Coal basin Kuzbass coal quality. The Kuznetsk coal basin is the undisputed leader in Russia in terms of coal production

Prospects for the development of coal mining until 2035

We offer readers material based on the scientific work of Lyudmila Plakitkina, Ph.D., head. laboratory "Scientific foundations for the development and regulation of the coal and peat industry" of the Institute for Energy Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow).

It is characteristic that the scientist's previous forecasts were marked by a high level of reliability. As an example, here are the words from an article written back in 2008:
“...Starting from 2009, there will be a systemic drop in the world price (annual) for oil, and this will continue until about 2016-2017. At the same time, in the coming period, the world economy will begin a systemic fall not only in oil prices, but also in prices for other goods and services. However, such a systemic decline will begin in about 3-4 years.

At this time, the so-called “hooking” effect of prices will manifest itself with all its sharpness. Energy prices will fall, and prices of other commodities, if they do, will fall at a much slower rate than energy prices.”

As you can see, in eight years the predicted becomes a reality - the more interesting the forecast of today!
- I managed to quickly get the statistics for 2015. We are processing it, but I have inserted everything necessary - from my point of view - into the material on the situation in the industry and forecasts for its development. All this is completely new, - said Lyudmila Semyonovna.

Of course, the reader will also be interested in how the events taking place in our region are seen by Moscow economists. For their opinion "makes the weather" in the preparation of many documents designed for the future, including the "Strategy for the Development of the Energy Industry of the Russian Federation." However, read for yourself.

L.S. Plakitkina - Ph.D., head. laboratory
"Scientific foundations for the development and regulation of coal
and peat industry" of the Institute
Energy Research RAS

Kuznetsk coal basin: status in 2015 and prospects for the development of coal production in the period up to 2035

In terms of quality indicators and the size of the reserves of mined coal, the Kuznetsk basin is the most promising coal base in the country. The total geological reserves of the Kuznetsk Basin are estimated at more than 700 billion tons, which is about 70% of all coal reserves in Russia.

The share of Kuznetsk coal in the total volume of coal production in Russia in 2015 was 57.8%, of which the share of coking coal was 71.2%. The share of coal production in the Kuznetsk basin in the total volume of coal production in Western Siberia in 2015 is 97.7%.

In 2015, 215.6 million tons of coal were mined in the Kuznetsk basin (the growth rate compared to the level of 2000 was 187.3%), of which 58.8 million tons were coking coal (the growth rate compared to the level of 2000 was 128.9 %), 156.8 million tons - energy (growth rate compared to 2000 - 225.5%).

As of January 1, 2016, there are 95 coal mining enterprises (47 mines and 48 cuts) and about 50 processing plants and installations operating in the Kemerovo region, employing about 99 thousand people. The share of open-pit coal mining is about 30%. The region accounts for about 60% of the most valuable coking grades.

Kuzbass mines are among the most difficult in the world in terms of methane abundance, gas hazard, and explosiveness of coal dust. Almost all underground coal mining enterprises in the region are categorized for gas, and 22 of them are super-categorical, that is, extremely dangerous and require a special mode of operation. In order to reduce this factor, at all Kuzbass mines that are dangerous for methane gas, mandatory preliminary degassing is carried out before the start of seam mining.

Of the total volume of Kuznetsk coal mined in 2015, 14.5% was supplied for the needs of coking (-15.6% compared to the level of 2014); 11.7% - to provide power plants (+ 21.4% compared to the level of 2014); 5.8% - to provide the population and household consumers (-2.7% compared to the level of 2014); 61.5% - for export (-0.6% compared to the level of 2014) and 6.1% - for other consumers.

The Kemerovo region supplies coal both domestically and for export. Deliveries of Kuzbass coal to the Russian market, according to the CDU TEK, in 2015 fell by 3.4 million tons, or by 4.6% compared to the level of 2014, to 71.8 million tons. Decreased in 2015. and supplied Kuznetsk coal for export, up to 114.4 million tons of coal (-0.65 million tons compared to 2014). However, the devaluation of the ruble brought companies an increase in ruble revenues from coal exports. Kuzbass coal companies in 2015 exported coal to 50 countries of near and far abroad, while coal supplies to Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan increased. About 90% of coal transportation is carried out by rail. The share of transportation costs at the price of Kuznetsk coal supplied for export is 50-55%. The application of long-term tariff regulation can reduce this component.

