about 30%. The structure of electricity generation: 64% - at TPPs, 4% - at HPPs, 32% - at NPPs. TPPs on coal operate in the Ruhr and Saar basins, in port cities, on natural gas - in the north of Germany, on fuel oil - in oil refining centers, other TPPs - on mixed fuel. Nuclear power plants are built outside the coal basins. HPPs operate mainly in the south of the country (on mountain rivers).

Ferrous metallurgy- one of the most important branches of specialization in Germany, but is currently in crisis. The main factories are concentrated in the Ruhr and the Lower Rhine; there are also in the Saar and in the eastern lands of Germany. Converting and rolling enterprises are located throughout the country.

Non-ferrous metallurgy- works mainly on imported and secondary raw materials. In terms of aluminum smelting, Germany in foreign Europe is second only to Norway. The main factories are in North Rhine-Westphalia, in Hamburg and Bavaria.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- the branch of specialization of Germany in the MGRT, it accounts for up to 1/2 of industrial production and exports. Major centers: Munich, Nuremberg. Mannheim, Berlin, Leipzig, Hamburg. Bavaria is the leader in the electrical industry. The automotive industry, marine shipbuilding, optical-mechanical, and aerospace industries are highly developed.

Chemical industry It is represented primarily by products of fine organic synthesis, the production of medicines, etc. The chemical industry is especially developed in the western lands (BASF, Hurst concerns), in the east it was in a state of crisis.

Agriculture- uses about 50% of the territory; the industry's contribution to the country's GDP is 1%, more than 60% of all production comes from animal husbandry, where cattle breeding and pig breeding stand out. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley. Germany is fully self-sufficient in grain. Potatoes and beets are also grown; along the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, horticulture, tobacco growing.

Transport. In terms of the density of transport routes, Germany occupies one of the first places in the world; Railways form the backbone of the transport network. In the total freight turnover, the main role belongs to road transport (60%), then rail (20%), inland water (15%) and pipeline. Of great importance are external maritime transport and air transport, which play a major role in the country's external relations.

Non-manufacturing sphere represented in Germany, as in a post-industrial country, by a wide range of different activities: education, healthcare, management, finance. Among the 50 largest banks in the world are eight German ones. Frankfurt am Main is a fast growing financial center in Germany.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS.

In terms of total foreign trade, Germany ranks second in the world after the United States. The main trading partners of Germany are the EU countries, recently the markets of Eastern Europe and Russia have been mastered.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, the country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.

Lesson: Natural resources of Foreign Europe

1. Introduction

Europe's resource endowment is primarily determined by three factors. First, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the natural resources of the region are used very actively. Secondly, the countries of Europe took the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. And finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: the natural resources of Europe are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources were largely preserved almost intact until the end of the 20th century. Indeed, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these signs of the Scandinavian sub-region are opposite to the properties characteristic of Europe as a whole.

2. The share of foreign Europe in certain resources

For the world economy, the following resources located within Foreign Europe are important:

7. Bauxites

8. Soil

3. Mineral resources

Deposits of igneous minerals are concentrated in places where ancient crystalline rocks come to the surface - in Fennoscandia and in the belt of ancient destroyed mountains of Central Europe. These are deposits of iron ore in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, non-ferrous metal ores in the area of ​​the Baltic Shield and in ancient massifs and mountains.

Europe has significant reserves of fossil fuels. Large coal basins are located on the territory of Germany (Ruhr basin), Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvinsky basin). In the late 1960s, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered at the bottom of the North Sea. Great Britain and Norway quickly became among the world leaders in oil production, and the Netherlands, Norway - in gas production.

Rice. 1. Oil production in the North Sea (Source)

In Europe, the reserves of ore raw materials are quite large. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxites from Greece and Hungary. France has large deposits of uranium, and Norway has titanium. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, the Balkan, Scandinavian Peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

Rice. 2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe (Source)

Soils Europe is quite fertile. However, the small area of ​​the countries and significant populations explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is plowed up by more than 80%. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the amount of water consumption continues to increase. Water quality deterioration due to uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of pure water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and for the water supply of settlements. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the XX century. industrial water consumption in Europe increased by 18 times, significantly outpacing the production of the gross national product in terms of growth rates. The situation with water resources in Europe is generally favorable, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.

