Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Publicistic, scientific. The Concept of Functional Style: Functional Language Styles

As is known, style - one of the most ambiguous terms of modern linguistics. Describing the principles of selection and systematization of linguistic means, the concept of "style" varies depending on which principles from among extralinguistic and linguistic are chosen as basic in the proposed definitions of the concept.

Teaching about style - the final section elocution in ancient rhetoric, which determined style as a system of purposefully selected and agreed means that are used to express certain meanings . The concept of the correlation of style (tone) and the genre of speech developed in antiquity (“the wheel” of Virgil, the theory of genres of Aristotle and Horace), according to which a certain genre corresponds to a certain tone, style), and a certain tone to a certain set of figures, allowed linguistics to XVIII- XX centuries indicate linguistic understanding style as a way, principle, manner of linguistic (speech) thinking and interaction . So, Yu.S. Stepanov has five definitions of essence style as a manner of performing speech acts : 1) language style , or a kind of language traditionally assigned to one of the most common areas of public life (according to which three styles are distinguished: “neutral”, “high”, or “bookish”, “low”, or “colloquial”, “familiar-colloquial ”, “colloquial colloquial”); 2) generally accepted manner of performing speech acts (oratory, judicial speech, everyday dialogue, friendly letter, etc.); 3) individual manner of performing speech acts (idiostyle); 4) era language paradigm , or the stylistic state of the language in a certain historical period of its development; 5) functional style , or a kind of codified literary language, in which the codified literary language appears in one or another socially significant sphere of the performance of speech acts and the features of which are due to the communicative originality of this sphere. The last version of the definition made it possible to expand the linguistic understanding of style, placing it in the broad context of the concept of communication, which “highlighted” the connection between stylistics and text linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, semiotics, denoting the social and communicative orientation of the concept that correlates the category of style with the functioning of language, the function of language communication and standardized use of language tools.

“... each person can own several individual "languages" , which differ from each other both in the sphere of pronunciation and in the auditory: everyday language, official language, the language of church sermons, the language of university departments, etc. (depending on the social status of the individual),” wrote I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay (emphasis mine - ed.). At the same time: “All people use different languages ​​at different moments of their lives; it depends on different states of mind, on different times of the day and year, on different age epochs of a person’s life, on memories of the former individual language and on new linguistic acquisitions” [ibid: 200]. It is in this sociologized direction of anthropocentric linguistics that the concept of "style" develops in the 20th century, representing not only the significance of the structural relations of linguistic signs in the system, but also rules of a different order - the functional correlation of linguistic units in the process of socially significant communication, synthesizing the categories of extralinguistic and linguistic, objective and subjective.

As a special manner of performing speech acts, assigned to a certain socially significant area, the concept functional style has an ambiguous content volume in modern style. First of all, the interpretation of this concept in the Russian and Czech linguistic traditions attracts attention, because it is with these national schools of linguistics that the history of stylistics as a functional (communicative) section of the science of language is primarily correlated.

1. In the concept of Prague scientists (V. Gavranek, V. Mathesius and others), functional style was defined as a manner of performing speech acts, due to supra-individual taste, convention, or norm, which depends: 1) on the purpose of the statement; 2) the type of statement; and 3) the situation. In accordance with these style-forming factors functional style – this is a type of organization of linguistic expressions, depending on the characteristics of the communication process and, therefore, connecting the communicative aspect of the language with a specific speech, text embodiment, extralinguistics and linguistics of speech .It was believed that “... the functional style is determined by the specific purpose of a particular statement and is a function of the statement, that is, “speech” (parole)” [Gavranek 1967: 366]. In accordance with this definition, the following classification of functional styles was proposed [ibid.]:

Functional styles of literary language

A. Depending on the specific purpose of the statement:

1) practical message, 2) challenge (call), persuasion, 3) general presentation (popular), 4) special presentation (explanations, proofs), 5) codifying formulas.

