Do-it-yourself concrete house. The ideal flood house made of concrete. Characteristics of a concrete building
To begin with, let's list the advantages of a monolithic building:
- Monolithic house due to its design has a special strength
- Due to its solidity, there are no cold bridges in the walls of the house, and therefore the room will remain warm longer
- Another distinguishing feature of such a house is significant sound insulation.
- When designing, you can use different geometric shapes, because concrete is poured into the frame during the construction of walls, and this frame can be made in any shape you like.
- Relatively low construction costs
- High build speed
- When used in pouring light mixtures, a strong deepening of the foundation is not required.
- Due to uniform pouring, the appearance of cracks in the structure goes to zero
- You can build a monolithic house of concrete with your own hands at any time of the year
Now let's move on to the list of disadvantages:
- The whole house will require grounding, as the walls are made with metal reinforcement
- When erecting walls with fixed formwork, it should be borne in mind that supply and exhaust ventilation will have to be done, otherwise the house will not breathe
- For pouring at height, a concrete pump is needed, which costs a lot of money. Therefore, when building a house with two or more floors, you need to take into account the fact that you cannot do without such a concrete pump.
- A lot of labor goes into welding the frame for all the features of the project, and the work becomes much more laborious when a concrete floor is required for the project
- When creating fixed formwork, expanded polystyrene is used, and when burned, it releases a large amount of toxic substances harmful to health. It is definitely worth considering and plastering the walls in a construction site with fixed formwork
Do-it-yourself monolithic house
It is necessary to create a project for a future monolithic structure and choose between removable and fixed formwork based on many factors. These include your region of residence, the area where the construction is supposed to be, as well as your other personal preferences.
The most convenient option is with fixed formwork, since in this case a monolithic house is built according to the Lego principle. Most often, hollow blocks of polystyrene are chosen as fixed formwork. The first row of blocks is laid on the foundation, reinforcement is laid in the voids for greater strength. The empty space is then filled with concrete. After the mixture dries, the second row of blocks is laid, which are also reinforced with reinforcement and filled with the mixture. This procedure is repeated until the desired height of the walls is erected.
Expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete, slag concrete, perlite concrete can be used as a concrete mixture. By changing the type of concrete, it is possible to differentiate between different wall properties, such as vapor permeability, total weight, heat retention, and so on.
Simplicity in construction in this way can be very alarming, but there are no “buts” here. By building walls with fixed formwork, you save on additional wall insulation, create excellent sound insulation, and as a result you get a solid monolithic structure.
With formwork, things are not much more complicated. To begin with, a frame is created based on the prepared project. For formwork, which is attached to the frame, materials such as wood, iron, plastic and plywood are most often used. The distance between the walls of the formwork should be equal to the thickness of your future monolithic wall.
When the frame is evenly assembled and welded, and the formwork is firmly and tightly sewn to it, you can start pouring. Here, in one approach, it is necessary to pour about 40 cm of a layer of concrete. And after each approach, let it freeze for about a day. Then we raise the formwork to the next level and fill it in the same way.
On a note. Particular attention should be paid to the compaction of concrete, this procedure is performed by a special construction vibrator. Most of all, it is necessary to compact concrete at corners and bends in the structure, in order to increase the strength of the structure.
After the walls are erected, you need to give them time to dry completely. This time is in the range of 4-5 weeks. Also, during this time, the walls sit down a little, and it is impossible to rush to continue construction. If you create an additional load, for example by erecting a roof or just a roof frame, then the wall structure may crack or sag slightly.
On a note. In intense sun, moisten concrete walls with water. Otherwise, the concrete will quickly shrink and crack. It is best when the concrete dries slowly and gradually.
Wall insulation
When building with fixed formwork, you may not pay much attention to this procedure. It is enough to plaster the walls, make them fire resistant. But with removable formwork, you need to decide which method you would be better off using. You can make simple insulation with warm plaster or glass wool, but the most successful way is a well facade.