4. Hydropower, forestry, agro-climatic, recreational resources

Hydropower resources the Alps, the Scandinavian mountains, the Carpathians are rich. Agro-climatic resources. The countries of Europe have a fairly high agro-climatic potential, as they are located in the temperate and subtropical geographical zones, have favorable thermal resources and moisture supply. But the increased population density, characteristic of Europe in all historical eras, contributed to the long-term and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of certain types of soils prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and raise their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of the soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, variants of crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

Rice. 3. Agro-climatic map of foreign Europe

forest resources. Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. For each European, on average, there is 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 ha). The long history of the economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. There are almost no forests untouched by economic activity in Europe, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and the Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest area has been increasing in recent decades. And this is happening despite high population density and a severe shortage of productive land. The need long recognized by Europeans to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood runoff resulted in the overestimation of the environmental protection functions of forest plantations. Therefore, the soil and water protection role of the forest, its recreational value, have immeasurably grown in importance, in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation. Finland, Sweden, Norway have the largest reserves of forest resources in foreign Europe.

• The European Region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Natural resources are used very actively.
• The countries of Europe were the first to follow the path of industrial development. The impact on nature here began several centuries ago.
• Europe is a relatively small region of the planet.

Conclusion: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted.

Fuel resources

• Europe has significant reserves of fossil fuels.
• Large coal basins are located on the territory of Germany (Ruhr basin), Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvinsky basin).
• In the late 1960s, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered at the bottom of the North Sea.
• The UK and Norway quickly became leaders in oil production, and Norway in gas production.

Ore resources

• In Europe, the reserves of ore raw materials are quite large.
• Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kurina), France (Lorraine) and the Balkans.
• Copper-nickel and chromium ores are mined in Finland, bauxite in Greece and Hungary.
• There are large deposits of uranium in France, and titanium in Norway.
• There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe.

The situation with water resources in Europe is generally favorable, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain

• The soils of Europe are quite fertile.
• The small area of ​​countries and large populations explain the low availability of soil resources per capita.
• Almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture.

• Europe is practically devoid of forests.
• The remaining forests are mountain forests and protected areas.
• Forest areas have been preserved, mainly on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACULTY

Department of Physical Geography, Ecology and Nature Protection

COURSE WORK

On the topic: "Natural areas of Western Europe, development dynamics and current state"

Completed: 2nd year student 3 gr. Stefanov V.A.

Checked by: Associate Professor, Candidate of Geographical Sciences

Dotsenko I.V.

Rostov-on-Don

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3

1. Natural conditions and resources of Western Europe……………………....6

1.1. Natural conditions………………………………………………..... 6

1.2. Natural resources…………………………………………………….8

2.Western Europe…………………………………………………………...11

11

2.1.1. Tundra and forest tundra zone ..…………………………………..12

2.1.2. Zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests……………….13

2.1.3. The zone of evergreen forests………………………………………...14

15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………….16

References………………………………………………………………18

Introduction

Natural zones are natural complexes that occupy large areas and are characterized by the dominance of one zonal landscape type. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - features of the distribution of heat and moisture, their ratio. Each natural zone has its own type of soil, vegetation and wildlife. The appearance of the natural zone is determined by the type of vegetation cover. But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal conditions, moisture, illumination, soils, etc. As a rule, natural zones are elongated in the form of wide strips from west to east. There are no clear boundaries between them, they gradually pass into one another. The latitudinal location of natural zones is disturbed by the uneven distribution of land and ocean, relief, and remoteness from the ocean.

Table 1. Natural zones.

