Quartz sand and its uses. Quartz sand - classification and performance properties. Characteristics of quartz sand

Quartz sand is a unique material that has a wide range of applications. Depending on the fractions, it is used for decorative purposes (from wall decoration to decorating aquariums), for sprinkling sports grounds and paths in summer cottages, when arranging work premises, etc.

Often quartz sand is used to remove metal corrosion, in the production of paints, enamels and varnishes, the manufacture of molds for the foundry industry, for the brake system of railway trains, etc.

It is not so easy to buy quartz sand at enterprises that mine it. However, there is a way out of this - to make the material yourself based on pure river sand. It is sifted through a fine sieve to sift out clay, or a large sieve to remove debris. After they are cleaned of iron oxide, washing with water and a solution of hydrochloric acid. The same composition will remove the remains of clay. At the end quartz sand washed with clean water(ideally, by a Gresley and Rug machine) and dried by placing it on an oven, in the sun, etc.

Quartz sand obtained in this way is not of high quality. It can be used, for example, for filling voids in shielded rooms. However, in other cases, it is better to purchase quality material from specialized companies.

Today, quartz sand is used in various fields of human activity: construction, industry and other areas. The material is rightly considered one of the most homogeneous and pure in nature.

It has strong granules that perfectly cope with natural, mechanical and chemical destructive effects. Silica plays an important role in its composition, which accounts for 99% of the substance. In the crude form, the material contains oxides of manganese, iron, as well as clay, feldspar, and even some precious metals. Thanks to them, the grains get a reddish-brown and yellowish tone. After cleaning, quartz sand becomes white or may have a milky tint.

The main advantages of quartz sand are:

homogeneous structure;
the material is environmentally friendly, does not adversely affect human health;
round shape;
the possibility of staining in any color;
excellent sorption characteristics;
high level of porosity and dirt holding capacity;
high strength, abrasion resistance;
chemical inertness;
does not fade from direct sunlight.

Quartz sand is used in the following areas:

production of concrete or masonry mortar for construction work;
in the manufacture of polymeric floor coverings;
formation of road decking, gives an anti-slip effect;
production of artificial marble stones using vibrocasting;
carrying out landscape works;
production of decorative plaster;
as a decorating element, they are actively used in zoology, aquaristics and gardening;
found application in children's and "handmade" creativity.

Quartz sand has excellent sorption characteristics, so it is widely used for the manufacture of water filters and filtration systems, as well as drainage systems. For this, fine-grained material is best suited. Due to its excellent porosity and high density, it is able to improve the quality of water and purify a large volume of liquid.

The material is used in the manufacture of cement, concrete, asphalt and plasters. This is due to the high characteristics of uniformity and strength. When carrying out sandblasting, it serves as a bulk substance.

The higher the density of the sand, the higher its hygienic properties, since it is free from impurities. Such material will be optimal for housing repairs. It is also used in the production of fiberglass, porcelain, earthenware, coatings, glass and other materials.

Varieties of sand depending on its extraction

The purest is river quartz sand. Since it has the highest performance, the cost of this material is the highest. Marine sand contains silt and clay inclusions, so it is not as popular as river material.

Also, quartz sand can be mined from ravines. A feature of this material is the presence of sharp corners and a rough surface. It may contain pieces of soil and silt. Ravine sand is used in the manufacture of plasters and concrete. The mountain material has a similar shape.

In construction, gravel sand is most often used. It is located under a layer of clay and soil, mined in special quarries. The material has a rough surface, it has a special angular sharp shape.

As you can see, quartz sand is used in a wide variety of areas. It is represented by various types depending on the density, fraction size, shape, origin and other parameters. Having become acquainted with the features of each of them, you can choose the most suitable sand for specific purposes and tasks.

Material classification

Sand of quartz rock is classified into the following groups:

Location: river, sea, ravine, mountain, burial.
Method of extraction: natural, artificial.
Grain size: fine (fraction 0.5-0.25 mm), medium (fraction 0.25-0.5 mm), large (0.5-3 mm and above).
Fraction shape: round, semi-round, acute-angled.

Classification by place of production

river sand - does not contain impurities, for this reason - the most expensive.

Sea sand contains clay admixture and silty particles, fine-grained.

Ravine breed origin is distinguished by an acute-angled shape and a rough surface. With a high content of impurities of silt and earth. It is used for production of plaster mixes and concrete.

