The concept and types of urban settlements. Theoretical Foundations for the Development of Small Towns and Rural Settlements

The localities are subdivided as follows:

Urban, which include cities and urban-type settlements, satellite cities (satellites), which arise near large industrial cities;

Rural;

The main feature of the type of settlements is the size of the population and the relationship of its predominant part with certain types of activities.

Cities- These are large settlements, the main part of the inhabitants of which is employed in industry, science, culture, health resorts, and management. The minimum population of cities is 12 thousand people. At the same time, the share of the population of non-agricultural labor is also limited - from 85%.

Satellite cities are located around large and large cities at a distance of 30-60 km from them. With their help, densely populated cities are decompressed. Satellite cities are designed for 60-80 thousand people. They house residential areas and individual industrial enterprises for 15-20 thousand workers. Satellite cities can also host scientific centers and higher educational institutions. The main condition for their placement should be a good transport connection with the city. Satellite cities have been created in the vicinity of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov, Kuibyshev and other cities. Dubna and Obninsk were built as scientific centers. Separate branches of industry associated with research and educational institutes are developing in Zelenograd, Zhukovsky near Moscow, and in Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk.

In other countries, other classifications of cities have been adopted. The minimum number of inhabitants of the city there is only a few hundred people.

Cities are of leading importance among all places of settlement, since they are centers for the development of culture, industry, and transport. Cities are the most economical type of settlement in terms of capital costs, operating costs for water supply, sewerage, energy supply, roads and other types of improvement.

Most modern cities industrial. They are the administrative and cultural centers of districts, regions, territories, republics.

More and more new natural resources are being discovered on the territory of the country, which leads to the emergence of new industrial and transport construction in uninhabited areas. New settlements are emerging and existing cities and towns are developing.

Urban-type settlements- settlements from 0.5 thousand to 12 thousand inhabitants, the predominant part of the population of which is associated with industrial production, transport or services.

Rural settlements have a small population, the predominant part of which is employed in agriculture. They are divided into villages and villages. A village is a small settlement, a village is a larger one, which is an administrative, industrial, and agricultural center.

In the course of urban planning activities, the features of settlements, including the size of their population, the scientific and production specialization of these settlements, as well as their importance in the system of population settlement and the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation, should be taken into account.

The settlements of the Russian Federation are divided into urban (cities and towns) and rural (villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls, camps, zaimki).

Depending on the size of the population, the following are distinguished urban settlements:

Largest cities (over 1 million);

Large cities (from 250 thousand to 1 million people);

Large cities (from 100 thousand to 250 thousand people);

Medium cities (from 50 thousand to 100 thousand people);

Small cities and towns (up to 50 thousand people).

(SNiP 2.07.01-89)

Rural areas, depending on the population, are divided into:

For large settlements (over 5 thousand people);

Large settlements (from 1 thousand to 5 thousand people);

Medium settlements (from 200 to 1 thousand people);

Small settlements (less than 200 people).

(SNiP 2.07.01-89)

Cities classified according to the following criteria:

Population;

Administrative significance (federal, republican, regional, district centers);

National economic importance (industrial center, transport hub, resort, etc.);

Local natural-historical features;

The nature of the building.

To solve urban planning problems, it is important to know all the signs in this classification. By population, the classification of cities is given in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. Urban-type settlements are divided into the following categories: large - more than 10 thousand people; medium - from 5 thousand to 10 thousand people; small - from 3 thousand to 5 thousand people.

There are more than 220 super-largest and about 2000 large cities in the world. There are 12 largest and super-largest cities in Russia, and 59 large ones. In our time, it is precisely such cities that are growing especially intensively. Their development is closely connected with scientific, technical and social progress. A significant role in the economic, political and cultural life belongs to millionaire cities.

Over the past 20 years, there has been a tendency in the world to increase the number of large cities to unprecedented sizes. During this time, 3/4 of all millionaire cities arose. They appear especially quickly in countries with a low standard of living of the rural population. Due to rural residents seeking to improve living conditions, the following cities have increased: Sao Paulo in Brazil - three times; Santiago in Chile - by 800 thousand people, Caracas in Venezuela - by five times. Some cities, chaotically, spontaneously increasing, coalesce into entire agglomerations - super-cities. An example is the giant agglomeration stretching for 250 km from Boston to Philadelphia. Its center is New York, whose population, together with the suburbs, is more than 16 million people.