1. Natural conditions and resources of Western Europe.

1.1. Natural conditions.

In Western Europe, lowlands, hilly plains and young high mountains of alpine folding are widely represented, which form the main watershed of the mainland. Here are small mountains in area and height: the Central French Massif, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Rhine Slate Mountains, the North Scottish Highlands, etc. The Alps are the highest mountains in Europe, their length is 1200 km, width is up to 260 km. The folded structure of the Alps was created mainly by movements of the Alpine age. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (4807 m). The high axial zone of the mountains is formed by ancient crystalline (gneisses, shales) rocks. The Alps are dominated by glacial relief and modern glaciation (up to 1,200 glaciers with a total area of ​​more than 4,000 km2). Glaciers and eternal snows decrease to 2500-3200 m. The mountains are cut by valleys, inhabited and mastered by man, railways and highways are laid through the passes. Plain territories are located mainly in coastal areas. The largest lowlands are the North German, Polish and others. Almost 40% of the area of ​​the Netherlands is below sea level, these are the so-called "polders" - lowland lands, which are characterized by high fertility. The climate is temperate, partly subtropical Mediterranean (France, Monaco). The presence of active western transport of humid Atlantic air masses makes the climate mild and favorable for life and economic activity (including agriculture). The average temperatures of the coldest month are -1 .. +3 °С, warm +18 .. +20 °С. The annual amount of precipitation generally decreases from west to east. In the Atlantic regions and on the windward slopes of the mountains, it is 1000-2000 mm, on the other - 500-600 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in the summer months.

The distribution of river flow in the region is uneven: it decreases from west to east and from north to south. The largest rivers are the Danube, the Rhine, the Loire, the Seine, the Elbe, the Meuse, the Rhone, the Thames, etc. In the west, the rivers are mostly fed by rain, they do not freeze, or have a short, unstable freeze-up. In the eastern territories, rain food also predominates, and on the rivers of the high mountain regions of the Alps, glacial food is added to rain and snow. Large floods are typical here in summer, and runoff is very small or absent in winter. Some countries are constantly engaged in hydrotechnical construction and "fight against the sea." Thus, in the Netherlands, 2,400 km of dams and 5,440 km of canals have been built. A significant part of the lakes is located in tectonic depressions (hollows, grabens), characterized by a very indented coastline, considerable depth, and elongated shape. There are many such lakes in Switzerland: Geneva, Zurich, Constance, Neuchâtel, etc.

1.2. Natural resources.

The bowels of Western Europe in the past had a high potential for mineral raw materials, but due to long-term industrial use, they have been significantly depleted.

The region accounts for more than ¼ of hard coal reserves in Europe. The largest coal basins and regions are: in Germany - the Ruhr and Saar, in France - the Lille basin and the Massif Central, in Great Britain - the north of England and Scotland, in Belgium - the Liege region. Brown coal has Germany - the Cologne basin and Saxony.

The situation with oil and gas reserves improved after the discovery in the early 60s of huge natural gas fields in the Netherlands (1929 billion m3 - 1st place in Europe in terms of production), and subsequently - oil and gas in the British sector of the North Sea shelf ( explored oil reserves are 0.6 billion tons, gas - 610 m3).

Ireland has significant peat reserves. Great Britain - the only one of the four leading industrial countries in Europe, is fully provided with its own energy resources.

Relatively large deposits of iron ore in France (Lorraine), Luxembourg, polymetals - in Germany and Ireland, tin - in the UK (Cornwall Peninsula), bauxite - in France (Mediterranean coast), uranium - in France (Central Massif, where the largest European stocks).

Among non-metallic raw materials, rock salt reserves (Germany and France), very large reserves of magnesite and graphite (Austria) are noticeable.

Hydropower resources are very significant. The Alpine regions (Switzerland, Austria, France) and the mountainous regions of Scotland, the Pyrenean regions in the south of France are especially rich in them. France, Austria and Switzerland account for more than 2/5 of the countries' water resources.

The region is poor in forests, which cover only 22% of its territory. Significant forest areas in Austria (forest cover is 47%), Germany (31%), Switzerland (31%), France (28%). Most countries are dominated by artificial forests, many cultivated plantings of trees that perform environmental, sanitary and recreational functions.

Agro-climatic and land resources are favorable for agriculture. Almost all suitable lands have been plowed up: from 10% in Switzerland to 30% in France, Germany and Great Britain. The most common are soils of medium and low fertility in their natural state. But everywhere they are significantly improved due to the high level of agricultural technology. The climate is favorable for growing many crops.

Natural recreational resources are very rich and diverse: from the Alps, the high mountains of Europe, to the lowest in Europe, the Netherlands, from the subtropical Mediterranean of France to cool and humid Ireland. The region has a large recreational and tourist area. Attractive areas are the Cote d'Azur in France, the Alps, the Thuringian Forest, etc.