Under the well facade is meant lining with facade bricks at a short distance from the monolithic wall, after which the remaining distance between the masonry and the monolith is covered with insulation. This method will be the most optimal, since the house acquires breathable qualities, that is, it will be resistant to heat in summer and freezing in winter. And this means that in winter the walls will keep warm, and in summer they will keep a pleasant chill.
List of materials
After reviewing all of the above, the question arises, what materials will be needed during construction? And the best answer to this question will be a complete list of the necessary materials, which includes:
- The components of the concrete mixture (for each situation they will be different, this is chosen based on territorial factors and the climate in which the construction will be carried out)
- Tanks and equipment for mixing concrete pouring
- reinforcement reinforcement
- Metal parts for the frame
- Bolts, nuts, studs
- Material for removable formwork (steel, aluminium, wood, plastic)
- Material for fixed formwork (hollow blocks made of expanded polystyrene)
- Mesh or thin rebar for reinforcement (reinforcement is done to increase the strength of the structure)
In the recent past, it was not so diverse. Mostly used brick, panels or wood. Houses were built for a long time, they required further insulation, for example, with foam. That is, it was required to make a lot of efforts and means, both physical and financial. But even this did not guarantee a long and flawless operation of the premises.
Finished project of a concrete two-story house
Modern construction has significant differences. Today, a variety of materials are used that can not only speed up the process of work, but also allow maintaining the heat balance in the room. Such a concrete house is the most efficient and in demand.
So what is such popularity and how the concrete house project attracts the owners of private plots.
There are several such moments, we will name only the most important ones:
Types of concrete used in construction
A variety of concrete mixes makes it easy to choose the most suitable for your home. But it also happens that structural features require a specific choice, so it is important to know that concrete is divided into the following varieties:
Hydrotechnical
This type of concrete is used in the construction of houses and facilities in contact with water.
It has the features of water resistance and durability, waterproof and high strength. At the same time, concrete has a low cost and provides the possibility of rapid construction.
heat resistant
Already from the name it is clear that this material is able to withstand very high temperatures. Heat-resistant concrete does not crumble, since it contains Portland cement, and in some types Portland slag cement.
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acid resistant
The use of such concrete is justified when the material is exposed to acids and alkalis. It acts as a protection, because it contains acid-resistant mineral compounds, liquid glass, quartz sand and crushed stone.
Sulfuric
Experts classify this species as acid-resistant, but there is one caveat: its composition is slightly different. This type of concrete is used for building floors, piles or road surfaces.
Monolithic concrete house: advantages and disadvantages
A modern house made of monolithic concrete, although a relatively young phenomenon, is already quite popular. The construction of such a country house has certain characteristic features. It involves the use as a basis. Thanks to the widespread use of monolithic concrete, it is possible to create buildings of the most complex configurations. In this case, you can meet in the shortest possible time.
Stages in the construction of a monolith
First of all, the formwork base and the reinforcing cage are installed. Next, the formwork itself is installed directly. After that, it is necessary to pour the concrete base. If it happens in the cold season, then warming up may be necessary. Concrete must be maintained. If the formwork is removable, then it will need to be removed later.
The formwork design includes a variety of panels, characterized by a high degree of strength. They have blocks of expanded polystyrene, hollow from the inside. In the future, it will be necessary to fill them with concrete. On the basis of these same shields, it is possible to create structures with various shapes.
With regard to horizontal and vertical surfaces, there are different types of wall formwork.
This can be formwork used for rounded structures, as well as creeping type formwork. Fixed and panel types of formwork are used in monolithic construction. In the first case, the formwork is completely finished and does not require further analysis. In the panel formwork there are fasteners and shields, which are subsequently connected into a single structure.
Fixed formwork is most widely used in low-rise construction. This is due to the need to work quickly.
It looks like fixed formwork The process of preparing concrete mix
The mixture that is used for laying can be prepared directly at the construction site. It is subsequently poured into the formwork using a concrete pump or crane. In order to further require less effort for fine finishing, concrete is compacted using surface and deep vibrators.