B. Depending on the way of expression:

intimate - public, oral - written;

oral: 1) intimate: (monologue) - dialogue, 2) public: speech - discussion; written: 1) intimate, 2) public: a) announcement, poster, b) newspaper speech, c) book.

System (language) aspect, according to Prague scientists, reflects not the concept of functional style (as the concept of the functional aspect of speech), but the concept "functional language" , which is determined by "... the general tasks of the normative complex of language tools and is a function of the language (langue)" [ibid.]. Wed [ibid: 365]:

Standard language functions Functional languages

1) communicative 1) colloquial

2) practically special 2) business

3) theoretically special 3) scientific

4) aesthetic 4) poetic.

“In linguistic utterance, therefore, we encounter functional languages ​​in various types of functional styles” [ibid.]. Thus, the dichotomy of structural linguistics language / speech is justified functionally - by the clarity of the opposition of language / speech functions, reflected in the opposition of language (general, reference) and speech (specific, variant) spheres of communication, functional languages and functional styles .

2. In the Russian linguistic tradition (V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, L.P. Yakubinsky, etc.) functional style is defined as a functional variety of literary language , and the choice of the bases for the selection and principles for the classification of functional styles is put forward as the main problem. At the same time, the “broad” and “narrow” definitions of the concept (cf., for example, the behavior of all spheres of the literary language under the term "functional style" in the concept of V.V. Vinogradov and the delimitation of terms "functional varieties of language" and "functional styles" in the concept of D.N. Shmelev) are correlated in Russian stylistics with the central problem of stylistic analysis of the language in the functional aspect - to generalize real texts as given by a system of differentiated linguistic means by those boundaries that are defined in the existing stylistic system of the language. So, according to V.V. Vinogradov, functional styles are distinguished, on the one hand, by the social functions of the language (the function of communication is performed by everyday style; messages - everyday business, official documentary and scientific; influences - journalistic and artistic fiction), and on the other hand - by communicative functions (a communicative and everyday function is performed by conversational, book, everyday business and everyday household; scientific and communicative - scientific and business and scientific and special; propaganda and communicative - newspaper and magazine-journalistic). According to D.N. Shmelev, the main functional types of the literary language (“functional varieties of language”) include oral speech, artistic speech and a set of functional styles fixed in writing (scientific, official business and journalistic speech). Functional styles are the spheres of the literary language, which, in the principles of their systemic organization, differ significantly from the language of fiction and colloquial speech (a special aesthetic function of the language of fiction and the uncodified nature of colloquial speech as an “individual”, “personal” “language”). However, in any case, the issues of functioning are correlated with the principle of consistency and the need to present this consistency as a standard of real functioning in the language, to draw up a functional classification of the system of stylistic means of the language, to implement any communicatively significant unit, a unit that marks certain stylistic relations. Although the "pre-text" units of the communicative motivation of linguistic signs themselves are not sufficiently fixed in this paradigm of stylistics, since, subject to the solution of the tasks of representing the units of the stylistic system, the factors of language conditionality themselves are, as it were, accepted a priori, which implements the structural-functional approach, but not the communicative one. Hence the definition functional style as a phenomenon of the functional aspect of the language , which consolidates in the Russian philological tradition the idea of ​​simultaneous fixation in the term "functional style" of "linguistic" and "speech" relevant content. Therefore, in Russian stylistics, a “synthesizing” model of a functional style is implemented, which is considered both as a language style (a certain language standard, an invariant of a separate functional sphere of socially significant communication), and as a speech style (a specific implementation, a variant of the dynamic nature of the language, its functioning in the process of speech activities) (cf. [Kozhina 1993; Stepanov 1990]).

3. Of particular importance is the synthesis of the two traditions of functional stylistics in their relationship with the latest trends in functionalism and, above all, with discourse theory .