The countries of the region have a large number of reserves, reserves, national parks (91) protected by law. They cover large areas. For example, in France, the entire coastal Atlantic strip 2500 km long has been proclaimed a protected area, in Great Britain - almost 5% of its territory, etc.

The diversity of natural conditions and resources in different regions of the region has led to the formation of various types of economic activity, and, accordingly, their certain specialization.

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Slides captions:

Natural conditions and resources of Foreign Europe. Lesson plan: 1. Natural prerequisites for the development of industry. 2. Natural prerequisites for the development of agriculture. 3. Forest and water resources. Natural conditions and resources of Foreign Europe.

1. Natural prerequisites for the development of industry. Foreign Europe has quite a variety of minerals that have long been involved in economic turnover, therefore they are greatly depleted and do not fully satisfy the needs of the region. The main features of their geography are determined by the tectonic features of the structure of the territory of this region (Fig. 1). 1. Tectonic structure of Foreign Europe. The northern part of the region has a predominantly platform structure. The most ancient and stable territory within its boundaries is formed by the Baltic Shield. In the east of foreign Europe there is an ancient East European platform, covered with a thick sedimentary cover. In the south - a zone of young folding. The rest of the territory is dominated by a young platform, formed on the site of the Hercynian folding, which flowed in the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is characterized by a combination of platform areas with intermontane depressions and foredeeps. Enlarged map Next Baltic shield Natural prerequisites for the development of industry.

Tectonic map of Western Europe

In the north of Europe, both ore minerals associated with the Baltic Shield and fuel minerals “tied” to the sedimentary cover of the platform and its marginal troughs are common. In the southern part, ore deposits of both igneous and sedimentary (bauxite) origin predominate; fuel resources are much less here. More Minerals of Western Europe

Carboniferous and oil and gas basins of foreign Europe. 1 SCOTTISH BASS. 2 YORKSHIRE BASS. 3 SOUTH WALES BASS. 4 RURS BASIN 5 BASS. NORTH-PAS-DE-CALE 6 SAAR-LOTHRAINIAN BASS. 7 LOWER RAIN BASS. 8 ASTURIAN BASS. 9 UPPER SILESIAN BASS. 10 DNEPROVSKY BASS. 11 BASS. KOMENESHTI 12 KREKAN BASS. 13 NORTH SEA BASS. 13 CONCLUSION: There are many types of mineral raw materials in the bowels of the region, however, these numerous and diverse deposits do not provide the region's needs for energy carriers and metal ores. Therefore, the European economy is more dependent on their imports. Carboniferous and oil and gas basins of Europe.

2. Natural prerequisites for the development of agriculture. The main part of Foreign Europe is located in the zone of temperate and subtropical climate, has favorable temperature and moisture conditions for many branches of agriculture (see map). Mild winters and a long growing season in the southern part of the region contribute to an almost year-round vegetation. Forest and water resources Natural prerequisites for the development of agriculture.

PROVISION OF PLANTS WITH MOISTURE HUMIDIFICATION ZONES: HUMID (moisture coefficient more than 1) LIGHT-DRY (moisture coefficient 0.55 - 1) 0.33)? Which countries need artificial irrigation for sustainable agriculture? PROVISION OF PLANTS IN THE MOISTURE ZONE:

Provision of plants with heat

Forest resources Land map

Forest resources More than 20% of the territory of foreign Europe is occupied by forests (see the land map), and in most countries these are mainly artificial tree plantations that perform environmental, sanitary and recreational functions. As can be seen on the map, Sweden and Finland have the greatest natural prerequisites for forestry, they form the main "forest shop" of the region. Water resources The water resources of foreign Europe are plentiful. The Rhine, Danube and other rivers of the plains, as well as canals, are convenient transport routes (see the map of the provision of European countries with full river flow resources), and the rivers of Scandinavia, the Alps and other mountain systems have great hydropower potential. However, the huge consumption of water for domestic needs of the population and the economy has led to severe pollution of the water supply, and in many places there is a shortage of clean water. First slide Forest and water resources

Availability of water resources