Rock has similar characteristics to gully sand.

soil sand , which is also a cellar, has a number of qualities that are indispensable during construction. It has an acute-angled shape and a rough surface. The layers lie under a layer of soil and clay.

Classification by mining method

natural sand mined from quartz rock, subject to the influence of natural factors. It got its name due to the shape of the grains.

artificial sand obtained when a quartz vein is destroyed by an explosive wave. A significant difference between an artificial material and a natural one is its mineral composition.

Sand coloring

Epoxy or polyurethane resins are used to color the mineral. After processing, the sand remains environmentally friendly and safe, suitable for a wide range of applications. Therefore, you can safely buy colored quartz sand in bulk without fear for safety.

Physical and mechanical properties of colored sand

high wear resistance;
does not change color after staining with constant exposure to direct sunlight.

Areas of Application for Colored Quartz Sand

production of cast marble;
production of polymer flooring;
production of mixtures for decorative plaster;
production of pavement with increased coefficient of friction;
landscape design;
decoration of aquariums, terrariums and other decorative elements.

Qualitative indicators

The main feature of this mineral is the resistance of the material to chemical and mechanical stress. Uncleaned sand has a yellow and red-brown hue. The purified mineral has a white color with a milky tint.

Sand mining and processing process

The extraction of the mineral is carried out on the river bottom and the bottom of watered channels by mechanical excavation or during quarrying.

After the extraction of sand, it is cleaned from impurities and enriched. After purification, the rock is subjected to a temperature effect of 800°C.

Application of quartz sand

In construction work, quartz sand is used as a basis for the preparation of concrete and plaster mixtures. It is used as a decorative material when facing surfaces or landscaping and recreation areas.
In the production of quartz sand is an indispensable component in the manufacture of porcelain, earthenware, glass, enamel, paints and varnishes.
The physical and mechanical properties of the material make it an indispensable element of water filtration systems.
In industry, sand rock is used for casting rolled metal products, steel smelting and refractory products.
In the process of installation and installation of electrical networks, the mineral serves as an arc-extinguishing element.
Among other things, sand is widely used in the construction of road surfaces, helipads and sports grounds.

Quartz sand is a granular material of mineral origin. It is formed as a result of the destruction of quartz-containing rocks. The distribution in the earth's crust is very wide.

The size of sand fractions varies within 0.1-6 mm. Quartz rocks often contain various impurities in the form of clay carbonates, iron oxides, feldspars and other rocks. They give quartz (naturally transparent or white) various shades. The color scheme changes from yellow to red-brown and even black.

Pure quartz sands have a minimum of inert impurities: up to 99% of the composition is silica. Chemical formula of SiO2. The color of quartz sand without impurities is milky.

Quartz sand is divided into two varieties: a material of natural and artificial origin.

The former is found in the form of enriched quartz sand of various fractions and is mined in a developed deposit by mechanical means. The second also has a natural origin: the raw material is crushed vein quartz - a custom rock (pure quartz). For extraction, a drilling and blasting method is used, and then the resulting material is crushed for further use.

Quartz sand is divided into several categories by origin. River, mountain and cellar sand is mined, respectively, on the banks of rivers, in places where rocks come out and under the soil at a certain depth. The river variety contains a minimum amount of contaminants.

Quartz sand is also divided according to the shape of the grains into rounded and crushed. Rounded has the appearance of rounded grains, crushed looks like uneven chipped grains.

Mining and production of quartz sand

The extraction of quartz fractional sand is carried out by an open pit method or by a dredger from natural deposits in the floodplains of rivers and lakes.

A small amount of impurities and a large amount of quartz - this is what distinguishes developments in which quartz sand is mined from quarries in which ordinary construction sand is mined. The extracted raw material goes through a number of technological processes: washing from mud deposits and cleaning from impurities by a chemical method.

This process is called enrichment, it serves to obtain sand of the required quality. As a result, the content of quartz rock increases, and the purest material is obtained, which, after drying in special installations, passes through a series of sieves and is distributed into fractions. The resulting product is called fractionated quartz sand.

The process of extraction by a dredger is as follows: a mixture of sand and water from the bottom of the reservoir is pumped and transferred through a special pipeline to the storage site. Water gradually separates from the extracted soil and goes back into the reservoir through the drains. The resulting material is sent to the enterprise for its further enrichment and separation into fractions.