The first millionaire cities in our country were determined at the end of the 19th century. These were St. Petersburg (according to the data of 1890 - 1 million 38.6 thousand inhabitants) and Moscow (according to the data of 1897 - 1 million 38.6 thousand inhabitants). In the middle of the XX century. Kiev became the third millionaire city.

The remaining features of the classification characterize cities in terms of the ratio of volumes of different number of storeys, the degree of landscaping, the nature of improvement, etc.

The difference between urban and rural settlements

Historically, the creation of prerequisites for the division of settlements into urban and rural ones is associated with the socio-territorial division of labor, which leads, first of all, to the separation of industrial and commercial labor from agricultural labor and, thereby, to the separation of the city from the countryside. This causes the development of two main types of settlements - urban (cities) and rural (villages, villages, farms, etc.).

Urban settlements - settlements that perform the following economic functions (one or more in various combinations): 1) industrial; 2) transport; 3) organizational, economic, cultural, political and administrative; 4) functions of organizing recreation and treatment (resorts). To determine urban settlements, it is necessary to proceed from a combination of characteristics: the population, its employment, the economic and cultural significance of the settlement, taking into account the local characteristics of various countries and regions.

Rural settlements include mainly small settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged in geographically dispersed activities. There are many names for rural settlements. If we take only Russia, then here - these are villages, villages, settlements, farms, villages, etc. In other countries, their specific names are used (villages, villages, etc.). And although the names reflect to some extent the functional specifics of a rural settlement, it is hardly possible to speak of a scientific typology of rural settlements on this basis. According to the predominant functions in the social division of labor, two large types of rural settlements can be distinguished: agricultural and non-agricultural. There is also a type - agro-industrial settlements.

"Agricultural" and "rural non-agricultural" settlements are concepts that specify the production orientation of rural-type settlements. In the first case, these are settlements whose inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, in the second case, settlements whose inhabitants are employed outside the sphere of agriculture and participate in the implementation of other territorially dispersed functions (forestry, transport services, exploitation of recreational resources, etc.) . The concept of "agro-industrial settlement" combines the features of the two previous types. The village itself is formed on the basis of the development of industry in rural areas, primarily processing agricultural raw materials.

A systematic study of the city and the countryside cannot be based on only one criterion, since each of them reflects only one side of the concepts. For a comprehensive study of urban and rural settlements, it is necessary to involve a system of criteria.

Here is an approximate scheme of criteria for "city" and "village":

the size of the population and the degree of its stability; the nature of the natural and mechanical movement of the population;

the nature and complexity of the sectoral and professional structure of social production, the degree of development of industry, construction, and transport;

the level of organization of the material and spatial environment, the degree of improvement of the settlement;

the level of development of service (service sector), i.e. organization of all forms of social consumption;

social functions of the settlement (its role in the management of society and the national economy, functions in relation to the surrounding settlements);

lifestyle of the population;

state of consciousness (norms and values specific to a given population); the differentiation of needs that characterizes it;

attitude to the settlement as a city or as a village.

In order to bring the classification of settlements into “towns” and “villages” to an operational level, in addition to formulating theoretical criteria, it is necessary to:

a system of specific indicators corresponding to each criterion;

a system of "threshold" values of indicators characterizing the transition from the "village" to the "city";

information on the quantitative values of these indicators for the totality of the studied settlements.

The differences between urban and rural settlements will decrease in the future, but until they disappear, it would be advisable to change the main typology of settlements (according to the criterion of the relationship of their inhabitants to the main spheres of social production), adapting it to new conditions - the increasing urbanization of the village and the spread of non-agricultural employment in the countryside. All settlements can be divided into urban (urban type) and non-urban; in the former, two classes should be distinguished: cities and urban settlements; in the latter, there are also two classes: settlements (settlements of a non-agricultural profile) and villages.

