Words that are getting old. “The use of obsolete words in everyday life

Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.

historicisms

These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in the modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, governor, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in the modern language, and you can find out their meaning only from the explanatory dictionary. Basically, such obsolete words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient years.

So, for example, a petition is: 1) a bow with a forehead touching the ground; or 2) a written request. Stolnik - a courtier who is one degree lower than a boyar, usually serving at a boyar or royal table.

Most of all, outdated historicism words are found among the names associated with military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, squeaker, valley, prosak, armyak, seed coat, camisole.

Here are some examples of sentences containing obsolete words. Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governor, and said that they were taking their estates away from them, and then handing them out; the nobles, stewards and boyar children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks with archers came to the tsar, carried petitions , asked for bread and money wages.

At present, one of the numerous groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, kombed, NEP, deprived, Nepman, Makhnovist, surplus appraisal.

Archaisms

Obsolete languages ​​are divided into another large group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that are out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common and used today words. Here are the cheeks, the right hand, the loins, the verses, the tightness, the ramen. Accordingly, their modern counterparts are cheeks, right hand, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.

There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:

a) lexical meaning (stomach - life, guest - merchant);

b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);

c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);

In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of obsolete words.

And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow, there lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; there were also industrialists and wealthy merchants, courts, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”

In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the meaning of the economy), shop (commercial enterprise), nameless. It is easy to see that there are also historicisms here: okolnichiy, boyar.

Obsolete words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity, make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always check with the explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not eventually turn into nonsense.

Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words A Alatyr - the Center of the Cosmos. Center of the Microcosm (Man). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snowy), tyr<тур>- peak, staff or pillar with a pommel, sacred tree, mountain, "uplifting" Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Constant epithet - "white combustible (hot, sparkling)" - (white - "brilliant"). In Russian texts, there is a golden, golden, smooth, iron stone. Latyr-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and to which it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and meaning of the words are conveyed in epics ... Alkonost - from the ancient Russian saying “alkyon is (a bird)”, from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (the Greek myth about Alcyone, turned into a kingfisher by the gods). It is depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl's head, overshadowed by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds heavenly flowers and an unfolded scroll with a saying about retribution in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the Sirin bird, it was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with its singing. The legends say about the days of alkonost - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and incubates them, sitting on the surface of the water and calming the storms. Alkonost is perceived as a "manifestation of divine providence" and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Basa - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog - stick. Bayat, probayat - speak, say. Pregnancy is a burden, an armful, as much as you can wrap your arms around. Boyars are rich and noble people who are close to the king. Swearing is a battle; Martial field is a battlefield. Brother - brother. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from the blows of the sword, spear. Britous - the Old Believers called so shaved, without a beard Bulat - steel of a special manufacture. Weapons made of this steel were also called damask steel. Butet - get rich, increase wealth. The story is a true story. Bylina is a Russian folk epic (full of grandeur and heroism) song - a legend about heroes. To know - to know. Vereya - a pillar on which the gates were hung. Nativity scene - cave, dungeon. To make a noise - to make a noise. Goldet (halt) \u003d make noise. "Don't go gold!" = don't make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frantic - having lost all sense of proportion. Vityaz - a brave warrior, hero. Lightweight - easy, free, without much work, safe. To endure - to endure, endure, endure. G Garnets - an old measure of loose bodies, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy be (from the word goit - heal, live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - greatness, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today's: "Be healthy! Hello!". Goy be good = be healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish for health, good luck and well-being, a kind word. Options: "Goy este" - be healthy, in the meaning of greeting, wishing the interlocutor health, goodness. "Oh, you" is a greeting, with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Much - knows how, skillful Upper room - so, in the old fashioned way, they called the upper room with large windows. Barn, gumenets - a place where they thresh, and also a barn for storing sheaves. D Just now - recently (until the moment of the conversation) Dushegreka - a warm short jacket or quilted jacket without sleeves, with assemblies at the back. Dereza - thorny shrub, "chepyzhnik". In an ancient fashion - in the old way Dense - "dense forest" - dark, dense, impenetrable; illiterate person Ye Yelan, elanka - a grassy clearing in the forest of Endova - a wide vessel with a spout. Estva - food, food. Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark. A jug is a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Belly - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. Start talking - start talking, fasting. Zastava - a fence of logs, a checkpoint at the entrance And the Eminent - a rich, noble Monk - in the church. “I was tonsured a monk, then consecrated a deacon...” A hut is a house, a warm room. The name “hut” comes from the word “to heat” (the original version is “source” / from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations /). House = "smoke" from the chimney. K Kalinovy ​​(about fire) - bright, hot. Karga is a crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel) assembled from wooden rivets (planks) tied with metal hoops. Killer whale / killer whale - affectionate appeal. The original meaning is "having beautiful braids" Kichka, kika is an old women's headdress that adorns the appearance and gives it a become. A cage is a closet, a separate room A cage in an old Russian house was called a cold room, and a hut was a warm one. Basement - the lower cold floor of Klyuk's house - a stick with a bent upper end. Knysh - bread baked from wheat flour, which is eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. Kolymaga - an old decorated carriage, in which noble people rode. Kolyada - Christmas grandeur in honor of the owners of the house; for a carol they gave away a gift. A carol is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and on the first day of Christmas time by rural youth. For ancient carols, elements are characteristic - verses and conclusions from the kondachka - without being prepared. Origin (option): the original word - Kondakia (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (a diminutive of "spear"), on which a scroll of parchment was wound. The parchment sheet or scroll, written on both sides, was also called kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church hymns, in the middle of the first millennium - long (hymns, poems), modern - small (in one or two stanzas, as part of the canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they kept miscellaneous good. Kochet, kochetok - a rooster. To be baptized - to be baptized, to overshadow oneself with a cross. "Wake up!" - come to your senses! Kurgan - a high earthen hill, which the ancient Slavs poured over the grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in the hut, a counter, a chest in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutia - steep sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins Krug-amulet - developed from a circular detour of the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a detour was necessary to make sure that there were no dens of predators, or snakes. The idea of ​​a circle served as an image<своего> peace. L Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Well! other Russian Okay - the word has many meanings depending on intonation. Armor - iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - crown. Matitsa - the average ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, one of these days. Overhead - interest. "It will not be expensive" - ​​inexpensive, beneficial to Namesto - instead. Nareksya - called himself; to name - to give a name, to call. A week is a day