The absence of any seams is a mandatory requirement for monolithic construction. This minimizes the option in which cracks may appear in the structure of the house.
Advantages of monolithic construction
Such a large number of advantages makes you think about the option of considering a project for a house on a suburban area made of monolithic concrete. You can do construction on your own, or you can contact the appropriate company, good thing, there are enough of them now. The main thing is not to make a mistake with the choice.
When asked which house is the most durable, the answer is obvious - monolithic. And if earlier the technology of monolithic construction was used only for the construction of high-rise buildings or industrial facilities, today you can increasingly find a monolithic cottage or a private house. Such technologies are able to bring even the most amazing design ideas to life, not limited to straight-line designs. In addition to the amazing strength, which is enough to withstand a slight earthquake, such cottages are also popular because they are quickly and easily erected, do not require expensive materials and labor, and are also reliable and durable. The walls of monolithic cottages can be finished with any materials without restrictions, and the technology of fixed formwork allows you not to equip additional wall insulation.
Monolithic construction of cottages: advantages and disadvantages
Construction using monolithic technology is carried out entirely at the construction site by pouring concrete into the formwork. Due to this feature, this technology has its advantages and disadvantages.
To date, such praised praises are sung to monolithic construction that one gets the impression that there are no shortcomings at all, and nothing can be better than a monolith. Let's figure it out really a lot of benefits:
- Due to the integrity of the monolithic structure, the mechanical strength of the entire building is increased, it is resistant to destruction caused by soil shifts, gullies and earthquakes.
- The absence of seams in the building box makes the cottage warmer, as there are no so-called "cold bridges".
- Work on the construction of a monolithic cottage can be carried out at any time of the year, on any soil.
- Fast construction.
- Low financial costs.
- The possibility of curvilinear construction, projects of monolithic cottages can be arbitrarily intricate.
- Provided that insulated concrete mortars with additives are used: expanded clay, perlite, sawdust, slag, etc., the structure becomes light enough so that it is not possible to equip a heavy buried foundation.
- The walls of a monolithic cottage can be insulated and finished with various materials.
- When using fixed formwork, additional insulation is not required, and the total thickness of the wall will decrease. Also, the walls will have exceptional sound insulation.
- The possibility of arranging any interfloor overlap: slab, monolithic concrete, wood.
- Uniform shrinkage of the building, which eliminates the appearance of cracks.
But also not without a fly in the ointment, disadvantages of monolithic construction:
- To pour the concrete mixture at height, a concrete pump (mortar pump) is required. This is not a problem at all if you order construction in a company, and it is expensive if you do it yourself.
- When pouring a monolithic floor slab, labor costs increase many times, special scaffolding will be required.
- A monolithic cottage with a fixed formwork, which is also thermal insulation, is not able to "breathe" with walls, it will be necessary to equip the supply and exhaust ventilation. High humidity in the house.
- Expanded polystyrene, which is used in fixed formwork, is a non-environmentally friendly material, which, although it has a G1 flammability class, which means that it decays within 2 minutes, it releases extremely toxic substances during smoldering, so plastering walls from fixed formwork is a mandatory requirement.
- Time costs for the manufacture of formwork, taking into account the specifics of the project.
- Mandatory grounding is required for the entire cottage, as the walls are reinforced concrete with metal reinforcement.
Given the prices for monolithic cottages and all their advantages, many neglect the disadvantages associated with the non-environmental friendliness of expanded polystyrene. It is understandable - cheap, fast, beautiful, durable, strong, who will think about their health there? Although it should be noted that if you do not use fixed formwork, but build walls from warm concrete, and then insulate it with more environmentally friendly materials, then the cottage will turn out not only cheap and warm, but also quite comfortable.
Technologies for the construction of monolithic cottages
In total, there are two technologies by which monolithic cottages can be built. They differ only in that in one case the formwork is removed after the concrete has hardened, and in the other case the formwork is fixed. Both technologies have their own characteristics and nuances in construction and operation.