Coal prices have declined in recent years on international markets - the fall from the "peak" values of 2011 to August 2015 was 57% in Europe and 53% in China. Russian exporters were also forced to cut prices in order to maintain their presence in foreign markets. Compared to April 2015, prices by the end of July decreased to 81-82 dollars. USA (FOB) per ton of coking coal and up to 56-57 dollars. US (FOB) per ton of thermal coal. Accordingly, the fall in prices since the beginning of the year amounted to 14% (coking coal) and 24% (thermal coal). It should be noted that the long-term drop in coal prices (since 2011) occurs against the backdrop of a collapse in world oil and gas prices caused by a decrease in demand, a slowdown in the development of Asian countries, primarily China, and the use of "green" technologies for production electricity.

The fall in world coal prices led to a decrease in coal prices in the domestic market. The average prices of 1 ton of shipped products (under contracts) in 2015 in the Russian Federation amounted to 33.6 dollars. US/t; Kuznetsk coal - 34.8 dollars. US / t, of which coking coal - 62 dollars. US/t. Compared with the level of 2011, the average prices for 1 ton of shipped products (under contracts) in 2015 in the Russian Federation decreased by 22.6%, incl. Kuznetsk coal - by 17.3%.

To expand export opportunities, Kuzbass coal companies are actively investing in the construction of new and expansion of existing terminals both in the European part of the country (in 2006, the second phase of the coal terminal was opened in the port of Ust-Luga in the Leningrad Region) and in the Far East (in ports of Vanino, Nakhodka, Taman, Murmansk, etc.). In the near future, it is planned to expand the capacity of the BAM and the Trans-Siberian Railway, which will make it possible to supply coal without delay to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and to the eastern regions of Russia. State funding of the "Program for expanding the capacities of the BAM and the Trans-Siberian Railway", which provides for the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the direction "Mezhdurechensk - Abakan - Taishet", will improve the transportation of Kuzbass coal and more actively develop the supply of Kuznetsk coal for export, primarily to the most dynamically growing Asia-Pacific markets.

The fall in coal prices in recent years mainly leads to a decrease in investment. If over the past 15 years the total investment in the coal industry of the Kemerovo region amounted to 623 billion rubles, a significant part of them was directed to the construction of new high-performance enterprises for the extraction and processing of coal. In 2014, the volume of total investment in the coal industry of Kuzbass decreased to 50 billion rubles, and investments in fixed capital of coal enterprises in the Kuznetsk basin also fell, to 38.9 billion rubles.

Due to the deterioration of the general economic situation in the country, the risks of implementing investment projects in the coal industry have increased. As a result, the number of applications from subsoil users of the coal industry to revise the terms of license agreements for the right to use sites increased. Applications have also appeared asking for the conservation of new sites, licenses for which have been acquired recently. At the same time, in the near future, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation may make appropriate adjustments to the mechanism for reviewing previously issued licenses for subsoil use if their conditions are not met. The increased cost of imported equipment also affects the reduction in investment.

In the context of a further fall in coal prices, serious competition in traditional markets and an increase in the share of gas generation in the Russian energy sector, overproduction of coal, bankruptcy and conservation of up to a dozen Kuznetsk coal enterprises occurred. By 2025, it is planned to close 25 unprofitable enterprises, incl. in the city of Prokopievsk and the city of Kiselevsk, and the conversion of a number of mines. It should be noted that new conditions for obtaining licenses for new sites and deposits are possible, associated with exemption from payment for them, but with the condition of closing some non-core and unprofitable industries. In particular, back in August 2014, the Ministry of Natural Resources developed new conditions for holding auctions for obtaining licenses for new sites. It was decided that coal miners acquiring a license for a promising new deposit would now be required to take in addition the old, nearby unprofitable mines and close them at their own expense. The range of possible encumbrances is wide - in particular, in some cases, it provides for: the elimination of the environmental consequences of the work of the previous owners, the resettlement of unemployed miners to new housing. Previously, such liquidation work was financed by the state at the expense of the budget. The new conditions for holding auctions are proposed to be applied when holding auctions at seven Kemerovo deposits. In addition to them, 12 abandoned mines will be given. At the same time, according to the provisions developed by the Russian Ministry of Energy, a one-time payment for new licenses can be paid with a delay - already at the stage of starting coal mining on it.

