Volatile substances of coal. Technical analysis of coal

One of the most important thermal characteristics of fuels are the value of the yield of volatiles and the properties of the coke residue. When solid fuels are heated, thermally unstable complex, oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compounds of the combustible mass decompose with the release of combustible gases: hydrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and non-combustible gases - carbon dioxide and water vapor. The yield of volatile substances is determined by heating a sample of air-dry fuel in the amount of 1 g without air at a temperature of 850°C for 7 minutes. The volatilization yield, defined as the reduction in mass of the test fuel sample minus its moisture content, is referred to the combustible mass of the fuel. Different fuels have different composition and heat of combustion of volatile substances. As the chemical age of the fuel increases, the content of volatile substances decreases, and their outlet temperature increases. At the same time, due to a decrease in the amount of inert gases, the heat of combustion of volatile substances increases. For shale, the volatile yield is 80-90% of the combustible mass; peat - 70%; brown coals - 30-60%, hard coals of grades G and D - 30 - 50%, for lean coals and anthracites, the yield of volatiles is low and, respectively, equals -13 and 2-9%. Therefore, the content of volatile substances and their composition can be taken as signs of the degree of coalification of the fuel, its chemical age. For peat, the release of volatiles begins at a temperature of approximately 100°C, brown and fatty coals - 150-170°C, oil shale - 230°C, lean coals and anthracites ~ 400°C and ends at high temperatures - 1100-1200°C. After the distillation of volatile substances from the fuel, the so-called coke residue is formed. When coal contains bituminous substances, which, when heated, become plastic or melt, a powdered sample of coal tested for volatile content can sinter and swell. The ability of fuel during thermal decomposition to form more or less strong coke is called sintering. Peat, brown coal and anthracite produce powdered coke. Bituminous coals with a volatile yield of 42-45% and lean coals with a volatile yield of less than 17% give powdered or sticky coke residue. The coals that form the sintered coke residue are a valuable technological fuel and are used primarily for the production of metallurgical coke. Coke in the form of a sintered or fused residue is obtained by heating coal crushed to a size of 3-3.5 mm at a temperature of 1000°C without air access. The properties of coke depend on the composition of the organic compounds of the combustible mass of the fuel and the content of volatile substances in it.

Lab #3

Determination of the calorific value of coals according to their moisture content,

ash content and volatile matter

Objective- get acquainted with the methods for determining the main indicators of the technical analysis of coals, master the practical skills of working with the appropriate laboratory equipment and learn in practice the basics of the accelerated method for assessing coals.

Laboratory work is complex. It is based on the definition of three main indicators of coal - humidity, ash content and volatile matter on the basis of which the net calorific value of the working mass of coal is calculated, which is the most important indicator of the quality of coal as an energy fuel.

The calorific value, usually denoted by the symbol, is the amount of thermal energy (hereinafter referred to as heat, or heat) released during the complete oxidation of combustible fuel components with gaseous oxygen. At the same time, it was assumed that higher oxides are formed as a result of oxidation reactions. and sulfur is oxidized to , and fuel nitrogen is released in the form of molecular nitrogen. The heat of combustion is a specific characteristic. For solid and liquid fuels, they are referred to a unit of mass, that is, to 1 kg(specific heat of combustion), and for gaseous fuels - to a unit volume (volumetric heat of combustion) under normal physical conditions, that is, at R = P 0 = 760 mmHg Art. = 1 atm =101325 Pa and
T \u003d T 0 \u003d 273.15 To (t = t0 = 0°C). Concerning m 3 under these conditions was called normal cubic meter ” and the recommended designation “ nor. m 3". Thus, for gaseous fuels, it is assigned to 1 nor. m 3. Units of measurement accepted in the technical literature: " kJ/kg» (« kJ/norm. m 3") or " MJ/kg» (« MJ/Nor. m 3"). In the old technical literature, the units of measurement were " kcal/kg» (« kcal/nor. m 3"). When translating them into modern units of measurement, it should be remembered that 1 kcal = 4,1868 kJ.