In rural areas, for the most part of indicators of quality of life, there is a reduced level of satisfaction with life. In terms of life satisfaction indicators, the residents of the city have a normal level of quality of life. At the same time, representatives of the city and the countryside are dissatisfied with the level of income of their families and their own in particular. The villagers are especially dissatisfied with their financial situation, and this is understandable, because. wages in rural areas are lower than in the city, and rural residents compare their incomes with urban ones, and not with average earnings in their place of residence. The size of the living space and the improvement of housing also do not suit the respondents from the city and the countryside. And if the size of the living space, in the opinion of the respondents, approaches satisfactory, then the improvement of an apartment or house leaves a reason for dissatisfaction. Both urban and rural residents, no doubt, would like to live in comfortable conditions, but in the city there is a problem of prices for the desired housing, and in rural areas there is a problem of providing utilities (many of the respondents live in poorly equipped houses). Apparently, it is these two problems that prevent the establishment of a normal level of satisfaction with housing. Climatic and environmental conditions are quite suitable for the villagers. In contrast to them, city residents cannot note a high degree of satisfaction in these aspects. At the same time, the townspeople are sufficiently satisfied with the living conditions in the place of residence, which include shops, services, etc., which cannot be said about the villagers, who experience some restrictions in their everyday life due to the lack of the desired assortment in stores , the ability to choose services, etc. Such differences in the assessment of satisfaction with conditions in the place of residence are adequate and even predictable in connection with the physical and economic features of life in these two types of settlements. Fairly clear differences are observed between rural and urban residents in the family sphere. Satisfaction with family life among urban residents is much higher than among rural residents. It can be assumed that family income, in addition to all other factors, affects the degree of satisfaction with family relationships. Consequently, urban residents have higher satisfaction with the family sphere due to higher income. Satisfaction with nutrition is also directly related to the income of the population. Representatives of both settlements are equally satisfied with the variety of products, but residents of the city are more satisfied with the amount of food. This fact can be explained by the financial ability of population groups: in the city, due to higher earnings, the opportunity to buy things, products, and services that they like in the required quantity is higher.

Job satisfaction is a multi-dimensional entity, but in any case, all aspects are closely related to the pay factor. Relations with superiors and work colleagues were noted by the interviewed people of both groups as quite satisfactory. Relations with colleagues are somewhat better than relations with superiors. Rural residents are limited in opportunities for professional and career growth due to the peculiarities of their place of residence, so this component of job satisfaction in general causes a feeling of dissatisfaction. This fact of the frustration of the need for growth, as well as unsatisfactory wages, is reflected in the assessment of the degree of job satisfaction in general: the villagers indicated a reduced state in this area of life.

Satisfaction with social support from friends, relatives, family, etc. equally high in representatives of both types of settlements. The state of health of their own, as well as their children and wife or husband, is assessed by rural and urban residents as good in approximately the same degree. But in terms of mental state, urban residents are distinguished by a higher level than rural residents. This fact is explained by the fact that the villagers, as noted earlier, experience a feeling of dissatisfaction in more aspects of life, therefore they are more worried, disappointed, sad, etc., and all these states lower the overall spiritual stability and peace of mind.

In general, rural and urban residents rated their quality of life as normal, but due to the above differences and features of life in the village and in the city, city residents believe that their life is going well, and village residents gave an average rating.

If we summarize the results for the two groups, we can conclude that more than half of the representatives of both settlements feel the strength and ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This desire and readiness is explained primarily by the desire to improve their economic situation, and private enterprises, their own business, work without bosses for themselves, are directly associated with people with the opportunity to increase their material well-being. Villagers, working in organizations, enterprises, firms, etc. they receive a certain salary, which suits some workers, but not others. And as you can see from the answers, those who are not satisfied with the salary make up 100%. This can be seen from the fact that all residents of the village indicated in their answers that they were ready to change jobs in order to increase their income, and the majority of respondents (52.2%) are ready to change jobs to a better paid job without any conditions. And the rest of the respondents are most concerned about their knowledge, skills, competence, which are necessary for a new job. The presence of acquaintances working in a new field for the interviewed people is not of great importance. Residents of the city are very different in terms of changing the type of activity from the inhabitants of the village. So, it can be noted that the residents of the city are not ready to take risks, they are afraid of losing their jobs. Although in general the townspeople agree to change the area of work in order to increase earnings, they want to be sure that this is really the best job option, and they can work there. Thus, about a fifth of urban residents are ready to change their place of work to a more profitable one under any conditions. Many residents of the city are not ready to leave for another job. This can be explained, for example, by the fact that they are satisfied with the income, it is also possible that high competition at the place of work in the city makes itself felt. it is easier to find a replacement for a worker than in the villages, so the townspeople are afraid of losing their existing job. The main conditions for the transition to another job for urban residents are knowledge, skills, abilities for it, and the presence of acquaintances in a new workplace is an insignificant moment. Here, there is a similarity between urban residents and rural residents: both of them, first of all, compare their abilities and the ability to work in a new job.