In modern linguistics, the classification and description of text-forming means is the most important task of both functional stylistics and text linguistics, discourse linguistics. The fulfillment of this task requires the synthesis of the theory of functional styles and the theory of text, the theory of speech activity, psycholinguistics, and linguistic pragmatics. Since the functional style is realized in the form of texts of the same type of extralinguistic conditionality and a communicative task, its speech systemicity is manifested, firstly, in the selection and frequency of units of different levels, and secondly, in a set of proper textual features, which reflect the facets of the communicatively determined author's intention. Thus, the appeal of functional stylistics to the theory of discourse is natural, since the functional style generalizes certain texts that represent real participants and episodes of the communication process, and the actual communicative components of speech acts are primarily associated with the concept of discourse and the discursive process of speaking and understanding the language, generating speech and its real exhibitors - texts. Discourse usually a communicative event is defined in the form of a text. In addition, it should be noted that the term discourse itself was originally used precisely in the meaning of "functional style". The reason for the emergence of the new term lies in the peculiarities of national schools of language learning [Stepanov 1995]. If in the Russian tradition, thanks to the development of functional stylistics, an idea was formed of a functional style as a special type of texts and a speech system corresponding to each text, then in the Anglo-Saxon there was nothing of the kind, since there was no stylistics as a sphere of linguistics. However, the need to study the text-forming "forces" of language could not but be realized in connection with the debunking of the dogmas of anti-mentalism, which reflected the emergence of a new term "discourse", which describes the functioning of a linguistic sign as a certain communicative event that generalizes the speech behavior of a linguistic personality. Moreover, modern approaches to discourse seem to repeat the logic of the formation of the concept of functional style: from language to communication and vice versa. Discourse is understood as a synonym for a text or an act of utterance, as well as “initially a special use of language to express a special mentality” (P. Serio). Wed: discourse - this is 1) the “givenness of the text” or the system (grammar) behind this givenness; 2) an arbitrary fragment of the text, consisting of more than one sentence or an independent part of the sentence; 3) a communicative event that recreates the situation of "full semiotics" of natural language in the triad "language - world - consciousness", etc. In accordance with the principles of discourse structure, a reference concept is distinguished - the focus of concentration of discourse created by a general context - a description of actors, objects, circumstances , times, actions and determined by the world common to the creator and interpreter - reality “created” in the course of the deployment of the discourse of reality (V.Z. Demyankov, T.A. van Dijk, V. Kinch, etc.). V.Z. Demyankov in the dictionary of English-Russian terms on applied linguistics and automatic text processing gives the following definition of discourse: “Discourse is a discourse, an arbitrary piece of text consisting of more than one sentence or an independent part of a sentence. Often, but not always, centered around some underlying concept; creates a general context that describes actors, objects, circumstances, times, actions ... Elements of discourse: events described, their participants, performative information, and “non-events”, i.e.: a) circumstances accompanying events; b) background explaining the events; c) evaluation of participants in events; d) information relating discourse to events.

The fact that scientific books and works of art, official documents and journalistic articles are written in different ways represents everything. The fact that everyday dialogue is not similar to the dialogue that sounds at official negotiations is also understood.

But not everyone can create texts of different styles. Because everyone is built according to their own laws. We have already talked about some of them.

Laws of construction of texts of scientific books, official documents, etc. studies science - or rather functional style, because. this science is concerned with the functioning of language.

Definition and concept of functional style

Functional style is the main concept of style.

There are quite a few definitions of it. One of them was given by O.A. Krylova:

"The functional style is a kind of literary language that has historically developed in a given language community, which is a relatively closed system that regularly functions in a certain area of ​​social activity."

In this concept, it is important that

a) style corresponds to a particular area of ​​human activity,

b) it is historically formed,

c) it is one of the varieties of the literary language.

The simplest definition might be:

functional styles are one of the main largest speech varieties, along with, for example, and forms of speech.