Against the backdrop of the closure of unprofitable enterprises in Kuzbass, new high-performance mines and cuts are being commissioned, which provide for a significant increase in labor productivity. In 2015, the Karagaylinskaya mine and the processing plant of the same name (with a capacity of 1.5 million tons), the Taibinsky open pit (with a capacity of 1.8 million tons) were put into operation. In the near future, it is planned to put into operation the Tailepsky mine (with a design capacity of 1 million tons of coal) and an open-pit coal mining site (in the Prokopyevsk district of the Kemerovo region) in the Kemerovo region.

In January 2016, a new open pit was opened in the Kemerovo region - "Kiyzassky" (with a capacity of 4.5 million tons). In addition, in 2016, four coal enterprises are planned to be commissioned in Kuzbass: two mines - Yubileinaya and Uvalnaya, and two cuts - March 8 and Ubinsky, which will create 2.5 thousand new workers places.

In 2017, Plotnikovskaya Mine LLC plans to commission a mining enterprise of the same name. The investment project for the construction of the Uvalnaya mine and the processing and transport complex in the Novokuznetsk region of OAO Sibirskaya Coal Company is planned to be implemented by 2018. The complex includes a mine and a concentrator with a capacity of 4.5 million tons per year, external energy transport. In addition, it is planned to put into operation: Mrasskaya mine with the processing plant of the same name. The first phase of LLC Mrasskaya Mine, with a design capacity of 3 million tons of coal per year, is planned to be put into operation by 2020. The investment project for the construction of the Butovskaya mine, with a capacity of 1.5 million tons of coking coal per year, can be implemented in 2020 Construction of the mine them. S.D. Tikhov, with a production capacity of 3 million tons of coking coal, can be completed by 2020. At the Zhernovsky deposit, OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant plans to implement an investment project by 2020 to build the Zhernovsky mining and processing complex, which includes a mine, a processing plant, with a capacity of 4.5 million tons of rock mass per year (3.6 million tons per year of coal concentrate), and a railway line.

In general, in the period 2012-2025. in Kuzbass, according to the "Regional strategy for the development of the coal industry until 2025", it is planned to put into operation 38 new enterprises, including 15 mines, 7 cuts and 16 processing plants. The future development of the Kuznetsk basin is associated with the development of coal deposits in the Eastern Kuzbass: Erunakovskoye, Sokolovsky, Uropsko-Karakansky, Novokazansky, Zhernovsky, Evtinsky and a number of others with extremely favorable mining and geological conditions for development.

In order for these plans to be put into practice, it is necessary in Kuzbass in the coming years to switch to the complete processing of mined coal. The volume of coal processing in 2015 amounted to 65.1%, and in some Kuzbass companies - about 90%. On the whole, in 2015, 110.2 million tons of Kuznetsk coal were processed at concentration plants and facilities in the Kemerovo region (+3.8% compared to 2014). The share of Kuznetsk coal in the total volume of coal processing in Russia in 2015 was 65.0%.

One of the directions of innovative development in the Kemerovo region in the prospective period is the deep processing of coal, and it seems expedient to process coal as much as possible in the places of its production. In particular, on the sides of the workings, next to the mines - to build thermal power plants and not transport coal, but transport electricity through power lines. As a result of deep processing of coal and man-made waste within the cluster of complex processing and man-made waste in the Kemerovo region, it is possible to obtain more than 100 different coal chemistry products, including: coke, semi-coke and coke oven gas, chemical products (benzenes, phenols, cresones), carbon materials ( sorbents, fibers, pitches, nanotubes), gasoline, construction and carbon materials. The development of coal chemistry is one of the main ways for the stable development of the coal industry in order to sell not raw materials, but finished products with high added value.

The introduction of new innovative projects and technologies will make it possible in Kuzbass to comprehensively use coal and methane obtained from seam degassing to generate electricity for their own needs, as well as to create products from mined coal with more efficient consumer properties and added value. In addition to enrichment, coal can be processed by pyrolysis (thermal decomposition), producing semi-coke and fuel coke. To stimulate decision-making on the modernization of the industry, it is advisable to use the mechanism of public-private partnership.