All the data obtained allow us to say that the lifestyle of rich people is more positive and more attractive, because the presence of some carelessness, the absence of problems are mainly noted, life is associated with continuous rest and celebration, and its meaning lies in spending money. Unlike a rich life, the life of the poor is perceived negatively and is associated with a whole "bouquet" of problems. The way of life of the poor does not contain attractive moments. If we compare opinions about the way of life of the poor and the rich, we can note some immaturity and distortion in the perception of wealth. Almost the same positive aspects of wealth and ways of spending money were noted. Among the answers, we do not see those that would point to the process of making money, problems associated with big money, etc. Perhaps such a distortion occurs due to the influence of the media that promotes a beautiful life, the influence of personal and public stereotypes of the perception of the life of the rich, and it is also possible to some extent the influence of envy of such a life and the desire to live in this way, as a result of which there is smoothing existing negative aspects. At the same time, a more realistic picture of rich people and their lifestyle, noted in the responses of urban residents, can be explained by a wider range of information sources that increase the likelihood of obtaining true information, real facts about the lives of rich and poor.

Urban settlements are settlements that perform the following economic functions (one or more in various combinations): 1) industrial; 2) ; 3) organizational, economic, cultural, political and administrative; 4) functions of organizing recreation and treatment (resorts). To determine urban settlements, it is necessary to proceed from a combination of characteristics: the population, its employment, the economic and cultural significance of the settlement, taking into account the local characteristics of various regions.

Rural settlements include mainly small settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged in geographically dispersed activities. There are many names for rural settlements. If we take only Russia, then here these are villages, villages, settlements, farms, villages, etc. In other countries, their specific names are used (villages, villages, etc.). And although the names reflect to some extent the functional specifics of a rural settlement, it is hardly possible to speak of a scientific typology of rural settlements on this basis. According to the predominant functions in the social division of labor, two large types of rural settlements can be distinguished: and non-agricultural. There is also a type - agro-industrial settlements.

"Agricultural" and "rural non-agricultural" settlements are concepts that specify the production orientation of rural-type settlements. In the first case, these are settlements, the inhabitants of which are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, in the second, settlements, the inhabitants of which are employed outside the sphere of agriculture and participate in the implementation of other geographically dispersed functions (forestry, maintenance, exploitation, etc.). The concept of "agro-industrial settlement" combines the features of the two previous types. The village itself is formed on the basis of the development of industry in rural areas, primarily processing agricultural raw materials.

Here is an approximate scheme of criteria for "city" and "village":

the size of the population and the degree of its stability; the nature of the natural and mechanical movement of the population;
the nature and complexity of the sectoral and professional structure of social production, the degree of development of industry, construction, and transport;
the level of organization of the material and spatial environment, the degree of improvement of the settlement;
the level of development of service (service sector), i.e. organization of all forms of social consumption;
social functions of the settlement (its role in the management of society and the national economy, functions in relation to the surrounding settlements);
lifestyle of the population;
state of consciousness (norms and values specific to a given population); the differentiation of needs that characterizes it;
attitude to the settlement as a city or as a village.

In order to bring the classification of settlements into “towns” and “villages” to an operational level, in addition to formulating theoretical criteria, it is necessary to:

a system of specific indicators corresponding to each criterion;
a system of "threshold" values of indicators characterizing the transition from the "village" to the "city";
information on the quantitative values of these indicators for the totality of the studied settlements.

The differences between urban and rural settlements will decrease in the future, but until they disappear, it would be advisable to change the main typology of settlements (according to the criterion of the relationship of their inhabitants to the main spheres of social production), adapting it to new conditions - an ever larger village and the spread of non-agricultural activities in the countryside. All settlements can be divided into urban (urban type) and non-urban; in the former, two classes should be distinguished: cities and urban settlements; in the latter, two classes should also be distinguished: settlements (settlements of a non-agricultural profile) and villages.

(factories, farms, etc.), as well as institutions of industrial and non-industrial infrastructure (roads, shops, etc.).

It is customary to distinguish several types of population settlement:

1) urban and rural
2) permanent and temporary

Residents inhabit the area permanently or temporarily (seasonally).

3) group and scattered

Group - the houses of residents are located next to each other, forming compact settlements, and scattered - each is located on its own land plot.

4) systemic and isolated

Systemic - interconnected resettlement of the population.

The main factor in the formation of a particular type of settlement is the socio-economic factor, namely the level of development of society.