The amount of heat that went to heat the products of complete combustion 1 kg or 1 nor. m 3 fuel, provided that these products contain condensed water vapor, that is, water, is called higher calorific value of fuel . This heat is denoted as .

If during the combustion of fuel water vapor is not condensed, then a smaller amount of released heat will be spent on heating the combustion products by the value of the latent heat of condensation of water vapor (latent heat of water evaporation) . In this case, heat is called lower calorific value of fuel and is denoted as . Thus, the determination does not take into account the heat spent on the evaporation of the moisture of the fuel itself and the moisture formed during the combustion of fuel hydrogen. Accordingly, the value is related to how .

The composition of coal, like any other solid fuels, is expressed as a percentage by weight (wt.%). At the same time, 100% is most often taken as:

composition in the working state of the fuel (composition of its working mass), indicated by the superscript “ r »:

composition in the analytical state (composition of the analytical mass), indicated by the superscript “ a »:

composition in the dry state (dry mass composition), indicated by the superscript “ d »:

composition in a dry ash-free state (composition of dry ash-free mass), indicated by the superscript “ daf »:

where mass fractions in the corresponding mass of coal of carbon, hydrogen, combustible sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, total and analytical moisture, wt. %; BUT - ash content of the corresponding mass of coal, wt. %.

To determine the heat of combustion of coals, a single standard method is used - the method of combustion in a calorimetric bomb. With this method, an analytical sample of coal weighing 0.8 ... 1.5 G they are burned in an atmosphere of compressed oxygen in a hermetically sealed metal vessel - a calorimetric bomb, which is immersed in a certain volume of water. By increasing the temperature of this water, the amount of heat released during the combustion of the sample is determined. This gives the calorific value of the fuel for the bomb. Due to the fact that the combustion of fuel occurs in rather specific

Rice. Schematic diagram of a classical calorimeter for determining the calorific value of solid fuels

1 - calorimetric bomb; 2 - stirrer; 3 - thermostat cover; 4 - system for ignition of the sample; 5 - thermometer or a device replacing it; 6 - calorimetric vessel; 7 - thermostat.

conditions (atmosphere of pure oxygen, oxidation of combustible sulfur to SO 3 followed by the formation of nitric acid in condensed moisture, and so on), the value is recalculated to according to the following formula:

where is the heat of formation of sulfuric acid from SO2 and dissolving it in water, numerically equal to 94.4 kJ based on 1% sulfur; - the sulfur content “in the washout of the bomb”, is the amount of sulfur converted into sulfuric acid during combustion, based on the initial coal sample, wt. % (it is allowed to use instead of the total sulfur content in the analytical mass of coal, if , a
); a - coefficient taking into account the heat of formation and dissolution of nitric acid, equal to 0.001 for lean coals and anthracites and 0.0015 for all other fuels.

Knowing , first determine the highest calorific value of the working mass of fuels :

, (2)

where =kJ/kg or kJ / norm.m 3; =
= wt. %.

The coefficient 24.62 in (3) reflects the heat of heating water from
t0 = 0°C to t = 100°C and its evaporation at P 0 = 101325 Pa based on
1 wt. % water.

The value calculated for the operating state of the fuel corresponds to the actual heat released during its combustion in furnaces, and therefore is widely used in heat engineering calculations. is an integral indicator of the quality of fuels and largely determines their consumer properties.

One of the main features of fossil coals is the ability to decompose (destruct) their organic mass when heated without air access. With such heating, gas and vaporous decomposition products are formed, called volatile substances. After the removal of volatile substances from the heating zone, a residue is left, called coke residue, or bead. Since volatile substances are not contained in coals, but are formed when they are heated, one speaks of a "volatilization yield", and not of their content in coals.

The yield of volatile substances is understood as the relative mass of volatile substances, expressed as a percentage, formed during the thermal decomposition of coal under standard conditions. The volatile output is indicated by the symbol V , and non-volatile (coke) residue - NV .

The vapor part of volatile substances consists of condensable hydrocarbons, which are a group of oily and resinous substances, which are the most valuable chemical product.