when "do not do" - a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Russia, Saturday and Sunday were called - fore-week and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - tax not paid on time or quitrent Nicoli - never. O Frill - a tie at the bast shoes. Abundance - a lot of something. So in Novgorod they called the quitrent bread - a tribute To snuggle up - to regain consciousness, to recover. Oprich, okromya - except. Yell - plow. The rest - the last Octopus - the eighth (eighth) part \u003d 1/8 - "an octuplet for tea" (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except ("okromya") P Mace - a club with a chained knob. Parun is a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor's clothing. Brocade - silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "especially since ... = especially since ..." Veil - something that covers from all sides (fabric, fog, etc.) Blame - reproach, reproach. Finger - finger. Polati - a plank platform for sleeping, arranged under the ceiling. Spelled is a special kind of wheat. To please - to be zealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village where merchants and artisans lived. Throne - a throne, a special chair on a dais, on which the king sat on solemn occasions. Always - an old, high-style word meaning - always, forever and ever Printed gingerbread - a gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka - pood measure of weight. Pushcha is a protected, impenetrable forest. It is necessary to think - to think, to think, to think over this matter, to discuss something with someone; to think - to understand, to think, to reason about something. Sexual (color) - light yellow Midday - southern P Military - military. Rat is an army. Zealous - zealous, diligent Towel - an embroidered towel. Row - agree, agree. Unbelt - walk without a belt, lose all shame Rivers (verb) - say Repishche - garden Rubishche - torn, worn out clothes From the Svetlitsa (Push.) - a bright, clean room. Scythian = skete (original) - from the words "wander", "wandering", therefore, "Scythians-sketes" - "wanderers" ("nomads"? ). A new meaning - the monastic skete "The Good Tablecloth" - the original meaning ... Apple saved Sloboda - a village near the city, a suburb. Nightingale - horses of a yellowish-white color. Sorokovka - a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arab rider. The clothes are right - that is, not bad. Staritsa - an old (or dried up) river bed. Stolbovaya noblewoman - a noblewoman of an old and noble family. Adversary - adversary, enemy. with a gimmick - at times, inadequately. Antimony - painted black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Susek, bin<а>- a place where flour, grain is stored. Sit - food, food. Week - week T Terem - high, with a turret at the top, at home. Tims - shoes made of goat skin. They were highly valued, sold in yufts, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called "morocco" (Persian word) Is it here<тута>, and roofing felts there ... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Allure three crosses - ultra-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km / h, two - up to 12 km / h, three - the maximum possible. Oatmeal - crushed (unground) oatmeal. Skinny - spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval ... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, stands by Siberia ... F Enamel - enamel in painting metal products and Fita products themselves - the letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words "Fedot", "incense") Foot - an old measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually sleeveless. On the shoulders it is fastened with special fasteners or ties, at the waist it is pulled with a belt. The tunic was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder Ts Tsatra (chatra, chator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. H Chelo - forehead, modern. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. A child is a son or daughter up to 12 years old. Hope - expect, hope. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего> shrub. Chebotar - shoemaker, shoemaker. Chobots - high closed shoes, male and female, boots or shoes with sharp, turned-up toes roan horse - motley, with white patches on gray (and other, main) wool or a different color mane and tail Chelyad - a servant in the house. Scarlet - red Chelo - a forehead of a person, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, an inlet of a lair by Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Cheta - a pair, two objects or persons Quarter - the fourth part of something Black (clothing) - rough, everyday, working. Chikat - hit Chugunka - railway. Ш Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword blows. Shlyk - jester's hat, cap, cap. Shtof - a glass bottle of 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) Щ Generosity of the soul - generosity. A man with a big heart, showing a noble breadth of soul E Yu Yushka - fish soup or liquid stew. St. George's Day (November 26) - a period specified by law, when in Moscow Russia a peasant who settled on the master's land and entered into an "orderly" with the owner had the right to leave the owner, having previously fulfilled all his obligations towards him. This was the only time in the year, after the end of the autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could pass from one owner to another. I am Paradise Egg - happiness egg, magic egg. Food - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun Ash stump - meaning: "Of course! Of course!" In this form, the expression - appeared, comparatively, recently Yakhont - other Russian. name some precious stones, more often ruby ​​(dark red corundum), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Permyaks, Zyryans, midday Votyaks - southern Fryazhsky - Italian. "Fryazh" writing - a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to natural painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). the Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. Sorochinin - Arabic languages ​​​​- peoples (general name) Man Chelo - forehead Odesnaya - on the right hand or side of Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shui - left. Shuytsa - left hand. Right hand and Shuytsa - right and left hand, right and left side ("standing on the right and left at the entrance ...") Colors "red sun", "red girl" - beautiful, bright "red corner" - the main red color - a talisman The connection of weaving with Vityer's cosmological motifs and weaving in weaving is presented as a form of modeling the world. If the thread is fate, life path; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing ("Russian letters", before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and "Knot Letter" In folk tales, a knotted tangle-guide is often found, indicating the Way. Unwinding and reading it, a person learned clues - where to go and what to do, read word-images and numbers. Knotted (nodular-linear) Elm was wound, for storage, into ball books (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - "Wrap it around your mustache") and put it