Methane resources in Kuzbass are estimated at 13.1 trillion cubic meters. This is about 9% of the world's and 26% of Russia's proven gas reserves. Therefore, it seems appropriate to continue work on degassing coal seams and industrial production of methane. Gazprom Dobycha Kuznetsk, a resident of the Kuzbass Technopark, is currently implementing a project to organize industrial gas production. Between 2007 (the moment the project for methane production in Kuzbass was launched) and January 2016, about 49 million cubic meters of methane was extracted from the coal seams of the Kuznetsk basin, for which it was necessary to drill wells at the Taldinskoye and Naryksko-Ostashkinskoye fields. Four modular thermal power plants are already operating on methane, and a gas filling station is operating. Methane utilization plants similar to those already operating at the mines of OAO SUEK-Kuzbass (Komsomolets, Polysaevskaya, Kirov Mine), OAO Yuzhny Kuzbass Management Company (Lenin Mine ), JSC "Belon" ("Chertinskaya-Koksovaya") is planned to be introduced at all 34 methane-hazardous mines of Kuzbass. Already in 2013, at the mines of Kuzbass - "Chertinskaya" and "(Prokopyevsk) introduced a technology for the use of coal methane for the production of electricity.

In January 2016, at the Erunakovskaya-VIII mine (managed by RUK LLC and part of the Evraz mining and processing company), for the first time in Russia, an innovative technology for early degassing of coal seams using plasma - impulse impact. The technology makes it possible to extract methane from coal seams for several years before the commencement of mining operations. In degassing wells, from which water has been previously pumped out, a special device is placed - a stimmer that forms an electric discharge with a power of 102 MW. Under the influence of electric current pulses, cracks form in the coal seam, through which methane escapes to the surface. This method of degassing is safe, since mining operations are not performed at this time within the range of the device (800 sq. M). According to preliminary calculations, methane at the Erunakovskaya-VIII mine will be fully extracted within 3-5 years, after which the degassing process will be completed. With positive test results, this technology is planned to be used at other Evraz mines.

By 2020, it is planned to introduce the technology of degassing coal seams at other enterprises of Kuzbass and reach the level of 4 billion cubic meters per year. In the long term, it is planned to increase the volume of methane production to 18-21 billion cubic meters of gas per year, which will satisfy the demand for gas not only from Kuzbass enterprises, but also from other regions of Southwestern Siberia. The total investment in the project with an annual production capacity of 4.0-4.5 billion cubic meters of gas per year by 2030 will amount to 85 billion rubles, which is 30% cheaper than similar projects in the north of the country, and 50% more profitable than gas projects on the northern shelf.

In the coming years, the coal mining enterprises of the Kemerovo region will be forced to significantly modernize production and increase coal production volumes not only through new deposits, but also by increasing the efficiency of the development of existing ones.

For the development of the Kuznetsk Basin, it seems appropriate to continue to introduce into production and replicate at related enterprises new innovative projects and solutions that have already been tested at individual enterprises of Kuzbass and have been quite effective. Such innovative projects are, in particular, an innovative complex "Smart Mine", which is used to monitor the point location and status of miners. In addition, it allows you to assess the gas situation at the mine. The Smart Mine complex (since 2015 implemented by SUEK OJSC) is based on the Ventilation software package and the Granch SBGPS technology, which is an underground analogue of GLONASS. The Russian technology "Granch SBGPS" is at least 40% cheaper than imported analogues, and after the launch of mass production, the use of this technology will be 2 times cheaper than foreign developments. The technology is implemented on the basis of "Android", Wi-Fi is used for data transfer. Special devices are fixed on the helmets of workers, providing both the possibility of communication and the transmission of a video image. Therefore, underground workers can communicate with each other and with people on the surface. Messages for miners are displayed on individual lamps, cameras are also built into them. OAO SUEK intends in the near future to connect at least another 40 km of workings to the Smart Mine complex. In addition, it is planned to use drones equipped with sensors in the mines in the near future. Such innovative flying robots will have to transmit images, perform 3-D scanning of mine workings, measure temperature, as well as gas conditions. The main difficulty in the implementation of this project is to make the drones explosion-proof.