The gaseous part of volatile substances consists of hydrocarbon gases of the limiting and unsaturated series ( CH 4 , C m H n and so on), carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide ( SO , CO 2 ), hydrogen ( H 2 ) etc.

The composition of the non-volatile residue includes mainly carbon and mineral impurities in the form of ash.

The yield of volatile substances is one of the main classification parameters of fossil coals. Based on the values of the yield of volatiles and the characteristics of the coke residue, the suitability of coals for coking and the behavior of coals in the processing and combustion processes are evaluated.

The essence of the standard method for determining the yield of volatile substances is to heat a sample of an analytical sample of coal weighing 1 ± 0.1 g without air at t = 900±5 °C within 7 min. The yield of volatile substances is determined by the weight loss of the initial sample, taking into account the moisture content in the fuel.

The yield of volatiles from the analytical sample is calculated by the formula

(4)

where = wt. %; - weight loss of the coal sample after the release of volatile substances, G; - weight of the initial sample of coal, G; - moisture content in the initial sample of the analytical sample of coal, wt. %;

- the yield of non-volatile residue from the analytical sample of the tested coal, %, is calculated by the formula

Charcoal will be used in the lab.
wt % , therefore, methods for determining quantities and were not considered in the laboratory work.

The yield of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state of coal is determined as follows:

. (6)

Permissible discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations in absolute terms should not exceed 0.3 wt. % at wt%; 0.5 wt. % at wt. %; 1.0 wt. % at wt. % .

Definition volatile matter. When heated without access to air, coal decomposes, releasing gas and vapor products, called volatile substances.

Depending on the heating temperature, after the removal of volatile substances, a solid residue (kinglet), coke or semi-coke remains. Volatile substances are not contained in the free form in the fuel, but are formed when heated, therefore, they are not talking about the content of volatiles, but about their output.

The yield of volatile substances depends not only on the type of fuel, but also on the conditions of its heating (dry distillation of coal). Output volatile substances and simultaneously determined caking capacity are general indicators by which it is possible to approximately predict the properties and composition of coal.

The composition of volatile substances includes valuable substances that are widely used in the national economy. So, for example, volatile substances of coal contain benzene, toluene, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, etc. The volatile substances formed during the dry distillation of wood contain methane, carbon monoxide, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, etc.

Type of coal Volatile content - % Carbon content - С,% True density - 4, g/cm 413

Determining the yield of volatile substances is a classic method for analyzing coals. In almost all existing classifications of coals, the yield of volatiles is one of the main indicators.

On fig. the dependence of expansion pressure on volatile weight, eating coal. From fig. some correlation is already visible, but when the yield of volatile substances is more than 21-22%, it weakens and becomes clearer when heterogeneous coals are excluded (about 0.20).

For coals, the yield of volatile substances of which is in the range of 17-21%, no correlation is observed at all. However, it is possible to delineate a zone including non-homogeneous coals (curve with broken line) giving little bursting pressure. This obviously means that any homogeneous coal with 19-24% volatile matter is not included.397

The coke obtained according to such a technological scheme has fairly good physical and mechanical properties. Thus, the molded coke used for the first experimental blast-furnace melts had the following quality indicators (in the charge yard of a metallurgical plant): М40 = 89.9%, MIO = 6%, the content of pieces with a particle size of 40-80 mm is 86% When calcined to 0 ° C in an inert atmosphere, this coke does not separate small things, does not fall apart, but, on the contrary, becomes denser and mechanically stronger. Depending on the requirements of the consumer, the porosity of this coke can be controlled by changing the process from 35 to 60% when coking the same coal

What is the coking capacity of coals

Name and symbol of the coal grade Exit volatile substances U,% Coke yield, % Size of lumps, mm Characteristics of non-volatile residue (coke)

Varieties of coals Yield of volatile substances, % per organic mass Composition, % 337