Artificial quartz sand is obtained from veined quartz rock, which is first sent to the crushing complex. There, the raw material is crushed into grains. This is followed by procedures similar to when working with quarry sand: the material is washed, dried and separated by a technical sieve into fractions.

Characteristics and properties of quartz sand

Features of quartz sand

The peculiarity of quartz sand, which distinguishes it from other types of sand, is that this material is monomineral, that is, it consists of only one mineral - quartz. This homogeneity makes it a valuable industrial raw material. A small proportion of impurities makes it possible to obtain glass with a high degree of transparency from raw materials.

Another feature is intergranular porosity. Compared to other materials, quartz sand provides the highest dirt holding capacity. In addition to this property, the degree of wear of sand grains is low, and quartz sand already shows itself excellently as a filter material.

Chemical properties of quartz sand

The crystalline structure of quartz gives it and the sand derived from it exceptional strength and resistance to alkali and acid materials. Very high hardness, refractoriness and chemical composition of quartz sand cause its increased fire resistance and fire safety. The material in its properties corresponds to a dielectric and is inert to a wide range of chemicals.

Physical properties of quartz sand

Sand is characterized by all the properties of quartz:

bulk density 1300-1500 g / cm3 abrasion - 0.1 crushability - 0.3 hardness (Mohs scale) - 7 (for comparison, the hardness of diamond - 10) use by radioactivity - 1 class

The density of quartz sand is determined by two different approaches.

There is bulk density, and there is true density. Bulk is calculated as the ratio of the mass of the material in a bulk state to its volume. This value includes the pores in the sand grains and the air spaces between them.

That is, this value may vary depending on the moisture content of the material. True density - a constant value, is the ratio of a substance in an absolutely dense state to its volume. The moisture content of the sand does not matter.

To change the density, the chemical composition or molecular structure must be changed. Bulk density is less than true. The density of the material is an important characteristic that must be taken into account when calculating the places for storage, its transportation and movement by handling equipment.

Abrasion, crushability and hardness of quartz sand are indirect indicators of its strength. To determine the values, grains are tested on a rotating abraded metal circle, mechanically compressing the mass of fractions and scratching the standard grain and, conversely, the grain standard.

Fractions of quartz sand:

dusty - less than 0.1 mm fine-grained: 0.1-0.8 mm medium-grained: 0.8 - 1.6 mm; coarse-grained: 1.6 - 6.0 mm

Pulverized and fine-grained quartz sand is used as part of various building materials, such as building mixtures, putties, grouts, abrasive materials, thin plasters and paints.

Quartz sand of medium grain size is used for filtering and cleaning liquids, for sandblasting, for building mixtures, facade and interior plasters, self-leveling floors, concrete mortars, in landscape design, for backfilling sports grounds.

The material of large fractions is used for the manufacture of paving slabs, concrete blocks, landscape decoration. It is also used for filtering.

Sand of all fractions is used in the glass, foundry and chemical industries.

Application of quartz sand

For water purification and filtration

The chemical and physical properties of quartz sand make it ideal for use as a water filter. Drinking or technical water, including in pools, can be qualitatively and easily purified from mechanical impurities and reduce the content of iron, fluorides, chlorides, sulfates, salts of heavy metals and other harmful impurities. Excellent adhesive properties help to attract dirt to the surface of the grains of sand.

Quartz filter sand is used in the first stage of multi-stage household and industrial filters for preliminary mechanical cleaning. Multiple use is possible, as the material is easily washed when contaminated by water-air washing. The use of a quartz sand filter extends the life of subsequent filter stages.

Sandblasting

One of the most effective surface cleaning techniques is sandblasting. Quartz sand or other abrasive is sprayed onto the surface (glass, metal, stone, wood) to be cleaned using a compressed air or water jet.

The grains of sand fly at great speed and destroy the top layer of the surface, cleaning it from scale, corrosion and other coatings. It is necessary to ensure that together with the removed layer, for example, mold on old masonry, the stone itself is not damaged. Quartz sand for sandblasting must be selected taking into account the surface material, the degree of contamination and further processing.

Main areas of work:

cleaning metal from rust and other contaminants; degreasing surfaces; matting glass; cleaning concrete and masonry; roughening the surface for further processing.