away in a box-box (from where the concept "Talk with three box"). Attaching the thread to the mouth (the center of the ball) was considered the beginning of the recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized representation of a two-dimensional projection onto paper of the Knot Binder. Initial letters (capital letters of ancient texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of an ornament of the Knotted Bind. Loop techniques were also used to transmit, store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair). Examples of words and phrases that mention nauzes: "tie a knot in memory", "bonds of friendship / marriage", "intricacies of the plot", "tie up" (stop), union (from souz<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alya) through the whole story." "Features and Cuts" - "bark writing" (a simplified version of the Slavic runes), widely used for everyday records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes are sacred symbols, each of which conveyed a phonetic meaning (the sound of a runic alphabet sign), a meaning-image (for example, the letter "D" meant "good", "well-being"< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical correspondence. To encrypt or shorten the record, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, embedded in a picturesque ornament). A monogram, an alphabetic monogram - a combination into one image of the initial letters of the name and / or surname, usually intertwined and forming a patterned ligature. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one supporting the hut. Community Ordinary objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and no one in particular) things that are important for everyone to the same extent, with common rites. Belief in purity (whole, healthy) and the sanctity of common ritual meals, brotherhood, joint prayers, clubbing. An ordinary object is clean, new, it has the enormous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology Latyr-stone, Alatyr - the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (original singular Growth Point and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost infinite sphere). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics ... Alatyr - Centers of the Cosmos (the Universe) and the Microcosm (Man). Fractal Growth Point, 3D< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Ladder" connecting the worlds), a fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or a stationary Magic Altar. That from which the Existing begins and returns, around which the cycle of Life takes place (axial point). Russian letter A, Greek - "Alpha". The symbol of the Ladder is a prayer rosary (“ladder” = a ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / “lestovka”). In the temple - the Analoy (high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a pinnacle, a pillar or a staff with a triple pommel, a fabulous "magic wand", a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, "uplifting" Options - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar, Alva luminous, hot, sparkling) "- (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts, there is gold, gold (amber?), smooth (polished by the hands of worshipers), iron (if a meteorite or fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-information crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and body of a Human. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. "navel of the Earth" - the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal ("unearthly Jewel"), magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >. Folk tales place it at various points on Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the local lakes. There is information in the open press that Elena and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, passing through Russia, carried with them some kind of old box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Holy Stone of the Grail / Wisdom, in a casket-ark), sent to them by the Mahatma. This casket is not accidentally shown in the famous painting "Portrait of Nicholas Roerich", painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the "Treasure of the World" - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energy rhythm of its Life) - is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the mountains of the Himalayas). The story is amazing, almost unbelievable. More information is available on other websites on the Internet. Holy Grail (Buddha Chalice) - symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastically UFO legends of the middle of the last century, now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (number 211) in Antarctica (located somewhere then near the current South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, from the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German soldiers lived, hid, specialists and civilians who sailed there in submarines). With a high probability, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there by ship a few years earlier) - the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them around the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is securely and carefully hidden there, with numerous traps, to neutralize and go through which, maybe in the not very distant future, people< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >can be done with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of man, immortality (eternal youth) of his<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) - "Mount Meru", with a peak in the head (pineal gland (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and lights - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea - "Alatyr" Rus - a native inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone in fairy tales and epics is found in the form of the phrase: "On the sea on the ocean, on the island on Buyan lies the Alatyr Stone." Spaces of the microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of a concentrically arranged "world" (history, events) most often turns out to be a sea or a river. A pure field is a transitional area between worlds. The second area following the sea is an island (or immediately a stone) or a mountain (or mountains). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by a multitude of various objects, of which stones or trees may have proper names. All of them are usually located on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology is that body of water (in the southern regions, as well as vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to another world . Old Slavonic "ocean", as well as - Okian, Okian, Ocean, Ocean. Kiyan-Sea Sea-Okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It cannot be bypassed. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynsk Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezmian - Aral Sea. Antilocus The Smorodina River is the mythical prototype of all rivers. It acts as a water frontier of the “other world”. On it is a viburnum bridge. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fairy-tale action.