Construction of a monolithic cottage with removable formwork
Removable formwork is made individually for each cottage project, as it must exactly repeat its curves and features. The most commonly used wood, plywood, plastic or iron.
The width of the empty space between the walls of the formwork should be equal to the width of the future wall, which is calculated taking into account the thermal conductivity of the concrete mixture and the region of construction. The formwork panels are fastened with washers, studs, nuts. To ensure that the formwork can be easily removed after pouring concrete, corrugated tubes must be put on the threaded studs, protecting them from contact with concrete.
The construction technology of a monolithic cottage with removable formwork suggests that it is possible to pour not only ordinary concrete, but also mixtures with much lower thermal conductivity, for example, expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete, cinder concrete, sawdust concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete and others. The walls will be much warmer and more vapor permeable, but will not be able to withstand too much load.
Also an important point is the reinforcement of the concrete wall. For this, reinforcing meshes, plastic or steel, can be used, and for greater strength, a reinforcement frame is connected.
Important! A wall reinforced with a frame of 8-18 mm reinforcement will be quite cold, since the metal parts of the frame will act as "cold bridges".
It is allowed to pour no more than 50 cm of concrete in one pass. Only after he "grabs" you can continue pouring. Compaction of concrete in the formwork is carried out using internal vibrators, special attention must be paid to the corners.
After the concrete hardens, the formwork is removed and rearranged higher. So, until the whole cottage is flooded.
In order for concrete to take on maximum strength, it is necessary to let it stand for at least 4 to 5 weeks. After that, you can start warming and finishing.
Monolithic walls can be insulated with polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam, mineral wool, "warm" plaster. At the same time, use the technology of a ventilated or wet facade.
A variant of a well facade is also possible, when an indent is made outside the concrete wall, then it is lined with facade bricks or tiles, and the free space is covered with insulation: expanded clay, ecowool, etc.
The indisputable advantage of this technology is that the house can be made as "breathable" and environmentally friendly as possible, although you will have to tinker with the assembly and disassembly of the formwork.
Construction of a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork
The use of fixed formwork is advertised with enviable constancy and perseverance. Indeed, according to this technology, the formwork is not only not removed after pouring concrete, it is also a layer of thermal insulation. When using this technology for the monolithic construction of cottages, the price is the lowest, since labor costs are reduced as much as possible.
After the arrangement and waterproofing of the foundation, formwork is installed on it, which is a form of expanded polystyrene, fastened with special profiles. These forms have a tongue-and-groove fastening system, which allows the connection to be so strong and without gaps that the leakage of concrete or its sagging at the junctions of the formwork forms is absolutely excluded.
The width of the formwork made of expanded polystyrene can be different, in the case of a large order, blocks of any required thickness can be produced at the factory. A standard block is considered to be a block in which there is an empty space for concrete 150 mm wide and on both sides polystyrene foam with a layer of 5 - 7.5 cm. This is quite enough to keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer, heating will only have to be turned on when the temperature drops below +5 °С.
After the formwork is installed, concrete is poured inside with a layer of 50 cm and compacted with a deep vibrator.
Important! Please note that only concrete can be used for pouring fixed formwork and warm mixes cannot be used. This is due to the fact that the vapor permeability of expanded polystyrene is negligible and equal to 0.05 Mg / (m * h * Pa), and the vapor permeability of warm mixtures is higher than 0.09 Mg / (m * h * Pa). If you squeeze warm concrete between layers of polystyrene foam, condensation will accumulate in it, as a result, mold and fungus will appear over time.
After erecting the walls, they do not need to be insulated, it is enough just to plaster them with decorative plaster or sheathe them with siding.
The advantage of fixed formwork technology is ease of erection, low cost and no need for additional insulation. But at the same time, such a cottage is a thermos that is not able to “breathe”.