Today there is a wide variety of abrasive materials, but dry quartz sand remains the most popular for sandblasting.

Quartz sand for self-leveling floors

Resin floors filled with quartz sand are durable, seamless, non-slip and hygienic and easy to clean. Quartz sand for self-leveling floors is a good way to reduce the cost of a traditional self-leveling floor.

This material is suitable for both new coatings and existing concrete floors. Most often, polymer floors are used in rooms with significant abrasive loads on the concrete surface. Self-leveling floors in this case are used as a finishing decorative coating.

It has a smooth and attractive surface, excellent resistance to stress. Such a floor is characterized by low abrasion, since the polymer in this case acts as a binder, and the main functional load associated with wear is borne by a quartz filler, the abrasion of which is extremely low. To preserve the decorative properties, the floor must be covered with mastic, protective varnish or wax.

Silica sand in the foundry industry

Molding quartz sand is used in the metallurgical industry for the manufacture of casting molds and cores. The quality of casting into one-off molds is directly related to the characteristics of the foundry sand.

The accuracy of the casting, its surface quality, the structure and properties of the casting alloys, the likelihood of developing defects and the need for complex finishing operations are very dependent on the characteristics of the sand. The complex of operations associated with the manufacture of a mold accounts for approximately 60% of the labor costs for obtaining castings. Molding quartz sands have a uniformity coefficient of 72 to 80% and are characterized by increased strength and fire resistance.

Glass production

The glass industry is one of the main consumers of quartz sand. Glass quartz sand intended for glass making must meet special requirements. In the material, the proportion of silicon oxide should be at least 95%, clay impurities should be no more than 1%, iron oxide - no more than 1%.

In high grades, the content of silicon oxide reaches 99.8%. Moisture in dried sand should be no more than 0.5%. The proportion of impurities in the sand directly affects the transparency of the glass made from it.

Quartz sand is the basis for the manufacture of all types of glass. Ordinary window, medical, fiberglass, laboratory, electronics and so on are made from the same material. Therefore, great attention is paid to the purification of raw materials in the production of quartz sand.

Depending on the chemical composition, sand is classified into grades that have a letter designation and purpose:

OOVS - products of special responsibility with high translucency; OVS - products with high translucency; VS - products with high translucency; C - translucent products; B - colorless products; PB - semi-white products; PS - products with reduced translucency; T - dark glass -green.

For sports surfaces

When organizing sports grounds with artificial grass coverage, quartz sand infill in combination with rubber granulate or quartz sand alone can be used. On football fields, a composite composition is used: crumb rubber softens friction in the event of a player sliding down. Tennis courts, multi-purpose playgrounds, school stadiums and training grounds use only quartz sand between the grass.

The excellent drainage properties of sand, provided that the grass is laid on the field correctly, is a guarantee that even during precipitation, puddles and mud will not form on the field. Quartz sand for sports surfaces is environmentally friendly, environmentally neutral and proven durability. Thus, the use of quartz sand as an artificial turf substrate gives a special comfort when playing and training on sports grounds.

For road surfaces

Silica paving sand can be used to mark areas of high danger and special attention.

Colored material can be used to highlight road crossings, public transport stops, entrances to industrial facilities or schools. Sharp turns on high-speed highways covered with quartz chips will reduce the danger of passing through such sections. Increased roughness will improve wheel traction and reduce the risk of skidding.

You can use quartz sand for garden paths and paths, as well as pedestrian areas. Excellent decorative and hygienic properties will allow you to keep walking alleys in the proper form without much effort.

Silica sand is almost indispensable in many applications and is one of the most important components for home and production.

Technologies with its application have been worked out to perfection. Attractive natural color, as well as the possibility of painting in any shade due to its excellent absorbent properties, expands the usual scope of applications. For the practicality of the material, you can put the highest score.

Quartz sand is a material that is of natural origin and is distinguished by such characteristics as chemical inertness, fracture resistance, strength, and sorption capacity. Most often it is used in the filtration of oil products and water, for the production of finishing and building materials, as well as in the creation of swimming pools. Now about everything in more detail.

Filtration ability

Silica sand for filters is used much more often than any other natural material. The fact is that its porosity is much greater compared to ordinary crushed sand.