The very existence of styles is not invented by scientists, it is determined by the objective factors of our life. These factors are usually referred to as extralinguistic, i.e. non-linguistic. In other words, it is life that determines what the text of a particular style should be like.

Extralinguistic Factors Affecting the Functioning of Styles

The main functional styles of the Russian language and their style features

Scholars distinguish a variety of styles, but the most general idea is defined by five functional styles:

Functional styles and the factors that determine them have evolved over the centuries.

If you carefully look at their characteristics, you can see that scientific, official business, journalistic have a lot in common:

• predominance of the written form of speech,
• monologue as the leading type of speech,
• public communication.

Sometimes they are combined under the general name "book styles", contrasting them with colloquial speech. It is easy to notice the special position of the style of fiction.

Each of them has its own special style features. For example,

• for scientific style-

these are accuracy, emphasized logic, conclusiveness, accuracy (uniqueness), abstractness (generalization);

• for official business style -

directiveness, standardization, lack of emotion, accuracy that does not allow for other interpretations;

• for conversational

spontaneity (unpreparedness), installation on informal communication,

• for journalistic

combination of expression and standard;

• for fiction - imagery.

Within each style, smaller varieties are possible - substyles, which are determined by specific goals (more specific than the general goal of the style), the specifics of the author and addressee.

The Role of Genre in Functional Style

The writing of the text also depends on the genre, according to the definition of the outstanding philologist of the twentieth century M.M. Bakhtin:

Genre is a relatively stable type of utterance - text.

So, for example, the text of a monograph, a textbook and a popular science book is constructed in completely different ways, although all these genres correspond to the scientific style.

So, the chain that determines what the text created by the author will be is built as follows:

text - genre - substyle - style.

Each style is characterized by specific, special linguistic means that determine the linguistic appearance of the text. For example,

Let's compare the words to ask - to intercede - to cry - to beg. These words are synonyms, but, probably, each person can determine in what style one or another word can be found more often. Try to match the above words with functional styles…

Compare the words potato - potato. The first word is more likely to be found in bookish styles, the second in colloquial styles, and so on.

However, most language tools in all styles are the same, these are the so-called neutral language tools. For example, the noun autumn, the adjective good, the numeral seven, the verb read, the adverb very, etc. can be used in any situation, and therefore in any style of speech.

Our theme presentation:

We have an online crossword on the topic

• scientific style, guess
• colloquial -
• journalistic -
• official business

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy (see "Our Library")

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.

Completed:

Khlynovskikh A.K.

Group PU 07-05

Checked:

Bogdanova I.V.

Krasnoyarsk 2007

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors affecting its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of the official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I set for myself is the formation of a stable idea of ​​the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 deal with these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a glossary of terms.

What are the styles of the Russian language.

Factors affecting its formation and functioning .

There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles- original registers of the language, allowing you to switch it from one key to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of ​​​​social activity, for which it uses the features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content that are specific to this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a number of texts and finding common features in them.

functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of language means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.

The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he had only one function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and regular appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, to regulate * life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official-business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.

Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by the conditions associated with the life of society itself, and are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:

a) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

in) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or private (all functional styles except colloquial refer to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - an abstract, textbook, report; for official business - a certificate, contract, decree; for journalistic - article, reportage, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message or influence), but only one is the leading one. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but its transfer by artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is the derivation of new laws, the study and description of natural and social phenomena, teaching the basics of knowledge, and developing interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because. science seeks to fix its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the rapid scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M. V. Lomonosov and his students. The final scientific style took shape only towards the end of the 19th century.

As a rule, a scientific text is easy to distinguish from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that name the basic concepts of this science - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air with motionless wing serving for education lifting force). But the features of the construction of a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, therefore words in such a text are used in only one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects, phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles, most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this logicality is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon - the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargon there is a student, youth and other jargon . So, in the speech of students you can find such jargon , as…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in texts on chemistry for a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

There are three sub-styles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (the addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee proper scientific substyle is a specialist in the field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science- any person interested in a particular science. Target proper scientific substyle - description of new phenomena in science, hypotheses *, their proof; scientific and educational- presentation of the foundations of science, training; popular science- to convey to a person who is not a specialist, knowledge from various fields of science by available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, the texts of different substyles differ (for example, in proper scientific substyle practically does not use emotional words, while in popular science there are many more such words.