Types of formwork for monolithic construction
According to the field of application, several types of formwork are distinguished: wall formwork, foundation, floors, tunnel formwork, ring wall formwork with modified radius. Due to this diversity, it is possible to use a monolithic fill for any element of the building structure.
Various formwork elements are also installed in different ways. The formwork of the foundation is installed on struts and horizontal supports. Wall formwork - with the help of racks, brackets and connecting locks. The slab formwork is laid on a structure of telescopic or volumetric retaining props.
Removable formwork is made of the following materials: steel, aluminum, wood, plastic. Depending on the material of execution, it has different properties. If plywood is used for formwork, then it must be cut with a fine-toothed saw so as not to damage the veneer and lamination. Drilling holes for pipes and cables in the formwork is necessary from both sides, for the same reason. Store plywood formwork in a dry place.
Before use, the removable formwork is treated with a special solution so that it can be easily removed.
Fixed formwork, as already mentioned above, consists of expanded polystyrene, does not require additional processing. Its forms are different: angular, longitudinal, window-sill, window-sill and others. In fact, the arrangement of a removable formwork resembles the connection of LEGO figures.
Types of concrete solutions for monolithic construction
The indisputable advantage of monolithic construction is the ability to pour solutions with different thermal conductivity and vapor permeability into the formwork.
Concrete- the simplest option and, unfortunately, the only one acceptable when pouring fixed formwork. A monolithic concrete cottage will be very cold, since its thermal conductivity is 1.51 W / (m * C), and the vapor permeability is 0.03 Mg / (m * h * Pa). Concrete walls should be carefully insulated.
Reinforced concrete- even colder than concrete, since iron reinforcement acts as "cold bridges". A monolithic reinforced concrete cottage requires insulation with expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene foam or mineral wool.
Expanded clay concrete has a thermal conductivity of 0.66 - 0.14 W / (m * C) and a vapor permeability of 0.09 - 0.3 Mg / (m * h * Pa). The indicators depend on the density of the mixture, the larger the porosity of expanded clay, the warmer and more vapor permeable the wall. The wall thickness for the region of the Moscow region is 50 cm.
slag concrete- the same as expanded clay concrete, only instead of expanded clay - slag. It is less durable, so the thickness of the walls should be 55 - 60 cm.
A mixture of cement, sand, sawdust (needles) and water. The walls are warm, fire-resistant and environmentally friendly, only outside they need to be protected with waterproofing material.
A mixture of cement, water and wood chips 40x10x5 mm. Chips are pre-ventilated or treated with lime. Wood concrete walls are warmer and stronger than sawdust concrete walls.
foam concrete- Chemically foamed concrete is a warmer material than conventional concrete. Its thermal conductivity is 0.29 - 0.08 W / (m * C), and the vapor permeability is 0.11 - 0.26 Mg / (m * h * Pa).
Do-it-yourself monolithic construction of a cottage
Usually, the construction of a monolithic cottage is ordered from a construction company. This is due to the fact that the work will require formwork, a concrete pump, scaffolding for floor slabs and other equipment that any construction organization has, and buying it for one time is unprofitable.
But for those who do not like simple ways and agree to spend money on a mortar pump, and make the floor wooden or order a floor slab and install it with a crane, building a monolithic cottage with their own hands will also be possible.
The project of a monolithic cottage can be done independently, downloaded on the Internet or ordered from a design organization, in the latter case, all the necessary calculations will be made for you: the strength of the load-bearing walls and the load on them, the required thickness of the fill and insulation.
When the project is ready, we equip the foundation. If the house is with a basement floor, then the basement ceiling can be made with a monolithic slab, and the foundation can be made with a strip. Usually they build a pile-tape foundation and carefully waterproof it.
How to build a monolithic cottage with removable formwork
Formwork is made of wooden boards with a thickness of 30 - 50 mm. If the temperature in the region drops to -30 ° C, we make the walls 55 - 60 cm thick. We tightly connect them together and drive them with racks of 80x80 mm, at a distance of 1 - 1.5 m from each other. The length of such shields should be 2 - 4 m, and the height 60 - 80 cm.