2. Forms of TON

Historically, several types of settlements have arisen in the Russian Federation:

1. city
2. Posad
3. freedom
4. churchyard
5. village
6. village
7. village
8. loan
9. aul
10. village

Currently, Federal Law No. 131 (On the general principles of local self-government in the Russian Federation) defines the following types of settlements in Russia:

a) an urban district (an urban settlement that is not part of a municipal district and whose local self-government bodies exercise the authority to resolve issues of local significance of the settlement and issues of local significance of the municipal district established by this Federal Law, and may also exercise certain state powers transferred to local authorities self-government by federal laws and laws of subjects of the Russian Federation)
b) urban settlement (a city or town in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government)
c) a rural settlement (one or more rural settlements (towns, villages, villages, villages, farms, villages, auls and other rural settlements) united by a common territory, in which local self-government is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local authorities)
d) city of federal significance

Their difference from other subjects lies in a special form of organization of local self-government. Within cities of federal significance, intracity municipalities have been formed (there are 125 such municipalities in Moscow and 111 in St. Petersburg). In order to preserve the unity of the urban economy, part of the powers assigned by law to local self-government bodies are retained by state authorities of the subject of the federation.

Criteria for subdivision of settlements:

1. The predominant economic function of the settlement. At the same time, the main industry in rural areas, as a rule, is agriculture, and in urban areas - non-agricultural sectors of the economy.
2. The size of the settlement, i.e. the number of inhabitants in it - urban settlements are usually larger than rural ones.
3. Administrative value - if it is, then the settlement is considered urban.
4. Population density - in urban areas it is much higher than in rural areas, due to denser and more multi-storey buildings.
5. The degree of improvement - in urban areas it is higher than in rural areas.
6. Historical significance, fixed by legal acts - settlements are urban or rural, because in the past they received the corresponding status, fixed by legal documents.

Urban and rural settlements are the primary links in the territorial distribution of production and the integrated development of the country's regions. In accordance with the forms and types of settlements, it is customary to classify the population into two large types - urban and rural.

The types of rural settlements are diverse. In most of Russia, typical rural settlements are:

villages (old larger settlements that had or still have churches in the past);

villages (old small settlements that did not have a church);

- settlements (new settlements that have arisen during the years of Soviet power or in the last decade).

At the same time, in the Russian regions of the North Caucasus inhabited by Cossacks, rural settlements are called villages (there are also farms, but at present they are usually large settlements that were real farms in the distant past), and in the national republics of the North Caucasus - auls .

Russia is characterized by a rural type of settlement, which has developed historically and is associated with communal land use.

Rural settlements are classified according to size (population):

1) the smallest (up to 50 inhabitants)
2) small (51-100 inhabitants)
3) medium (101-500 inhabitants)
4) large (501-1000 inhabitants)
5) the largest (over 1000 inhabitants)

The rural population of the country is mainly concentrated in settlements with more than 1000 inhabitants (?52%). In the 1990s, the population changed dynamically. The reduction in the number of rural population has led to a decrease in the number of rural settlements, as well as the density of their location. This process was noted especially clearly in the European part of Russia (Central Federal District, Northwestern Federal District and Volga Federal District).

Unlike the urban population, the level of territorial organization of rural settlements is influenced by natural and climatic factors. This is due to the fact that the development of agriculture depends on soil and climatic conditions. That is why, for example, in the taiga and tundra zones, settlements are located along rivers and lakes.

Urban and rural settlements represent a variety of municipalities in the Russian Federation. Local self-government in them is carried out directly by residents or through elected and other authorized bodies. Let's take a closer look at features of rural settlements.

general characteristics

Rural settlements- one or more points united by a common territory. They may include settlements, villages, villages, kishlaks, farms, auls, villages, etc.

The rights of rural settlements are exercised on the basis of the Constitution and federal legislation through the authorities. The powers of these structures include resolving issues on:

formation of the local budget;
municipal property management;
independent determination of the structure of local government institutions;
territorial organization of self-government;
public order, etc.

Features of administrative-territorial units

Rural settlements provided for in Federal Law No. 131 and introduced in the process of municipal reform in 2003.

Quite often, settlements correspond to village councils of the Soviet era or volosts of the post- and pre-Soviet era. For example, in Pskov rural settlement area called "Tyamshanskaya volost". In some regions, the term "village council" is still used today. Moreover, in some rural areas so they are called. For example, Novinsky village council in the Bogorodsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Population

Territory rural settlement, as a rule, includes one settlement or village. The number of citizens living in them exceeds 1 thousand people. If the territory is characterized by a high population density, then more than 3 thousand people can live on it.

Rural settlements can unite several settlements if the population in them is less than a thousand or 3 thousand (for areas with dense population) people.

In general, 15-20 thousand people can live on the territory of an administrative unit. In Russia, however, there are rural settlements with a larger population (more than 30 thousand people). So, in 2013, more than 60 thousand people lived in Ingushetia in the Ordzhonikidze settlement.