Features of the official business style.

Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by the accuracy of the wording (which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( brought up for discussion, but not we are discussing ; there are cases of non-compliance with the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

The ability to determine the style of the text is the first level of assimilation of style, the initial stage of mastering the concept of style.

Style is a speech concept, but it can be correctly defined only by going beyond the border of the language system, taking into account such circumstances as the tasks of speech, the sphere of communication. Given these factors, certain Russian languages ​​are formed.

Each of us uses various functional ones in our lives. As a result, principles for the selection of language means are formed in the minds of people in accordance with the conditions and tasks of communication, leading style trends are formed, internal attitudes towards the use of certain

The stylistic stratification of speech begins with the distinction between the most contrasting types. Such, without a doubt, are the colloquial type of speech, the core of which is the colloquial style, and the literary type of speech that opposes it, uniting all other functional styles of the Russian language (artistic, scientific, journalistic, official business). This distinction is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness forms, and the sphere of public consciousness - the functional styles of the Russian literary language.

The differences between colloquial and literary speech are largely determined by its form, oral or written. Although all functional ones can be realized in one form or another of speech, the probability of these realizations in different types is different. For all literary styles, written speech is more often used, for colloquial speech - oral. Habitual leaves an imprint on the structure of the style. For a better understanding of the specifics, a system of functional styles of the Russian language has been developed.

1. Conversational - used in an informal one-on-one setting for the purpose of communication (talk). Main features: vagueness, ease.

2. Scientific - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is a message (explain). Main features: consistency, accuracy, abstractness.

3. Official business - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is a message (to instruct). Main features: dispassionateness, accuracy, formality.

4. Journalistic - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (persuade). Main features: emotionality, appeal.

5. Artistic - used in a formal setting, implies a large audience. The purpose of speech is impact (depict). Main features: emotionality, figurativeness, logic.

Some features of the communication situation are common to official business, artistic, these functional styles of the Russian language are used when addressing many people at once, usually in an official setting and mainly in writing. Therefore, these four styles constitute the literary (bookish) type of speech. It is opposed to the colloquial type (conversational style), which is used in communication with one or more familiar faces, in a relaxed, informal setting and mostly orally.

The system reveals the dependence of type and functional on the characteristics of the speech situation, it helps to understand why the functional styles of the literary Russian language have certain features. On its basis, it is easy to make a description of the functional style of speech (style model), including four main features: the scope of the statement, the task of speech, language means, and style features.

1

The article analyzes the factors of formation of functional styles and classification of functional styles. The analysis of the material made it possible to create a classification of style-forming factors and a classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes proper linguistic (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. The objective factors include three groups: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) associated with the attribute social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more fractional division of styles. The presented classification summarizes the classifications of functional styles that exist today.

classification of functional styles.

extralinguistic style-forming factors

language style-forming factors

functional style

1. Arnold I.V. Stylistics. Modern English. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2002. – 384 p.

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3. Budagov R.A. Literary languages ​​and language styles. - M .: Higher School, 1967 - 376 p.

4. Galperin I.R. Stylistics of the English language. - M .: Higher School, 1980. - Ed. 3rd. – 316 p.

5. Foal T.V. Dictionary of linguistic terms / T.V. Foal. – Ed. 5th, corrected and supplemented. - Nazran: Pilgrim Publishing House, 2010. - 386 p.

6. Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2008. – 464 p.

7. Laguta O.N. Educational dictionary of stylistic terms / O.N. Laguta. - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk state. un-t, 1999. - 332 p.