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian. For example:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ramen is the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But, it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (stomach - life, guest - merchant,), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, Gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe in order - to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.

For example:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker and so on.
Most of the obsolete words refer to garments and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote ranks, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia: tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Industrial activities such as Konka and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as honey brewing and tinning.

Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include such words as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.

Abie - immediately, since, when.
Aby - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az - the pronoun "I" or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, beeches, lead - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, as, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an old silver coin worth three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) - a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik is a Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - oriental thoroughbred horse, horse: at the wedding - the horse is under saddle, not in harness
Armyak - men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin - Russian measure of length, equal to 0.71 m; a ruler, a bar of this length for measurement.
More - if, if, when.

Grandmother - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, desire, have a tendency.
Bazlanit - roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Barda - thick, leftovers from the distillation of bread wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvee - gratuitous forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, the landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, oil, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allotted part of the land to the peasants and allowed it to be cultivated. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on a three-day corvee was advisory in nature and in most cases was ignored by the landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basque - a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, handsome, decorated.
Bastion - earth or stone fortification, forming a ledge on the ramparts.
Basurman is a hostile and unfriendly name for a Mohammedan, as well as in general for a non-Christian, a foreigner.
Batalha (battle) - battle, battle.
Bakhar is a talker, eloquent.
Bayat - to talk, chat, talk.
Watch - take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is trouble, ordeal, time.
Steelyard - hand scales with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, worldly rules, decency.
Bela Mozhayskaya - an old Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar "belmes") - you do not understand anything, you do not understand at all.
Berdo - belonging to the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy - a burden, heaviness, burden; an armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Undoubtedly - unquestionably, unquestionably, unceasingly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - strong rope, rope; tow line - the movement of a ship with a tow line, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet - ruby ​​type gemstone
A tag is a stick or board on which signs, notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - whipped cream dough for rolls
Beat with a forehead - bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
Bet - bet to win.
The Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (March 25, according to the old style).
Good - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden - a bodets, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom - a watchman at a cemetery, a gravedigger, a watchman, a warden of a nursing home, the disabled.
Blockhead - a statue, an idol, a chump.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik - a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word "bort" - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
Bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Brazhnik is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, served for drinking around
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno - food, food, food, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit - a small seine net, which is used to fish together while fording.
Bude - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza is rock salt given to animals.
A mace is a sign of commanding power, also a weapon (mace) or a knob.
Burachok - box, a small box made of birch bark.
Buchenye - from the word "to beat" - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka is a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Vadit - to attract, attract, accustom.
Important - hard, hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan ("on the mound, on the harp") - perhaps from the "worg" - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Barbara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
Wahmister is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchez is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (November 21, according to the old style).
Suddenly - again, for the second time.
Vedrina - from the word "bucket" - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Bucket - clear, calm weather.
Vezhezhnost - upbringing, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki are pies filled with meat and fish leftovers.
Holy Thursday is the Thursday of the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
The cord is a coarse fabric made from hemp.
Vereya (rope, rope, rope) - a pillar on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Versten - verst.
A skewer is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - a cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Versha - a fishing projectile made of rods.
Vershnik - riding; riding ahead.
Veselko - stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is the reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, rod, whip.
Wet - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected headman.
Wave - wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Drag - from the word "drag", the path on the watershed, along which loads and boats are dragged.
Volosnik - a women's headdress, a net of gold or silver thread with embroidery (often not festive, like a kika, but everyday), a kind of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe-making, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - fortune-teller, fortune-teller, intruder.
Voronets - a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - divination by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina - the family estate of the landowner, passing by inheritance.
Wow - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state due to personal proximity to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has reached a high position due to chance.
Vskuyu - in vain, in vain, in vain.
Vsugon - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
Alien - from outside, not being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.
Vyray (viry, iry) is a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of food.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Guy - oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galloon - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gatki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood in a marshy place. Nagat - lay a gutter.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards under sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth classes according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General - a general rank of the third class, under Catherine II, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian Saint George the Victorious; Egory-Veshny (April 23) and Egoriev (Yuriev) day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to perish.
Glazed - sewn from glazet (a kind of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - lower leg, ankle.
Goveino - post (Mrs. goveino - Assumption post, etc.)
Fasting - fasting, abstaining from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Fit - marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
Years gody - years live, from the word "year" - to live.
Golbchik - golbets, a fence in the form of a closet in the hut between the stove and the floor, the stove with steps for climbing the stove and the floor, and with a hole in the underground.
Golden, golden - talking noisily, shouting, scolding.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutchman - chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, golyaks, beggars.
Grief - up.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where the ministers of the church lived.
Throat cap - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown that widens upwards.
Upper room - a room usually located on the top floor of the house.
The upper room is a clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever - a serious illness with high fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of morbid delirium with a high temperature or temporary insanity.
Guest is a guest.
Diploma - a letter; an official document, a decree giving someone the right to something.
Hryvnia - dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
A grosh is an old coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Svalbard archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
Bed - a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
A governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses - curd mass, knocked down with sour cream.
Gudok - a three-stringed violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.
Gouge - a loop that fastens the shafts and the arc.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled kalachi.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The housekeeper is the mistress of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden - a room in the landowners' houses, where serf yard girls lived and worked.
Nine - a period of nine days.
Dezha - dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
The actors are actors.
Del - division.
Delenka is a woman who is constantly busy with work, needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga - an old coin worth two pennies or half a penny; money, capital, wealth.
Desnaya, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten to ten times.
Wild - wild.
An officer's diploma is a diploma for an officer's rank.
Dmitriev Saturday is the day of commemoration of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Dna - diseases of internal organs, aching bones, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrokhot - well-wisher, patron.
Suffices - should, should, should, decently.
Sufficient - to be sufficient.
An argument is a denunciation, a denunciation, a complaint.
Satisfy, satisfy - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Dokuka is an annoying request, also a boring, boring business.
Top up - overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Until then until.
The bottom is a plate on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand a file, a debt.
Dor is a rough shingle.
The roads are a very thin oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Dragoon - a warrior of cavalry units, operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsy - thin boards chipped from a tree.
Grass - coarse sand, which is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, shops.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
Druzhka is the wedding manager invited by the groom.
Dubets - a young oak, an oak, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik - oak bark, necessary for various chores, including for tanning leather.
Smoky furs - bags sewn from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smoke - groin.
Drawbar - a single shaft, reinforced to the front axle to turn the wagon, with a pair of harnesses.
The deacikha is the wife of a deacon.
Uncle - a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Evdokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A single child is the only son of his parents.
Go - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Daily - daily, everyday.
Oil - olive oil, which was used in the church service.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Christmas tree - a spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a sneak, a flatterer.
Eltsy - various types of figured cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a sock for pouring liquids.
Epancha - an old long and wide cloak, coverlet.
Jeremiah - the Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch shrub.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Growling on the belly - from the word "roar" - swear, swear.
Estva - food, food.
Essence is food.
Essence is nature.
Yetchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - fetters, chains, shackles.
Affection - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerisms.
Foal - lot.
Lives happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; cattle.
Belly - livestock, prosperity, wealth.
Live - are.
Dwelling - living place, premises.
Fat - good, property; good, happy life.
Zhitnik - rye or barley baked bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvesting, harvesting; streak after squeezed bread.
Zupan - an old semi-caftan.
Grumpy - Grumpy.
Zhalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation

• Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
  In the 19th century, the name of a document that closed access to a public service, an educational institution, etc. Today, phraseological units are used in the sense of a sharply negative characterization of someone's work.
  The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that a person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
  In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of the wolf ticket and other "normal" people.
• Lying like a gray gelding
  There are several options for the origin of phraseology.
  1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - "talk nonsense, idle talk; chatter." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and is carrying annoying nonsense.
  2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their own strength, as if still preserved, like among the young.
  3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he "lied" - he was mistaken, laying it incorrectly.
• give oak- die
  The turnover is associated with the verb zadubet - "to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item.
• Alive, bitch!
  The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, thin legs, short soul ...". The one whose torch went out, began to smoke, smoke, lost. Later, this game was replaced by "Burn, burn brightly so that it does not go out."
• Nick down
  In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., the so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom (2 meters) long, on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The number of notches was calculated. Hence the expression "to cut down on the nose", meaning: to remember well, to take into account the future.
• play spillikins
  In the old days in Russia, the game of "spillikins" was common. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other piles of all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, kegs. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
  Over time, the expression "playing spillikins" came to mean an empty pastime.
• Bastard soup slurp
  Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Russia were the only affordable shoes for poor peasants, and cabbage soup - a kind of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - from sauerkraut, with meat or lean - without meat, which were eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
  About a person who could not earn his own boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurped cabbage soup", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
• Fawn
  The word "fawn" comes from the German phrase "Ich liebe sie" (Ich liebe zi - I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “swan”, the Russian people wittily formed the Russian word “fawn” from these German words - it means to fawn, to flatter someone, to seek someone’s favor, favor with flattery.
• Fishing in troubled waters
  Since ancient times, one of the prohibited ways of catching fish, especially during spawning, is stunning it. There is a well-known fable of the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish into it. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear situation.
  The proverb is also known: "Before catching fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit."
• Small fry
  The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. A small fry was called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called small fry.
• The thief's hat is on fire
  The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how they found a thief in the market.
  After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted.
• Soap your head
  The tsarist soldier in the old days served indefinitely - until death or until complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year term of military service has been introduced. The landowner had the right to send his serfs to soldiers for a fault. Since the recruits (recruits) shaved off their hair and said about them: “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their heads”, the expression “I will lather my head” became a synonym for threat in the lips of the rulers. In a figurative sense, "soap your head" means: to give a stern reprimand, to strongly scold.
• Neither fish nor fowl
  In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. "protest, object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that every person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian precepts, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adjoin any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor fowl." Over time, they began to talk like this about a person who does not have a clearly defined life position, who is not capable of active, independent actions.
• Nowhere to test- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
  An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a test. When the product was in many hands, there was no more room for a sample on it.
• Not by washing, so by skating
  Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast-iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed linen with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". To do this, washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out. Then, with the help of a rubel - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, together with the linen wound around it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen looked fresher, even if it didn't go well.
  So the expression "not by washing, so by rolling" appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way.
• Break a leg- a wish for good luck in something.
  The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was admonished to those who went hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could “jinx” the prey).
  Answer "To hell!" was supposed to further secure the hunter. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!", But a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feathers). Then the unclean will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return "with down and feather", that is, with prey.
• Forge swords into plowshares
  The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that "the time will come when the peoples will beat swords plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
  In the Old Slavonic language, "ploughshare" is a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
• Goof
  Prosak is a drum with teeth in the machine, with which the wool was carded. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. Get into trouble - get into trouble, in an awkward position.
• Knock off pantalik
  Confuse, confuse.
  Pantalik - a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost.
• straw widow
  A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make a bed for newlyweds on rye sheaves. From straw flowers weaved wedding wreaths. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bundle", meaning a bunch of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
  If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman remained with one straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared.
• dance from the stove
  The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the XIX century V.A. Sleptsov "Good man". The protagonist of the novel "non-serving nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after a long wandering around Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his circle of life was closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
• Grated roll
  In Russia, kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from tough kalach dough, which was kneaded and rubbed for a long time. From here came the proverb "Do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach", which in a figurative sense means: "troubles teach a person." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is how they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed between people" a lot.
• pull the gimp
  Gimp - a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious and time consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the rigmarole" (or "raise the rigmarole") in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an unfortunate waste of time.
• In the middle of nowhere
  In ancient times, glades in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for kuligi, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
• Too
  In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, an ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
  Initially, "chur" meant: limit, border.
  Hence the exclamation: "chur", meaning the prohibition to touch something, to go beyond some line, beyond some limit (in spells against "evil spirits", in games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition , agreement.
  From the word "mind" the word "too" was born, meaning: go over the "mind", go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, excessively, excessively.
• Sherochka with a masher
  Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of the nobles studied there from 6 to 18 years old. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dance, music, various types of housekeeping, as well as subjects of "secular manners". The common address of institute girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words "sherochka" and "masherochka", which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women.
• trump
  In ancient Russia, the boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of the front caftan. The trump card stuck up imposingly, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card is important to walk, and trump card is to brag about something.