Structural features

The rural settlement has an administrative center. It is the locality in which the representative body is located. The administrative center is determined taking into account the existing infrastructure and local traditions.

The boundaries of a settlement that includes 2 or more settlements are usually established taking into account the walking distance to the administrative center and back for all residents. The round trip distance must be covered in one day. An exception may be areas with low population density, hard-to-reach and remote areas.

Settlement as a specific organizational form

Different states have different definitions of rural settlements. This or that interpretation depends on economic, national, demographic, geographical, social and other factors.

"Rural settlement - a settlement located in where most of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture."

More precisely, the concept is revealed in modern geographical encyclopedias. In general, a rural settlement is considered as:

a settlement, most of whose inhabitants are engaged in agriculture;
a non-agricultural settlement located in a rural area, which does not correspond in terms of the number of inhabitants to a city, associated with servicing transport outside cities (piers, sidings, small stations), forestry (cordons, forestries);
settlement at industrial enterprises, resorts, quarries, recreation areas, etc.

Federal Law No. 131, which regulates the general principles of organizing territorial self-government, also contains a definition of a settlement.

Specific Features

The concept of a rural settlement appeared with the delimitation of the city and the village as independent socio-economic units. The appearance and type of the settlement reflect the nature of production relations characteristic of a particular territory.

At the same time, this organizational form is also influenced by the occupation of the inhabitants, natural conditions, and national traditions.

Population of settlements

It depends on the production functions, the form of settlement, the history of the territory. Population objectively reflects the combined influence of several factors on the development of a rural settlement. However, by itself, this indicator does not reveal the factors.

The size of the settlements determines certain conditions for life, cultural and consumer services for the population. In this regard, the allocation of types of administrative units by population is of more scientific and practical importance.

General classification of settlements by size

When dividing administrative units into types according to population, they are divided into groups from the smallest (1-5 people) to large ones (from 10 thousand inhabitants). In typological terms, it is necessary to identify such population indicators that determine the significant qualitative characteristics of the settlements.

Odnodvorki - a group that includes points, the number of inhabitants in which does not exceed 10 people.

Small settlements with less than 100 inhabitants depend on nearby larger settlements. Only in individual settlements can certain elements of small-scale social infrastructure be created. These are, for example, a first-aid post, an elementary school, a club, a library, a village shop.

With a population of 200-500 people. in the settlement there may also be elements of infrastructure, but of the same small size. Agricultural settlements of this size can become the base for any production unit.

With a population of 1-2 thousand people. there is an opportunity to significantly expand the list of service institutions, increase their size and improve technical equipment. According to regulations planning and development of urban and rural settlements, in such territories a kindergarten, a school for 150-160 students, a club for 200 people, a library, shops for 6 workers are being created for 1 thousand inhabitants. places, a feldsher-obstetrical first-aid post with a small hospital, sports grounds, a post office with a savings bank, etc.

The most favorable conditions for life in settlements with a population of 3-5 thousand people. In such points, conditions can be created to ensure the 1st urban level of improvement, cultural and consumer services. Schools, houses of culture, medical institutions are being built for residents, a specialized trading network is being created, etc. As for production, such settlements often become centers of large farms.

Urban planning: planning and development of rural settlements

The general concept for the development of settlements is given in the Code of Rules SP 42.13330.2011.

As stated in the document, it is carried out on the basis of documentation on territorial planning of the Russian Federation, regions, municipalities. The regulatory framework for this activity is federal laws, presidential decrees, government decrees, legislative and other regulatory acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Urban/rural settlements are designed as units of the settlement system of the territory of Russia and the regions included in it. The task of territorial planning is to determine the purpose of settlements in the documentation, taking into account economic, social, environmental and other factors in order to ensure the realization of the interests and needs of citizens, as well as their associations.

The projects should provide for a rational sequence of development of settlements. Prospects for expanding and improving social services beyond the project timeframe should be identified. The settlement period should be up to 20 years, and the urban planning forecast - no more than 30-40 years.

In the process of developing master plans, the authorized bodies should be guided by the results of an assessment of the natural, architectural, economic-geographical, industrial and social potential of the area.

This should:

Provide for the improvement of the sanitary-hygienic and ecological state of nature, the preservation of cultural and historical monuments.
Determine rational directions for the development of the area.
Consider the prospects for expansion of the real estate market.

When planning and developing rural / urban settlements, zoning of the territory is carried out with the definition of types of primary use and restrictions.

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