Another investment project was implemented by SUEK in August 2015 - deserted coal mining. For the first time in Russia, at the Polysaevskaya mine of OAO SUEK-Kuzbass, a new longwall was put into operation (No. 1747, with a mined thickness of the Breevsky seam - 1.6 meters and coal reserves - 2.1 million tons), which made it possible to carry out an unmanned excavation coal. The system is based on a joint development of specialists from OAO SUEK-Kuzbass, MARCO (Germany) and EICKHOFF (Germany). Downhole equipment is controlled and controlled by an operator from a neighboring drift through the use of numerous sensors installed on the combine, power hydraulics of the support, as well as special video cameras, including those operating in the infrared range. With the help of the installed computer program, it is possible to determine and perform the most efficient movement of the combine, the latch of the support, and the operation of the face-transport complex in a fully automatic mode. The lava is equipped with 176 sections of mine support "FRS Glinik - 12/25" (Poland), specially made for the parameters of mining the "Breevsky" seam. Polish face equipment includes: FRC-9 Glinik face conveyor, FSL-9 Glinik drift loader, FBE-1200 Glinik turntable, FLB-10G Glinik crushing plant, pumping stations. In addition, the longwall is equipped with a shearer "SL 300 "EICKHOFF" (Germany). The expected monthly load per face is 300 thousand tons of coal. To operate this and subsequent longwalls, a new surface technological complex has been introduced at the mine, including an overhead building, an inclined shaft with a conveyor gallery, coal warehouse, weighing station To transport coal from the face to the warehouse, a new conveyor line was installed with a total length of 5 kilometers, with a belt width of 1200 mm.

The main advantage of the unmanned method of coal mining is the safety of working in the longwall, the absence of a person in potentially traumatic areas, and the best quality of the mined rock mass. In the world, this technology is used only at one mine in Australia.

Investment plans for coal mining in Kuzbass in the near future are associated with high-tech projects. Therefore, the Government of the Russian Federation approved projects for the creation of several clusters in the Kemerovo region, in particular, coal-fired with the integrated use of coal in its deep processing using waste-free technology. Creation energy technological coal cluster "Serafimovsky"in the Kemerovo region is another investment project implemented by Zarechnaya Mine OJSC. During the implementation of this project, the following should be built and put into operation: a mine and a processing plant (with a production capacity of 8 million tons per year), a pilot energy technology complex for deep processing of 1.3 million tons of coal per year with the production of synthetic motor fuel, propane-butane , technical hydrogen, granulated slag. The project can be implemented in 2018.

In July 2015, the Government of Russia signed an order to create a Federal Research Center for Coal and Coal Chemistry. This is an innovative project that will create and develop Russian technologies for the production of high value-added coal-chemical products.

In Kuzbass they can also create investment cluster of mechanical engineering ( initiated by the Yurga Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University). Potential participants in this cluster are enterprises of the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions, Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories, the Republics of Khakassia and Altai. To create a cluster, at least two technological infrastructure objects are required - buildings, an incubator, a prototyping center, engineering services, and so on. All organizational procedures for the creation of this cluster are planned to be completed by the third quarter of 2016.

Further development of Kuzbass will be accompanied by additional environmental measures that will reduce environmental damage, it is necessary to reclaim disturbed lands.

In general, in the Kemerovo region, with a favorable conjuncture of prices for energy resources on the world and domestic markets in the period up to 2035, an increase in coal production by 9% compared to the level of 2015, up to 235 million tons (the "maximum" variant), is possible. Otherwise, the possibility of a fall in Kuznetsk coal production by 21.1% compared to the level of 2015 (the “minimum” option) is not ruled out.

The most probable development corridor for the extraction of Kuznetsk coal located in the Kemerovo region in the period up to 2035 is shown in Figure 1.

In accordance with the coal balances for the period up to 2035, developed at the ERI RAS, which were the basis for the draft of the new "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2035", in the Kuznetsk Basin by 2035" coal production is expected to increase to 209 million tons under the "conservative" scenario and up to 234 million tons - under the "target" scenario (Table 1).

Table 1 - Forecast of Kuznetsky coal production in the period up to 2035

Note - in the numerator for "conservative", in the denominator - for "target" scenarios

To ensure the growth of coal production and exports, it is planned to take a number of measures, including:

improvement of taxation of the industry;
stimulating the use of new coal mining technologies that provide a multiple increase in labor productivity;
optimization of transport logistics and widespread use of mechanisms for long-term tariff formation for coal transportation, elimination of bottlenecks in the capacity of railways, primarily on the Trans-Siberian Railway, BAM and the Far Eastern Railway, accelerated development of coal terminals, especially on the Pacific coast;
state support for deep coal processing projects, development of the integrated use of associated resources and coal processing waste;
consistent bringing of regulatory requirements for organizations of the coal industry in the field of environmental protection in line with international standards;
planned liquidation of unpromising organizations of the coal industry in conjunction with measures of social protection of laid-off workers;
promotion of environmental protection measures, including waste processing and land reclamation.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ALL-RUSSIAN CORRESPONDENCE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE

BRANCH in ARKHANGELSK

Test

DISCIPLINE: "Economic Geography"

ON THE TOPIC: "Comparative analysis of the Pechora and Kuznetsk coal basins"

Completed by a student

Personal file number 07UBB00576

Faculty: Accounting and Statistical

group: periphery

Varekhina Alena Mikhailovna

Checked by: Izobilina V.N.