After 9-10 months of storage in piles of various Donetsk coal output volatile substances from OS grade coals increases by 2-3%, T grade - by 1.39%, while for Zh grade coals it changed within 1.18-0.54% in general, the change in the yield of volatile substances is relatively small .
The yield of volatile substances and the heat of combustion as a result of coal oxidation vary differently depending on the degree of metamorphism and on the molecular structure of the organic matter of coal. The release of volatile substances during long-term storage47

The yield and quality of chemical products of coking depend on a number of factors, the degree of metamorphism, the petrographic composition of coals, the yield of volatile substances, humidity, the temperature regime of coking, etc.10

Designation of coals Volatile content (calculated according to Parr), % Bulk weight (converted to dry weight), g / lsz 306

The pripek depends on the properties of the coal charge (the nature of the coals, the yield of volatile substances) and the coking technology. Sintering for Donbass coals is 1.0-2.6% (Donbass), and for coals of the Eastern regions of Russia 1.5-3.0%.85

Anthracite fines (ASh) are coal particles up to 13 mm in size, screened out in mines when producing ordinary anthracite. When sorting dry anthracite for ASh class coals, the size of the pieces is less than 3 mm.

For coal grades D, G and anthracite, when supplied to power plants for combustion in a pulverized state, also at their high humidity, a class with a size of pieces less than 13 mm is established, conditionally designated DSSh, GSSh and ASSh (seed with a fine). ASh has a low volatile yield among all grades of coal, which makes it difficult to ignite. ASh ash consists mainly of silicon oxide and aluminium. An insignificant part of the ash is calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium oxide.15

In the near future, the international classification of hard coals will be widely used. It is based on three very important coal parameters: volatile matter, caking and coking.12

The difference in the scope of analysis for bituminous and brown coals is determined by the different value of their volatile yield. The volatile yield of bituminous coals can vary greatly here; together with the characteristics of the coke residue, it determines their brand and the hydrogen content of oxidized coals. The characteristic of the coke residue, and often the yield of volatiles change according to the change in the calorific value and humidity of the air-dry sample

What is the reason for the gap between the practical and calculated yield of coke, or coke aftertaste, as it is sometimes incorrectly called. The calculation is based on the value of the yield of volatile substances during crucible testing, which is identified with the practical yield of coke in furnaces. However, it is known that the yield of volatile substances depends on the rate of temperature rise with the acceleration of coal heating, the yield of volatile substances increases, which corresponds to a decrease in the yield of coke. Comparing the rate of temperature rise during crucible coking (approximately 400-500 ° C per minute) and in coke ovens (about 1 ° C per minute), one can see the complete discrepancy between these processes, obviously, in coke ovens, the coke residue should be greater than in crucible testing. In addition, with an increase in the yield of volatile substances in the charge and an increase in the coking rate, the formation of graphite increases due to the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in coke oven gas.437

Replacing the classifications according to elementary analysis with a classification according to two parameters - the yield of volatile substances in relation to the combustible mass and physical properties - showed that the results obtained are quite convergent coals are also arranged in a row of the same sequence approximately as in the classification based on elemental analysis. Considering a large number of industrial classifications from different countries, it can be seen that the yield of volatile substances is the most important characteristic, which is included in almost all technical classifications of hard coals. There are reasons for this, because the chemical nature of coal and its chemical age strongly affect the yield of volatile substances. As the chemical age of coals increases, the yield of volatile substances continuously decreases.569

The production of coal from the Chernogorsk deposit increased in 2008 from 1 to 2.9 million years compared to 00. In terms of quality, the coals of the Minusinsk basin are close to gas and long-flame coals. The yield of volatile substances on the combustible mass is 35-42%, the thickness of the plastic layer is y \u003d O-7 mm.