Below we install metal ties with bolts so that the shields do not burst when concrete is poured into them. At the top, the shields are fixed with wooden plates or the same ties.
We insert a reinforcing mesh or frame into the formwork, depending on the project.
For the manufacture of sawdust concrete, we take: 8 parts of dry sawdust, 1 part of cement M400 - M500, 3 parts of lime, 2 parts of sand.
Important! Sawdust should be weathered in the open air for at least a year.
First, we mix cement with sand, lime with sawdust separately, then combine both mixtures and mix thoroughly, adding water a little at a time. As a result, there should be enough water so that it does not flow out of the solution.
With the resulting solution, pour a layer of 20 cm into the formwork. We compact with vibrators and pierce with rods to thoroughly compact the solution. Then fill in the next layer. And so on until the formwork is practically filled (for convenience, we leave 5-10 cm empty on top).
It is possible to rearrange the formwork above only after 3 - 5 days. All this time, the concrete must be covered from the sun and precipitation with a film or roofing material.
After the completion of the construction of the walls, we give the concrete to gain strength within a month, then we equip the ceiling and the roof. The overlap should go on the walls at least 15 - 20 cm.
After the sawdust concrete has completely dried, you can insulate the walls from the outside if necessary. To do this, you can use "warm" plaster, which can be applied with a layer of up to 50 mm. It is an excellent waterproofing, heat insulator and at the same time easily releases steam to the outside.
How to build a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork
The construction of a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork is an extremely simple task. First you need to stock up on formwork elements. They are wall, corner and radius. It is necessary to calculate the number of each type of elements according to the developed project.
We install a fixed formwork on the foundation, assembling it like a LEGO constructor, connecting the block joints. To get started, the first row will be enough.
We carry out all the necessary sewer, water and ventilation pipes. Then, if reinforcement is required, we insert a reinforcing mesh. We prepare a concrete mortar from M500 cement, sand, crushed stone and water. We build up the formwork and pour a 50 cm layer, compact it with deep vibrators.
For a day, you can increase in height no more than 50 - 70 cm.
After the completion of the walls, they do not need to be insulated, and as a finish, you can make the so-called "wet" facade - plaster with decorative plaster on a fiberglass mesh.
Building a monolithic cottage with your own hands is greatly simplified if you call a couple of partners for help. Indeed, after overcoming a certain height, when erecting walls for pouring concrete upstairs, you will need to use a concrete pump. And coordinated actions can reduce time and organize the right work.
Quite often, special equipment is used in construction. A large selection of spare parts for road construction equipment from leading manufacturers, such as spare parts for Komatsu bulldozers, are presented on the website of the Imashinery Group of Companies.
Various technologies for building houses are more or less popular, for example, it is experiencing a real boom, like houses made of timber, brick or block masonry is consistently in the lead, while a monolith is still quite a rare occurrence. Nevertheless, on our portal there is a positive experience in building houses using monolithic technology, which may be of interest to self-builders who have not yet decided on the choice of how to build their house. Consider:
- Technologies of monolithic housing construction.
- What is the monolith and pouring technology made of.
- Examples of monolithic houses of portal participants.
Monolithic housing construction
Initially, monolithic construction was understood only as the construction of reinforced concrete structures, since there was simply no alternative to the reinforcing cage and mortar based on cement with aggregates. When pouring, prefabricated formwork is used. Not so long ago, monolithic construction was widespread only in industrial volumes, for the construction of multi-storey buildings, public buildings or industrial facilities. But gradually, the technology began to spread to the private sector, due to a number of advantages of monolithic houses.