Arkhangelsk

Introduction

1. General characteristics of the industry

2. Characteristics of the Kuznetsk coal basin

3. Characteristics of the Pechora coal basin

4. Development and location of the coal industry in the transition to a market economy.

Conclusion

References 3

Introduction

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the key factors in ensuring the life of the country. Fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy resources, Russia is also a major exporter of fuel and energy; they make up more than half of its export potential.

The fuel and energy complex includes the oil, gas, coal, shale, peat and electric power industries.

The coal industry is one of the most important branches of the fuel industry. Both coal and brown coal are mined. Coal bases are of great district-forming importance. They attract the following industries: thermal power, chemical industry and other energy-intensive industries. The coal industry and related industries are characterized by massive cargo flows, which causes significant transport construction and the creation of infrastructure elements.

This paper provides a comparative description of the two most important coal basins in Russia: the Pechora and Kuznetsk basins, their similarities and differences, as well as a general description of the coal industry.

1. General characteristics of the industry

The coal industry is an important link in the fuel and energy complex.

Coal is the most common type of fuel that ensures the development of energy for a long time.

Russia ranks third in the world in coal production after China and the United States and first in explored coal reserves. The total geological reserves of coal on the territory of Russia are 6421 billion tons, standard - 5334 billion tons. In the fuel and energy balance of Russia, the share of coal in the 50s reached 65%, in the 60s - 40 -50%. In the 1970s and 1980s, coal fuel was replaced by oil and gas fuels, and at present the share of coal in the fuel and energy balance of Russia is only 12-13%, and in the fuel balance of thermal power plants - approximately 25%. There are coals of various types: anthracite, brown, coking. The total reserves are dominated by coal - 2/3 of the total reserves. Hard and brown coals are distinguished by high calorific value, quality characteristics, conditions of occurrence, extraction and use. Hard and coking coals are of high quality and are used as process fuel in ferrous metallurgy. Brown coal is a low-quality energy fuel and is used as a raw material for the chemical industry.

Coal is mined in mines and open pits (40% of total production). Coal reserves that can be mined in an open way exceed 200 billion tons, they are mainly concentrated in the east of the country.

The most important coal basins are the Kuznetsk and Pechora coal basins.

2. Characteristics of the Kuznetsk coal basin

The coal basin was discovered in 1721 and has been widely developed since the 1920s. In terms of coal reserves and quality, Kuzbass is one of the largest exploited coal basins in the world, where powerful coal deposits with a wide range of coals suitable for coking, producing liquid fuels and raw materials for the chemical industry are concentrated in a relatively small area.

It is located on the territory of the Kemerovo region of Western Siberia. The basin is stretched along the Trans-Siberian Railway for 800 km. In terms of reserves, quality of coal and thickness of the seams, Kuzbass is one of the first places in the world; on the scale of Russia, the share of Kuznetsk coal is almost 60%. The basin has large reserves of coal of various grades - from brown to anthracite. Most of all reserves are valuable coking coal. It accounts for 40% of all production. The area of the basin is about 26 thousand km^2. Its balance reserves are 600 billion tons; the thickness of the seams is from 6-14 m, and in some places it reaches 20-25 m; the average depth of mining of coal seams by the shaft method reaches 315 m. The basin has favorable mining and geological conditions for development, which ensures their low cost. Kuzbass coals have a low ash content - 4-6%; low sulfur content (from 0.3 to 0.65%), phosphorus; high calorie - 8.6 kcal; specific heat of combustion - 6000-8500 kcal/kg; significant resources of coking coal, their reserves amount to 643 billion tons. At the same time, there is a large proportion of reserves that do not correspond in their parameters to world standards in terms of mining and geological conditions of occurrence and quality (about 50%).

Coal mining is carried out both open-pit and mine methods. The main centers of coal mining include Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky; The most promising is the Yerunakovskiy coal-bearing region, where huge reserves of coking and power-generating coals are concentrated with favorable mining and geological conditions, suitable for processing both underground and open-pit methods with high technical and economic indicators.