8. Moiseeva I.Yu. Intensifiers in English: functional-stylistic and grammatical aspects / I.Yu. Moiseeva, V.F. Remizova // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 1; URL: http://www..

9. Murot V.P. Functional style / V.P. Murot // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. IN AND. Yartseva. M.: Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 2002. - 507 p.

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11. Pedagogical speech science. Dictionary-reference book / ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and A.K. Michalskaya. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1998. – 437 p.

12. Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms / otv. ed. V.Yu. Mikhalchenko. – M.: RAN. Institute of Linguistics. Russian Academy of Linguistic Sciences, 2006. - 436 p.

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The functional direction in stylistics, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of the ideas of S. Bally, marked the beginning of a scientific understanding of the problems associated with functional styles. And, despite the fact that many problems have been raised and solved over the century, some questions regarding functional styles remain open. The development of new forms of communication actualizes interest in functional styles.

The purpose of this study: to identify the factors of formation of functional styles and analyze the classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics.

Material and research methods

The material of the study was the definitions of functional style, taken from dictionaries, textbooks and works on stylistics. The analysis of the factors of formation of functional styles and the classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics was carried out using both general scientific methods (description, analysis, synthesis, hypothetical-deductive method), and general linguistic methods (method of analyzing lexicographic sources, passive linguistic observation).

Research results and discussion

Functional styles are formed under the influence of certain factors. Many authors point to this. Basically, the nature of style-forming factors has an extralinguistic character. However, V.P. Murot believes that language functions have a direct influence on the formation of functional styles. On the other hand, notes N.A. Slyusarev, the study of functional styles makes it possible to identify with the help of which units and means of the language system certain functions of the language are implemented. I.V. Arnold believes that the set of characteristic features of any style depends on the function or set of functions that dominate the act of communication. For example, in her opinion, the main function of the scientific style - intellectual and communicative - determines the choice of language means for creating scientific texts. It is worth noting that in the "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" in the article "Language Functions" this function is missing, which is consistent with the idea that the study of certain aspects of the language enriches linguistics as a whole.

The formation of functional styles is mediated, in addition to linguistic factors proper, by a combination of extralinguistic factors (I.V. Arnold, M.M. Bakhtin, .V. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin, B.N. Golovin, M.N. Kozhina, V P. Murot, A. K. Panfilov, J. Russell and others).

The spheres of communication, social practice, speech practice, human activity (according to V.P. Murot - industrial activity) influence the choice and use of language means to serve the same areas of communication, social practice, speech practice, human activity.

Attribute public (social) is directly related to the formation of styles: functional styles are formed in social structures, and not by individual speakers. Hence, the types of social structures, types of social relations, forms and levels of social consciousness play the role of style-forming factors.

In general, the list of extralinguistic style-forming factors is quite impressive, but there are no clear classifications of factors at the moment. In the interests of truth, we note that attempts have been made to separate factors into objective and subjective. Education, gender, age of the communicating individual were classified as subjective. As for the factors mentioned in the same source, such as the individual traits of the speaker, his belonging to a certain social group, social role, speech situation, they are classified as extralinguistic factors in general, there is no list of directly objective factors.

It is logical to assume that extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of functional styles are associated with pragmatic situations of communication, since functional styles "serve" them, manifest themselves in certain communicative circumstances. The pragmatic situation of communication includes the subjects of communication, the subject, the conditions of communication.

The style-forming factors associated with the subjects of communication are: communicating individuals (private person, official), group subjects, mass audience, social institutions, institutions, organizations.

An important role in the formation of functional styles is played by factors associated with the addresser: intensionality, i.e. the presence of a special goal, a special motive for the author.

The factors related to the subject of communication include topics, subject positions of subjects.

Communication conditions influence the appearance of the following style-forming factors: formality / informality of communication, presence / absence of communication subjects, simultaneous interaction / delayed interaction of communication subjects.