Charcoal type Volatile matter, and Color Trait Glitter Hardness (Mohs scale) Specific gravity20

If coals consist only or mainly of microcomponents of the vitrinite group, then the change in their properties, depending on the degree of their metamorphism, is well expressed by the yield of volatile substances, recalculated for combustible mass, with an increase in the degree of metamorphism of coals, the yield of volatile substances from them decreases. On this, namely, various classifications of coals are based, which are especially applicable to coals of the claren type, i.e., coals with a predominant content of vitrinite (for example, coals of the Donets basin).8

Grade of coal Technological group of coal Volatile content, % Thickness of plastic-21

Fuel Grade of coal Volatile content per combustible mass Ud w7o Lowest calorific value per combustible mass in kcal/kg Coefficient of conversion into standard fuel Calorific value of working fuel 0 in kcal/kg650

Grade of coal Volatile matter yield 0/ /0 Inflating according to AFNOR Curing temperature, °C International dilatometry (dilatation) International classification

Pattaisky and Teichmüller 24, studying the relationship between the carbon content in humic coals and the yield of volatile substances, found that with an increase in the carbon content, the yield of volatile substances from coals decreases unevenly at different stages of metamorphism. Thus, in brown and slightly metamorphosed bituminous coals, the yield of volatile substances does not agree well with changes in the carbon content. In this case, the degree of coal metamorphism is more clearly characterized by the carbon content than by the yield of volatile substances.

According to Storch and collaborators 11, p. 30, the elementary structural formula of the coal substance consists of indene trimers connected by ether bridges. They give a number of evidence in favor of this structure, related to the elemental composition of coal, the release of volatile substances, mechanical properties, etc. However, this formula must also be rejected, since it does not correspond to the results obtained during the oxidation of coal and its decomposition with metallic sodium.

Studies by E. A. Shapatina showed that the main factor determining the decomposition, and therefore the loss of volatile coal during its high-speed heating, is not the residence time, but the temperature field of heating. On the example of studying the process of liberation of volatiles from pulverized (with a size of - microns) gas coal (the yield of volatiles in the initial coal is 38.8%) during its rapid (in 0.45 s) heating to various temperatures in the range of 390-600 ° C with holding at 71

As the particle is heated, it is heated, dried, and then fuel sublimation begins. The higher the content of volatiles in the fuel, the more intense their output. The release of volatiles begins at temperatures that are higher, the older the fuel.

From brown coal output volatiles begins at a temperature of about °C, from gas coal - about °C, from PZh - about °C, from lean coals - about 320 °C, from anthracite - about 380 °C L. 46. The release of volatiles continues up to temperatures of the order 800-1000°С.341

The coking ability is affected by the petrographic composition, the degree of coal metamorphism, the yield of volatile substances, as well as the nature of changes during heating - the transition to a partial state, the degree of viscosity and the temperature range of this state, sintering, gas evolution dynamics19

The gaseous and vaporous products formed during the thermal destruction of coals undergo various transformations, which are associated both with the sintering process and with the decomposition process during their evacuation. degree of metamorphism, petrographic composition of coals, volatile matter, humidity, temperature conditions of coking, etc.78

Bunte and Imhof tested the following German coals by this method to characterize the plastic properties and gas release: 1) non-sticking (sticking) coal from Upper Silesia 2) non-swelling sintering coals from the Saar basin 3) Saar coal, which in properties occupies an intermediate position between the first two coals 4-5 ) two intumescent coals, one from Upper Silesia, the other from the Wurm deposit. For the listed five coals, the yield of volatile substances per combustible mass was 38.6 33.8 34.2 27.8 19.0%, respectively. Coal 1 showed a maximum pressure at 420° of only about 8 yash of water. Art. For coal 2, the maximum pressure was about 1000 mm of water. Art. at 420°, both with a sample of 10 g and 5 g. 490°.

It is known that ash from pulverized coal furnaces consists of a mixture of combustible particles and fly ash. The content of the latter ranges from 75 7o when burning anthracite to 99.5% when burning brown coal.

As it turned out, with such a low content of combustibles in the carry-over, it is impossible to achieve objective results in the analysis of the technical, elemental, and fractional composition of the combustible part of the carry-over. In table.

Figure 2 shows the yield of volatile substances from the entrainment of industrial pulverized coal furnaces burning various grades of coal, as well as from samples of Nazarovsk brown coal taken along the length of the flame. Before analysis, the carryovers were dispersed into fractions.