Immelnikoff
In my opinion, the feature of monolithic reinforced concrete is as follows:
- thin load-bearing walls (120-140 mm);
- high strength of the entire building, therefore - safety;
- seismic resistance;
- fire safety (all electrical wiring is laid inside the formwork before pouring);
- good "air" sound insulation (shock - bad);
- high heat capacity of the house;
- durability (100-150 years);
- stable geometric dimensions of the house - optimization of interior decoration;
- versatility - any, without restrictions, interior decoration;
- psychological comfort from the realization that nothing will collapse in the house, that the insulation will not get wet, that a person will not break through the walls, that the house is a real century-old fortress.
This is my list.
Of course, the monolith has enough shortcomings.
jtdesign
This technology requires qualified builders and the availability of concrete plants in the area, so as not to carry concrete further than 50 km. It is also unreasonable to build without a detailed project (reinforcement schemes, formwork schemes). So this may be one of the obstacles to the widespread distribution of this type of private houses.
But any material has disadvantages, it is another matter that their number does not outweigh. A concrete mixer plus modifying additives - and you can fill it with self-mixed concrete. Ideally, any construction process requires qualified performers, but in reality, our craftsmen have repeatedly proven that self-builders will give odds to many "pros", as they build for themselves. There would be a desire, but you can learn everything.
ffdgdvasc45fg4
I am interested in monolithic construction on my own (without reference to deadlines) of a two-story house for permanent residence measuring 10x10 m. I am considering different types of monolith, but reinforced concrete is a priority. I will be building alone, slowly, in stages, in general, long-term construction, I have no experience in construction, but most importantly, there is a desire, and this greatly motivates.
Varieties of the monolith
If initially monolithic houses were only reinforced concrete, today there are variations on the theme - instead of CPS they use wood concrete or sawdust concrete, and instead of a reinforcing cage - wooden racks.
But the essence is unchanged - the enclosing structures are not assembled or laid out from individual elements, namely, they are poured. As a result, monolithic, seamless walls of almost any geometric shape are formed, which unties the hands of architects. That is, if the abundance of bay windows and arches during construction from a block / brick / tree decently complicates the process, then special efforts will not be required when pouring.
Since ordinary reinforced concrete turns out to be too cold, in view of the high thermal conductivity and thin walls, foam concrete, polystyrene concrete or expanded clay concrete are used to do without additional insulation. In the first case, the thermal conductivity of the wall is reduced due to the formation of a large amount of air pores in the concrete due to foam, in the second - by adding polystyrene or expanded clay granules. But according to the varieties, the monolith is not subdivided by the type of poured concrete, but by the type of formwork - it can be removable and non-removable.
Removable formwork
In the private sector, usually from moisture-resistant or laminated plywood, boards, metal or plastic are less commonly used. Sheets are used whole or cut into pieces, depending on the scale of the fill. The elements are fastened together and, as they are poured, they are rearranged to a new place, since only specialized companies can afford to assemble the formwork for the whole house at once. And self-builders pour houses in stages, mainly horizontally. Plywood is well-deservedly popular, as it keeps its shape well and allows you to get a smooth surface of the walls, and if it is also laminated, then the kit may be enough for more than one construction site. As for fasteners, everything is individual here.
alexxxxx
Plywood with a thickness of 12 mm, increased moisture resistance, 2500 × 1200 mm, was cut in half along the length (600 mm), four ties per sheet (sheets were drilled through, folded together, 100 mm from the bottom), the top was pulled together with bars. Couplers with two jammed nuts at one end, 250 mm long, 8 mm in diameter, were lowered into the spindle. Outside, drive nuts are driven into the formwork - you need to turn (with a screwdriver) only from the inside of the walls.
Repositioning the formwork as it is poured is considered to be one of the most laborious and time-consuming processes, and the fewer operations required, the better.
Fixed formwork
Unlike the removable one, which is designed solely to give the filler the desired shape and is dismantled after setting, the non-removable one remains in the “pie” and at the same time is a heater. These are hollow blocks or slabs with composite lintels, with smooth edges or a grooved connection system. Fixed formwork is either completely made of expanded polystyrene, or combined - PPS as the outer wall, and the inner one is made of plate materials. There are also fixed formwork technologies, where PPS is used only as a heater, and both walls are made of pressed wood chips. Such blocks are considered more environmentally friendly than polystyrene.
sasha_nik
I will note the main advantages and disadvantages of this type of fixed formwork, in my opinion, from the point of view of not a professional, but a consumer.