The total coal production in 2007 amounted to 181.76 million tons (58% of the total Russian production; in total, 313.4 million tons of coal was mined in the Russian Federation last year), plus 245.2 thousand tons to the annual plan. About 40% of the mined coal is consumed in the Kemerovo region itself and 60% is exported to the regions of Western Siberia, the Urals, the center of the European part of the country and for export (countries of near and far abroad). Kuzbass is the main supplier of coking coal to the West Siberian, Novokuznetsk, Cherepovets metallurgical plants.

The Kuzbass energy system has a total capacity of 4718 MW, it includes 8 power plants: Tom-Usinskaya GRES, Belovskaya GRES, Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES, Kemerovskaya GRES, Novokemerovskaya CHPP, Zapadno-Sibirskaya CHPP, Kuznetskaya CHPP.

In parallel with the power system, two block stations operate: KMK CHPP and Yurginskaya CHPP. The network economy of the energy system has a length of power transmission lines of all voltages of 32 thousand km and 255 substations with a voltage of 35 kV and above, which are combined into 4 enterprises of electrical networks: Eastern, Northern, Southern and Central.

The north of the region is crossed by the Trans-Siberian railway, the south - by the South Siberian. Kuzbass has direct railway communication with all regions of the country.

The coal industry of Kuzbass is a complex production and technological complex, which includes more than 20 different joint-stock companies (companies) and individual independent mines and cuts. The operating stock of coal mining enterprises of Kuzbass is represented by 60 mines and 36 cuts. Since 1989, the excess of the disposal of the capacities of coal mining enterprises before commissioning began, however, if, since that time, coal production has been steadily declining, since 1999 a significant increase in production has been noted. Among the largest coal mining enterprises are such as OAO HK Kuzbassrazrezugol, OAO UK Kuzbassugol, ZAO Yuzhkuzbassugol, OAO Yuzhny Kuzbass, ZAO Raspadskaya Mine, LLC NPO Prokopyevskugol

Kuzbass is also a metallurgical base. The main center of ferrous metallurgy is Novokuznetsk (a ferroalloy plant and two plants of a full metallurgical cycle). The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (the oldest of the full cycle plants, put into operation back in 1932) uses local ores from Gornaya Shoria, the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (founded in 1964) receives raw materials from Eastern Siberia. Metallurgical plants have their own coke production facilities. But there is also a coking plant in Kemerovo - the oldest production of its kind in Kuzbass. There is also a metallurgical plant in Novosibirsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by a zinc plant (Belovo), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk) and a plant in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from Far Eastern concentrates.

Mechanical engineering of the region serves the needs of all Siberia. In Kuzbass, metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made. On the basis of coal coking in Kuzbass, a chemical industry is developing, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk, Tomsk, and other cities).

The most important industrial centers of Kuzbass are Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.

A large concentration of coal mining and coal processing enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and coal chemistry, the construction industry and mechanical engineering, thermal power facilities, railway and road transport have led to extremely high technogenic loads in the region, which led to pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and groundwater, violation of landscape, the accumulation of a large amount of industrial, including toxic waste, the extermination of large areas of forests, the degradation of fauna and flora, and high levels of morbidity and mortality.

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A worker in the Kuzbass in 1933.

Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) is one of the largest coal deposits in the world, located in the south of Western Siberia, mainly on the territory of the Kemerovo region, in a shallow basin between the mountain ranges of Kuznetsk Alatau, Gornaya Shoria and the low Salair Ridge. Currently, the name "Kuzbass" is the second name of the Kemerovo region.

In 1721, the serf explorer Mikhailo Volkov discovered a coal deposit in the area of the modern city of Kemerovo. In 1842, geologist P. A. Chikhachev estimated the coal reserves of the Kuznetsk basin and introduced the term "Kuznetsk coal basin".

Kuzbass is one of the most economically significant regions of Russia. The leading role here belongs to the industrial complex for the extraction and processing of coal, iron ores and various non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy and the construction industry. There are 58 mines and 36 open-cast mines (coal mines) in the basin.

In addition to the coal industry, metallurgy is developed in Kuzbass (Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant, Kuznetsk Ferroalloys), chemical industry (Kemerovo), mechanical engineering (Anzhero-Sudzhensk). Kuzbass accounts for 56% of coal production in Russia, about 80% of the production of all coking coal, and for a whole group of especially valuable coking coal grades - 100%. In addition, today Kuzbass for Russia is: more than 13% of iron and steel, 23% of rolled steel, more than 11% of aluminum and 19% of coke, 55% of ferrosilicon, more than 10% of chemical fibers and threads, 100% of mine scraper conveyors, 14 % silk fabrics.