This, in turn, provides it with the highest dirt holding capacity and sorption capacity, due to which even elements such as manganese and dissolved iron are removed from the water. For the same reason, quartz sand for a pool, artificial pond or lake, or rather, for their filtration system, is almost always used. The recommended fractions in these cases range from 0.4 to 6.0 millimeters.

Use in construction

Quartz sand is widely used in the construction industry, in particular, when creating polyurethane and epoxy floors. In this case, it should have a coarse-grained fraction.

The use of this material in the manufacture of plasters and building mixtures is due to its high chemical resistance, mechanical resistance to crushing and abrasion, as well as color stability. Fine fractions are well suited for sandblasting when processing glass, concrete and metal. The material is also used in the production of artificial stone.

Other areas

The use of quartz sand is not limited to all of the above. It is often used in the construction of greenhouse drainage systems, drilling of water wells, as feed for poultry, and as a filler for electrical insulators and waterproofing material. Recently, this type of sand can be found in aquarium and landscaping.

Production

Being a fairly common natural material, quartz sand does not directly enter filters, building materials or other applications directly from a quarry. This can be primarily explained by the nuance that in order to solve certain problems it is necessary to select a suitable fraction. In addition, sand usually contains a large number of various impurities, and therefore the material needs to be pre-treated, which is a rather complicated process.

Application features

The appearance of ready-to-use quartz sand is preceded by several operations at once, including the purification of raw materials from impurities, drying, fractionation, dosage and packaging.

At the same time, the importance of the fraction for this material should never be underestimated, because in certain industries (for example, in the production of glass) it plays a key role. Another important criterion that characterizes quartz sand is the absence of a chemical reaction in it. This applies, first of all, to construction, because after hardening of cement mortars or concrete, undesirable consequences may occur.

Quartz sand is made from quartz, a naturally occurring mineral found in abundance. Quartz is crushed into small fractions, resulting in fractions ranging in size from 0.01 to 3 mm in diameter.

Depending on the size of the fraction, not only the price changes, but also the purpose of the sand. Bulk material is obtained as a result of either natural crushing or artificial. As a result, the mineral turns into fractions of different sizes, which are further used for various purposes.

Composition and chemical-physical properties of quartz sand

The composition of quartz sand is regulated by GOST 21-38, TU. According to this GOST, the composition must contain at least 95% silicon oxide, the presence of clay is permissible no more than 1%, iron no more than 1%.

Humidity should not exceed 10%. The color of sand depends on the impurities in it, for example, the presence of titanium in the composition gives the sand a pink color, iron - brown, pure quartz has a milky hue or has no color. Burnt sand is usually yellow.

However, there are other requirements as well.

For example, if sand is intended for the silicate industry, it can be divided into three classes. Class A must have at least 70% silicon oxide, B - at least 60%, C - at least 50%. Sand for the glass industry is divided into levels of translucency.

Quartz sand is a very hard, refractory and refractory material, resistant to acids and alkalis, not afraid of temperature changes, and is also a dielectric.

These properties allow it to be used in various industries. Moreover, the use of quartz sand in a particular area depends on its specific characteristics. The quartz sand offered by us has undergone the heat treatment required to eliminate moisture and improve the quality of the sand.

Applications of quartz sand

Calcined quartz sand is used:

for sandblasting, in the manufacture of dry building mixtures, in landscape design, in urban improvement, when laying paving slabs, in gunning.

Calcined quartz sand is more expensive than other types, the cost of quartz sand is explained by the fact that the processing process itself is quite expensive. However, the quality of this type of sand is much higher - the firing process allows you to thoroughly clean quartz sand from impurities, including clay and gravel, after which the sand is sifted fractionally and packed in big bags - special synthetic containers that protect the material from dirt and humidity. Which also affects the quality of the sand.

In sandblasting, fine-grained quartz sand is usually used. In many countries, dry blasting is prohibited due to high risks, while in Russia, the process requires the use of a cleaning suit and careful safety precautions. In addition, hydro-cleaning is used - the supply of abrasives under running water, it is safer.

For dry building mixtures, various types of quartz sand are used, both fine and coarse. The latter are in demand in the manufacture of decorative plaster and other decorative mixtures.

In landscape design and urban landscaping, quartz sand is used to sprinkle paths, create gardens, even in sandboxes.

When laying paving slabs, sand is used as a substrate, and in shotcrete - as sand in a cement-sand mortar.