It can be seen that the yield of volatile substances in carry-overs often exceeds that of the original coal. The yield of volatile substances in fine fractions is especially high.

In samples from the flame of Nazarovsky brown coal, the yield of volatiles on the combustible mass was 65% with a combustible content of 50% and >100% in all fractions with a combustible content of 6.61%. All this indicates that fly ash is not an absolutely inert material.

Apparently, in the analyzes associated with high heating of entrainment, the ash undergoes a number of changes, interacting with combustible residues and gaseous products of their thermal decomposition. The presence of the combustible part of the entrainment creates a reducing atmosphere. Metal oxides included in the composition of fly ash can be partially or completely reduced by reacting with carbon, as well as with gaseous products of thermal decomposition of the combustible part of the fly ash.82

The quality of the coals of the Tunguska and Lena basins is very diverse and is represented by various coalification groups - from anthracites to brown coals. The yield of volatile substances from various groups of coals ranges from 5 to 59% 25.

Some regularity has been established in the distribution of coal over the area of the basin. Anthracites and graphites are located in the west of the basin.

In its middle part, along the meridian, there are bituminous coals with a significant release of volatile substances, and in the east, mainly brown coals are found. It is noted that as one moves from east to west, the yield of volatile substances in coals decreases 25.

A test for the coking ability of the coals of the Angarsk region showed that they have a fairly good sintering ability 25. When using Tunguska coals for coking, their enrichment will be required, since the coals of the identified reserves have an ash content of up to 15%. The sulfur content of the studied coals does not exceed 1.5%. in connection with which they can be classified as low- and medium-sulphurous coals.

Sandor coked briquettes of Yorkshire coal (yield volatile substances 32.5%), compressed under a pressure of 698 kg / cm 3, when heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at a rate of 5 ° per 1 min. up to 690 and 800°. The resulting cokes were kept at the final temperature for two hours and then cooled.

The electrical resistance values measured on coke blocks made in this way during repeated heating and cooling of the latter gave identical curves. The electrical resistance was measured in air in vacuum and in nitrogen. The electrical resistance of the samples stored in air after a few days slightly increased compared to the initial value. The curves of the dependence of the electrical resistance on temperature, in vacuum and in nitrogen, in the temperature range -50 ° - -360 °, obeyed the equation

Similar experiments carried out on an industrial scale have been published in the American press. In American experiments, a significant improvement in the quality of coke (Table 64) was obtained by coking in an industrial furnace coke from coal (with a volatile yield of 38.5/v) with semi-coke of the same coal.

It has been established that, together with a decrease in the content of carbon and hydrogen, the yield of volatile substances in coals increases, the calorific value decreases, the amount of extracted substances, etc.

During the oxidation of reduced coals, the same regularity is observed in the change in the yield of volatile substances in young and more mature coals, as in the original, not subjected to hydrogenation coal.leG, i.e., for gas coal, the yield of volatile substances decreases, and for lean, although reduced, but not reduced below the exit. volatiles in the initial coal.

During the oxidation of reduced coals, a decrease in the yield of volatile substances is observed in all types of coals without exception, i.e., the process of oxidation of reduced coals proceeds in the direction of a more complex molecule. However, it should be noted that for gas coal the yield of volatile substances after oxidation becomes less than that of the initial coal, for coke coal it changes little, and for lean coal with a plastic layer equal to zero, it remains significantly higher than that of the initial coal.

Hilt's rule in the Irkutsk basin is not confirmed with an increase in the stratigraphic depth of coal seams, the release of volatile substances does not decrease, but, on the contrary, does. increases simultaneously the content of hydrogen and sulfur in coals increases and, accordingly, the content of carbon and oxygen decreases.