In a generalized form, style-forming factors are presented in the table (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of style-forming factors

Style factors
Language	Extralinguistic
	objective	subjective
Language Features	spheres of communication and activity	education of subjects of communication
	types of public structures	gender of subjects of communication
	types of social relations	the age of the subjects of communication
	forms and levels of public consciousness	individual features of the subjects of communication
	related to the subjects of communication: individuals (private person, official) group subjects mass audience social institutions, government agencies, organizations	belonging of the subjects of communication to a certain social group
	related to the addresser: intensionality (the presence of a special goal, a special motive for the author)	social roles of subjects of communication
	related to the subject of communication: topics, subject positions of subjects	the psychological state of the subjects at the time of communication
	related to the conditions of communication: formality / informality of communication, presence / absence of subjects of communication, simultaneous interaction delayed / interaction of subjects of communication

The question of the number and classification of functional styles remains debatable. A simple count of the functional styles named in dictionary entries, textbooks, and writings on stylistics leads to ambiguous results. Their number varies from three.

However, it is worth noting that not all proposed classifications are simple, single-level. Many linguists in the same style see the presence of substyles or varieties of the same style. Thus, functional styles are presented as equal in rights, located in the horizontal plane, and subordinate, lining up vertically.

Both the number and one-dimensionality / multidimensionality of functional styles are explained by the lack of a single principle for their selection. The areas of activity, communication are called as the basis for distinguishing styles; goals, objectives of communication, communication; types of communication situations.

I.V. Arnold and V.P. Murot, the so-called neutral style, possible in any communicative situation. I.V. Arnold's neutral style comes into opposition with the colloquial and bookish, and in V.P. Murot - with the sublime and reduced. To the group of book styles I.V. Arnold classified scientific, business, poetic, oratorical, journalistic; and to the colloquial group - literary colloquial, familiar colloquial, vernacular.

Observations show that the criteria for selecting styles do not always follow a clear logic. So, O.N. Laguta contrasts the styles of book speech (scientific, official business, journalistic) with the styles of influencing speech (radio, television, film speech, fiction and oral public speaking). In this case, it is not explained how book speech differs from influencing speech (journalistic style may well perform an influencing function, and fiction can be attributed to book speech).

Classifications in which styles are divided into substyles and further into smaller systems seem to be more solid. In frequency, L.L. Nelyubin in the style of official communication sees the presence of a sub-style of diplomatic documents, the system of which includes: the sub-language of credentials, the sub-language of project documents, the sub-language of protocols, etc. .

Proposal by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and A.K. Michalskaya, to single out in the scientific style, along with the actual scientific and scientific and technical sub-styles, also a separate scientific and educational sub-style seems quite justified. Nevertheless, the statement that the actual scientific and scientific-technical sub-styles can be presented in a popular science presentation raises the question: does this not result in the deformation of the scientific style itself, does it move into the category of other styles / sub-styles? The answer is most likely yes.

The presence of a scientific style is recognized by all the authors whose works we turned to in order to study the very concept of "functional style". The only discrepancy was found in the "Explanatory Translation Dictionary", where not the scientific style is indicated, but the style of science and technology. It should be noted that the language of such a field as technology does not have a strict stylistic affiliation, so V.P. Murot believes that the technical substyle does not belong to the field of science, but to the field of production and highlights the production and technical style.

Formal business style is present in most classifications. In general, this style in one form or another is recognized by all authors, despite some disagreements in its naming: individual authors take into account only one of its components - either only the style of official communication, or only business style. I.R. Galperin in the style of official documents there is a substyle of business documents.

In quantitative terms, the scientific and official business styles are slightly inferior to the journalistic style - it is mentioned seven times (against eight mentions of the scientific and official business styles). Here, too, there are modifications of the name of the style: newspaper-journalism and the style of journalism and the press.

The style of fiction is not recognized by all linguists. However, the language of fiction is considered by many scholars to be a separate functional style. I.R. Galperin distinguishes three sub-styles in the language of fiction: the language of poetry, the language of fiction, and the language of drama.