Conclusion

Quartz sand is required in so many areas, from construction and renovation to landscaping, sandblasting and landscaping. The properties and characteristics of quartz sand make it a unique material, strong, reliable and durable.

Ordinary white quartz sand is also actively used for landscape design, designers are very fond of using it as a coating for paths. You have probably seen colored coarse-grained sand in souvenir shops and aquariums, fine- and medium-grained sand is also used for cleaners and filters, including for pools. Quartz flour is used in the glass industry, in the foundry industry and in many other industries.

Sand is the most important material, without which it is almost impossible to imagine any major construction or any minor repairs. To date, there are three main types of such material: river, quartz and ravine. Accordingly, each has a name according to its origin.

The main applications of quartz sand are: finishing materials, glass production, road marking paint, filtration and water treatment.

But quartz sand is becoming more and more popular every day. What is it?

And what is its main purpose? It is very important to know all this if you want to use such material in construction. Therefore, we will consider these points in more detail.

Characteristics and main properties of quartz sand

Table of application of quartz sand depending on the fraction.

Quartz sand is loose quartz - the most durable material in nature. Such sand can be obtained both naturally, when natural stone crushing occurs, and artificially, when quartz is deliberately crushed. But most often quartz is crushed independently.

Quartz sand is most often a very loose homogeneous material, which, depending on the specific subspecies of quartz and the nature of its crushing, differs in fractions. The minimum grain size will be about 0.05 mm, the maximum - 3 mm. Very often quartz material contains additional impurities in small quantities, but may contain up to 90% silica.

Whatever way it is mined, it undergoes additional thorough cleaning, sifting, and also sorting into fractions. This makes it possible to divide the material into grades, as well as to weed out low-quality sand and debris from it.

It has several more properties that distinguish it favorably from all other types of sand. This is a high adsorption capacity, an unusual resistance to mechanical and thermal stress, as well as a high degree of adhesion to various materials and mixtures.

This sand is called so not in vain, quartz particles are of various sizes, and fractions of a certain size are used appropriately. Form also plays a significant role. For the most part, fractionated quartz sand is divided into two groups - building and molding, but they are used much more widely. Window glass, bottles and medical and chemical containers are made from it, the density of quartz sand makes it suitable for obtaining high-quality filters.

Quartz sand obtained from the sea has a run-in rounded shape, as well as river sand, and angular fractions are obtained from quarry and ravine workings.

For those who need to transport this material over a long distance, the specific gravity of quartz sand is of great interest. It corresponds to 2.7 g / cm 3, with sufficient friability, a cubic meter of sand will weigh 1500 kilograms. However, for the most part, quartz sand is sold in bags, packaged in 25 and 50 kilograms. Importantly, the material is filled into bags fractionated, that is, individual particles have sizes within a certain allowable value.

Quartz sand: application in construction and not only

Fine quartz sand has a considerable density, but how you can use it directly depends not only on the size, but also on the shape of the individual fractions. For example, if you want to use quartz sand for sandblasting, using material extracted from the sea or river for this purpose is completely ineffective due to its roundness. But for finishing from such sand with medium and large fraction sizes (from 0.63 to 2 millimeters), you can get excellent mixtures, for example, decorative plaster.

The highest quality is considered to be white quartz sand, which does not have any impurities. Such material does not require enrichment and additional chemical treatment. White sand is used not only in construction, when, for example, you need to get high-strength self-leveling floors, but also in landscape design. Its direct opposite is foundry quartz sand, the quality of which leaves much to be desired. Mostly characterized by a fine grain, the molding material is used for backfilling trenches in construction, as well as for the manufacture of foundry molds.

Where is dry quartz sand needed?

To be used in various fields, both construction and manufacturing, quartz sand must be thoroughly dried. It is during the drying process that the material is cleaned of various impurities, including clay, as well as dust. But, among other things, the above process is necessary for another purpose. Dry quartz sand is easier to fractionate, after which it is packaged in bags or big bags, designed for one ton of content.

Dry sand is indispensable for sprinkling paths, both garden paths, without which not a single landscape of a suburban area can do, and sports paths, along with park ones in the city. Also, quartz sand, especially colored sand, is necessary for road marking, in particular for pedestrian crossings and safety islands. They are sprinkled with soft tiles both from the outside, to increase durability, and from the back, which is necessary for successful transportation so that the sheets do not stick together.

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