The main coal mining centers are located in the Kemerovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Belovsky, Prokopyevsko-Kiselevskiy, Bunguro-Chumyshskiy, Yerunakovsky, Baidayevsky, Osinovsky, Mrassky, Kondomsky and Tom-Usinsky districts.

Cost of coal mining: average.

Coal mining method

Coal mining is carried out both underground and more progressive - open and hydraulic methods. The share of open-pit coal mining is about 30%, hydraulic - about 5%. The Kuznetsk coal basin ranks second in Russia in terms of open-pit and hydraulic mining. There are 3 hydro mines. An underground coal gasification station is in operation in the Prokopievsko-Kiselyovsky coal district. There are 25 coal preparation plants in the basin. There are 180 mechanized complexes, 365 combines for cleaning operations, about 200 roadheaders, 446 loading machines, about 12,000 scraper and belt conveyors, 1,731 electric locomotives and other machines and mechanisms at the mines. All main production technological processes of extraction and transportation of coal in the mines are mechanized. There are 448 excavators, more than 80 electric locomotives, about 900 dump cars, 300 bulldozers, hundreds of cranes, drilling rigs, heavy trucks at the open pits. Modern coal mines in the Kuznetsk coal basin are large mechanized enterprises (for example, named after V.I. Lenin in Mezhdurechensk and the Yubileinoye mine administration in Novokuznetsk). These giant mines produce 10,000 or more tons of coal every day. In the future, coal production in the Kuznetsk coal basin will grow. In 1971-75, the large Erunakovskoye coal deposit was developed, powerful mines were built - Raspadskaya, Biryulinskaya No. 2 and the Novokolbinsk open pit.

Geological history

The age of the most ancient coals is estimated at about 350 million years.

Characteristics of the pool area

The basin is characterized by a continental climate with frequent and sharp fluctuations in air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation intensity. The hydrographic network belongs to the Ob River system. From south to north, the coal basin is crossed by the transit river Tom, which serves as the main source of drinking and main technical water supply for coal mining enterprises. The territory of modern Kuzbass is characterized by almost universal anthropogenic transformations of natural landscapes and subsoil - from relatively small changes caused mainly by forestry activities in the eastern part, to almost complete transformation during coal mining and urbanization in the western part of the basin. The most changed territories are concentrated in areas of open and intensive underground coal mining: to the north of the city of Kemerovo, in the Prokopyevsko-Kiselevsk region and in the vicinity of the city of Mezhdurechensk.

The coal-bearing strata of the Kuznetsk coal basin contains about 260 coal seams of various thicknesses, unevenly distributed along the section: in the Kolchuginskaya and Balakhonskaya suites - 237, in the Tarbagan suite - 19 and in the Barzas suite - 3 (the total maximum thickness is 370 m). The prevailing thickness of coal seams is from 1.3 to 4.0 m. There are coal seams of 9-15 and even 20 m, and in places of blowing up to 30 m.

The maximum depth of coal mines does not exceed 500 m (average depth is about 200 m). The average thickness of the developed coal seams is 2.1 m, but up to 25% of mine coal production falls on seams over 6.5 m.

Characteristics of coal

According to the petrographic composition, coals in the Balakhon and Kolchugino series are mainly humus, stony (with a vitrinite content of 30-60% and 60-90%, respectively), in the Tarbagan series - transitional coals from brown to black. The coals are varied in quality and are among the best coals. In deep horizons, coals contain: ash 4-16%, moisture 5-15%, phosphorus up to 0.12%, volatile substances 4-42%, sulfur 0.4-0.6%; have a calorific value of 7000-8600 kcal / kg (29.1-36.01 MJ / kg); coals lying close to the surface are characterized by a higher content of moisture, ash and a lower sulfur content. The metamorphism of bituminous coals decreases from the lower stratigraphic horizons to the upper ones. Coal is used in the coking and chemical industries and as an energy fuel.

Application

42-45% of coal mined in Kuzbass is used for coking. The main part of Kuznetsk coals is consumed in Western Siberia, in the Urals, as well as in the European part of Russia, recently the export of power-generating coal has increased by 41%, mainly to European consumers.

Major coal companies

"Prokopyevskugol"

The most important coal mining enterprises

Mine them. Kirov
Mine "Komsomolets"
Mine "Esaulskaya"
Mine "Salek"
Alardin mine
Chernihiv section
Krasnobrodsky section

Problems

Keeping coal production at the same level requires large capital investments.