A striking fact should be pointed out: the language of everyday communication is recognized as a separate functional style by far from all specialists in the field of functional stylistics, although there is no doubt that the stylistic characteristics of the language of everyday communication are not identical to the stylistic characteristics of, for example, scientific style. The same linguists who do not deny its existence endow it with different characteristics: everyday literary style, style of everyday communication, colloquial style.

I.V. Arnold postulates that the presence of a conversational style is a consequence of the presence of an oral form of speech, but its presence is observed in writing in literary works, in correspondence, in advertising. Recall that I.V. Arnold consists of three sub-styles - literary-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, colloquial.

The presence of newspaper style in some classifications is controversial. I.V. Arnold, M.D. Kuznets, Yu.M. Skrebnev warn about the danger of substitution of concepts: the functional style should not be confused with the genre. However, it is also unlawful to completely ignore the language of newspapers, hence the emergence of such styles as newspaper-journalistic, newspaper-political, journalism and press style. I.R. Galperin insists on the need to recognize newspaper style and includes the language of news, announcements and advertisements, headlines, and editorials into the style system.

It should be noted that the Czech linguistic school distinguishes a religious functional style, which is almost not covered in Russian studies.

The functional styles studied by linguistic stylistics show discrepancies with the functional styles identified in sociolinguistics. The subject of linguistic stylistics, the founder of which is recognized by S. Bally, is the study of language means associated with a particular style. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society. The range of problems studied by sociolinguistics includes the social functions of the language, the social nature of the language, the impact of social factors on the language, i.e. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society, therefore sociolinguistics also considers functional styles. In the classification of functional styles adopted in sociolinguistics, there are the following styles: official, informal, professional, ritual or cult.

Generalization of the existing classifications of functional styles makes it possible to create a single classification that takes into account different points of view (Table 2).

table 2

Classification of functional styles

Style	Substyle
	Actually scientific
	Scientific and educational
	Scientific and technical
Production and technical	The language of architecture and construction
	The language of computer science
	Industry language, etc.
Official business	Army language
	Business language
	The language of diplomacy
	Language of jurisprudence
journalistic	Speaking language
	Press language
	Radio language
	TV language
Colloquial	Literary and colloquial
	Familiar-colloquial
	vernacular
Art	Film language
	The language of fiction (poetry, prose, drama)

Significant for this classification are such style-forming factors as the spheres of communication and activity, as well as the functions of the language. The classification includes often ignored texts of radio and television programs, as well as the language of cinema. The boundaries between styles are mobile, inter-style mobility is high: the language of radio and television can show similarities both with the language of the press, and shift towards not only literary and colloquial, but also familiar and colloquial sub-styles, and even vernacular. The industrial and technical style intersects with the scientific and technical substyle of the scientific style, but does not duplicate it. The language of feature films, like the language of fiction, has much in common with the colloquial style, but it also differs from it in its aesthetic function, which is most inherent in the artistic style.

In the present work, such a frequently distinguished factor as the type of speech (oral, written) was not considered. We believe that every functional style can be implemented both in written and verbal form. This applies even to such, at first glance, purely oral styles as colloquial, the language of cinema, radio, and television. Being predominantly oral, they can also appear in written form. It is enough to point to the language of Internet chats, blogs, Internet forums, comments, film scripts. However, it must be admitted that the language of the press remains mostly written, while the language of radio and television remains oral.

findings

Thus, this article presents the classification of style-forming factors and the classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes proper linguistic (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. The objective factors include three groups: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) attribute related social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more fractional division of styles. The presented classification is a generalization of the classifications developed by science to date.

Bibliographic link

Moiseeva I.Yu., Remizova V.F. FUNCTIONAL STYLES: FACTORS OF EDUCATION, CLASSIFICATION // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-3.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=23936 (date of access: 03/01/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"