White Charcoal Binchotan from Vietnam

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Dangerous and harmful physical factors determining the pressure on the output of promising horizons Optimization of the operating mode of operation of the bottom of the bottom from Flexible traction element Mastering and testing of wells Mastering and starting to the work of fountain wells complications in the process of deepening the well basic concepts and provisions Basic concepts and provisions basic information about oil, gas and gas condensing Fundamentals of hydraulic calculations in drilling the basics of oil and adding the basis for the design of the directed wells of the basis of industrial safety, cleaning the basis DRILLING WELL FROM SLUDGE PURIFICATION OF ASSOCIATED GASES Brazing and surfacing HYDROMECHANICAL DOUBLE-SHELL PACKER PGMD1 HYDROMECHANICAL, HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL PACKERS FOR TESTING Columns Packers of rubber-metallic ceiling PRMP-1 Packers and anchors Parameters and completeness of circulation systems parameters of tale blocks for working with APS Primary opening of productive layers Primary cementing methods of mobile pumping plants and aggregates Processing of trap oil (oil and oils) Periodic gaslift Prospects for using the bottom increase OPERATING EFFICIENCY OF SPC pumps Immersion of pumps under the dynamic level Underground equipment of fountain wells LIFT OF VISCOUS LIQUID THROUGH THE WELL ANNUCLES ROCK BREAKING TOOLS PISTON GAUGE GAUGES SALT FORMATION PREVENTION OF ARPD FORMATION PREVENTION OF ARPD FORMATION during SRP operation ADVANTAGES OF LONG STROKE Preparation of acid solutions. Preparation, cleaning of drilling solutions The use of jet compressors for disposal to use the UECN in the wells of Oenburgneft OJSC The principle of action and the design of the bottom of the bottom with LMP causes and analysis of accidents forecasting the deposits of the nose during oil production of the trajectory of directed wells Putings, the development of hydrocarbon deposits. Flushing wells and drilling solutions Contemporary studies Containing methods for determining the fields of formation of the nose Complex collection and preparation of oil, gas and water anti -explosion equipment for increasing the efficiency of the wells of wells. Placement of operational and injection wells for different destruction of rocks. Distribution of breaks along the length of the columns of the bottom calculation of the bottom calculation of the bottom of the bottom Regulation of the properties of cement mortar and stone with the help of reagents Modes of production and injection wells. Reserves for reducing energy consumption during operation of repairs on environmental recovery of the well fund The role of fountain pipes self -propelled installations with movable ... grid of placement of wells of a system for capturing light hydrocarbons wells (packers) wells of centrifugal pumps for oil production and some properties of oil and gas places special non -non -non -non -operating suction pump pumps Methods of oil production used at the OJSC deposits of the state of PZP Comparative tests of pumping installations and methods for verifying meters of the number of gases with the means and methods of verifying the amount of fluids of the stage of development of the fields of the machine pumping pumps jet pumps meters of the number of gases Tale mechanisms temperature and PRESSURE IN ROCKS AND WELLS Theoretical foundations of safety FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Technical physics According to the calculation of short-circuit currents, the condition of the flow of liquid and gas into the wells of the installation of hydraulic piston pumps for the production of oil installations of submersible screw electric pumps installations of submersible diaphragm electric pumps Ustvoi equipment, weighted drill pipes of the UECN, fully affecting the intensity of the APO formation of the physicomechanical properties of the physical characteristics Gas and gas seats GAZ FIENTERS FONTANCE Method of oil production Cementing Cementing Circulation systems of drilling rigs of drilling plants slag -sand cement cement cements of joint grinding rifle pumps (SHN) SARE pumping installations (WHSNU) SALE OF RASSE OF ELECTION OPERATION OPERATION OPERATIONA PRODUCTION OF LOW-PRODUCTION WELLS IN CONTINUOUS MODE EXPLOITATION OF WACH-CONTAINING WELLS WITH WATER PRODUCTION EXPLOITATION OF WELLS OPERATOR WELLS ESP ELECTRODEHYDRATOR. ELECTRIC DIAPHRAGM PUMP energy saving downhole electric pump unit ANCHOR

volatile matter of coal- Substances formed during the decomposition of coal under heating conditions without air access. [GOST 17070 87] Topics coals Generalizing terms composition, properties and analysis of coals EN volatile matter … Technical Translator's Handbook

Volatile substances of coal- 76. Volatile matter of coal E. Volatile matter Substances formed during the decomposition of coal in conditions of heating without access to air Source: GOST 17070 87: Coals. Terms and definitions original document ...