Advantages:
- Saving the area of the house - the thickness of the wall is 32 cm.
- In terms of cost and construction speed, it is no more expensive than, say, aerated concrete, 400 mm thick with insulation.
- The wall is monolithic - as strong as possible, in theory, the probability of its destruction, i.e., the formation of cracks, subject to the technology, is practically excluded.
- The interior of the house is made of chip-cement slabs - the microclimate will be close to the microclimate of a wooden house.
- It is easy to screw screws into the inner wall, it is easy to make strobes for electrical wiring.
Flaws:
- Expanded polystyrene as a heater is a dubious drawback, given that according to the PPS technology it will be protected from external influences by non-combustible materials. Whether it will fall apart in thirty years is also debatable and depends to a greater extent on the quality of the teaching staff itself and on the quality of work performed during construction. But this is the only thing that confuses me in this technology. Although many insulation systems are also based on polystyrene foam.
- Facade made of chip-cement slabs - this disadvantage is easily eliminated by a protective hinged screen, decorative plaster or in another way.
The thickness of the heat insulator layer is selected depending on the region of construction, it starts from 50 mm, but on average 100 mm is enough, if we are not talking about the northern regions. You can find out the exact figure by making a heat calculation, and, based on the results, select suitable blocks or slabs.
Monolithic houses of portal participants
alexxxxx from monolithic reinforced concrete using the technology of removable formwork.
alexxxxx
The walls were minimally reinforced (openings, corners and upper layers of floors around the perimeter, trimming between layers). The concrete was kneaded by ourselves, proportions 1/2.5/3 (cement, sand, crushed stone). Crushed stone used fractions of 20-40 mm, regretted a thousand times that I did not buy 10-20 mm, it is difficult to take a large one with a shovel from a pile and it is much easier to bayonet concrete with a fine fraction. It took two months with breaks for the main work (the stove was flooded last year).
A house for permanent residence, the foundation is an ordinary slab, 15 cm thick, with 40 cm ribs, sanding 30 cm, drainage around the perimeter. The slab is immediately filled with a contour of a warm floor, six branches (33 m each), water distribution to the bathroom and kitchen, sewerage (gray drains) is laid.
The user's walls are 15 cm thick on the first floor and 12 cm on the second floor, a lightweight floor slab (beams 15 cm each, canvas 7-8 cm). It was not possible to finish it in one season, so the cast box wintered without a roof and insulation, but no cracks or other damage was found in the spring. In the new season, the project underwent changes, and the house acquired an extension using the same technology, but with the addition of a ready-made crushed stone-sand mixture to the concrete. Insulation with expanded polystyrene slabs on the facade (18-20 cm), polystyrene chips on the attic floor (30-35 cm).
Our other craftsman - cprivetom, preferred with PPS as a heater, for his one-story monolithic house.
cprivetom
We started building a house for a family of six - two parents and four children, a house for permanent residence. I had to fiddle with the layout. We treat the house quite utilitarianly, the main thing is that you can live in it comfortably, and decorativeness is secondary. Therefore, the form is simple - without bay windows, cunning corners, ledges and turrets, the roof is gable, facades without decorations. Someone says - you have a style like "barn", but for us - a simple "ranch".
The foundation is a slab, 30 cm thick, lying on a 10 cm EPS layer, the slabs are laid on a compacted crushed stone bedding (5 cm), the crushed stone is laid on a compacted sand "cushion" (40 cm). In a layer of sand, the main communications were previously bred - water supply and sewerage. The insulation was covered with glass insulation, a reinforcing cage was laid in two layers with reinforcement under the load-bearing walls (125 mm step), concreted with a ready-made mortar.