Obsolete words are words that are no longer used in standard speech. Lexicographic analysis is used to determine whether a certain word is obsolete. He should show that now this word is rarely used in speech.

One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, one-palace, profos, scavenger, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects of material culture that have gone out of use - horse-drawn carriage, splinter, chaise, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.

Archaisms are words that point to concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of "so that" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who encounter them, and thus they are already dropped out of the passive vocabulary. For example, the word "in vain" is not recognized by many as a synonym for "in vain." At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “vainly”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as the apple of an eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "the pupil", which means "pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.

Words go out of active use and fall into the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status is due to changes in society. But the role of directly linguistic factors is also essential. An important point is the number of connections of this word with the rest. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will go noticeably more slowly into a passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recent words can quickly fall into disuse. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both initially Russian words and borrowings, such as "battle" (battle), "victoria" (meaning "victory", but not a female name), "fortecia" (victory) become obsolete.

Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is archaisms proper-lexical, such words are completely outdated. For example, it is “like”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, the eye. Lexico-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is obsolete in one or more meanings. For example, the word "shame" still exists, but no longer means "spectacle." In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has been preserved. "Guishpan" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical-derivational type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb "fall", but now only "fall" is possible.

Obsolete words in modern written and oral speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels, their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Archaisms are able to give statements both solemn, sublime, and ironic.

You can see obsolete, rare and forgotten words in ours.

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