Gaseous and vaporous substances released from a solid mineral fuel when it is heated without air or with insufficient air supply. The content of L. in. along with the nature of the coke residue is the most important ... ... Technical railway dictionary

Volatiles- Substances released from carbon-containing materials (coal, coke, etc.) when heated. The content of volatile substances in coals ranges from 50% (brown coals) to 4% (anthracites). The solid mass remaining after the removal of volatile substances is called ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

VOLATILES- Substances released from carbon-containing materials (coal, coke and others) when heated. The content of volatile substances in coals ranges from 50% (brown coals) to 4% (anthracites). The solid mass remaining after the removal of volatile substances is called ... Metallurgical Dictionary

In the coals in wa. released from fossil coals when heated. Composition L. century: volatile organic. parts of coal, decomposition products of certain minerals. The content of L. in. in coals it ranges from 50% (brown coals) to 4% (anthracites). Solid mass, to heaven ... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

Established with the aim of rational industrial use of coal. Coals are divided into grades and technological groups; such a subdivision is based on parameters characterizing the behavior of coals in the process of thermal action on ... ... Wikipedia

Being more or less constant under ordinary conditions, under the influence of incandescence, impact, friction, and the like. capable of exploding, that is, quickly decomposing, turning into hot compressed gases, tending to occupy a large volume. Occurring ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES- NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES, narcoti ca, or stupefacientia (from Greek narcao corresponding to Latin stupefacio for numbness). Assignment pharmakol. agents in the N. century group. has long been determined by the ability to cause them or oppression of the sensitive and motor ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

GOST 17070-87: Coals. Terms and Definitions- Terminology GOST 17070 87: Coals. Terms and definitions original document: 44. Analytical sample of coal D. Analysenprobe E. Analysis sample F. Echantillon pour analyse A sample of coal obtained as a result of combined or laboratory processing ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (in fossil fuels) - gas and vapor products released during the decomposition of org. substances when heating fossil fuels under standard conditions at t about 850 ° С (GOST 6382 - 65, for anthracites 7303 - 54). Hygroscopic moisture and carbonate carbonic acid are not included in this concept. Increased content. m-fishing, which emit volatile products when heated, introduces a distortion in the output figures of V. l .; solid residue after removal of V. l. called non-volatile residue. With an increase in the degree of coalification, V.'s output of l. falls. Humolites differ in the lowered output of V. l. compared with sapropelites and liptobiolites. Gelified components give a lower yield of V. l. than lipoid components, and higher than fusenized components. Exit V. l. in claren varieties of humic coals, starting from the lower gas coals, it is used as one of the most important indicators of the degree of their coalification.

Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al.. 1978 .

See what "Volatile Substances" are in other dictionaries:

See volatile substances. Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al. 1978. Volatile substances ... Geological Encyclopedia

volatile substances of the pigment- Substances contained in the pigment that volatilize under certain test conditions. Note Same for filler. [GOST 19487 74] Subjects paintwork materials Generalizing terms additional terms characterizing ... ...

Moisture and hydrocarbons contained in the fuel and released from it during dry distillation in the form of vapors and gases. The amount of L.W. in fuel depends on the type of fuel and varies from 10% (in lean coals and anthracites) to 50% (dry long-flame coals). L. ... ... Marine dictionary

volatiles- — Topics oil and gas industry EN volatile constituents … Technical Translator's Handbook

"LOV" redirects here; see also other meanings. Volatile aromatic substances (VAS) are a group of substances that can cause olfactory sensations. The term is intended to characterize substances used in aromatherapy. In this ... ... Wikipedia

This article should be wikified. Please, format it according to the rules for formatting articles. VOC (volatile organic compounds) volatile organic substances, the Russian equivalent of VOCs). Organi ... Wikipedia

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